Expansion Tank Application

Characteristics of Water That Make Expansion Tanks Necessary

Water expands when it is heated (1000 gallons becomes about 1040 gallons when
heated from 40

F to 200

F).
Water is non-compressible for all practical purposes.
herefore! if pro"isions are not made for the expansion of water as it approaches
operating temperature! it will brea# out of the s$stem at the wea#est point! which is the
relief "al"e (hopefull$ there is one%).
1
Failure to specif$ an ade&uatel$ si'ed expansion
tan# results in(
Weeping from the relief "al"e as the s$stem c$cles from cold to hot
) resulting infusion of ma#e-up water when s$stem c$cles from hot to cool
*ntroduction of air into the s$stem (dissol"ed in the ma#e up water)! which
accelerates corrosion! and
*ntroduction of dissol"ed minerals into s$stem. +inerals e"entuall$ ,ba#e out, on
hot surfaces! such as the heat transfer areas of a boiler! a process which often results
in boiler failure. he process to failure follows(
- *n a boiler! the hot gasses on one side of a boiler section (or copper tube in
the e"ent of a copper tube boiler) reach temperatures in the range of 2-00-
.000 F. /n the other side! water flows at perhaps 200
o
F.
- 0nder normal circumstances! the water flowing on the cold side of the
heat transfer surface remo"es the heat from the metal as fast as it can be
added! #eeping the metal at a reasonable temperature. )s minerals enter
with the ma#e-up water! a coating of ba#ed-on minerals forms on the heat
transfer surface1 this coating increases in thic#ness with time. his
mineral la$er is a good insulator! and pre"ents the transfer of heat from the
metal to the water.
1
)n F2* customer recentl$ had a s$stem in which an automatic "al"e would close! isolating the relief
"al"e. *t too# six split pump bodies (2 failures of . pumps) before the real problem was disco"ered.
1
- herefore! the metal temperature rises and the metal e"entuall$ crac#s or
splits! resulting in boiler failure.
How an Expansion Tank Works
)n expansion tank is onl$ partiall$ full of water on start up. he rest of the tan#
contains air. )s the s$stem water expands! the added s$stem "olume mo"es into the
expansion tan#! compressing the air! thereb$ increasing the air pressure! which
3pushes bac#4 to increase the s$stem pressure.
) properl$ si'ed expansion tan#(
5imits
2
the s$stem operating pressure increase under the hot condition!
6ro"ides a safe s$stem pressure without rel$ing on the relief "al"e to discharge!
*nsures that pump 7682 re&uirements are met! and
9stablishes a point of ,'ero pressure change, for the s$stem! ensuring that there
will be no negati"e pressure points an$where in the s$stem
Air Elimination vs. Air Control
he s$stem designer first decides whether to use an air elimination s$stem or an
air control s$stem.
Air Elimination System and its Components
he s$stem below illustrates air elimination using an air scoop and air "ent. he
3captive air expansion tank (described on page .) allows for expansion. he air scoop
separates air from the water! and the "ent discharges that air to the e&uipment room.
Air Elimination System and its Components
2
7ote that it does not prevent an increase in s$stem pressure---:ust limits it%
2
he air control s$stem operates with an air separator that is not e&uipped with an
air "ent. herefore! it does not "ent the air! but instead sends it through a special tan#
fitting into a plain steel expansion tan#. 2ence it 3sa"es4 the separated air to help
pro"ide an air cushion. he 3tan# fitting4 wor#s in concert with the air separator and
pre"ents air from re-entering the s$stem on a cool down c$cle.
Air Control System
Expansion Tank Styles
Captive air tanks serve air separation systems. With this st$le! a rubber diaphragm
or bladder separates the water from a cushion of air! which is pre-charged into the tan#
during manufacturing. his is done through a 8chrader "al"e! the same fitting used to fill
bic$cle tires.
;ladder tan#s utili'e a rubber bag called a bladder. *f the tan# utili'es a bladder
capable of expanding to the full si'e of the tan#! as shown in Figure 1A! the tan# is
called a full acceptance tan#. *f the tan# uses a smaller bag that will not extend to the
full dimensions of the tan#! it is called a partial acceptance tan#.
<iaphragm tan#s! as shown in Figure 1b! emplo$ a diaphragm across the middle
portion of the tan#. he diaphragm cannot expand to the limits of the steel shell! ma#ing
diaphragm tan#s partial acceptance de"ices.
=enerall$ spea#ing! partial acceptance tan#s cost less! but full acceptance tan#s
accept more expansion in a smaller pac#age. <iaphragm tan#s are a"ailable in both
)8+9 code and non-)8+9 code designs. hese are referred to Code and Non-
Code tan#s. )8+9 st$les feature hea"ier dut$ construction and higher factors of safet$.
.
7on-code tan#s are generall$ best suited for residences or small commercial buildings (if
their use in commercial applications is allowed b$ local codes).
8ome bladder st$le tan#s utili'e a replaceable bladder While a replaceable bladder
sounds li#e a great idea! it is a difficult and time-consuming process to replace a bladder.
*t is often easier to simpl$ replace the whole tan#. 8o where access and clearance exists
to get a new tan# into the e&uipment room! designers often choose the less expensi"e
non-replaceable bag designs. For "er$ large tan#s! tan# replacement ma$ not be feasible!
so replaceable bladder tan#s pro"ide the best option. 7ote that diaphragms used in
diaphragm st$le tan#s are not replaceable.
Plain steel tanks (Figure 1A) are used in air control systems. hese simple "essels
ha"e no bag or bladder separating the air cushion from the fluid. 6lain steel tan#s are less
expensi"e than e&ui"alent bladder tan#s! but the$ are larger and often cost more to install
than capti"e air tan#s! for reasons discussed later. 6lain steel tan#s are a"ailable in
)8+9 and non-)8+9 configurations! but non->ode tan#s are generall$ used onl$ in
residences.
Figure 1A! "lain Steel #ank

Figure 1$! %iap&ragm #ank '"artial Acceptance(
4
Figure 1 C! $ladder #ank--Full Acceptance
Choosing the System an Tank Type
he decision of whether to use air control or air elimination is inherentl$ intertwined
with the tan# selection t$pe and "ice "ersa. he following factors contribute to the final
choice(
First cost) =enerall$ plain steel tan#s cost the least for a gi"en "olume of
expansion. 2owe"er! the following off-setting factors appl$(
o Si*e+space) 6lain steel tan#s are larger than bladder?diaphragm tan#s for
a gi"en application.
o Arrangement) 6lain steel tan#s must be suspended from the ceiling.
;ladder?diaphragm tan#s ma$ be suspended! mounted "erticall$ on the
floor! or hori'ontall$ on the floor! but the$ are generall$ mounted on the
floor for con"enience.
o Structural Support) 6lain steel tan#s usuall$ re&uire more robust
structural support because the$ are larger and hold more water.
herefore! the labor and material cost sa"ings for mounting capti"e air tan#s
generall$ o"erride the first cost ad"antage of plain steel tan#s! at least for cases
where the plain steel tan# would be around 200 gallons or more.
Simplicity o, -peration) /perators toda$ generall$ understand air elimination
s$stems better than air control s$stems. )ir elimination s$stems do awa$ with
@
concerns of waterlogged tan#s. he$ simplif$ start up! as 3sa"ing4 the proper
amount of air for the cushion in a plain steel tan# becomes a non-issue.
#aco Styles Are)
.eplaceable
/odel Acceptance $ladder0 Notes
CA Full 1es "otable -2! F%A
C$3 "artial No Non "otable
C3 "artial No '%iap&ragm( Non "otable
"A3 "artial 1es "otable! F%A
!ata "e#$ire for Si%ing the Expansion Tank
o properl$ si'e an expansion tan#! we must #now the following "alues(
8$stem "olume
Fill temperature!
Fill pressure!
+aximum design pressure!
+aximum design temperature.
5etAs consider each of these factors(
%etermine System 4olume b$ adding the water-holding capacities of all the
components of the piping s$stem! including boilers? chillers! coils! piping! air
separators! etc. 0se the tables at the end of this chapter to estimate the "olume
of piping and man$ common t$pes of 2B)> e&uipment. For items not shown
in the tables! use catalogs from specific manufacturers. 7ote that in determining
s$stem "olume! it is best to be safe. An undersized epansion tank results in
the problems outlined on Page 1. An oversized tank results in no operational
problems.
Fill temperature) he temperature of the water a"ailable to fill the s$stem. *n our
climate! use about 40 F.
C
Fill pressure) he pressure to which the s$stem will be initiall$ filled at start up.
he fill pressure setting on the fill valve establishes this pressure. (his "al"e admits
water to the s$stem whene"er the s$stem pressure falls below the fill "al"e setting). wo
factors impact the chosen fill pressure for a s$stem.
1 #&e ,ill pressure must li,t t&e 5ater to t&e &ig&est point in t&e system
Decall that 2..1 feet of water column e&uals a pressure of 1 68*! so a s$stem with
a high point in the piping of 2.E abo"e the fill "al"e re&uires a pressure of 10 68*= at
the "al"e (2.A?2..1). o this minimum pressure! add an additional @ 68*= safet$
margin. he reason( as the s$stem fills! the water displaces the air! which rises to
high points in the s$stem. )t start up this air must be manuall$ "ented using manual
air "ents. he pressure in the piping needs to be greater than atmospheric pressure
to insure that the air will readil$ mo"e from the pipe! through the air "ent! and into
the atmosphere. !n no case" should the fill pressure be less than 1#$1% P&!'" even
for one$story buildings. 8$stems operating at lower pressures simpl$ ta#e longer to
"ent.
(ample 1) *hat is the fill pressure recommended for a %+, high
system-
&olution) (%+./%.+1) 0 (1 P&!') 2 11 P&!'
Example 6) 7&at is t&e ,ill pressure recommended ,or a 168 &ig&
system0
Solution) '168+691( : '; "S<=( > 1?68@ #&ere,ore revert to t&e
minimum o, 16 "S<=
6 #&e ,ill pressure must prevent cavitation As a rule of thumb, perform the
NPSH calculations when designing a system for 21 degrees or greater, and the
pump NPSHr is greater than 2!2" feet. *f the fill pressure determined b$ the
building height is insufficient to pre"ent ca"itation! find a lower 7682r pump or
resort to a higher fill pressure .
/aximum %esign "ressure( 0se a maximum operating pressure is normall$ input at
about @-10 68*= below the relief "al"e setting. (Delief "al"es often 3weep4 at settings
below their relief setting. he @-10 68*= margin minimi'es the chance of weeping).
he relief "al"e setting is determined b$ a combination of factors including(
F
1. he maximum pressure rating of e&uipment in the s$stem! such as boilers!
chillers! pumps and accessories. hough relief "al"es ma$ be ordered for an$
setting! distributors stoc# relief "al"es set at .0G! @0G! F@G and 12@G! so one of
these pressures is normall$ chosen. All ot&er ,actors being eAual! t&e &ig&er
t&e maximum design pressure! t&e smaller t&e expansion tank
2. he relati"e price of a"ailable bac#flow pre"enters. 0sing a .0G relief "al"e
results in an inexpensi"e bac#flow pre"enter. *n small buildings! this often fa"ors
a setting of .0G in spite of the fact that other items in the s$stem would withstand
a higher pressure.
Demember the pressure will be higher than at other points in the s$stem than it is at the
expansion tan# if the tan# is properl$ located at the pump suction. For eample" the
pressures at the discharge of the pump 3ill be higher by the amount the of pump head.
4herefore" 3hen selecting the relief valve setting" take into account the location of the
valve and the pressures at other points in the system to avoid eceeding e5uipment
pressure ratings.
Example) he h$dronic components of a s$stem carr$ a rating of 12@ 68*=. he
designer selects a relief "al"e setting of 12@ 68*= and si'es his expansion tan#
accordingl$. he contractor installs the relief "al"e on the suction side of the pump. he
pump is pro"ides a head of F0A. When the s$stem heats up! the pressure on the suction
side of the pump (point of connection to the expansion tan#) reaches 120 68*=. hin#
about the pressure on the discharge side of the pump with the pump in operation. *s the
s$stem ade&uatel$ protected against o"er pressuri'ationH
/aximum %esign #emperature
For heating s$stems use either the maximum expected normal operating
temperature of the boiler (or the high limit setting on the boiler for a bit more safet$).
For chilled water s$stems! use the maximum expected temperature of the water s$stem
on a summer da$ with the cooling s$stem is turned off (perhaps I@-10@ degrees).
-
Selecting the Expansion Tank
his was formerl$ a manual calculation! but toda$ we plug the s$stem "olume! fill
temperature! fill pressure! maximum design temperature! and maximum design
pressure into the aco7et software to select multiple si'es and t$pes of tan#s for our
consideration.
For buildings of two stories and less and relief "al"e settings of .0 68*=! $ou
ma$ use the 3Juic# 8i'ing >hart4 on page 14 of this chapter to pic# Flexcon (and
similar) non-)8+9 and aco )8+9 capti"e air tan#s.
&lycol Corrections
7ote that both eth$lene and prop$lene gl$col expand more than water. *f $ou are
using gl$col! inflate the system volume before entering manual selection tables
such as the 6uick &izing Chart7 6lease see the gl$col correction factors on page 1C
of this chapter.
'oint of Connection to the System
he point where the expansion tan# connects to the s$stem is called the point of #ero
pressure change. he reason is that the pressure in the tan# and at the point of
connection is the same whether the pump is off or on. he diagram below shows s$stem
pressures throughout a s$stem with the pump off (upper figure) and on (lower figure)
when the tan# is properly connected to the suction side of the pump.
I
Loads
Boiler
Pump
Air Vent
Exp. Tank
Air Vent
23'
12 PSIG 12 PSIG
ill
2 PSIG 2 PSIG
A (
! "
Pressure !rops
B to "# 1 PSI
" to !# $ PSI
! to A# 2 PSI
1 2 P S I G
Pump %ead & 21'
'( PSI)
2 1 P S I G
10 PSIG
4 PSIG
he diagram below shows what will happen to the s$stem pressures at "arious points
when the expansion tan# is improperl$ connected to the discharge side. 7ote that with
the pump connected to the discharge side of the pump! the pressure can become a
"acuum at some points in the s$stem. his could create 7682 problems (Wh$H). *t
could also result in air being drawn into the s$stem. he example shows the importance
of ha"ing the point of 'ero pressure change (the point of connection to the expansion
tan#) at the inlet to the pump.
o most people! the idea that improper tan# connection location could cause the
pump to 3pull4 rather than to 3push4 is counter-intuiti"e. o pro"e our point! we will
demonstrate this in our lab! showing that this is reall$ true%
Demember that 3the point of 'ero pressure change4 onl$ refers to the fact that the
pressure will not change whether the pump is 3on4 or 3off.4
.
he pressure W*55 change
as the s$stem temperature changes.
.
his is a difficult concept. hin# of it this wa$. With the pump off and the s$stem at a stable temperature!
a fixed "olume of air is in the air cushion. here is also a fixed "olume of water in the s$stem. 8impl$
starting or stopping the pump does not affect the "olume of water in the s$stem. Without a change in water
"olume! the air cushion cannot compress or expand. Without a compression or expansion! the air pressure
will not change and therefore the pressure exerted on the water b$ the air cushion will not change1 therefore
the s$stem pressure at the point of connection cannot change. +a#e senseKsort ofH
10
Loads
Boiler
Air Vent Air Vent
23'
12 PSIG 12 PSIG
2 PSIG 2 PSIG
A (
! "
Pressure !rops
B to "# 1 PSI
" to !# $ PSI
! to A# 2 PSI
Pump %ead & 21'
'( PSI)
1 2 P S I G
1 PSIG
Pump
ill
Exp. Tank
-5 PSIG
3 P S I G
CAST )"*N (*)+E" WATE" C*NTENT ,&A++*NS-
.*" (*)+E"S MAN/.ACT/"E! 0123 T* '"ESENT
*+. ,ESI!E*TIAL
"+--E,"IAL
I*!.ST,IAL
"+--E,"IAL
I*!.ST,IAL
+ "AST I,+*
/ATE, B+ILE,
"+*VE,TIBLE T+
STEA-
/ATE, +*L0
SE"TI+*S
B.,*%A-
2 SE,IES
-B%
WATE"
C*NTENT
B.,*%A-
P1
-B%
WATE"
C*NTENT
B.,*%A-
2 SE,IES
-B%
WATE"
C*NTENT
2 31 4.3
3 12 5.4
3 24 6.7
1 142 6.8 212 00.1
$ 13$ 3.3 321 58.2 2$3 05.1
5 1$3 2.4 353 65.6 315 03.1
2 121 8.7 335 61.0 352 08.1
( 212 8.8 3(( 36.1 322 01.1
14 233 9.4 1$2 27.2 351 40.1
11 $23 22.6
12 $2$ 84.0
13 53( 88.1
13 211 95.8
11 253 91.6
1$ (3$ 13.4
15 ((2 077.1
12 14$1 072.8
1( 1123 004.3
24 112$ 009.4
21 1232 046.7
22 1314 041.8
1321 060.4
11$4 034.9
*+TE#
1. "6art is 7ased on Burn6am 8ast iron 7oiler 9as :ired.
2. I: 7oiler is oil :ired sele8t -B% load and use next lar9er si;e :or <ater 8ontent.
3. or 7oilers made 7e:ore 1($1 8onsult manu:a8turers literature.
11
Water :ol$me Containe in Common H:AC E#$ipment
Fan Coils! Bnit 4entilators! Cabinet Ceaters! $ooster Coils
&allons 'er Coil "ow
inned
/idt6
'in86es)
inned Len9t6 'in86es)
12 23 34 3$ 32 32 $4 52 23
$ 4.11 4.11 4.1( 4.22 4.2$ 4.34 4.35 4.31 4.12
( 4.15 4.22 4.22 4.33 4.3( 4.31 4.1$ 4.$5 4.5(
12 4.22 4.34 4.35 4.31 4.12 4.$4 4.51 4.(4 1.41

Air Candling Bnits and $uilt Bp Coils
&allons 'er Coil "ow
inned
/idt6
'in86es)
inned Len9t6 'in86es)
12 23 34 3$ 32 $4 52 23 ($ 142 124 132 133
12 4.22 4.34 4.35 4.31 4.$4 4.51 4.(4 1.41 1.24 1.31 1.14 1.$1 1.24
12 4.33 4.31 4.1$ 4.$5 4.(4 1.12 1.31 1.15 1.24 2.42 2.21 2.35 2.54
23 4.31 4.$4 4.51 4.(4 1.24 1.14 1.24 2.14 2.34 2.54 3.44 3.2( 3.1(
34 4.1$ 4.51 4.(3 1.12 1.14 1.25 2.21 2.$2 3.44 3.35 3.53 3.12 3.3(
3$ 4.$5 4.(4 1.12 1.31 1.24 2.21 2.54 3.13 3.1( 3.43 3.3( 3.(3 1.3(
32 4.5( 1.41 1.31 1.15 2.14 2.$2 3.13 3.$5 3.1( 3.52 1.23 1.55 $.2(
32 4.(4 1.24 1.14 1.24 2.34 3.44 3.1( 3.1( 3.5( 1.3( 1.(( $.1( 5.1(

Estimated 4olume <n 7ater C&illers '=allons in Evaporator(
,e8ipro8atin9 and S8re< "ompressor .nits
Tons 11 24 21 34 34 14 $4 51 144 124 114 244
Gallons $ 2 14 11 15 21 21 34 14 $4 51 (4
"entri:u9al .nits
Tons 244 144 514 1444 1214 1144
Gallons 34 144 121 124 214 321
12
Water :ol$me Containe in Common H:AC E#$ipment
,Contin$e-
S&ell and #ube Ceat Exc&angers
S6ell
!ia.
&allon;.oot < Shell +ength
In S6ell In Tu7es
3 4.33 4.23
$ 1.4 4.1
2 1.2 4.(
14 2.3 1.2
12 3.4 2.2
13 1.4 2.$
1$ $.1 3.1
12 2.4 3.1
24 14.4 1.1
23 11.4 5.1
=============================================================================
4-DB/E -F 7A#E. <N "<"<N= '=ADD-NS "E. D<NEAD F--#(
T0PE >? @? 1? 1A1B3? 1A1B2? 2? 2A1B2? 3? 3? 1? $?
STEEL
PIPE
.41$ .422 .431 .452 .141 .152 .214 .321 .$$5 1.44 1.34
"+PPE,
T.BE
.412 .421 .433 4$1 .4(2 .1$1 .214 .315 .$21 1.44 1.34
T0PE 2? 14? 12? 13? 1$? 12? 24? 23?
STEEL
PIPE
2.$4 3.4( 1.22 5.1$ (.32 12.13 11.11 21.(3
Pex >? I.!. 1.4 GallonB144 eet
Pex 1B2? I.!. 1.$ GallonB144 eet
*+TES#
Pipe 8oils '7en86 8oils) C si;e as pipin9
"ommer8ial :in tu7e D residential 7ase7oard C si;e as pipin9
1.
Water :ol$me Containe in Common H:AC E#$ipment
,Contin$e-
================================================================
14
:ol$me of Commercial Air Separators
Moel !iam.= > +ength= > &allons
A"A2 2.$ 12 1
A"A2.1 14.51 24 2
A"A3 12.51 23.21 13
A"A3 1$ 2(.13 21
A"A1 1$ 31.21 25
A"A$ 24 3$.51 14
A"A2 24 31.32 1$
A"A14 23 3(.1 (5
A"A12 34 1$.(3 153
A"A13 3$ $1 22$
A"A1$ 3$ 51.1 311
A"A12 32 53.21 33(
A"A24 32 22.21 $3(
-odel -B% Gallons
EV%A214 214 1.3
EV%A144 144 $.1
EV%A514 514 11.(
EV%A1444 1444 1$.3
EV%A1144 1144 15.3
EV%A2444 2444 12.1
Based on T6ermal Solutions
Copper .in (oilers
Expansion Tank Eui8k Si;in9 "6art
BASE! +*# 3+ T+ 244F 12 PSIG ILLF 34 PSIG ,ELIE
S0STE- V+L.-E
I* GALL+*S
S0STE- EGP.
-I*. A""EPT
-I*I-.-
TA*H V+L.
LEG"+*
-+!EL *+.
TA"+
-+!EL *+.
21
14
51
144
121
114
151
244
221
214
251
344
321
314
351
344
321
314
351
144
121
114
151
$44
$21
$14
$51
544
521
514
551
244
221
214
251
(44
(21
(14
(51
1444
1421
1414
4.(
1.2
2.$
3.1
3.3
1.3
$.1
5.4
5.(
2.2
(.5
14.1
11.3
12.3
13.2
13.4
13.(
11.2
1$.5
15.$
12.3
1(.3
24.2
21.1
21.(
22.2
23.5
23.$
21.3
2$.3
25.2
22.1
2(.4
2(.2
34.5
31.$
32.1
33.3
33.2
31.1
3$.4
3$.(
2.12
3.31
$.13
2.51
14.2(
13.4$
11.23
15.32
1(.$4
21.55
23.(1
2$.13
22.31
34.32
32.$$
33.23
35.42
3(.1(
31.35
33.11
31.53
35.(4
14.42
12.2$
13.33
1$.$4
12.5(
$4.(5
$3.11
$1.32
$5.14
$(.$2
51.21
53.43
5$.21
52.3(
24.1$
22.53
23.(2
25.14
2(.25
(1.31
V,11
V,34
V,$4
V,(4
V,(4
V,(4
SGV,34
SGV,34
SGV,34
SGV,34
SGV,$4
SGV,$4
SGV,$4
SGV,(4
SGV,(4
SGV,(4
SGV,(4
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,114
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
SGV,1$4
"G11
"G11
"G34
"G34
"G32
"G23
"G23
"G23
"G23
"G23
"G23
"G134
"G134
"G134
"G134
"G134
"G134
"BG154
"BG154
"BG154
"AG154
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG213
"BG344
"BG344
"BG344
"BG344
"BG344
"BG344
"BG314
"BG314
"BG314
"BG314
"BG314
*+TES# LEG"+* TA*HS C *+* "+!EF -AG. /P 144 PSIGF -AG. TE-P 234
TA"+ TA*HS C AS-E "+!EF -AG. /P 121 PSIGF -AG. TE-P 234
1@
"+,,E"TI+* A"T+,S +,
EGPA*SI+* + ET%0LE*E GL0"+L
'Based on 14 ill Temperature)
-AG. TE-P

I ET%0LE*E GL0"+L B0 V+L.-E
144
24I 34I 14I
1.$4 1.23 1.(4
134 1.22 1.32 1.14
1$4 1.24 1.33 1.34
124 1.11 1.21 1.31
244 1.13 1.22 1.22
224 1.14 1.1( 1.23
234 1.42 1.15 1.22
+ultipl$ 9xpansion for Water imes )bo"e Figures or *nflate 8$stem Bolume ;efore
8electing an# (7ot De&uired if 0sing aconet)
"+,,E"TI+* A"T+,S +,
EGPA*SI+* + P,+P0LE*E GL0"+L
'Based on 14 ill Temperature)
-AG. TE-P

I P,+P0LE*E GL0"+L B0 V+L.-E
144
24I 34I 14I
1.12 2.3$ 2.53
124 1.11 2.2$ 2.33
134 1.13 2.4$ 2.15
1$4 1.13 1.2$ 2.42
124 1.12 1.$$ 1.2(
244 1.11 1.13 1.$3
224 1.14 1.35 1.31
234 1.4( 1.34 1.11
+ultipl$ 9xpansion for Water imes )bo"e Figures or *nflate 8$stem Bolume ;efore
8electing an# (7ot De&uired if 0sing aconet)
1C