Student-friendly, comprehensive, easy-to-learn, easy-to-understand outlines and practice problems with solutions to help students with HW and preparing for quizzes, tests and exams on Atomic Structure topic. Over 50 multiple choice and short answer questions. Answer Key included. Great for all students.
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Atomic Structure BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide for HS Chemistry
Student-friendly, comprehensive, easy-to-learn, easy-to-understand outlines and practice problems with solutions to help students with HW and preparing for quizzes, tests and exams on Atomic Structure topic. Over 50 multiple choice and short answer questions. Answer Key included. Great for all students.
Student-friendly, comprehensive, easy-to-learn, easy-to-understand outlines and practice problems with solutions to help students with HW and preparing for quizzes, tests and exams on Atomic Structure topic. Over 50 multiple choice and short answer questions. Answer Key included. Great for all students.
This topic is from my book: Surviving Chemistry BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide. Teachers and students can get it in Hard Copy or ebook from SurvivingChem.com or Amazon.com Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 5
7 22 23 34 35 52 53 70 71 86 87 102 103 118 119 132 133 152 153 170 171 192 193 212 213 220 221 231 233 236 Click here to get other topics from TpT Copyright 2011. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 35
(cannonball) model model (nuclear) model
(planetary) model (electron-cloud) model The basic unit of matter. John Dalton No internal structure. J.J. Thomson Electrons and positive charges disperse throughout the atom. Ernest Rutherford A small and dense positive (+) nucleus. Most of atom is empty space. Electrons revolve around the nucleus. Neils Bohr Electrons in specific orbit . Orbits have fixed energy. Orbits are the electron shells. Work of many Scientists over hundreds of years. The current model of the atom. Small, dense, positive nucleus. Protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Electrons in orbital outside the nucleus. Probable location of finding an electron with a specific energy. - + -- + - + - + - + - + - + - + + empty space + + Earliest model current model e- orbit (electron shells) Orbital 36 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
9. Ernest Rutherford: The Setup Result 1 Conclusion 1 Result 2 Conclusion 2 8. J.J. Thomson: Result 1 Conclusion 1 Result 2 Conclusion 2
A cathode ray tube containing two metal disks was connected to the + and ends of an electrical source. A positive (+) and negative (-) plates were placed above and below the cathode ray tube. A beam of light (ray) travels from the cathode disk (-) to the anode disk (+). The beam is composed of particles. The beam was deflected toward the positive plate. The particles in the beam are negatively charged (electrons). were fired at a gold foil. A fluorescent screen detects paths of the alpha particles once they had hit the gold foil. Most particles went straight through the gold foil undeflected. An atom is mostly empty space (Empty Space Theory) Very few particles were deflected straight back or at angles.
The center of an atom is dense, positive, and very small. Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 37
The inner core of an atom. Dense, small, and positive. Contains the protons and neutrons. Accounts for most of an atoms mass. Protons (+ charge) Electrons (- charge) Neutrons (no charge) +1 charge 1 atomic mass unit (1 amu) Located in the nucleus 0 charge 1 amu Located in the nucleus -1 charge 0 mass ( 1 / 1836 th of a protons mass) Located outside the nucleus in orbitals Identifies each element. The same value as the number of protons. The overall charge of the nucleus (+). The same value as the number of protons (or the atomic number). Identifies isotopes of an element. The sum of protons plus neutrons. Particles in the nucleus. Protons and neutrons. Protons(+) Neutrons Electrons (-) nucleus 38 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com Nuclide names Nuclide symbols Isotope notations Nuclear diagrams Atoms of the same element. Same number of protons (same atomic #) Different numbers of neutrons (different mass #s) The average mass of an elements naturally occurring isotopes. Can be found on the Periodic Table or Can be calculated from mass numbers and percent abundances of an elements natural isotopes. 1 amu = 1 / 12 th
the mass of Carbon12 Energy levels of an atom. Atomic model of an element that shows all the electron shells. Bohrs diagram for Sodium (Na) is shown on the right. The arrangement of electrons in the electron shells of an atom. 22.898 Na 23 3 rd shell 2 nd shell 1 st shell 2 e- 8 e- 1 e- 2 8 1 # of e- 1 st 2 nd 3 rd shell Mass Numbers (different) Atomic Number (same). Number of Protons.
# of Neutrons (different) (Mass# - Atomic #) 11 p 11 p 12 n 13 n
nd (Bright-line Spectrum) The lowest energy and most stable state of an atom. Electrons are in order from lowest to highest shell. Ground state electron configurations are given on the Periodic Table. For sodium (Na): 2 8 1 The high energy and unstable state of an atom. Electrons are not in order. Excited state electron configuration of an atom is different from what is given on the Periodic Table. For sodium (Na): 2 7 2 (may vary, but the total e- must be 11)
An electron can move from one shell to another depending if energy is absorbed or released. From low (ground) state to high (excited) state: The electron absorbs energy From high (excited) state to low (ground) state: The electron releases energy
Band of colors produced when an excited electron releases energy as it returns from a high to low state. The electron transition from 3rd shell nd shell will produce bright-line spectrum. Shows line of colors produced at specific wavelengths Pattern of colors is unique for each element, and can be for identification.
A lab procedure in which compounds of metallic ions are heated to produce unique flame colors (light energy). It can be used to make a rough identification of the metallic ion that is present in a sample.
H Li Na Unknown The unknown sample contains H and Na. I I I I I I wavelength (nm) 40 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com Key Concept Definition and facts Key examples
Sulfur 2 8 6 Na atom Na + ion S atom S 2- ion
Electrons in the outermost level of an atom. The last number in a configuration is always the number of valence electrons (for sulfur: 6). A neutral atom may lose or share its valence e-, or gain e- to fill up its valance shell during bonding. Atoms with equal number of protons to electrons. A neutral S atom has: 16 protons (+) 16 electrons () Charged atoms with unequal numbers of protons to electrons. Formed by a neutral (metal) atom losing e-. Na + ion is formed when Na atom (a metal) loses 1 electron. A +ion always has fewer e- than the atom. Na + has 1 fewer electron than Na atom. A +ion always has more protons than electrons. Na + has more protons (11+) than electrons (10e-). A +ion is always smaller than the atom. Na + is smaller than Na atom. Formed by a neutral (nonmetal) atom gaining e-. S 2- ion is formed when S atom (a nonmetal) gains 2 electrons. A ion always has more e- than the atom. S 2- has 2 more electrons than S atom. A ion always has fewer protons than electrons. S 2- has fewer protons (16+) than electrons (18e-). A ion is always larger than the atom. S 2- is larger than S atom. 11+ protons 11+ 11 e- electrons 10 e- 281 electron 28 configurations 16+ protons 16+ 16 e- electrons 18 e- 286 electron 288 configurations
(in neutral atoms) (in ions) = atomic # of the element = # of electrons (in a neutral atom) = = nucleon neutrons = mass # neutrons = = protons = nuclear charge = mass # neutrons = atomic # charge of the ion = = nuclear charge charge of the ion = m = mass # atomic # = mass # electrons (in neutral atoms) = nucleons protons = protons = electrons (in neutral atoms) = nuclear charge = = neutrons + protons = (neutral atoms) = nuclear charge + neutrons = nucleons = mass # = protons + neutrons = neutrons + electrons = nuclear charge + neutrons = protons = electron (in neutral atom) = mass # neutrons An atom with a +30 and 33 neutrons has 30 protons.
A neutral atom of has 35 electrons. A charged atom with and has 42 electrons
An atom with a has 125 neutrons.
An atom with a and has an atomic # of 52. The atom is tellurium. An atom with and has a mass # of 122 amu.
An atom with a 65 neutrons has a total of 113 nucleons.
An atom of argon with a mass of 40 amu has a nuclear charge of 42 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
protons = atomic number = nuclear charge = electrons = mass # - neutrons = nucleons - neutrons mass # = nucleons = protons + neutrons = nuclear charge + neutrons = electrons + neutrons neutrons = mass # - protons = nucleons protons Atomic mass is the calculated average mass of all of an elements naturally occurring isotopes. An example problem and solution (steps and setup) for calculating an atomic mass is given below. A sample of an unknown element, X, contains the following isotopes: 80 % of 64 X, 15% of 65 X, and 5% of 66 X. What is the average atomic mass of element X? Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 (% to decimal) x (mass #) = (product) (add all products) 80% of 64 X .80 x 64 = 51.2 + 15% of 65 X .15 x 65 = 9.75 = + 5% of 66 X. .05 x 66 = 3.3 (.80)(64) + (.15)(65) + (.05)(66) = 64.25 amu 64.25 amu atomic mass of X Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 43
1. Which conclusion was a direct result of the gold foil experiment? 1) An atomis composed of at least three types of subatomic particles. 2) An atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus. 3) An electron has a positive charge and is located inside the nucleus. 4) An electron has properties of both waves and particles. 2. In the wave-mechanical model of the atom, orbitals are regions of the most probable locations of 1) protons 2) positrons 3) neutrons 4) electrons 3. What is the charge and mass of an electron? 1) Charge of +1 and a mass of 1 amu 3) Charge of +1 and a mass of 1/1836 amu 2) Charge of -1 and a mass of 1 amu 4) Charge of -1 and a mass of 1/1836 amu 4. Which phrase describes an atom? 1) a positively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus 2) a positively charged electron cloud surrounding a negatively charged nucleus 3) a negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus 4) a negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a negatively charged nucleus 5. Which total mass is the smallest? 1) the mass of 2 electrons 2) the mass of 2 neutrons 3) the mass of 1 electron plus the mass of 1 proton 4) the mass of 1 neutron plus the mass of 1 electron 6. Which statement concerning elements is true? 1) Different elements must have different numbers of isotopes. 2) Different elements must have different numbers of neutrons. 3) All atoms of a given element must have the same mass number. 4) All atoms of a given element must have the same atomic number. 7. Which value of an element is calculated using both the mass and the relative abundance of each of the naturally occurring isotopes of this element? 1) Atomic number 2) Atomic mass 3) Half-life 4) Molar volume 8. Which sequence represents a correct order of historical developments leading to the modern model of the atom? 1) Atom is a hard sphere atom is mostly empty space electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus 2) Atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus atom is mostly empty space 3) Atom is mostly empty space atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus 4) Atom is empty space electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus atom is a hard sphere 9. An atom is electrically neutral because the 1) number of protons equals the number of electrons 2) number of protons equals the number of neutrons 3) ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of electrons is 1:1 4) ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons is 2:1 Questions for Regents Practice Atomic Structure Parts A and B-1 Multiple Choice 44 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
10. How do the energy and the most probable location of an electron in the third shell of an atom compare to the energy and the most probable location of an electron in the first shell of the same atom? 1) In the third shell, an electron has more energy and is closer to the nucleus. 2) In the third shell, an electron has more energy and is farther from the nucleus. 3) In the third shell, an electron has less energy and is closer to the nucleus. 4) In the third shell, an electron has less energy and is farther from the nucleus. 11. During a flame test, ions of a specific metal are heated in the flame of a gas burner. A characteristic color of light is emitted by these ions in the flame when the electrons 1) gain energy as they return to lower energy levels 2) gain energy as they move to higher energy levels 3) emit energy as they return to lower energy levels 4) emit energy as they move to higher energy levels 12. A particle of an atom contains 26 protons, 23 electrons, and 56 neutrons. What will be the correct atomic number for this particle? 1) 26 2) 23 3) 56 4) 33 13. An atom with 21 neutrons and 40 nucleons has 1) A nuclear charge of +19 3) A mass number of 61 2) A nuclear charge of +40 4) A mass number of 19 14. Which element could have a mass number of 86 atomic mass units and 49 neutrons in its nucleus? 1) In 2) Rb 3) Rn 4) Au 15. Which correctly represents two isotopes of element X? 1) 226 X and 226 X 3) 227 X and 227 X 91 91 91 90 2) 226 X and 227 X 4) 226 X and 227 X 91 91 90 91 16. Which atom is an isotope of oxygen?
1) 14 N 2) 16 N 3) 14 O 4) 17 O 7 8 7 8
17. What is the total number of nucleons in the nuclide 65 Zn? 30 1) 65 2) 30 3) 35 4) 95 18. In which pair of atoms do the nuclei contain the same number of neutrons? 1) Calcium-40 and Calcium-42 3) Bromine-83 and Krypton-83 2) Chlorine-35 and Sulfur-34 4) Iodine-127 and Bromine-80 Questions for Regents Practice: Atomic Structure Parts A and B-1 Multiple Choice Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 45
19. Which is a ground state electron configuration of an atom in the fourth period of the periodic table 1) 2 8 4 3) 2 8 18 18 4 2) 2 8 18 4 4) 2 4 20. The total number of electrons found in the electron configuration of a neutral chromium atom is 1) 24 2) 6 3) 13 4) 52 21. The highest amount of energy will be emitted by an electron when it moves from the 1) 4 th to 1 st electron shell 3) 1 st to 5 th electron shell 2) 1 st to 4 th electron shell 4) 5 th to 4 th electron shell 22. What is the total number of electrons in a Cr 3+ ion? 1) 3 2) 21 3) 24 4) 27 23. Which symbol represents a particle with a total of 10 electrons? 1) N 2) Al 3) N 3+ 4) Al 3+ 24. Which electron configuration represents an atom of aluminum in an excited state? 1) 2-7-4 2) 2-8-3 3) 2-7-7 4) 2-8-6 25. Element X has two isotopes. If 72.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of 84.9 amu, and 28.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of 87.0 amu, the average atomic mass of element X is numerically equal to (72.0 x 84.9) (28.0 x 87.0) 1) (72.0 + 84.9) x (28.0 + 87.0) 3) ------------------ + ------------------ 100 100 (72.0 x 84.9) (28.0 x 87.0) 2) (72.0 - 84.9) x (28.0 + 87.0) 4) ----------------- - ------------------ 100 100 26. The diagram below represents the nucleus of an atom What are the atomic number and mass number of this atom? 1) The atomic number is 9 and the mass number is 19. 2) The atomic number is 9 and the mass number is 20. 3) The atomic number is 11 and the mass number is 19. 4) The atomic number is 11 and the mass number is 20. Questions for Regents Practice: Atomic Structure Parts A and B-1 Multiple Choice 46 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
27. Based on the atomic mass and the natural abundances shown in the data table show a correct numerical set-up for calculating the average atomic mass of neon. 28. Based on natural abundances, the average atomic mass of neon is closest to which whole number? 29. In terms of atomic particles, state one difference between these three isotopes of neon. 30. Explain, in terms of excited state, energy transitions, and ground state, how a bright-line spectrum is produced. 31. Identify the two elements in the unknown spectrum. 32. Write an appropriate number of electrons in each shell to represent an Mg-26 atom in an excited state. Your answer may include additional shells. 33. What is the total number of valence electrons in an atom of Mg-26 in the ground state? Questions for Regents Practice: Atomic Structure Parts B-2 and C Constructed Response Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 47
Principal Energy Level (n) Sublevel of an Electron Orbital (Probable Location) Spin Direction of an Electron Uses a set of four quantum numbers to describe location and behavior of an electron in atoms. 1,2,3.. or K, L, M.. are used to designate the major energy level of an electron. An electron with a first quantum level number of 2 or L is in the second energy s, p, d, f... are used to indicate the sublevel of an electron within a principal energy level. The difference between the sublevels is the shape of their orbitals. s sublevel is always the first in any principal energy level. s sublevels have spherical shape.
p sublevel is always next in any level. p sublevels have dumbbell-like shape Shapes of d, f, g and h sublevels are too complex, and will not be discussed here. x, y and z are used too describe the orbital (probable location) of an electron within a sublevel. 2p x , 2p y , and 2p z describe the three p orbitals of the second energy level. s sublevels (regardless of the energy level) have 1 orbital. p sublevels have 3 orbitals. d sublevels have 5 orbitals. Each orbital, regardless of the sublevel, can hold a maximum of two electrons. In full orbitals, the two electrons must spin in opposite directions to overcome like-charge repulsion.
number of electrons sublevel principal energy level 48 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
Ground state atoms have configurations that show completely filled lowest available sublevels lowest energy increasing energy------------> Shows arrangement of electrons in the energy levels and sublevels. Shows distribution of electrons in the orbitals. When placing electrons in orbitals: No more than two electrons in an orbital Each orbital in p, d, f..etc must have an electron before pairing Two electrons in an orbital must show opposite spins ( Valence electrons are only the electrons in the s and p sublevels of the highest level. Ground State for Na Excited State for Na H
He 2 e- 1s 2
N 7 e- S 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3
16 e- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4
1 e- 1s 1
Ground state orbital notations and electron configurations for four atoms are shown below. all lowest sublevels have their maximum # of electrons. the 2p sublevel is incomplete while 3s has an extra electron Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 49 Principal Energy Level (n) Number of Sublevels Available Sublevels Number of Orbitals Available Maximum number of electrons in energy level (2n 2 ) 1 1 1s 1 2 2 2 2s 2p 1 3 8 3 3 3s 3p 3d 1 3 5 18 4 4 4s 4p 4d 4f 1 3 5 7 32 Note: Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons 34. What is the total number of occupied energy levels in an atom of neon in the ground state? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 8 4) 18 35. Which of the following sublevels has the highest energy? 1) 2p 2) 3p 3) 3d 4) 4s
36. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in a 3s orbital of a potassium atom? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 8 4) 18 37. Which is the correct electron configuration of a magnesium atom in the ground state? 1) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 3p 1 3) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 2) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 4) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
38. An atom in the excited state can have an electron configuration of 1)1s 2 2p 1 2) 1s 2 2s 2 3) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 4) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 39. What is the electron configuration of an Mn atom in the excited state? 1) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 4s 2 2) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 6 4s 1 4) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5
40. Which atom in the ground state has only three electrons in the 3p sublevel? 1) Phosphorus 2) Potassium 3) Argon 4) Aluminum 41. Which atom in the ground state has two half-filled orbitals? 1) P 2) O 3) Li 4) Si 42. What is the total number of completely filled principal energy levels in an atom with a configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 1 ? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 43. Using quantum method ( s, p, d..), write electron configurations and draw orbital notations for the following atoms and ions. atoms: C, Al, S, Ar, Ca, Se ions: Li + , Mg 2+ , K + , F - , S 2- , As 3- 50 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
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Energy of an electron is quantized, meaning, it is specific for each energy level. The equation below can be used to calculate the energy, E n , of an electron in a hydrogen atom if its principal energy level, n, is known. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels at a of 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec. Every electromagnetic radiation (different light colors) is emitted at a specific ( ). Frequency ( ) of light, in Hertz, indicates the number of completed wave per second. When an atom absorb or release energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation during electron transition from one energy level to another, the energy change, (in Joules), can be calculated using this equation. -2.178 x 10 -18 E n = ------------------ Joules n 2 c = ----- = h = ---- = Plancks constant, 6.63 x 10 -34 Joules . sec. = frequency of the radiation (1/sec or Hz) = wavelength of the radiation (m) = speed of light, 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec 44. Calculate the energy of an electron of a hydrogen atom in these three shells. a) n = 1 b) n= 2 c) n = 3 45. Violet light has a wavelength of 4.10 x 10 -12 m. What is its frequency? 46. A helium laser emits light with a wavelength of 633 nm. What is the frequency of the light? 47. Calculate the wavelength of radiation with a frequency of 8.0 x 10 14 Hz. 48. Green light has a frequency of 6.01 x 10 14 Hz. What is the wavelength? 49. Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a frequency of 8.5 x 10 14 Hz. 50. Calculate the energy of a gamma ray photon whose frequency is 5.02 x 10 20 Hz. 51. Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a wavelength of 6.4 x 10 -7 m. 52. What is the energy of light whose wavelength is 4.06 x 10 -11 m? 53. An FM radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 107.9 MHz. What is the wavelength of the radio signal? Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com 51 52 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com
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