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Physics I (8.

012) Fall 2004


Problem Set # 2 solutions
Due 9/24/2004

1. Problem 2.7
The vertical force between blocks is always equal to
Fv

M1 g

(1)

so the maximal relative friction force we can have between two blocks is equal to
M1 g 

Ff

(2)

(a) If the external force is applied to the top block, the effective force it feels is the (vector)
sum of external force and friction force
F  Ff

F1

(3)

According to the third Newton law, the friction force on the surface connecting top and
bottom blocks has a counter-force of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction,
F2

Ff

(4)

Since there is no slipping between two blocks, they both must have the same speed and
the same acceleration, so
F1

M1 a
F2

F  Ff
M2 2

Ff



F  Ft
M1



Ft
M2

so if we eliminate the acceleration from these formulas we get


F  Ft
M1

Ft
M2



M1 M2
Ff
M2

(5)

M1 M2
M1 g
M2

(6)

(b) If the force is applied to the bottom block, then the bottom block feels the total force
F  Ff

F2
1

M2 a

(7)

while the top block feels the total force


M1 a 

F1

(8)

Again, both blocks must have the same acceleration so the force F equals

M1 M2
Ff
M1

M1 M2
M1 g
M1

M 
1

M2 g

(9)

2. Problem 2.9

mg

Since the particle is moving on a circle in the horizontal plane, vertical component of the
normal force N must cancel the gravitational force Fg

mg so that the total force is always

in the horizontal plane


N sin

mg 

(10)

N cos

(11)

v20
tan 
g

(12)

Since the remaining force is centripetal


F

mv20
r

we get the radius


r

mv20
N cos

3. Problem 2.11
(a)

Tup
o

45
Ftot

45o

mg

Tlow

(b) Vector sum of forces acting on the particle must act in the horizontal plane (as shown
in the picture). That means that vertical components must cancel
Tup cos  mg  Tlow cos

(13)

while the sum of horizontal components must equal centripetal force


Tup sin
For

45 , cos

sin
Tup

For Tlow



 T sin
low

(14)

2 so

m2 l
2

 mg


2 


2
2g l.
 0, we must have 

4. Problem 2.13

l1

x1

m2 l cos 

l1

l2

l2
x2

Tlow

m2 l
2

 

mg
2

(15)

Lets denote the tension of the string on the first pulley T and on the second T . Acceleration
of the mass M1 is then given by
T

x1 M1

 M1 g

(16)

while the acceleration of the second one is given by


x2 M2

 M2 g 

(17)

If pulleys are massless then string tensions on the second pulley must cancel

2T

(18)

Finally, since both strings are inextensible,


l1
sum of lengths
x1

 l
1

L1

l2

 

 l  l 
1
1

 l
2

 l2  x2
 1  l2  l  x 2

2
2

must be constant, we have


x1

L2

(19)

const 

(20)

x2
2

(21)

so now we can eliminate the string tension T


T

6M1 M2
g

M1 4M2

(22)

and then evaluate the acceleration x1 to get


x1

2M2  M1
g

4M2 M1

(23)

5. Problem 2.14
Lets call the string tension connecting masses MA and MB T , and the string connecting mass
MC with the pulley T . Then masses MA and MB feel only force T
T

MA xA

MB xB

(24)

Third mass MC feels the effective force mg  T


mg  T

Mc xc

(25)

xp

xB
xA

MA

MB
xC
MC

Since both pulleys are massless, we must have T


ble, we have xc  x p

LC

2T . Finally, since strings are inextensi-

const  , where

xp

xA

 l
A

xB

 l
B

1


xA xB LAB
2

(26)

where LAB is the length of first string and LC is the length of second. Hence
xA

 x
B

2xC

(27)

From this we can find string tension T


T

MA MB MC
2MA MB

 M M 
A C

(28)

MB MC
4

from which we get accelerations


MB MC

xA



2MA MB MA MC

xB

g


2MA MB MA MC MB2MC

1
MA MB MC
g
2 2M M  M M  MB MC

xC

MB MC
2

MA MC

(29)
(30)
(31)

6. Problem 2.17
(a) Normal force to the surface is given by
N

mg cos

(32)

N
F||

mg

which gives us the friction force


F

Fmax

mg cos 

(33)

On the other hand, force parallel to the surface equals


F

mg sin

(34)

so for the block to rest we must have



F Fmax

tan 

(35)

(b) If we add the acceleration in the horizontal direction, then vertical forces ad up to
F sin

 N cos  mg

(36)

while horizontal forces add up to


N sin  F cos
This can be solved for a
amin

ma

(37)

sin  cos
g

cos sin

(38)

There is a typo in the textbook and the actual condition in part (b) of this problem
should read tan  for this to make sense. The way angles are drawn in the textbook,
this solution is negative if one takes tan

. This means that the acceleration is

pointing in the opposite direction from the way it is drawn in the textbook. This of
course has to be, since for tan
and the answer is amin

block will remain motionless with no acceleration

0. What we actually calculated is the maximum acceleration

in the negative direction before the block starts sliding down.

(c) As we increase the acceleration, sum of tangential forces at one point changes the
direction and starts pointing upward so friction now points downward. Changing the
sign of F we now have

 F sin  N cos  mg

N sin F cos

0
ma

(39)
(40)

which has the solution

sin cos
g
cos  sin

amax

(41)

7. Problem 2.19
For M3 to keep from rising or falling, all 3 masses must move with the same (horizontal)
acceleration and vertical forces must vanish. Mass M3 feels two vertical forces, M3 g pointing
down and T pointing up; they must cancel so
M3 g 

(42)

Mass M2 feels only string tension T so it accelerates with acceleration a


M2 a 

(43)

Eliminating the string tension T , we get the acceleration


M3
g
M2

Since the total system has a combined mass M

(44)
M1

 M  M and there is no relative


2
3

motion of 3 masses, force acting on mass M1 must produce the overall acceleration a for the
total system, so
F

M3


g M 1 M2 M3
M2

8. Problem 2.29

2v0

v0 2 t

(45)

(a) In polar coordinates, acceleration s given by

 r 

r 2 r

 2r

(46)

Since the car is moving with uniform velocity v0 along the line painted radially on the
platform, we have
r v0
r 0 


The platform is rotating with constant angular speed so

(47)

0

(48)

v0 t

Adding these up, we get

 v0 2t r  2v0

(49)

(b) This part of the question can be a little confusing; friction coefficient describes the
fiction as tires of the car start sliding relative to the ground. Although the car is moving
there is no movement friction involved as long as tires are rolling normally and not
skidding (in reality, there is some friction associated with tires rolling down the road,
but we neglect it), so we treat friction force as static friction.1 Car starts to skid when


friction N

Mg equals force the car feels M a or in another words


v0 4 2 t 2
2



1
v0 2


 4v20 2 

(50)

(c) Since the friction car feels in part (b) is essentially static friction, force will have the
the same size and direction as the acceleration (if there was no friction whatsoever, the
car would continue to move in the radial direction as the platform turns). Angle of the
acceleration vector is given by
tan
1

a
ar

2v0
v0 2 t

2
t

2v0


4v20 2

(51)

If this isnt all too clear, think of yourself pushing a (static) car sideways; unless you are extremely strong, chances

are you will not be able to move it because the friction blocks you. Now think of a car going at some speed low enough
for you to run next to it and push it sideways (for example 5mph). What happens as you push the car sideways? Again,
the car doesnt move sideways since the friction is still there and it blocks your push. So the friction you encounter is
still the static friction (even though the car is moving!) equal to your push but in the reverse direction, not the friction
of a moving body equal to N and pointing opposite the velocity.

9. Problem 2.33
Since the particle is restricted to move on the rotating rod, its angular component is t

and there is no angular component to the acceleration. Its trajectory is then described by
mr

(52)

since there are no forces acting on the particle an it is free to move along the rod. Radial
component of this equation is
m r  r2

which is satisfied by
rt

Ae

for any A and B. Initial conditions at t

r 0

 B

d2r
dt 2



r2

(53)

 Bet

(54)

0 become
v0

B A

To get the solution which decreases in time, we must have B

(55)
0. For any other choice,

exponentially growing term Bet will eventually become bigger then exponentially decaying
term Ae

t .

10. Problem 2.34


r
T

angular compo(a) Since there is no force acting on the particle in the angular direction ,
nent of the acceleration must vanish
a

where

 2r

 2r



 2

r
r



 2 log

r
r0

 2

dr
r
(56)

This can easily be integrated


.


r


 2
r0

dr
r



log

log

r02
r2

(57)

where at some time t

r0 and

0 we have r

0 . Trajectory of the particle is then

given implicitly by

r02


(58)
0 r 2
Since the string is being pulled with constant velocity v, if we assume that the string is
inextensible, then the radius of the particle changes as
rt

r0  vt

(59)

so angular velocity is given by

r02
r0  vt

(60)

(b) Force T needed to pull the the string is related to the angular acceleration as

 T

m r  r2

Since the particle moves along the trajectory r


T

mr2

m20

10

r04
r3




(61)

r0  vt, we have r
m20

r04
r0  vt

0 and
(62)

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