Microwindgeneration

andtraditionalbuildings
2010
Theinformationinthispublicationisbasedoncurrent
knowledge. Whilsteveryefforthasbeenmadetoensure
theaccuracyoftheadvicegiven,EnglishHeritagedoesnot
acceptliabilityforlossordamagearisingfromtheuseof
thisinformation. Thispublicationisintendedonlyasaguide.
Ithasnostatutoryauthority,andshouldnotbeusedasa
substituteforprofessionaladvice. Theguidanceprovided
heredealsonlywiththepracticalaspectsofinstallingthe
equipment. Theacceptabilityoftheinstallationwilldependon
thehistoricsignificanceofthebuildingorsitebeingadapted.
Youarestronglyadvisedtodiscussyourproposalsinformally
withhistoricenvironmentstafffromyourlocalcouncil.
Theinclusioninthispublicationofanycompany,
grouporindividual,oranyproductorservice,should
notberegardedaseitherarecommendationoran
endorsementbyEnglishHeritageoritsagents.
PLANNINGANDHISTORICBUILDING
LEGISLATION
THEINSTALLATIONOFARENEWABLETECHNOLOGY
IMPLIESINMOSTCASESTHEFIXINGOFEQUIPMENT
TOTHEHISTORICFABRICOFABUILDING.ENGLISH
HERITAGESEEKSTOENSURETHATANYWORKSTO
AHISTORICBUILDINGDONOTUNNECESSARILY
DISTURBORDESTROYHISTORICFABRIC
Indecisionsonhowbesttoincorporatearenewabletechnology,
theprinciplesofminimuminterventionandreversibilityshould
beadoptedwheneverandwhereverpossible.
Installingawindturbinewillprobablyneedplanningpermission.
Thelocalplanningauthoritycangrantpermissionunder
theTownandCountryPlanningAct1990,andtheywillbe
lookingforanyissuesconcerningvisualimpactandproximity
tolandboundaries.
Installingawindturbineonalistedbuildingorabuildingin
aconservationareawillalsoneedpermissionfromthelocal
planningauthority,underthePlanning(ListedBuildingsand
ConservationAreas)Act1990.PlanningPolicyGuidance
(PPG)15,Planning and the Historic Environment,canhelp
youwiththis;seewww.planningportal.gov.uk.ANew
PlanningPolicyStatement(PPS)15willreplacePlanning
PolicyGuidance15:PlanningandtheHistoricEnvironment
(PPG15)andPlanningPolicyGuidance16:Archaeologyand
Planning(PPG16)from2010. WorkofanykindtoaScheduled
MonumentrequiresconsentfromEnglishHeritageunderthe
AncientMonumentsandArchaeologicalAreasAct1979.
Yourapplicationwillneedtoshowclearlywhatyouintendto
do,withdetaileddrawingsandphotographs.Itisusefultodraw
theturbineonaphotoofthesiteorbuildinginordertohelp
theplanningofficervisualiseitinitsproposedsettingand
determineitsvisualimpact.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
PLANNINGAWIND
TURBINEINSTALLATION
Windspeedanddirection
Wildlife
2
2
2
INSTALLATIONOPTIONS
Fixedtoabuilding
Remotefrombuilding
2
3
4
ELECTRICALSYSTEM
Non-gridconnection
Gridconnection
5
5
6
MAINTENANCE
ANDWORKINGLIFE
6
GRANTS 6
USEFULCONTACTS
Renewableenergyandclimatechange
Windturbinesandwildlife
Windpower
Planningguidance
Renewableenergygrants
7
7
7
7
7
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
FrontcoverimagecourtesyofQuietRevolutionLimited.
2 MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION
EnglishHeritageistheUKgovernment'sadviseronthehistoricenvironment.Centralto
ourroleistheadvicewegivetolocalplanningauthoritiesandgovernmentdepartments
ondevelopmentproposalsaffectinglistedandtraditionalbuildings,conservationsitesand
areas,terrestrialandunderwaterarchaeologicalsites,designedlandscapesandhistorical
aspectsofthelandscapeasawhole.Forourpolicystatementsonclimatechangeand
windenergy,refertoEnglishHeritage'sHistoricEnvironment,LocalManagementwebsite,
www.helm.org.uk.
Theearth'sclimateischangingataratethathasnotbeenseenbeforeinhuman
history. Thechangeshavebeenlinkedtorisingconcentrationsofcarbondioxidein
ouratmosphere.Carbondioxideisaby-productoftheburningoffossilfuelstosupply
energy,andemissionshavespiralledupwardsasourdemandforenergyhasincreased.
TheUKgovernment,wishingtoreducethecountry'sdependenceonfossil-fuelstores
andtocutcarbondioxideemissions,hasmadeacommitmenttofind10%ofourenergy
fromrenewablesourcesby2010,risingto20%by2025.Renewableenergymaycome
fromsourcessuchaswoodthatareself-regenerating,orthosesuchasthesunandthe
windthatareeffectivelyinfinite. Thetechnologiesassociatedwiththesesourcesare
sometimesreferredtoas'low-carbon',inthattheyemitmuchlowerlevelsofcarbon
dioxideandrelatedcompoundsintotheatmospherethandofossil-fueltechnologies.
FormoreinformationontheUKgovernment'spositiononclimatechange,contactthe
UKClimateImpactsProgramme(seeUsefulcontacts). Thisguideisoneofaserieson
small-scalerenewableenergyoptions.Separateguideslookatwindgeneration,solar
energy,bio-fuels,heatpumpsandcombinedheatandpower,explaininghoweachsystem
worksandwhatyouneedtoconsiderifyouwishtoinstallitinoronahistoricbuilding.
Alltheguideslookatsmall-scaleor'Microgeneration'asitisknown.Microgenerationis
definedbyGovernmentas, Theproductionofheatand/orelectricityonasmall-scale
fromalowcarbonsource.
Cuttingdemandforenergyisasimportantasfindingalternativemeansofgeneratingit.Beforedeciding
whethertoinstallarenewableenergytechnologyinabuilding,allavailableenergy-savingmeasures,including
low-energylightbulbs,heatingcontrolsandimprovedinsulation,shouldalreadyhavebeentaken. AnEnglish
Heritageguidancedocument,Energy Conservation in Traditional Buildings,looksatmethodsofimproving
insulationandintroducesothermethodsforsavingenergy.
3 MICRO WIND GENERATION AND TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS
PLANNING A WIND
TURBINE INSTALLATION
AN IMPORTANT QUESTION TO CONSIDER BEFORE
INSTALLING A WIND TURBINE IS WHETHER THIS IS
THE MOST SUITABLE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY
FOR YOUR BUILDING.
Would another approach to generating renewable
energy be better?
WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION
Most wind turbines will only work at wind speeds
above about 4m/sec. The Energy Saving Trust (see Useful
contacts) notes that a turbine may not be viable where
typical wind speed is below 4.5m/sec, since the amount
of energy generated would not justify the capital cost.
In order to generate the optimum annual electricity
yield, a wind turbine should face in the direction of the
prevailing wind. This is normally south-west, but can vary
from place to place.
There is a document called the Microgeneration
Installation Standard Document MIS 3003.
Microgeneration Installation Standard 3003 specifies
the requirements set out by Building Enterprise and
Regulatory Reform (BERR) for contractors supplying,
designing, installing micro and small wind turbines. In order
to work out what your turbine is likely to generate the
Standard sets out how you can estimate your annual
energy performance. Their recommendations are:-
1. Obtain the mean wind speed from the NOABL
(numerical objective analysis of boundary layer)
database for where you live. The wind speed
database is maintained by BERR which is accessible
via the British Wind Energy Association website
(www.bwea.com/noabl). The NOABL database,
presents annual mean wind speeds throughout the UK.
The data is keyed to Ordnance Survey grid reference,
and takes no account of local terrain or local winds,
such as sea or valley breezes or the effects of others
structures or trees.
In built up areas the database has been found to
overestimate the wind speeds so the Building Research
Establishment (BRE) advises that where it is not possible
to use long term metrological data for the site the wind
speed data from the NOABL database should be
corrected so a more accurate estimation of the wind
power can be made.
2. Using the mean wind speed data from the NOABL
database it can be corrected to take into account
the local terrain where you live.
The Microgeneration Installation Standard Document
MIS 3003 gives scaling factors to apply fro dense urban,
low rise urban/suburban and rural. It can be seen that
where turbines are fixed onto buildings or areas with
buildings close to the turbine the scaling factor reduces.
This means that the output is greatly reduced compared
to a rural location.
1
3. To estimate what the annual energy performance
would be you can use the value given in step 2
and apply it to the manufacturers annual energy
performance curve, see below.
2
4 MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS
TheCarbonTrusthavea'WindYieldEstimatorTool'
thatcanbeusedtoestimatethelocalannualmean
windspeedforachosenlocationandtheannualyield.
(www.carbontrust.co.uk/windpowerestimator/).Thetool
allowstheusertoentertheirpostcode,thelocation
i.erural,urbanetc.andthetypeofturbine.
WILDLIFE
Thereissomeconcernaboutthepotentialnegative
effectsofwindturbinesonwildanimalsbirdsandbats
inparticularthatmakehistoricbuildingstheirhomes.
Roostingandnestingsites,accesspointsandflightpaths
allneedtobeconsideredinanyassessmentoftheimpact
awindturbine,itsinstallationandsubsequentmaintenance
mighthaveontheiractivities.
TheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds(RSPB)has
informationonwindfarminstallationsandontheproblem
ofbirdscollidingwithlargeturbines. TheBatConservation
Trustnotesthatbatshavebeenfounddeadunderlarge
windfarminstallations.Allbatsandmanybirdsarelegally
protected.NaturalEnglandshouldbeconsultedatan
earlystageintheplanningofawindturbineinstallation
ofanysize,especiallyonornearbuildingsknowntobe
frequentedbywildlifeorinareasusedbyprotected
wildlife.ForcontactdetailsseeUsefulcontacts.
INSTALLATIONOPTIONS
Whenplanningtheinstallationitisimportantto
thinkaboutthereversibilityandthephysical
impactaninstallationcanhaveonabuilding.
Thisistosaythatwindturbinesandtheir
associatedequipmentcanhavealifeofupto20
years,soabuildingcouldhavemanyinstallations
overitslife.Bycarefullyplanningtheinstallation
andhowitcanberemovedattheendofitsuseful
lifedamagecanbelimitedtothebuildingfabric.
Windturbinesworkbyconvertingthewindskinetic
energyintoelectricalenergy.Mostmodernsystems
usehorizontal-axiswindturbines,withthreeorfive
bladesrotatingaroundacentralhub(Fig3). Vertical-axis
windturbines(Fig4)arelesscommon.
Windturbinesaremorecommonlylocatedaway
fromthebuildingtheyprovideenergytobutcanbe
fixedontothebuilding. Theperformanceoftheturbine
willbereducedwhenfixedtoabuildingorinadensely
populatedarea.
3 4
Horizontal-axiswindturbine.(PhotographcourtesyofRenewableDevices
SwiftTurbinesLimited)&Vertical-axiswindturbine.(Photographcourtesy
ofQuietRevolutionLimited)
FIXEDTOABUILDING
Theturbineismountedonapolewhichisfastened
withbracketstoanexternalwall,highenoughtoproject
abovethebuilding(Fig5).Ingeneralthehigherthe
turbineabovetheroofthegreaterthepoweroutputwill
beasitwillbeaffectedlessbyturbulence,SeeFig1
5
Ahousewithawall-mountedwindturbine,Camberwell,London.
(PhotographscourtesyofEclecticEnergyLimited)
Whenfixingaturbinetothebuildingtheirwillbean
additionalstructuralloadthatwouldneedtobeassessed.
Astructuralsurveybyaspecialistintheconservationof
historicbuildingsisnecessarytoensurethatthebuildingis
capableofsupportingtheturbine.Domestic-sizedturbines
weighfrom15kgto30kg,andwallbracketsmustbefixed
stronglyenoughnotonlytosupporttheturbineitself,but
towithstandtheforceexertedonitbya50m/secgust
overa10-minuteperiod.
Whereabuildingisframed,forthebestsupportthefixing
mustbetotheframe,nottoinfillpanels.Iftheframeis
notexposed,itisgenerallypossibletofixintotheframe
throughtheexternalfinish.
MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS 5
Onabuildingwithapitchedroof,theturbineis
fittedtothegableend(unlessthisconflictswithany
windows)sothatthepolecanbeasshortaspossible
(Fig6).Ifthereisnogableend,averytallpolemaybe
needed,makingtheturbinedifficulttosupport(Fig7).
High-hippedroofscanbeevenmoreproblematic.
Aturbinemaybefixeddirectlytoaflatroof(Fig8),
butcareshouldbetakenthatbracketsdonot
compromisetheweatherproofing.
Itisrarelyadvisabletofittheturbinetoachimney
stack:chimneysarenotconstructedtotakethistype
ofstructuralloading,andthestrengthofthoseon
historicbuildingsmayhavebeenfurtherreducedby
theeffectsofyearsoffluegasesontheirmortar.Ifa
chimneystackisnolongerused,itcouldperhapsbe
reinforcedtotakesuchaloading.
Mostmanufacturersrecommendinstallingpadswith
thebracketstodampenthevibrationoftheworking
turbine.Noiseisnotgenerallyanissuewithsmall
modernwindturbines.
Tominimisedamageoverthelongterm,thebracket
arrangementshouldusetheminimumnumberoffixing
holes.Generallyweadvisethatfixingsshouldbeinstalled
intomortorjointstominimisedamagetofabric.
REMOTEFROMBUILDING
Awindturbinecanbemountedawayfromabuilding
onapoleorlatticeworktower(Fig10). Thepoleand
locationmustbehighenoughtoavoidtheeffectsof
turbulence. Theoptimalheightwilldependonthe
surroundings:iftreesorotherbuildingsobstructair
flow,theturbinewillneedtoberaised,ormoved
toabetterlocation.
Thepoleortowerrequiresproperfoundations;typically
a70kgturbineona5mpolewouldrequireatleast1m
3
offoundations,dependingonsoilconditions.
Fromtheturbineacablemustrunbacktothebuildings
electricalfuseboard(Fig11). Thecablesizeisdetermined
bytheloaditmustcarry,aswellasitslength:thefurther
theturbinefromthebuilding,thelarger(andmore
expensive)therequiredcable.Itisusuallynecessaryto
buryit,toadepthofnolessthan0.5mtoavoiddamage
fromgeneralgardening.
6
Turbinefixedtoabuilding
7
Windturbinewallbrackets.(PhotographAcourtesyofRenewable
DevicesSwiftTurbinesLimited;photographsBandCcourtesyof
EclecticEnergyLimited)
Turbinemountedonflatroof
8
6 MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS
9
Turbinesmountedonaflatroof
Beforeexcavating,bothforfoundationsandforcabling,
itisimportanttoassessthepossibilityofburied
archaeologyonthesite.Ifthebuildingorgroundsare
listedorscheduled,thestatutorydescriptionmaycover
thisaspectofthesite. Wherethearchaeologyprevents
acablebeingburiedatareasonabledepth,analternative
routeshouldbefoundwhereitcanbeburiedmore
deeply. Wherethisisnotpossible,thecableductshould
beencasedinconcrete.
Theaccesspointofthecableintothebuildingshould
beproperlysealedtopreventwateringress,maintain
fireprotectionandkeeppestsout.
Ahousewithapole-mountedturbine.(Photographcourtesyof
ProvenEnergyLtd)
10
ELECTRICALSYSTEM
THEDESIGNOFTHETURBINESELECTRICAL
SYSTEMWILLDEPENDTOAGREATEXTENT
ONTHEBUILDINGSPRESENTSYSTEM.
Isthereamainssupplyorisitindependentofthe
nationalgrid?Itwillalsodependonhowthegenerated
poweristobeused. Willitbefedbackintothenational
grid,orcaterforaspecificload?Willenergybestored
foruseatothertimes?Itiswisetolookatthebuildings
presentelectricalload,andestimatehowmuchofit
mightbecateredforbythewindturbine.
Theelectricitygeneratedbyawindturbineisdirect
current(dc). Aninverterisneededtoconvertthisto
alternatingcurrent(ac)sothatitcanbeusedforelectrical
appliancesorfedbackintothegrid.Otheressential
elementsofthesystemareawind-turbinecontroller,to
stoptheturbineifthewindbecomesstrongenoughto
damageit,andanisolationswitch,allowingtheturbineto
bedisconnectedforsafemaintenanceorrepair(Fig12).
Equipmentshouldbelocatedtopermiteasyaccessfor
maintenanceandrepair. Allpartsoftheinstallationshould
beindicatedonaworkingdrawing. Whereequipmentis
tobefixedtobuildingwalls,thenumberoffixingpoints
shouldminimisedbytheuseofawoodenpattressor
framesystem(Fig13).
Therearethreeoptionsforconnectingaturbine
totheelectricalsystem:direct,off-gridandgrid.
11
Buriedcableforaremotely-mountedturbine
MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS 7
12
Electricalinstallations,showinginverters.(Photographscourtesyof
WindandSunLimited)
NON-GRIDCONNECTION
Wherenomainselectricityisavailable,awindturbine
canbeusedtoreplaceorsupplementtheexistinglocal
electricitysupply(adieselgenerator,forexample). The
turbineisconnectedviathecontrollerandinverterto
thefuseboardordedicatedload(Fig14).
Ifthereisnogeneratororotherelectricitysupply,batteries
canbeusedtostoreenergyasitisgeneratedbythe
turbine,foruselaterwhenitisneeded. Thenumberand
sizeofthebatteriesdependonhowlongtheywould
beexpectedtocontinuesupplyingelectricitywithout
thewindturbine;thisisknownastheautonomyorhow
longthebatteriesneedtooperate. Thebatteriesshould
beofadeep-cycletype,whichcanbedischargeddeeply
withoutdamage. Thestoragespacemustbewell
ventilatedasbatteriesgiveofagasintheiroperation,
andpreferablycool:warmertemperaturesreduce
batterylife(Fig15).
13
Electricalequipmentmountedonapattress
Non-gridconnection
14
15
Deep-cyclebatteryinstallation.(PhotographcourtesyofWindandSunLimited)
8 MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS
GRIDCONNECTION
Awindturbinecanalsobeusedtosupplementmains
electricity,offeringthesecurityofacontinuouselectrical
supply.Inthiscasetherearetwoinputstothefuseboard,
onefromtheturbineandonefromthemains(Fig16).
Whentheturbineisnotgeneratingenoughenergy,mains
electricityisused.Ifmoreelectricityisgeneratedbythe
turbinethanisneeded,theexcesscanbeexportedto
thenationalgrid. Todothisaspecialmetermustbe
installed,withtheagreementofthemainselectricity
supplier.Electricityexportedinthismannerisgenerally
boughtatawholesaleratewhichisfarlowerthanthe
costofhavingitsupplied.Inadditiontheelectricity
supplierleviesachargeforthemeteringfacility.
16
MAINTENANCEAND
WORKINGLIFE
ALLRENEWABLEINSTALLATIONSREQUIRE
MAINTENANCETOENSURETHEYREMAIN
RELIABLEANDEFFICIENT.
Whenmaintenanceiscarriedoutthereisthepotential
fordamagetobecausedtothefabricofthebuilding.
Whenplanningtheinstallationitisimportanttotalkto
theinstallerabouthowoftenequipmentwouldneed
routinemaintenanceandtheequipmentisaccessed.
Regularinspectionofcablesandequipmentconditions
willalsobenecessary.
Asmentionedearlieritisimportanttorememberthat,
becausethemaximumworkinglifeofawindturbineis
around20yearsandthatofmanyofitselectricalparts
farless,abuildingcouldhavemorethanoneinstallation.
Damagetothebuildingsfabriccanbeminimisedwith
carefulplanningnotonlyoftheinstallationbutofthe
turbinesremovalattheendofitsusefullife.Batteries
havealifeofaround6-10years,dependingonthetype
ofbatteryandonenvironmentalconditions.
GRANTS
FEEDINTARIFFSWEREINTRODUCEDBYTHE
GOVERNMENTFROMTHE1STAPRIL2010.
THEYWEREINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHE
LEVELOFRENEWABLEENERGYINTHEUKTO
ATARGETOF15%OFTOTALENERGYFROM
RENEWABLESBY2020.
Theschemegivesafixedpaymentforalltheelectricity
producedbythewindturbinecalledthe'generation
tariff'. Thistariffispaidwhetheritisusedorexportedto
thegrid.Iftheturbinegeneratesasurplusyoucanexport
totheelectricitygridwhereanadditionalbonuscalledan
'exporttariff'ispaid.
Theamountpaidfromthe'generationtariff'isdependent
onthetypeofrenewableanditssize. Theexporttariffis
dependantonhowmuchexcesselectricityissentbackto
thegridandispaidataflatrateof3p/kilowatthour
regardlessofwhattechnologyisused. Thetariffsarepaid
for20or25years-sowillcoverthelifetimeofthe
turbine.
Oncetheinstallationiscompleteyourchosenenergy
supplierwillentertheinstallationontheCentralFIT
Register. Theenergysupplierwillthenstartpayingyouthe
'generationtariff'andifyouexportthe'exporttariff.Itis
necessarytohaveanOfgemapprovedTotalGeneration
Meterwhichshouldbeinstalledwithyoursystemto
measuretheenergygenerated.Ifyouchoosetoexport
anadditionalmeterisrequired.Itvariesastowhetherthe
energycompanywillpayforthismeterornot.
GrantsarealsoavailablefromsomelocalGovernments
forrenewablesandenergyefficiencymeasures.
MICROWINDGENERATIONANDTRADITIONALBUILDINGS 9
USEFULCONTACTS
RENEWABLEENERGY
ANDCLIMATECHANGE
HistoricEnvironment,Local
Management(HELM)
EnglishHeritage
1WaterhouseSquare
138-142Holborn
LondonEC1N2ST
Tel:02079733000
www.helm.org.uk
UKClimateImpacts
Programme(UKCIP)
OxfordUniversityCentre
fortheEnvironment
DysonPerrinsBuilding
SouthParksRoad
OxfordOX13QY
Tel:01865285717
www.ukcip.org.uk
ENERGYCONSERVATION
ANDFEEDINTARIFFS
CarbonTrust
6thFloor
5NewStreetSquare
LondonEC4A3BF
Tel:08000852005
www.carbontrust.co.uk
WINDTURBINESANDWILDLIFE
TheRoyalSociety
fortheProtectionofBirds
TheLodge
Sandy
BedfordshireSG192DL
Tel:01767680551
www.rspb.org.uk
BatConservationTrust
Unit2,15CloistersHouse
8BatterseaParkRoad
LondonSW84BG
Tel:02076272629
www.bats.org.uk
NaturalEngland
NorthminsterHouse
PeterboroughPE11UA
Tel:08456003078
www.naturalengland.org.uk
WINDPOWER
BritishWindEnergyAssociation
RenewableEnergyHouse
1AztecRow,BernersRoad
LondonN10PW
Tel:02076891960
www.bwea.com
CentreforAlternativeTechnology
Machynlleth
PowysSY209AZ
Tel:01654705950
www.cat.org.uk
BRETrust
Garston
Watford
HertfordshireWD259XX
Tel:01923664598
www.bretrust.org.uk
PLANNINGGUIDANCE
DepartmentforCommunities
andLocalGovernment
ElandHouse
BressendenPlace
LondonSW1E5DU
Tel:02079444400
www.communities.gov.uk
EnglishHeritage
1WaterhouseSquare
138-142Holborn
LondonEC1N2ST
Tel:02079733000
www.english-heritage.org.uk
RENEWABLEENERGYGRANTS
DepartmentofEnergy
andClimateChange
http://www.decc.gov.uk
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EnglishHeritagewouldliketo
acknowledgethehelpofthe
followingpeopleintheproduction
ofthisguide:
EvaMarwick,RenewableDevices
SwiftTurbinesLimited
AlisonAnderson,
EclecticEnergyLimited
MoneebSiddiqui,
ProvenEnergyLimited
SophieDuncan,
WindandSunLimited
TextbyCarolineCattini,
EnglishHeritageBuildingservices
EngineeringandSafetyTeam(BsEST)
AllIllustrationsbyJudithDobie,
CentreforArchaeology,
EnglishHeritage
EditedbyJohnKing
ProducedbyCreativeServices,
EnglishHeritage
October2010
ProductCode:51366
(
E
V
O
0
3
/
0
8
)
V
I
T
1
0
0
0

Buildingservices
EngineeringandSafetyTeam
EnglishHeritage
1WaterhouseSquare
138-142Holborn
LondonEC1N2ST
If you would like this document in a different format, please contact
our Customer Services department:
Telephone: 0870 333 1181
Fax: 01793 414926
Textphone: 01793 414878
E-mail: customers@english-heritage.org.uk