Terms and Conditions of Use:

this document downloaded from

vulcanhammer.info
the website about
Vulcan Iron Works
Inc. and the pile
driving equipment it
manufactured
All of the information, data and computer software (information)
presented on this web site is for general information only. While every
effort will be made to insure its accuracy, this information should not
be used or relied on for any specifc application without independent,
competent professional examination and verifcation of its accuracy, suit-
ability and applicability by a licensed professional. Anyone making use
of this information does so at his or her own risk and assumes any and all
liability resulting from such use. The entire risk as to quality or usability of
the information contained within is with the reader. In no event will this web
page or webmaster be held liable, nor does this web page or its webmaster
provide insurance against liability, for any damages including lost profts, lost
savings or any other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use
or inability to use the information contained within.
This site is not an offcial site of Prentice-Hall, Pile Buck, or Vulcan Foundation
Equipment. All references to sources of software, equipment, parts, service or
repairs do not constitute an endorsement.
Visit our companion site
http://www.vulcanhammer.org
WAVE
EQUATION
FINAL REPORT
MAY 1986
I 1
a. T,ra. .ma lor,,^. 5. 2.oorr 3.p.
WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
March 1986
WEAP86 PROGRAM
I
6 Permrrnang Orgenlrarlon <aae
Volume I. Backqround
i I
-
I
4535 Emery I ndus t r i al Parkway
1 Cl evel and, OH 14128
12. Spanloring ~ , . ~ s y Name a d Addr.=s
Of f i c e o f I mol ement at i on
I
FHWA cont r act manager: Chien-Tan Chang (HDV-10)
8. ?eriormsoq O<qon, r~t)on R.oott No.
7. Aurnor sl
G.G. Gobl e and F. Rausche
9. P.riormtnp Ocqmtr.non N-m. -0 Aaar.ss
i
I
10. W.C. Unet No. ( TRAI SI
1-
Gobl e Rausche L i k i n s and Associ at es. I nc. /i
11. ~onr,.st er Grant N ~ .
I/
DTFH61-84-C-00100
-
13. TIP. m i Report end Psrtod Cev.r.d
Fi nal Reoort
/ Federal ~i ghway Admi ni st r at i on
6300 Georgetown Pi ke
McLean, Vi r g i n i a 22101-2296
I . s ~ . ~ . ~ ~ , ~ ~ A ~ . ~ . ~ ~ o ~ .
15. S~pp,.~.n,.r., Not..
1
I I
16. Abstr.st
The WEAP Program, wr i t t e n and documented under a pr evi ous FHWA cont r act i n 1976
and updated i n 1981, was f u r t h e r devel oped. The documentati on was compl et el y
r e wr i t t e n f o r addi t i onal or r evi sed i nf or mat i on. The new program r ef er r ed t o as
Separate models f o r l i q u i d and atomi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n o f di esel hammers.
Resi dual st r ess anal ysi s.
Re a l i s t i c s pl i c e model.
out put opt i on.
/
Thi s i s t he f i r s t volume amonq f our . The ot her s ar e
r~
I
An i mpor t ant addi t i on was an updated and/or r ev i s ed hammer dat a f i l e wi t h new
e f f i c i e n c y val ues based on r esear ch performed under anot her cont r act f o r t h e FHWA.
Furt hermore, ext ensi ve t abl es cover i ng hel mets, cushi ons, and p i l e s were compi l ed
and i ncl uded i n t he documentati on. Another i mpor t ant f ac et o f t he WEAP86 work was
t he development o f a program ver si on f o r personal computers. The main e f f o r t
consi st ed o f pr ovi di ng f o r a user-friendlylmenu-driven i nput program and a gr aphi cs
-
FHWA No. Vol . No. T i t 1 e
I I General Users Manual
I 11 Proqram I n s t a l l a t i o n Manual
WEAP86, i ncl udes a l l o f t he WEAP f eat ur es pl us t he f ol l owi ng new models:
r
!
1
I V user s Manual . f or PC Appl i cat i on
1
Combustion, Computers, Design, Di esel ,
Uynarnics, Foundati ons, Hammers, Impact
P i l e dr i v i ng, Pesi dual st r ess, Soi l
mechanics, Gave equat i on.
I
I
18. Sestr+aurton jtotammr
No r e s t r i c t i o n s . Thi s document i s
av ai l abl e t o t he publ i c t hr ough t h e
Nat i onal Techni cal I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce.
Spr i ngf i el d, Vi r g i n i a 22161.
19. S.N,~?~ Cl.ass#f. l ei i hl s 1.00111 20. Secunr y i i o s s a i . ( o i r ht s 00q.l 21. ,No. oi ?ages
Uncl assi f i ed
22. ?mc=
I
Uncl assi f i ed 1 118
I
Form DOT F 1700.7 ia-721
Re ~ r o d u s t ~ a n oi cornpisred poge authori zed
/
I
I.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I: WEAP86 BACKGROUND
Chapt er &
FOREWARD .................................................................
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n ...........................................................
...................... . 2 Basi c Oper at i on and Use o f t h e Wave Equat i on ,.,
1 . Pr epar at i ons f o r a Nave Equat i on Anal ysi s .......................
......................... . 2 I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Wave Equat i on Res ul t s
. .................................. 3 Checki ng Wave Equat i on Res ul t s
............................................ . 3 The WEAP86 Anal ysi s Model
.................................................... 3.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n
.................................................. 3.2 Hammer De t a i l s
... 3.2.1 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e of L i q u i d I n j e c t i o n Di es el Hammers
3.2.2 Worki ng P r i n c i p l e of At omi zed I n j e c t i o n Di esel Hammers ..
3.2.3 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e of Ex t er nal Combusti on Hammers .......
3.2.4 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e of Cl osed End o r Doubl e Ac t i ng Hammers
.............................. 3.2.4.1 Cl osed End Di esel Hammers
............. 3.2.4.2 Doubl e Act i ng. Ex t er nal Combusti on Hammers
................................................... 3.3 Hammer Models
3.3.1 Ram ....................................................
......................................... 3.3.2 Assembly Model
. ................................... 3.3.3 Thermodynamic Model s
.......................... 3.3.3.1 Background and Av a i l a b l e Dat a
3.3.3.2 L i q u i d Fuel I n j e c t i o n (' i mpact At omi zat i on) Model .......
...................... 3.3.3.3 The At omi zed Fuel I n j e c t i o n Model
..................... 3.3.4 Cl osed End Hammers (Doubl e Ac t i ng)
3.3.5 Hammer Energy Losses ...................................
............................................ 3.4 Dr i v i n g System Model
...................................................... 3.5 P i l e Model
.......................
............................ 3.6 Spl i c e Model ;
...................................................... 3.7 So i l Model
............................. 3.8 Numeri cal Pr ocedur e and I n t e g r a t i o n
......................................... 3.8.1 Time I ncr ement
3.8.2 Anal ysi s St eps .........................................
............................................. 3.8.2.1 Pr edi c t i on
.............................. 3.8.2.2 For ces a t a Gi ven Segment
3.8.2.3 Newton' s Second Law f o r Ac c el er at i on Ca l c u l a t i o n .......
................................. 3.8.2.4 Cor r ect i on I n t e g r a t i o n
3.8.2.5 Fur t her I n t e r a t i o n s ....................................
3.8.2.6 Soi l Resi st ance f o r End o f Time j ......................
3.8.2.7 Spl i ces and I nt er f ac es .................................
................................................... 3.9 St op Cr i t e r i a
.............................. 3.10 Nonr esi dual Blow Count Comput at i on
........................................ 3.11 Resi dual St r ess Anal yses
........................................... 3.11.1 I nt r oduc t i on
.......................................... 3.11.2 How RSA Works
..................................... 3.11.3 Det ai l s of t he RSA
..................................... 3.11.3.1 I n i t i a l Condi t i ons
.......... 3.11.3.2 Model f or Computi ng S t a t i c Eq u i l i b r i u m i n RSA
........................................ 3.11.3.3 RSA Convergence
......................... 3.11.4 Di scussi on o f t h e RSA Approach
.................................................... 3.12 Program Fl ow
........................ 3.13 WEAP and WEAP86: Summary of Di f f er ences
4 . I nput I nf or mat i on .....................................................
..................................................... 4.1 Hammer Dat a
............................................. 4.2 Dr i v i n g System Dat a
....................................................... 4.3 P i l e Dat a
............................................................. 4.4 S o i l
................................................... . 5 Program Perf ormance
.................................................... 5.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n
........................... 5.2 Comparison o f WEAP and WEAP86 Res ul t s
......................... 5.3 Comparison o f CUWEAP and WEAP86 Res ul t s
...................................................... 5.4 Test Cases
........................ 5.4.1 Reanal ysi s o f Example 1. CUWEAP
............................. 5.4.2 Si mul at i on o f Hammer Test s
................................... 5.4.3 Co r r e l a t i o n Anal yses
5.5 Summary .........................................................
....................................... . 6 Concl usi ons and Recommendations
APPENDIX A: Resul t s f r om Hammer Perf ormance Test s ....................... 95 I
A. l I nt r oduc t i on .................................................... 95
............................................ A.2 Ev al uat i on Pr ocedur e 95
........................................... A.3 Di scussi on of Resul t s 99
.............................................. A.3.1 0-12 Dat a 99
A.3.2 0-15 Dat a .............................................. 100
.................................... A.3.3 Delmag 0-16-32 Tes t 100
A.3.4 Oelmag 0-22-02 Test .................................... 100
A.3.5 Delmag 0-30 ............................................ 101
......................................... A.3.6 Delmag 0-30-02 101
A.3.7 Delmag 0-30-23 ......................................... 101
A.3.8 Delmag 13-36-23 ......................................... 101
.................. A.3.9 Delmag 0-46-23 .................... .. 102
A.3.10 Oelmag 0-80-12 ......................................... 102
A.3.11 FEC 1500 ............................................... 102
A.3.12 FEC 2800 ............................................... 102
A.3.13 FEC 3000 ( 1980) ........................................ 102
A.3.14 FEC 3000(1983) ......................................... 104
A.3.15 FEC 3400 ............................................... 104
A.3.16 Berminghammer B 200 .................................... 104
A.3.17 Berminghammer B 225 .................................... 104
A.3.18 Berminghammer 0400 ..................................... 105.
................................................ A.3.19 ICE 440 105
A.3.20 ICE 1070 ............................................... 105
A.3.21 Kobel co KC45 ........................................... 108
...... APPENDIX 8: CALCULATION OF Pmax .. .. ............................... 109
REFERENCES ............................................................... 110
LI ST OF FIGURES
Fi gur e &
2.1 Gr eat l y Si mp l i f i e d WEAP86 Equat i on ................................ 6
3.1 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e o f a L i q u i d I n j e c t i o n Open
End Di esel Hammer ................................................. 13
3.2 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e o f a Si ngl e Ac t i ng Ai r I St eam Hammer ............. 17
3.3 ( a) wi t hout . (b) wi t h ex t er nal compr essi on t ank ................... 19
3.4a Pr essur e vs . Time Rel at i ons hi p f o r L i q u i d Fuel
I n j e c t i o n Model ................................................... 24
3.4b Pr essur e vs . Volume Rel at i ons hi p f o r L i q u i d Fuel
I n j e c t i o n Model ................................................... 24
3.5a Pr essur e vs . Time Rel at i ons hi p f o r At omi zed
I n j e c t i o n Model ................................................... 30
3.5b Pr essur e vs . Volume Rel at i ons hi p f o r At omi zed
I n j e c t i o n Model ................................................... 30
3.6 Hammer-Dri vi ng System Model f o r ECH Hammers ....................... 38
............................................... 3.7 P i l e and So i l Model 39
3.8 For ce- Def or mat i on Curve f o r Sl ack Model ........................... 42
3.9 Bl ock Di agram of Pr edi c t or - Cor r ec t or Anal ysi s ..................... 46
3.10 Computing For ces Ac t i ng on P i l e Segment i ......................... 48
3.11 S t a t i c Pi l e - So i l Model Used i n t h e RSA Anal ysi s ................... 58
3.12 Resi st ance vs . Di spl acement Di agrams Showing End o f
Dynamic ( 0 ) and St a t i c ( S) Anal y s i s ............................... 59
3.13 Si mp l i f i e d Fl ow Char t o f t h e RSA Anal y s i s ......................... 61
3.14 Fl owchar t f o r WEAP86 Di es el Anal ysi s' .............................. 64
5.1 Comparison o f CUWEAP and WEAP86 Res ul t s ........................... 8 1
5.2 Res ul t s f o r Example 1 o f Ref . 15 w i t h Modi f i ed I nput .
Run wi t h WEAP86 ................................................... 83
5.3 CU Test Case 1; Resi dual For ces a t End o f 200 k i p
Anal ysi s wi t h Modi f i ed I nput ...................................... 84
5.4 Si mul at ed Hammer Test Resul t s: Top P i l e For ce
and Vel oc i t y ...................................................... 87
5.5 Cor r el at i on o f P i l e Top St r ess f r om WEAP86 and
Measurements (10 cases) ........................................... 91
5.6 Cor r el at i on o f ENTHRU f r om P i l e Top Measurements
and WEAP86 ( 10 cases) ........................................ 92
5.7 Cor r el at i on o f Load Test and WEAP86 Ul t i mat e
............................................... Capaci t y (12 cases) 93
A 1 Pr essur e Records Toget her w i t h P i l e Top Vel oc i t y . f o r Ti mi ng
r ef er ence. f o r t he 046-23 hammer a t s e t t i n g 2 ..................... 103
A2 Pr essur e i n Hammer. For ce and Ve l o c i t y a t Top o f P i l e St and
Measured on ICE 440 Hammer ........................................ 106
A3 Pr essur e i n Hammer. For ce and Ve l o c i t y a t Top o f P i l e St and
Measured on I C E 1070 Hammer ....................................... 107
LI ST OF TABLES
..................................... 5.1 Comparison o f WEAP and WEAP86 76
5.2 Summary o f Test Case Data ......................................... 78
............................................... 5.2 b Wave Equati on I nput 79
5.2 c Fi el d Observati ons and Wave Equati on Resul t s ...................... 80
A 1
.........................
l i
5.3 Fi nal Resi dual St ress Tabl e f o r Example 1 85
Hammer Performance Measurement Data ............................... 96
FOREWARD
\
Si n c e t h e e a r l y 19501s, when E. A. L. Smi t h i nt r oduc ed t h e wave equat i on
concept , t h i s method o f dynami c p i l e anal y s i s has become more and more popul ar
and i t s use wi despread. Computer programs wer e pr epar ed by many p r i v a t e i n d i -
v i dual s as we l l as by t h e Feder al Highway Admi ni s t r at i on. The FHWA suppor t ed
work i n 1976 when bot h t h e TTI and t h e WEAP programs were publ i s hed and i n
1981 when t h e WEAP program was f i r s t updated.
I n t h e meantime, t h e aut hor s of WEAP have l ear ned more about hammer and
p i l e per f or mance and, i n or der t o avoi d c o s t l y mi st akes, t h e FHWA agai n spon-
sor ed a renewed e f f o r t t owar ds keepi ng t h e WEAP program updat ed. The mai n
reasons f o r concern were new i n s i g h t s and measurements obt ai ned on hammers,
and a b e t t e r under st andi ng o f s o i l and p i l e st r esses r emai ni ng i n a p i l e a f t e r
a hammer bloi has been appl i ed ( r es i dual s t r es s ) .
New computer t echnol ogy and t h e wi del y a v a i l a b l e per sonal comput ers (PC)
a l s o made i t necessary t o pr ov i de a new code. Thus, a program was devel oped
t h a t al l ows f o r i n t e r a c t i v e work wi t h t h e PC wh i l e hel pi ng t h e user gai n a
b e t t e r under st andi ng o f t h e mechani cs o f p i l e d r i v i n g t hr ough gr aphi c
di spl ays.
Because o f a l l o f t hese devel opment s, i t was deci ded t h a t bot h r e p o r t and
pr ogr am document at i on be compl et el y r ewr i t t en. Four volumes ar e her ewi t h
pr esent ed. The f i r s t one i s a Background Repor t whi ch i nt r oduc es t he r eader
t o t h e wave equat i on concept and t h e p a r t i c u l a r i t i e s o f WEAP86. However, i t
may be advantageous f o r t he novi ce t o r ead more bas i c mat er i al as r ef er enced
i n t he f o l l o wi n g chapt er s bef or e begi nni ng w i t h t h e ac t ual anal ysi s. The
second volume i s t he General Users Manual whi ch i s needed by bot h mai nf r ame
and PC user s. The t h i r d volume descr i bes t he Program I n s t a l l a t i o n and r e l a t e d
F i l e s f o r bot h mai nf rame and PC ( al t hough PC user s gener al l y r ec ei v e t h e
program ready t o use) . F i n a l l y , Volume I V i s an a d d i t i o n a l manual f o r PC
users. It descr i bes how t o work w i t h t h e i n t e r a c t i v e dat a i n p u t program.
The f o l l o wi n g i n d i v i d u a l s have g r e a t l y ' c ont r i but ed t owar ds t h e i n i t i a l devel -
opment o f WEAP and c ur r ent i mprovements i n t h e WEAP86 program.
I
Mr . C. T. Chang, FHWA, Of f i c e o f I mpl ement at i on
Mr . Ri char d Cheney, FHWA, Cons t r uc t i on and Mai nt enance Di v i s i o n
I
Mr. Suneel Vani kar , FHWA, Const r uct i on and Mai nt enance Di v i s i o n
Mr . Paul Bai l ey, New York Depart ment o f Tr anspor t at i on, So i l Mechani cs Bureau
Gr a t e f u l l y acknowl edged ar e t h e programmi ng and document at i on work u f :
Ms. Amy R. St r ober g, Gobl e Rausche L i k i n s and Associ at es, I nc.
Mr . Rober t F. Mi ner , Gobl e Rausche L i k i n s and Associ at es, I nc. Col or ado
I
I
Mr . P h i l l i p e Hery made an i mpor t ant c o n t r i b u t i o n w i t h r esear ch on t he i mp l i c a -
1
t i o n s o f r es i dual st r esses on p i l e d r i v i n g a t t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f Col or ado.
Thi s r esear ch, as we l l as h i s programmi ng and documenat i on e f f o r t s , became an
i mpor t ant . p a r t o f WEAP86.
The f o l l o wi n g i n d i v i d u a l s and f i r ms have g r e a t l y c ont r i but ed t owar ds t h e de-
vel opment o f WEAP86 by sponsor i ng measurements on t h e i r hammers and t e s t
st ands and by r el eas i ng t h e dat a t o t h e pr of essi on.
Messrs. Wi l l i a m Bermingham
and Pa t r i c k Bermingham
Messrs. Ot t o Kammerer
and F r i t z Kuemmel
Bermingham Const r uct i on Company Pi l eco- Del mag
Hami l t on, Ont ar i o L81 429, Canada Houston, Texas 77222
Mr. Tonv Las t Messrs. A1 McKinnon
international Cons t r uc t i on and F r i t z Kol t er man
Equi pment ( I CE) , I nc. The Foundat i on Equi pment Cor por at i on i
Matthews, Nor t h Car ol i na 28105 Dover, Ohi o 44622 i
Fur t her dat a was pr ovi ded by:
I
Mr . George C. Wandell
CONMACO, I nc.
Mr . Mar t i n E. Co l i n
L. B. Fost er Co.
Mr . G. Rober t Comoton
Mr . George Kur yl ko
MKT Geot echni cal Systems
Mr . Pi e t e r Van Lui pen
Bomag-Menck Gmbh
Mr . C. H. Rot h
Raymond Bui l der s
Mr . Don War r i ngt on
Vul can I r o n Works
1. INTRODUCTION
Wave Equat i on Anal ysi s o f P i l e Foundat i ons, . 1986 v er s i on, i s a pr ogr am
- - - - -
whi ch si mul at es a f oundat i on p i l e under t h e a c t i o n o f an i mpact p i l e d r i v i n g
hammer. The program computes
. The bl ow count (number o f hammer bl ows / uni t l e n g t h o f permanent
s e t ) o f a p i l e under one o r more assumed u l t i ma t e r es i s t anc e
val ues and ot her dynamic s o i l r es i s t anc e par amet er s, gi ven a
hammer and d r i v i n g syst em ( hel met , hammer cushi on, p i l e cushi on) .
. The a x i a l st r esses i n a p i l e cor r espondi ng t o t h e computed bl ow
count .
. The ener gy t r a n s f e r r e d t o a p i l e .
Based on t hese r e s u l t s t he f o l l o wi n g can be i n d i r e c t l y der i ved:
. The p i l e ' s bear i ng c apac i t y a t t h e t i me o f d r i v i n g o r r e s t r i k i n g ,
gi ven i t s penet r at i on r es i s t anc e ( bl ow count ) .
. The st r esses dur i ng p i l e dr i vi ng, .
. The expect ed bl ow count i f t h e ac t ual s t a t i c bear i ng c apac i t y o f
t h e p i l e i s known i n advance (e.g., f r om a s t a t i c s o i l anal y s i s ) .
O f cour se, by v ar y i ng t h e hammer t ype, d r i v i n g syst em par amet er s and p i l e
pr oper t i es dur i ng a number o f si mul at i ons, an opt i mal syst em can be sel ect ed.
Because o f t he pr oduct i on o f ever more power f ul and l e s s c o s t l y com-
put er s, most engi neer i ng f i r ms now posess some f or m o f comput er hardware
system, o f t e n o f t h e smal l er PC v ar i et y . For t h i s reason, WEAP86 has been
wr i t t e n f o r bot h mai nf rame comput ers and t h e popul ar IBM-PC comput ers.
WEAP86 i s a wave equat i on program a f t e r Smi t h (l umped mass anal y s i s ) and
i s based on t h e f o l l o wi n g WEAP ver si ons:
. WEAP o f 1976.
. WEAP o f 1981.
. CUWEAP o f 1983.
These t h r e e programs were documented i n Ref er ences 1, 2, and 3 r espect -
i v el y . The document at i on o f WEAP86 i s bei ng pr esent ed i n f o u r volumes. Thi s
F i r s t volume cont ai ns background mat er i al . Volumes I 1 and I V a r e User s Man-
u a l s f o r t he mai nf rame and t h e PC ver si on, r es pec t i v el y . Volume 111 cont ai ns
i n s t a l l a t i o n d e t a i l s .
The c o n t e n t s o f t h i s f i r s t volume ver y c l o s e l y f o l l o w t h e pr ev i ous back-
gr ound r epor t s. A few changes were made i n an e f f o r t t o s i mp l i f y t h e mathe-
mat i c al r epr es ent at i on o f maj or por t i ons o f t h e code. Where necessar y and
appr opr i at e t h e di f f er enc es between WEAP86 and pr ev i ous WEAP ver si ons w i l l be
ooi nt ed out .
One maj or change i s t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e s ec t i on on case st udi es, whi ch
r epl aces t he chapt er on program perf ormance i nc l uded i n pr evi ous WEAP docu-
ment at i on. The o r i g i n a l pr ogr am per f or manc e s t u d y was done i n o r d e r t o
demonst r at e t h e accur acy of t he WEAP code. It now seems more i mpor t ant t o show
how t he s o l u t i o n t o a pr obl em shoul d be obt ai ned.
Thi s new Background r e p o r t does not compl et el y r epl ac e t h e o l d e r ver -
si ons, but r at her b u i l d s on them. I n p a r t i c u l a r , c e r t a i n bas i c f eat ur es o f
wave equat i on programs w i l l n o t be di scussed. On t h e o t h e r hand, t h i s volume
w i l l el abor at e on t hose d e t a i l s whi ch exper i ence has shown t o be t h e most
d i f f i c u l t t o comprehend.
Among ot her r ef er ences us ef ul t o t h e engi neer i nv ol v ed i n t h e anal y s i s o f
i mpact p i l e d r i v i n g ar e:
. Smi t h o f 1951 and 1960 ( 4, 5) , des c r i bi ng t h e begi nni ng o f t h e
wave equat i on approach.
. Samson e t a l . o f 1963 ( 6 ) and Forehand and Reese o f 1964 ( 7 ) f o r
t h e i r paramet er st udi es.
. Lower y e t a l . of 1967 ( 8 ) and Coyl e e t a l . o f 1973 ( 9 ) as r epr e-
s ent at i v e publ i c at i ons o f t h e work per f or med a t t he Texas
Tr anspor t at i on I n s t i t u t e ( TTI ) .
. The pr ogr am dev el oped a t TTI was a l s o f u r t h e r dev el oped and
di ssemi nat ed under FHWA sponsor shi p i n 1976. ( 10)
I t s h o u l d be poi nt ed out t h a t t h e t hor ough checki ng o f t h e o r i g i n a l 1976
WEAP code woul d not have been pos s i bl e wi t hout t h e work per f or med a t Case
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology. ( 11) Addi t i onal devel opment work conduct ed by t h e
p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e o f t h e a u t h o r s , as w e l l as s t u d i e s done by o t h e r s ( 12)
suppl i ed t h e necessar y c o r r e l a t i o n dat a. I n addi t i on, r ec ent f i n d i n g s o f t h e
FHWA sponsor ed st udy, "The Perf ormance o f P i l e Dr i v i n g Systems" (13) were used
i n t he devel opment o f WEAP86.
WEAP86 a l s o cont ai ns a so- cal l ed r es i dual s t r es s anal y s i s whi ch pr oves
us ef ul p r i ma r i l y i n t he anal y s i s , o f l o n g sl ender pi l es . Thi s appr oach was
o r i g i n a l l y proposed by Hol l oway ( 14) i n 1978 and was f u r t h e r devel oped by
Hery (15) i n 1983. CUWEAP was - a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h i s l a t t e r e f f o r t , whi ch
had been sponsored by t he Monotube Cor por at i on. CUWEAP i n t u r n was u t i l i z e d
i n t h e devel opment o f WEAP86.
2. BASIC OPERATION AND USE OF THE WAVE EQUATION
The p i l e d r i v i n g pr ocess r e a d i l y pr ovi des i nf or mat i on r egar di ng t h e s o i l
r esi st ance: t h e gr eat er t h e permanent set , s, o f a p i l e under a hammer bl ow
w i t h ener gy Ek, t h e l e s s t h e s o i l r esi st ance, RU, whi ch opposes t h e p i l e pene-
t r a t i o n . Thi s concept has been used f o r we l l over one hundr ed y ear s i n t h e
so- cal l ed dynamic o r ener gy f or mul as. (The most famous o f t hese i s t h e En-
gi neer i ng News Formula.) Not e t h a t Ek i s t h e k i n e t i c ener gy o f t h e ram imme-
d i a t e l y pr eceedi ng i mpact and t h a t Ru i s t he u l t i ma t e p i l e capaci t y, i .e. t h e
maximum l oad t h a t t h e p i l e can bear bef or e i t exper i ences l a r g e set t l ement due
t o s o i l f a i l u r e .
The concept o f t h e f or mul a, t her ef or e, i s as f ol l ows :
where Es i s t h e energy a v a i l a b l e t o do work on t h e s o i l .
The ener gy val ue,
Es'
i s not si mpl y obt ai ned f r om E I n gener al , t h e
k '
f o l l o wi n g energy bal ance i s appl i c abl e:
I n t h i s equat i on E
and Esl ar e q u a n t i t i e s o f ener gy l o s t i n t he p i l e
P 1
and s o i l , r es pec t i v el y . However, even E i s not r e a d i l y known. Gener al l y,
k
f o r modern hammers a " r at ed energy, "
Er'
i s gi v en by t h e manuf act ur er . Usi ng
t he hammer e f f i c i e n c y , e , one computes
h
The hammer e f f i c i e n c y , e
i s t y p i c a l l y a number between 0 and 1.
h'
Moder n hammers have an at t achment a t t h e bot t om o f t h e hammer c a l l e d
a hel met , and one o r t wo c us hi ons . These and o t h e r d e v i c e s make up t h e
components of t h e d r i v i n g system.
Energy i s l o s t i n t h e d r i v i n g syst em and
t hus, anot her l o s s f a c t o r gr eat er t han zer o and l e s s t han one, c a l l e d ed, has
t o be i nt r oduced i n t o t h e enerQ bal ance ( see Fi gur e 2.1). Thus, t h e k i n e t i c
energy a v a i l a b l e a t t h e t o p o f t h e p i l e i s
E = e e E
k d h r
and t he energy f or mul a may be wr i t t e n as
Assumi ng Er t o be known, an es t i mat e o f ed, eh, E
and Esl woul d y i e l d
PI
t he permanent set , s; gi ven R o r v i c e versa.
Computi ng s f r om Ru i s done
u
bef or e a p i l e i s dr i ven. The bl ow count , Bc, i s t hen mer el y t h e i nv er s e o f s
and t he engi neer may r equi r e t h a t t h e p i l e be dr i v en t o a minimum bl ow count
t o assure a minimum u l t i ma t e capaci t y, Ru. In t h i s way t he f or mul a i s used t o
es t abl i s h a d r i v i n g c r i t e r i o n .
On t h e ot her hand, dur i ng p i l e d r i v i n g Bc may be obser ved and RU com-
puted. Thi s pr ocess may be consi der ed a dynami c p i l e t es t .
A t h i r d s i t u a t i o n i s al s o common. The engi neer per f or ms an accur at e s o i l
anal ysi s and p l o t s t he u l t i ma t e s o i l c apac i t y as a f u n c t i o n o f dept h. Fur -
t hermore, he p l o t s Ru vs. s et o r bl ow count , whi ch i s t he s o- c al l ed bear i ng
graph. He t hen pi c k s bl ow count s f o r c e r t a i n Ru val ues, and matches them wi t h
cor r espondi ng dept hs f r om t he f i r s t cur ve. I n t h i s way a bl ow count vs. dept h
cur ve i s obt ai ned. Thi s pr ocess i s c a l l e d a d r i v e a b i l i t y st udy, as i t i n d i -
cat es t he 1 i mi t s o f an economi cal p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n .
The modern wave equat i on approach d i f f e r s f r om t h e energy f or mul a onl y i n
t he ev al uat i on o f ed, E and ES1. These l os s es ar e now computed by model i ng
PI '
t he d r i v i n g system, p i l e , and s o i l behavi or.. The hammer e f f i c i e n c y eh i s
agai n onl y est i mat ed.
8 k)-
ENERGY LOSS FACTOR OF HAMMER
(HAMMER EFFIC:ENCY). e,,
Z
W
a
Y
I
ENERGY LOSS FACTOR
W
OF DRIVING SYSTEM
C
<
(DRIVING SYSTEM EFFICIENCYI. ed
a
I
ENERGY LOSSES IN PILE. Epl
LOSSES IN
e,, eh E, -Ept-Eat= R, s
Dl t,
I
PERMANENT SET PER BLOW. 3
1- -- -
7
Fi gure 2. 1.
Great l y si mpl i f i ed HEAP86 equat i on.
..
5
For ed t h e wave equat i on r equi r es t h a t s t i f f n e s s e s and c o e f f i c i e n t s o f
r e s t i t u t i o n o f t h e cushi ons and t h e wei ght o f t h e hel met ar e known. For E
P 1
t h e e l a s t i c ( e l a s t i c modul us, E) and mass p r o p e r t i e s (e.g., s p e c i f i c wei ght ,
w) o f t h e p i l e ar e consi der ed and t h e wave equat i on al l ows f o r t h e comput at i on
o f t h e ener gy i n t h e p i l e f r om bot h s t r a i n and mot i on. The s o i l l osses a r e
computed by consi der i ng bot h a s o i l s t i f f n e s s and a s o i l dampi ng f ac t or .
Thus, i n summary, t h e comput at i onal pr ocess i n a wave equat i on i s r a t h e r
el abor at e and i nv ol v ed i n compar i son t o t h e si mpl e equat i on der i v ed e a r l i e r .
The wave equat i on does n o t e l i mi n a t e t h e need f o r assumpt i ons and est i mat es.
However, t h e t o t a l wave equat i on approach al l ows t h e engi neer t o o b t a i n many
o f t h e necessar y q u a n t i t i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p i l e and d r i v i n g syst em f r om l ab-
or at or y t es t s . Necessary q u a n t i t i e s concer ni ng t h e s o i l can be chosen us i ng
t h e recommendati ons f ound i n t h e program document at i on; t hese recommendat i ons
ar e based on si mpl e s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . For t h e hammer e f f i c i e n c y , e an
h'
average val ue i s us ual l y recommended; however, dependi ng on t h e s t a t e o f t h e
hammer mai nt enance, v a r i a t i o n s i n ac t ual per f or mance shoul d be expect ed.
F i n a l l y , a word about t he t er m "wave equat i on. " Ac t ual l y , t h i s t er m r e-
fer' s t o a p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equat i on. However, i t i s t o t a l l y unnecessar y
f o r t he p i l i n g engi neer t o concer n hi ms el f w i t h t h i s equat i on, and i t woul d
have been b e t t e r t o c a l l t h e c u r r e n t approach t h e LM (l umped mass) o r Smi t h
program. It j u s t so happens t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equat i on may be sol ved i n
an appr oxi mat e manner by means o f t h e LM model. The i mpor t ant c o n t r i b u t i o n o f
Smi t h was not so much t he s ol v i ng o f t h e wave equat i on, but r a t h e r t h e est ab-
l i shment o f an appr oxi mat i ng pr ocedur e whi ch i nc l udes recommendati ons f o r t h e
most r el ev ant por t i ons o f t h e syst em c o n s i s t i n g o f hammer, d r i v i n g system,
p i l e and s o i l system.
The o r i g i n a l Smi t h pr ocedur e d i d not p r o v i d e . s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l f o r t h e
f o l l o wi n g s i t u a t i o n s :
. Di e s e l hammers, whi ch oper at e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r om t h e
ex t er nal c.ombustion hammers ( a i r l s t eaml hy dr aul i c l c a b l e ) whi ch
wer e pr eval ent pr evi ousl y. Thus, a d d i t i o n a l models had t o be
dev el oped based on ma n u f a c t u r e r s ' s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a s w e l l as
measurement r es ul t s . Bot h WEAP o f 1976 and WEAP86 made
c ont r i but i ons .
. Long and f l e x i b l e s k i n f r i c t i o n pi l es . Ac t ual l y , t h i s i s an
i r ony s i nc e t h e wave equat i on approach deal s p a r t i c u l a r l y we l l
w i t h such pi l es . However, i t was not i c ed t h a t t h e wave equat i on
over est i mat es t h e E t er m and t hus, t h e "Resi dual St r ess
PI
Anal ysi s" (RSA) had t o be devel oped. The RSA consi der s t h a t
amount of E and E whi ch i s s t or ed as s t r a i n energy a t t h e end
P 1 s l
o f a bl ow and i s s t i l l a v a i l a b l e t o do work dur i ng t h e nex t blow.
The f o l l o wi n g summary i nt ends t o c l a r i f y t h e probl ems t h a t can be sol ved
wi t h t h e wave equat i on and how an engi neer shoul d approach a p r o j e c t u t i l i z i n g
WEAP86.
1. Pr epar at i ons f o r a Wave Equat i on Anal ysi s
. Obt ai n a s o i l p r o f i l e , i n c l u d i n g appr oxi mat e s o i l s t r engt h val ues such
as st andar d penet r at i on val ues, N.
. E s t a b l i s h a desi gn ( wor ki ng) l oad, Qd, and a s af et y f a c t o r (SF). The
s a f e t y f a c t o r shoul d r e f l e c t how we l l t h e l oads ar e known, how v a r i -
abl e t he s o i l i s , how s e n s i t i v e t h e s t r u c t u r e woul d be t o set t l ement s,
how much engi neer i ng e f f o r t w i l l be t aken t o det er mi ne t he p i l e ' s
e x a c t b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y once t h e p i l e has been d r i v e n , and o t h e r
f ac t or s . I n gener al , SF = 2 i s accept abl e i f more t han j u s t a wave
equat i on i s done t o as c er t ai n p i l e bear i ng capaci t y.
. Compute t h e r equi r ed u l t i ma t e p i l e capaci t y, R
= Qd SF.
u r
. Deci de on a p i l e t ype.
. From s t a t i c formulas, est abl i sh a t what dept h t he p i l e w i l l most
l i k e l y reach Ru, and cal cul at e t he percent age and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t he
s k i n f r i c t i o n . I f i t i s known how much t he s o i l st r engt h changes due
t o p i l e d r i v i n g e f f e c t s , det er mi ne t h e es t i mat ed amount o f s k i n
f r i c t i o n and end bear i ng f o r bot h t he end o f d r i v i n g and t he set up
( r e s t r i k e ) si t uat i ons. I t may be possi bl e t o d r i v e t he p i l e onl y t o
Rur / f s u'
wi t h fsu bei ng a so- cal l ed set up f act or , i f t he s o i l l oses
s t r e n g t h dur i ng d r i v i n g and t hen r egai ns it a f t e r dr i vi ng. On t he
o t h e r hand, f Su may be l e s s t han one i n t h e case o f r e l a x a t i o n ,
wherei n t he s o i l appears t o gai n st r engt h dur i ng d r i v i n g but t hen
l o s e s t h i s shor t t erm gai n some t i me a f t e r dr i vi ng. I n t h i s l a t t e r ,
r a t h e r dangerous case o f r el axat i on, t h e p i l e has t o be dr i ven t o a
capaci t y i n excess o f R .
u r
. From t he s o i l p r o f i l e and t he recommendations i n t he WEAP86 Manual
( Vol . I 1 o r I V ) det er mi ne t h e necessar y dynami c s o i l r e s i s t a n c e
parameters such as damping and quake.
. Sel ect a hammer and d r i v i n g system based on l oc al a v a i l a b i l i t y .
. Submi t a l l t h i s dat a f o r a wave equat i on anal ysi s. Run t he anal ysi s
usi ng R as wel l as ot her Ru val ues so t h a t a cur ve can be p l o t t e d
u r
usi ng R as a f unct i on o f blow count.
U
. Pl o t Ru and al so t he maximum t e n s i l e and compressive st r esses a l l as a
f unct i on o f blow count.
2. I nt er pr et at i on o f Wave Equat i on Resul t s
. Check t h e p i l e st resses t o see whether a saf e p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n i s
possi bl e.
\ . I f blow count i s excessi ve ( gr eat er t han 240 bl ows/ f t o r 800 blows/m),
reanal yze wi t h a more powerf ul hammer.
i
I
9
I
. I f bl ow count i s accept abl e b u t compr essi ve st r esses a r e unaccept abl y
hi gh, r eanal yze w i t h e i t h e r a decr eased s t r ok e ( i f hammer i s adj us t -
abl e) o r an i ncr eased cushi on t hi ckness.
. I f b l o w count i s l ow b u t t ens i on st r esses a r e t o o h i g h f o r concr et e
pi l es , e i t h e r i ncr ease t h e cushi on t hi c k nes s o r decr ease t h e s t r ok e o r
use a hammer w i t h a heav i er ram, and t hen r eanal yze.
. I f bot h bl ow count and compr essi ve st r esses ar e excessi ve, i ncr ease
p i l e wa l l t hi ckness, i f appl i c abl e, and r eanal yze.
3. Checki ng Wave Equat i on Resul t s
. Ther e a r e many p o t e n t i a l e r r o r sources. It i s t h e engi neer ' s dut y t o
assur e t h a t h i s s i mul at i on pr oper l y r e f l e c t e d t h e ac t ual f i e l d condi -
t i o n s . The f i r s t check must be on t h e ac t ual p i l e si ze, l engt h, and
mat er i al .
. Cushi ons and hel met must be checked i n t he f i e l d f o r - si ze, mat er i al
t y pe and condi t i on.
. The hammer t y pe must be checked and dur i ng d r i v i n g i t mus t be as c er -
t ai ned t h a t t h e hammer r uns accor di ng t o t he manuf act ur er s' s pec i f i c a-
t i ons.
. I n compl i cat ed cases, f o r hi gh c apac i t y p i l e s o r whenever unusual
d r i v i n g c ondi t i ons occur , dynami c measurements shoul d be t aken. Under
c e r t a i n ci r cumst ances a s t a t i c l oad t e s t may a l s o need t o be
perf ormed.
.
. The engi neer must keep i n mi nd t h a t t he bear i ng c apac i t y p r e d i c t i o n s
o b t a i n e d f r om c o r r e l a t i o n between wave equat i on anal yses and ac t ual
p i l e d r i v i n g bl ow count s w i l l d i f f e r f r om s t a t i c l oad t e s t r es ul t s .
I n . general , t he f i n e r grai ned t he s o i l mat er i al , t he l ar ger t hese
di f f er enc es can become. Cor r el at i on o f wave equat i on r es ul t s wi t h
blow counts from r e s t r i k e t es t s may reduce t he pot ent i al f o r i n -
accurat e r esul t s. However, l ess t han a 10 percent di f f er ence cannot
be expected, si nce even s t a t i c l oad t e s t s have er r or s i nher ent i n
t h e i r measurements and i nt er pr et at i ons.
3. THE WEAP86 ANALYSIS MODEL
3.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n
Af t e r a s hor t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c ons t r uc t i on and oper at i on o f commonly
encount er ed i mpact hammers, t h i s c hapt er descr i bes how WEAP86 r epr esent s t h e
s i g n i f i c a n t f eat ur es o f hammers. . The model s o f t h e d r i v i n g system, p i l e and
s o i l w i l l a l s o be descr i bed. Di f f er enc es f r om e a r l i e r WEAP ver si ons w i l l be
i ndi cat ed.
3.2 Hammer De t a i l s
The f o l l o wi n g hammer t ypes ar e di s t i ngui s hed:
. Di esel Hammers wi t h L i q u i d I n j e c t i o n .
. Di esel Hammers wi t h At omi zed I n j e c t i o n .
. Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers ( ~ i r [ ~ t e a m/ ~ y d r a u l i c / Cabl e)
I n each cat egor y, cl osed end model s have been produced. However, t h e
di f f er enc es between open end and c l os ed end ( doubl e a c t i n g ) hammers ar e o f
secondary i mpor t ance f o r WEAP86:
3.2.1 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e o f L i q u i d I n j e c t i o n Di es el Hammers
Di esel hammers oper at e on a t wo s t r ok e cycl e. Fi gur e 3.1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e
wor ki ng p r i n c i p l e o f a l i q u i d i n j e c t i o n open end di es el . The hammer i s s t a r t -
ed by r a i s i n g t h e ram wi t h a l i f t i n g mechanism. At t h e upper end o f i t s
t r a v e l t he l i f t i n g mechanism i s t r i pped, t h e ram i s r el eased, and i t descends
under t he ac t i on o f gr av i t y . When t h e ram bot t om passes t h e exhaust p o r t s , a
c e r t a i n volume o f a i r , V. i s t r apped, compressed, and t h e r e f o r e heat ed ( Fi g-
1'
ur e 3. l a). Some t i me bef or e i mpact , a c e r t a i n amount o f f u e l i s s q u i r t e d i n t o
t h e c y l i n d e r under r e l a t i v e l y l ow pr essur e.
1) F R E E F A L L 8 F U E L I N J E C T I ON
2 ) I MP A C T 8 I GNI T I ON
3 ) E X H A U S T
4 ) S C A V A G f N G
AI R
i
I
i
Fi gur e 3.1.
Working p r i n c i p l e o f a l i q u i d i n j e c t i o n open end di esel hammer.
When t h e ram c ol l i des wi t h t he i mpact bl ock, t he t rapped a i r i s compres-
sed t o a f i nal volume, Vf,. whi ch i s usual l y equi val ent t o t h e volume o f t h e
hammer's combustion chamber. The f uel i s spl at t er ed by t he i mpact i n t o t h i s
combustion chamber, and combustion s t a r t s a shor t t i me l at er . Thi s so- cal l ed
combustion del ay i s due t o t he t i me t h a t i s r equi r ed f o r t he f uel t o mi x wi t h
t he hot a i r and t o i gni t e. More v o l a t i l e f uel s mi ght have a shor t er combus-
t i o n del ay t han heavi er ones. Combustion occur r i ng bef or e i mpact i s c a l l e d
pr ei gni t i on and can be caused by t he wrong f uel t ype o r an overheat ed hammer.
I n hard dr i vi ng, severe pr ei gni t i on i s usual l y consi dered t o be undesi rabl e.
Dur i ng impact, i mpact bl ock, hammer cushi on, and p i l e t op ar e r api dl y
dr i ven downward ( Fi gur e 3.l b) l eavi ng t he cyl i nder wi t h no support. Thus, i t
s t a r t s t o descend by gr avi t y.
P i l e rebound and combustion pressure push t he ram upwards. When t he
exhaust por t s are cl eared, some o f t he combustion product s ar e exhausted l eav-
i ng i n t he cyl i nder a volume o f burned gases a t ambient pressure t h a t i s equal
t o Vi ( Fi gur e 3. 1~) . As t he ram cont i nues t o t r a v e l upwards, f r esh a i r , drawn
i n t hrough t he exhaust por t s, mixes wi t h t he remai ni ng burned gases ( Fi gur e
3.ld).
Dependi ng on t he r eact i on o f t he p i l e and t he energy pr ovi ded by combus-
t i on, t he ram w i l l r i s e t o some hei ght ( st r oke) . It t hen descends agai n under
t he act i on o f gr avi t y t o s t a r t a new cycl e.
3.2.2 Working Pr i nc i pl e o f Atomized I n j e c t i o n Di esel Hammers
Th i s hammer t ype i s st ar t ed i n a manner i d e n t i c a l t o t he L.I.. ( Li qui d
I n j e c t i o n ) type. However, f or t he Atomized I n j e c t i o n (A.I.) hammer, t he r a m
descends t o wi t hi n a small di st ance o f t he i mpact bl ock and onl y t hen i s f uel
i nj ec t ed a t hi gh pressure. The hi gh pressure i n j e c t i o n mixes t he f uel wi t h
t he hot compressed a i r , and combustion s t a r t s near l y i nst ant aneousl y. I n-
j e c t i o n t hen l a s t s u n t i l some t i me a f t e r i mpact, a t whi ch t i me t he ram has
t r avel ed a c er t ai n di st ance from t he i mpact bl ock. Note t h a t si nce di st ances
govern t h e combust i on, combust i on s t a r t and s t op volumes can be i d e n t i f i e d .
Fur t her mor e, t h e t i mes f r om t h e s t a r t o f i n j e c t i o n t o i mpact and t hen t o t h e
end o f combust i on depend on t h e speed o f t h e ram. The hi gher t h e ram speed,
t h e s hor t er t h e t i me per i ods between i g n i t i o n , i mpact , and end o f combust i on.
3.2.3 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e o f Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers
Di e s e l hammers c ar r y t h e i r own sour ce o f ener gy i n a f u e l t ank at t ached
d i r e c t l y t o t he hammer. A l l ot her hammers u t i l i z e an ex t er nal engi ne o r de-
v i c e t o c r eat e mechani cal energy. Thi s ener gy i s t hen t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e ham-
mer e i t h e r by means o f hoses c a r r y i n g steam, compressed a i r , o r pr es s ur i z ed
hy dr aul i c f l u i d , o r a h o i s t and rope.
For anal y s i s purposes i t i s o n l y i mpor t ant t o r e a l i z e t h a t i mmedi at el y
p r i o r t o i mpact , t h e ram i s descendi ng a t a c e r t a i n speed. I n some cases t h e
ac t i on o f t he mot i ve f l u i d may sl ow t h i s descent , and have a s e l f cushi oni ng
e f f e c t . ' Thi s w i l l occur i f t h e f l u i d causes a l i f t i n g f o r c e on t h e ram bef or e
i mpact. However, t h i s so- cal l ed pr eadmi ssi on i s an abnormal c ondi t i on, and
oc c ur s o n l y i n hammers w i t h i n c o r r e c t v a l v e s e t t i n g s . I n g e n e r a l , t h i s
s i t u a t i o n cannot be det ect ed by si mpl e i ns pec t i on methods and- -because o f t h e
l ar ge v a r i e t y o f hammer t ypes- - cannot be model ed i n d e t a i l .
The equi v al ent t o t he di es el hammer's c y l i n d e r i s t h e s o- c al l ed assembl y
o f ECH ( Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers). The assembl y i s si mpl y t h e e n t i r e ham-
mer, excl udi ng t h e ram, and i n many i nst ances, t h i s assembl y i s o f s i g n i f i c a n t
wei ght . As t h e ram i mpact s agai ns t s t r i k e r p l a t e , hammer cushi on, and p i l e ,
t he assembl y i s moment ar i l y unsuppor t ed and s t a r t s t o f a l l due t o g r a v i t y .
When t h e assembl y reaches t h e hel met agai n, a s o- c al l ed assembl y i mpact occur s
whi ch may c r eat e s i g n i f i c a n t f or c es i n t h e p i l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e p i l e and
hel met shar pl y rebound f r om t h e i n i t i a l i mpact o f t h e ram. Thus, i f t h e as-
sembly has a wei ght near l y equal t h a t o f t h e ram, t h e assembl y shoul d a l s o be
i ncl uded i n t h e hammer model. Fi gur e 3.2 shows t h e wor ki ng p r i n c i p l e o f a
s i n g l e a c t i n g ai r l s t eam hammer as an i l l u s t r a t i o n .
3.2.4 Worki ng Pr i n c i p l e o f Cl osed End o r Doubl e Ac t i n g Hammers
Cl os ed end o r doubl e a c t i n g hammers oper at e a t a hi gher bl ow r a t e t han
open o r s i n g l e a c t i n g uni t s . The hi gher f r equency o f i mpact s i s accompl i shed
by t h e e x e r t i o n o f a downward f o r c e on t h e r am d u r i n g i t s des c ent . F o r
d i e s e l s , t h i s f o r c e i s c r e a t e d by an a i r c us hi on; f o r ECH t h i s f o r c e i s
c r eat ed by a c t i v e pr essur e.
The anal y s i s o f t h i s hammer t y pe does not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s t i n g u i s h i t-
s e l f f r om s i n g l e a c t i n g uni t s. Cal c ul at i ng "bl ows per mi nut e" f o r d i e s e l s
does however r equi r e a cumbersome anal y s i s o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f pr essur e on t h e
ram t op. For a i r hammers, t he i mpact v e l o c i t y may be c a l c u l a t e d und$r consi d-
e r a t i o n o f t h e a c t i v e pr essur e, whi ch st ays const ant dur i ng t h e downst roke.
3.2.4.1 Cl osed End Di esel Hammers
Cl os ed end di es el hammers a r e ver y s i mi l a r t o open end di es el s , except
f o r t h e a d d i t i o n o f a bounce chamber a t t he t o p o f t h e c y l i nder . The bounce
chamber has p o r t s whi ch, when open, al l ow t h e pr essur e i n s i d e t h e chamber t o
equal i z e w i t h at mospher i c pr essur e. As t h e ram moves t owar d t h e c y l i n d e r
t op, i t pas s es t hes e por t s and c l os es them. Once t hese p o r t s ar e cl osed, t h e
pr essur e i n t h e bounce chamber i ncr eases r api dl y , st ops t h e ram, and pr event s
a met al t o met al i mpact between ram and c y l i n d e r t op. Thi s pr essur e -can i n -
cr ease onl y u n t i l i t i s i n bal ance w i t h t h e wei ght and i n e r t i a l f o r c e o f t h e
c y l i n d e r i t s e l f . I f t h e ram s t i l l has an upwards ' v e l o c i t y , u p l i f t o f t he
e n t i r e c y l i n d e r w i l l r e s u l t . I n t h e f i e l d , t h i s u p l i f t i n g c annot be
t ol er at ed, as i t can l ead bot h t o an uns t abl e d r i v i n g c o n d i t i o n and t o t h e
des t r uc t i on o f t h e hammer. For t h i s reason t h e f u e l amount, and hence maximum
combust i on chamber pr essur e, has t o be reduced such t h a t t h e r e i s onl y a ver y
s l i g h t " l i f t o f f " o r none a t a l l .
Fi gur e 3.3 shows t wo t ypes o f c l os ed end di es el hammers, one w i t h and t h e
i I
ot her wi t hout a compressi on t ank at t ached t o t h e bounce chamber. The d i f f e r -
\
ence between t hese t wo hammer t ypes i s subt l e. The bounce chamber pr essur e i n
!
[ - - CYLINDER
* PRES S URE
HAMMER BASE
STRIKER PLATE
HAMMER CUSHION
A) Exhaust val ve i s opened and ram f a l l s .
B) I n l e t v a l v e ' i s opened and ram i s l i f t e d back up.
Fi gur e 3.2. Working p r i n c i p l e o f a si ngl e act i ng ai r / st eam hammer.
a hammer wi t h a compressi on t ank w i l l i ncr ease a t a l ower r a t e t han i n t h e
si mpl er u n i t . I n cl osed end di es el s whi ch do have such a compressi on t ank,
t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e hammer between t h e t ank p o r t s and c y l i n d e r t op i s r e f e r r e d
t o as t h e s af et y chamber.
I
: 3.2.4.2 Doubl e Act i ng, Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers
\
Var i ous mechani cal systems ex i s t , among them t h e t r u l y doubl e a c t i n g a i r
o r steam hammers. Ot her systems ar e desi gned wi t h d i f f e r e n t i a l o r compound
mechanisms (Ref. 13).
I
Because o f t hese di f f er ences, t h e a c t i v e pr essur e may o r may n o t be a l -
l owed t o expand dur i ng t h e downstroke. These hammers o f t e n r un a t r at es o f
120 bl ows/ mi nut e o r more over r e l a t i v e l y s hor t st r okes. Thus, pr oper val ve
t i mi n g i s es s ent i al f o r good hammer performance. Si nce t h e downst roke o f
ECH's i s not modeled, di f f er enc es between s i n g l e and doubl e a c t i n g u n i t s need
not be di scussed i n det ai l .
3.3 Hammer Models
3.3.1 Ram
The ram i s t h e si mpl est and most i mpor t ant hammer component. Of t en a
s i n g l e mass el ement i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r i t s model. For t h e sl ender rams of t en
encount ered i n di es el s and modern hy dr aul i c u n i t s , more t han one ram segment
may be necessary f o r si mul ' at i on. As a r u l e , ram segments shoul d not be s hor t -
e r t han 2.5 f t (0.75 m) o r unneccessary comput at i onal e f f o r t s w i l l r es ul t .
Wi t h m bei ng t h e number o f ram segments, each segment, i, has a wei ght
'ri
= W /m, i = 1, ..., m
r
where Wr i s t h e t o t a l ram wei ght .
A)
BOUNCE CHAMBER
COMPRESSI ON
B.C: PORT S
- E X HAUS T PORT S
a b
Fi gure 3.3. Closed end di es el hammers. ( a ) wi t hout ,
( b ) with ext ernal compression t ank.
A r am s pr i ng i s at t ached under each segment mass. As w i t h t h e segment
wei ght s, t h e s t i f f n e s s e s o f t hese s pr i ngs a r e a l l assumed equal , whi ch i s o f
no consequence as f a r as accur acy i s concerned, even f o r nonuni f or m rams.
Thus,
Er and Ar ar e t he e l a s t i c modulus and aver age c r os s s ec t i onal ar ea o f t h e ram;
Lr i s t he ram l engt h.
As t h e ram i mpact s agai nst t h e nex t l ower segment, e i t h e r hel met o r im-
pact bl ock, i t w i l l cont act t he s pr i ng o f t h a t segment ( bel ow t h e ram, each
s pr i ng i s l oc at ed above i t s cor r espondi ng mass). For t h a t r eason t h e m-t h ram
s pr i ng i s combined wi t h e i t h e r t h e hammer cushi on s pr i ng (ECH) o r t h e i mpact
bl ock s pr i ng ( Di esel ) .
The combi ned model o f t h e bot t om (m-th) ram s p r i n g and t h e s p r i n g bel ow
i t must al l ow f o r separ at i ons and def or mat i on caused by i mpact . For t h a t
reason a sl ack, d ( di s t anc e whi ch s p r i n g ext ends a t zer o t ens i on f or c e) , a
s t
"r ound- out " def or mat i on, d and a c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n , c a r e used
sc' s '
t o descr i be i t s behavi or . A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s pr i ngs
wi t h s l ac k s i s gi ven i n Sect i on 3.6. St andar d val ues cont ai ned i n t h e hammer
dat a f i l e ar e dst = 99 i nches (2.5 m) - r e a l l y an u n l i mi t e d sl ack- , d = 0.12
s C
i nches (3 mmj , and c = 0.9.
S
3.3.2 Assembly Model
The assembly i s onl y consi der ed f o r ECH's hammers. I t s model c o n s i s t s o f
m assembl y segments and spr i ngs. Th e i r wei ght s a r e c al c ul at ed i n a r a t h e r
a
appr oxi mat e manner s i nc e t her e i s no need f o r gr eat accuracy.
The t o t a l as-
sembly wei ght i s appr oxi mat el y equal t o t h e t o t a l hammer wei ght mi nus t h e ram
wei ght . Thi s i nf or mat i on i s r e a d i l y av ai l abl e.
For hammers wi t h columns, t he t o t a l assembly s t i f f nes s may be approxi -
mated by t he combined s t i f f nes s o f t he columns. An example i s gi ven i n Volume
11. The bottom assembly spr i ng i s nonl i near and a sl ack, round-out deforma-
t i on, and c oef f i c i ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n ar e i ncl uded i n t he model (see al so
Sect i on 3.6).
3.3.3 Thermodynamic Models
3.3.3.1 Background and Avai l abl e Data
The di esel hammer pressure data compi l ed i n Appendix A forms t he basi s o f
t he computati onal models developed f o r WEAP86. The support o f t he f our manu-
f act ur er s whose data i s pub1 i shed i n t h i s r epor t i s gr at ef ul l y acknowledged.
The dat a was col l ect ed s t ar t i ng i n 1971. A t t hat t i me, data processi ng
and measurement methods were not as wel l developed as they are today. On t he
ot her hand, t he t est s became more and more ambi ti ous, of t en subj ect i ng t r ans-
ducers t o r at her hi gh temperatures dur i ng l ong l as t i ng heat t est s. Thus,
whi l e e a r l i e r t est s may not have i ncl uded as many measurements as l a t e r ones,
t he l a t e r t est s sometimes missed a few hammer s et t i ng readi ngs when a t r ans-
ducer burned out. I n addi t i on, pi ez oel ec t r i c pressure transducers, used i n
a l l t he t est s, c har ac t er i s t i c al l y " l eak- of f " when a const ant l oad i s appl i ed.
Al though t h i s l eak- of f i s slow, i t i s qui t e possi bl e t hat a t t he end o f t he
pressure records, t he si gnal s dropped a few percent below t he act ual values.
I n a l l t est s, p i l e t op data was gathered t oget her wi t h pressure hi s t or -
i es. Thi s i nf or mat i on al l owed t he computati on o f t he t r ansf er r ed energy as an
i ndi r ec t i ndi cat or o f hammer performance. It must be emphasi'zed t hat these
t r ansf er r ed energi es do not est abl i sh a r ef er ence ei t her f o r comparison o f
hammers or as a standard f o r a par t i c ul ar hammer. As an example, consi der t he
I C E 1070 data which showed l ess than 20 k i p - f t t r ansf er r ed energy. For a ham-
mer r at ed at 70 k i p- f t , t h i s i s an unusual l y l ow value. The same hammer ( not
t he same u n i t ) t r ansf er r ed more than 40 k i p - f t o f energy i n t o a sl ender pi pe
i n Savannah, Georgia, i n May 1985. The reason f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n t energy
t r ansf er i s t he r at her hi gh s t i f f nes s o f t he t e s t stand, whi ch r ef l ec t ed en-
ergy back t o t he hammer a t a very ear l y t i me dur i ng t he impact.
Al most a l l t e s t stands were b u i l t s t i f f t o make them l ong l ast i ng. An
excepti on i s t he Bermingham t e s t stand, which was heavi l y cushioned.
I n t hat
case, t he t r ansf er r ed energy val ues were even l ess r epr esent at i ve o f normal
haminer performance, si nce they were measured underneath t he cushi on.
I n t h i s cont ext i t may be o f i nt er es t t o consi der a cl osed end hammer on
a s t i f f t es t st and (see I C E data). If t he hammer's f uel pump were compl etel y
opened, then t he hammer st r oke would be hi gh enough t o cause u p l i f t i n g or
racki ng. Thus, a f u l l st r oke (maximum bounce chamber pressure) can be obt ai n-
ed wi t h a reduced f uel s et t i ng and t her ef or e a reduced combustion pressure.
Consider now t he case of easy dr i vi ng. No energy i s t r ansf er r ed from t he
p i l e back t o t he hammer. I n or der t o keep t he hammer runni ng, maximum f uel
has t o be suppl i ed, and t he combustion pressure i s a t a maximum whi l e a t t he
same t i me t he bounce chamber pressure i s low.
The above consi derat i ons may al so be extended t o open end di esel s. They
then l ead t o t he f ol l owi ng concl usi on:
Hammer st r oke ( or bounce chamber pressure) and combustion pressure ar e
not d i r e c t l y rel at ed. Stroke and combustion pressure measurements ar e r el at ed
onl y under a gi ven set of ci rcumstances ( dr i v i ng system, p i l e , s oi l ) . Thi s
means t hat , i n t he case o f t he cl osed end hammers, i n t he f i e l d t he maximum
combustion pressure may exceed t he maximum documented combustion pressure.
Thus, t he measurement r esul t s i n t he hammer data f i l e cannot always be di r ec t -
l y used, and must i n some cases be cor r ect ed t o become appl i cabl e i n general
p i l e dr i v i ng analyses.
Such was t he case f or WEAP86. Af t er t he measurement r es ul t s had been
analyzed and t he thermodynamic models had been set up, t her e were many t r i a l
wave equat i on runs. It was f ound t h a t adj ust ment s i n t h e hammer dat a were
sometimes necessar y t o b r i n g a l l obser vat i ons i n t o agreement w i t h t h e wave
equat i on r es ul t s .
3.3.3.2 L i q u i d Fuel I n j e c t i o n ( I mpact At omi zat i on) Model
L i q u i d f u e l i n j e c t i o n i s t h e most common desi gn p r i n c i p l e f o r d i e s e l
hammers. The pr ocess i s as f o l l o ws (see a l s o Fi gur es 3.4a and 3.4b):
. The ram descends and c l os es t h e exhaust por t s .
. The a i r t r apped i n s i d e t h e hammer c y l i n d e r between t h e ram and
t h e i mpact bl oc k compresses and i t s t emper at ur e i ncr eases.
. Shor t l y a f t e r t h e p o r t s ar e cl osed, f u e l i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e
chamber under l ow pr essur e, i.e., i n l i q u i d form. The l i q u i d
f uel c o l l e c t s on t op o f t h e i mpact bl ock.
. - The r am s t r i k e s t h e i mpact bl ock, t her eby causi ng t he f u e l t o be
at omi zed. Fuel at omi z at i on and combust i on may occur
spont aneousl y p r i o r t o i mpact i n an over heat ed hammer; t h i s i s
c a l l e d p r e i g n i t i o n . Pr e i g n i t i o n , however, occur s onl y i f t h e
hammer i s not per f or mi ng w i t h i n s pec i f i c at i ons .
. The at omi zed f u e l s t a r t s t o combust w i t h i n a few mi l l i s ec onds
a f t e r i mpact . The t i me l a g between i mpact and combust i on i s t h e
combust i on del ay, td.
. The combust i on pr ocess i s f i n i s h e d w i t h i n t h e combust i on dur a-
t i o n tcd, i.e., w i t h i n a f ew mi l l i s e c o n d s a f t e r c ombus t i on
s t a r t e d and t h e gases i n s i d e t h e chamber r eached t h e i r maximum
pr essur e.
Du r i n g combust i on, t h e ram u s u a l l y s t a r t s t o separ at e f r om t h e
i mp a c t b l o c k . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e i n chamber vol ume
causes a r educ t i on o f t h e pr essur e i n s i d e t h e chamber.
. The ram reaches t he por t s , and chamber pr essur e dr ops t o atmos-
pher i c pr essur e.
The f or egoi ng st ages of compressi on, combust i on and expansi on ar e a l l
consi der ed i n t h e WEAP86 i mpact at omi z at i on model; t h e comput at i onal st eps ar e
d e t a i l e d below. Computed pr essur es ar e expr essed i n t er ms o f gage pr essur e
( d i f f e r e n t from HEAP).
PRES S URE
A
I
COMBUSTI ON DELAY. td
I
AT.MOSPHERIC'
PRESSURE.!
pa C
t l
LMPACT \ PRECOMPRESSI ON *
PRESSURE. Pp
EXHAUST PORT TIME
EXHAUST PORT
OPENI NG
CLOSURE
Fi gur e 3.4a. Pressure vs. t i me r el at i ons hi p f o r l i q u i d f uel i n j e c t i o n
model.
PRESSURE
I ,
~ V O L U M E
CHAMBER VOLUME I NI TI AL VOLUME
1
Fi gur e 3. 4b. Pressure vs. volume r el at i ons hi p f o r l i q u i d f uel i n j e c t i o n
model. i
St ep a
A t t h e begi nni ng o f compressi on, t h e chamber volume i s equal t o
Vi, t h e i n i t i a l volume. It can be computed f r om t h e combust i on
chamber volume, Vf , t he c y l i n d e r ar ea, Ac, and t h e compr essi ve
st r oke, hc.
The p o s i t i o n o f t h e ram, u i s
r'
(Not e t h a t t h e ram p o s i t i o n a t i mpact i s consi der ed t o be zer o. )
The i mpact bl ock pos i t i on, uib, i s zer o a t t h e t i me o f p o r t
cl osur e, t hus
uib = 0.0 (3.4b)
St ep b
The ram. has descended bel ow t h e p o r t s and t h e volume o f t h e
chamber i s
The cor r espondi ng pr essur e, accor di ng t o t h e Gas Law i s
wher e p i s t h e at mospher i c pr essur e and c
i s t he exponent f o r
a P
adi abat i c compressi on.
St ep c
No p a r t i c u l a r comput at i on i s necessar y t o r e f l e c t t h e i n j e c t i o n
pr ocess. However, t houghout t h e compr essi on cycl e, a check i s
made on t h e ( negat i ve) t i me u n t i l i mpact occurs.
where v and vib ar e t h e ram and i mpact bl ock v e l o c i t y , r espect -
r
i v e l y . The t i me t. i s not exact s i nc e v changes under . t he e f -
i r
f e c t o f b o t h g r a v i t y and gas pr essur e. However, s i nc e cases o f
p r e i g n i t i o n , i.e. where combust i on s t a r t s bef or e i mpact , c ont ai n
gr eat unc er t ai nt i es , t h i s p r e d i c t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t l y accur at e.
F o r no p r e i g n i t i o n ti does not a f f e c t t h e anal ysi s. For pr ei g-
n i t i o n t h e combust i on del ay t i s negat i ve. Once t. i s gr eat er
d' 1
t han td (e.g. td was -2 ms and ti i s now -1.95), t i s s e t t o
C
-t
i'
(Note t h a t tc i s t h e t i me o f s t a r t o f combust i on) . The
comput at i ons ar e t hen, done as i n t h e normal case.
St ep d
At i mpact , t i me keepi ng i s s t a r t e d f o r combust i on c o n t r o l . The
t i me o f s t a r t o f combust i on i s s et t o t h e t i me o f i mpact when-
ever t h e combust i on del ay i s z er o o r gr eat er t han zero.
St ep e
Ti me has not exceeded t h e sum o f t i me o f combust i on s t a r t , tc,
a n d t h e c ombus t i on d e l a y , td. Chamber p r e s s u r e s a r e s t i l l
computed as i n St ep b.
St ep f
A f t e r t h e t i me has exceeded tc + td, combust i on s t a r t s . U n t i l
combust i on i s compl eted, t wo pr essur es ar e c al c ul at ed. The
f i r s t i s t h e compressi on pr essur e, pc, as i n St ep b w i t h Vi and
p as t h e r ef er ence; t h e second i s t h e expansi on pr essur e
a
i.e., w i t h t h e maximum s p e c i f i e d pr essur e, pmax, and t h e i n i t i a l
vol ume, Vi, as a r ef er ence. The exponent , e , i s t h e expansi on
P
c o e f f i c i e n t . To al l ow f o r t h e e f f e c t s o f c ool i ng, e was made a
P
f u n c t i o n o f t i me, i nc r eas i ng by up t o 10 per cent s t a r t i n g 10 ms
a f t e r i mpact . Thi s adj ust ment i s o f l i t t l e consequence i n a l l
cases except t hose w i t h l ow st r okes.
Wi t h tcd bei ng t h e combust i on dur at i on and td < tc < td + tcd,
t h e ac t ual combust i on pr essur e i s
whi ch i s mer el y a l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n between p and pe over
C
t i me.
Expansi on t akes pl ac e and pr essur e i s computed accor di ng t o
Equat i on 3.8.
The p o r t s ar e reached, t h e pr essur e i s s e t t o zer o.
Ni ne paramet ers ar e needed t o compute t h e compressi on-combust i on-
expansi on pr essur es. I n summary, f or l i q u i d f u e l i n j e c t i o n t hese q u a n t i t i e s
ar e:
V f .... t he combust i on chamber volume
Ac .... t he i n s i d e c y l i n d e r ar ea
hc .... t h e compr essi ve s t r o k e
C .... t h e compressi on c o e f f i c i e n t
D
'e
.... t he expansion c oef f i c i ent
Pmax
.. t he maximum combustion pressure
td .... t he combustion del ay
tcd ... t he combustion dur at i on
Pa
.... t he atmospheric pressure
Si nce c and ce ar e not easi l y cal cul at ed from measurements, and si nce
P
they may vary more f o r a gi ven hammer (depending on i t s temperature) than
among col d hammers o f a l l types, c and ce were set t o be equal. The atmos-
P
pher i c pressure i s known and onl y seven parameters need t o be obt ai ned from
t he hammer manufacturer. The f i r s t t hr ee geometri c val ues ar e usual l y wel l
known. The t i mi ng data td and tcd vary onl y s l i g h t l y f o r normal l y perf ormi ng
hammers.
Most i mpor t ant l y, t he maximum pressure, pmax, shoul d be determi ned by
measurement. It can be i t e r a t i v e l y computed i f t he st r oke o f t he hammer i s
known f o r a par t i c ul ar s i t uat i on ( p i l e geometry and s o i l r esi st ance) . A re-
1
commended procedure t o est i mat e pmax val ues i s di scussed i n Appendix B.
1
3.3.3.3 The Atomized Fuel I nj ec t i on Model
I
i
At omi zed f uel i nj ec t i on i s commonly used i n di esel engines. The process
r equi r es t hat t he f uel i s i nj ect ed i n t o t he chamber begi nni ng and endi ng a t
i
I
exact pi st on posi t i ons. The i nj ec t i on pressure may be i n t he neighborhood o f
1000 psi (7000 kPa) which produces a f i n e l y di s t r i but ed f uel spray. As soon
as t he atomized f uel i s mixed wi t h hot a i r , i t combusts. Compared t o i mpact
1
' at omi zat i on, at omi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n i s used on o n l y a smal l number o f ham-
mers, most not abl y i n t h e U. S. on I CE ( f or mer l y L i n k b e l t ) uni t s .
The f o l l o w i n g phases need t o be di s t i ngui s hed ( see a l s o Fi gur e 3.5a and
3.5b).
. The ram descends and cl oses t h e exhaust por t s.
. The a i r t r apped between t h e ram and t h e i mpact bl ock i n s i d e t h e
hammer c y l i n d e r i s compressed and i t s t emper at ur e i ncr eases.
. When t h e ram i s a t a c e r t a i n , smal l di s t anc e f r om t h e i mpact
b l o c k , at omi z ed f u e l i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e chamber . The ram
. di s t anc e f r om t h e i mpact bl ock can be computed f r om t h e " i n i t i a l
combust i on vol ume", Vci . The f u e l s t a r t s t o bur n and reaches a
maximum pr essur e l e v e l a t t h e t i me o f i mpact ( smal - l est vol ume).
. A f t e r i mpact , t h e ram r i s e s and agai n a t a c e r t a i n di s t anc e f r om
t h e i mpact bl ock, combust i on ends. The cor r espondi ng volume,
" c e '
i s t h e " end c ombus t i on vol ume" . U n t i l t h i s p o i n t i s
reached, t h e pr essur e st ays const ant .
. The ram r i s e s f u r t h e r al l owi ng t h e gases t o expand and pr essur es
t o decrease.
. The ram c l e a r s t h e exhaust p o r t s and t h e pr essur e i n t h e chamber
r et ur ns t o t he at mospher i c l ev el .
Di f f er enc es between t h e at omi zed and 1 i q u i d f u e l i n j e c t i o n model s o n l y
occur s h o r t l y bef or e and a f t e r i mpact , i. e., i n St eps ( c ) and ( d) . They a r e
d i f f e r e n t f r om WEAP.
D '
PRESSURE
Figure 3.5a.
Pressure vs. time rel at i onshi p f or atomized i nj ect i on
model.
I
PRESSURE
LHTERPOLATED I
- ---- - ---
t \
pg I
I
"",ax-
I
\
ENO OF COMBUSTION VOLUME
PORT OPENI NG
J
PORT CLOSI NG
I
I I I \
I 4 * VOLUME
CHAMBER VOLUME START OF COMBUSTION LHlTlAL VOLUMG
V ~ L U M E 1
Pa' 7 I
t I
- *
START OF I MPACT
EXHAUST PORT COMaUSTI ON
END OF
COMBUSTION
EXHAUST PORT
CLOSURE
OPENINQ
i
Figure 3.5b.
Pressure vs. volume r el at i onshi p f or atomized i nj ect i on
model.
I
St ep c
The gas pr essur e s t a r t s t o i ncr ease f r om t h e pr ecombust i on pr es-
sure, pci, def i ned by t h e volume Vci (vol ume a t whi ch combust i on
begi ns) . It reaches t h e maximum combust i on pr essur e, pmax, a t
i mpact (vol ume equal t o Vf ) .
1
I n WEAP86 t h i s phase was model ed by a quadr at i c i n t e r p o l a t i o n
between pci, V and p
max' "f'
Thus,
c i
Th i s equat i on assur es t h a t p approaches p as Vc approaches
c max
t h e chamber volume, Vf .
I
St ep d
I
The pr essur e st ays const ant a t pmax u n t i l t h e volume V has
ce
been exceeded. A t t h a t p o i n t , b o t h r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e and
volume ar e s e t t o pmax and Vce, r es pec t i v el y .
i I
I n summary, once agai n ni ne q u a n t i t i e s a r e needed t o compute pr essur es
I
f or at omi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n . A l l except t h e t wo t i mi n g quant i t i es , tcd and
t d'
l i s t e d f o r l i q u i d f u e l i n j e c t i o n ar e agai n needed. The t wo volumes, V .
C 1
and Vce t ak e t he pl ace o f tcd and td.
3.3.4 Cl osed End Hammers (Doubl e Ac t i ng)
I
As t h e ram descends, a cl osed end hammer not onl y f a l l s under g r a v i t y but
a l s o exper i ences a downward pr essur e f or ce. For a doubl e ( d i f f e r e n t i a l , com-
pound) ac t i ng ECH, t h e wave equat i on program does not c ar e how t he ram has ob-
i
t ai ned i t s i mpact v e l o c i t y and i t i s not necessar y t o deal w i t h t h e a c t i v e
downward pr essur e. I ns t ead o f wor ki ng w i t h t h e ac t ual st r oke, i t i s t her ef or e
pos s i bl e t o c a l c u l a t e an equi v al ent s t r ok e
t
he = Er/Wr (3.11)
where Er i s t h e hammer's r at ed ener gy and Wr i s t h e wei ght o f t h e ram.
The i mpact v e l o c i t y i s t hen
I
I f a d o u b l e a c t i n g hammer i s r u n a t a l ower pr essur e t han r at ed, t he
a v a i l a b l e ener gy due t o pr essur e, , decreases. The r a t e d ener gy p o r t i o n
!
E ~ a
due t o pr essur e i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between r a t e d and p o t e n t i a l energy.
i
where h i s t h e ac t ual hammer st r oke. Thi s expr essi on may be used t o compute
t he " r at ed" pr essur e, pr, under whi ch t h e f u l l i mpact v e l o c i t y i s obt ai ned.
Aef f i s t he ef f ec t i v e p i s t o n area. Under a l ower pr essur e, pl, one ob-
t a i n s
If t h e r a t e d pr essur e were known t hen one a l s o c oul d have computed a new
hammer e f f i c i e n c y
1
and used i t i ns t ead of e and wi t h t h e reduced pr essur e. I n f ac t , e e l i mi -
h h
nat es t h e need t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e between s i n g l e and doubl e a c t i n g hammers.
For d o u b l e a c t i n g di es el s , t he need t o compute ( a) t h e hammer bl ow r at e,
( b) t h e pr ecompr essi on hammer - pi l e- soi l behavi or , and ( c ) t h e necessar y f u e l
r educt i ons t o avoi d u p l i f t , r equi r es t hat t he f or ce on t he ram t op be comp-
uted. Act ual l y, t he concept o f equi val ent st rokes woul d al so l ead t o accept-
abl e r esul t s were i t not f o r these t hr ee requirements.
Thus, i f bounce cham-
ber i nf or mat i on i s not avai l abl e, an equi val ent open end di esel may be modeled
and analyzed.
WEAP86 cal cul at es gage pressure on t he ram t op based on a recommended ex-
pansi on coef f i ci ent , c
bp'
Thus, t he bounce chamber pressure, pb, may be c al -
cul at ed from:
where Vbi i s t he i n i t i a l volume i n t he bounce chamber.
wi t h hb bei ng t he "compressive st r oke" o f t he bounce chamber, i.e., t he di s-
tance from t he bounce chamber por t s t o t he t op o f t he cyl i nder . Ar t i s t he
cross sect i onal area o f t he ram t op and Vct i s t he compression tank volume.
Once the' ram t op penet rat es t he bounce chamber, by a di st ance ub from t he
bounce chamber por t s, t he volume of t he bounce chamber i s
The maximum st r oke a t which u p l i f t i s imminent i s determi ned from t he
r eact i on ( cyl i nder ) wei ght o f t he hammer, Wc, y i el di ng t he u p l i f t pressure
i
I
-
Pu - Wc I A r t (3.20)
and by back subst i t ut i on o f pU i n t o equati ons (3.17) and (3.18).
i
!
The ram v el oc i t y a t t he exhaust por t s i s i mport ant f o r s t ar t i ng t he wave
equati on anal ysi s. For WEAP86 ( di f f er ent from WEAP where i t was computed i n
\
I
cl osed f or m) i t i s computed i ncr ement al l y, by d i v i d i n g t h e f a l l di s t anc e above
t h e por t s i n t o 20 i nt er v al s . Gr av i t y and bounce chamber pr essur e e n t e r t h i s
c al c ul at i on: 1
( wi t h a bei ng t he ac c el er at i on a t t i me st ep j). Thi s i ncr ement al approach was
1
I
chosen i n or der t o al l ow f o r t h e c ons i der at i on o f f r i c t i o n , v ar i abl e expansi on
c o e f f i c i e n t s et c.
J
3.3.5 Hammer Energy Losses
i
- Any wave equat i on anal y s i s r equi r es t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f an i mpact
v e l o c i t y , vri , whi ch a l l ram segments possess bef or e t h e ram cont act s e i t h e r
s t r i k e r p l a t e o r i mpact bl ock. Dur i ng t h e f a l l o f an ECH ram t h e p i l e does
not exper i ence f or ces. Thus, t h e anal y s i s onl y has t o cover t h e t i me per i od
a t and a f t e r i mpact. For t h e di es el hammer, appr eci abl e f or ces ar e exer t ed
o n t o t h e p i l e b e f o r e i mpac t due t o a i r c ompr es s i on i n t h e c y l i n d e r . I n
gener al , t her ef or e, ' p r i o r t o ram i mpact t h e p i l e al r eady has a not i c eabl e
v e l o c i t y and s o i l r e s i s t a n c e i s s t a r t i n g t o be a c t i v a t e d . Thus, i t i s
necessary t o s t a r t t he anal y s i s o f di es el s a t t h e t i me o f p o r t cl osur e.
F o r t h e ECH a l l ener gy l o s s e s i n t h e hammer a r e e a s i l y deduc t ed by
i nt r oduc i ng t h e hammer ef f i c i enc y , eh.
No t e t h a t f o r doubl e a c t i n g ECH, h mus t be r e p l a c e d by he i n t h i s
equat i on.
Fo r di es el s , WEAP used t h e same concept except t h a t t h e ram v e l o c i t y ,
cor r ect ed f o r l osses, was computed a t t h e t i me o f p o r t cl osur e.
Thi s concept
y i e l d e d s a t i s f a c t o r y r es ul t s ; however, i t was n o t t r u l y comparabl e t o t h e ECH
approach, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r l ow t o t a l st r okes, r e l a t i v e t o t h e compressi ve
st r oke. As an example, i f a hammer has an 18- i nch compr essi ve s t r ok e and i t s
s t r ok e above t h e exhaust p o r t s i s 60 i nches, t hen c o r r e c t i n g t h e v e l o c i t y a t
t h e t i me of p o r t c l os ur e woul d s t i l l l eave 30 per cent o f t h e t o t a l s t r o k e
wi t hout c ons i der at i on o f l osses. Thi s i nconsi st ency, a l s o l eads t o quest i on-
abl e r e s u l t s i n t h e case o f c l os ed end hammers whi ch have smal l t o t a l s t r ok es
and ac c el er at e s i g n i f i c a n t l y dur i ng t h e compr essi on cycl e.
I deal l y , t h e e f f i c i e n c y r educ t i on o f ram v e l o c i t y woul d be c al c ul at ed as
ener gy l osses occur. I f , f o r example, f r i c t i o n were t h e maj or cause o f a r e-
duced i mpact v el oc i t y , t hen a r educ t i on o f t h e downward ac c el er at i on shoul d be
made. Thi s concept was t es t ed i n WEAP86 by us i ng a r educed g r a v i t y dur i ng t h e
r am' s downst roke and an i ncr eased g r a v i t y dur i ng t h e ram' s upst r oke.
As a r e s u l t , t h e t o t a l c y c l e t i me ( o r t h e "bl ows per mi nut e" ) i ncr eased
p r o p o r t i o n a l l y as t h e e f f i c i e n c y decreased and t h e wave equat i on bl ow r at e,
bm, d i d not agr ee w i t h t h e wave equat i on st r oke, h. Not e t h a t f o r open end
2
di es el s i n Engl i s h u n i t s h = 4.01 (60/bm)
- 0.3, w i t h bm i n bl ows per mi nut e
and h i n f t ; t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e Saxi met er m f or mul a. The Saxi met er m f or mul a
has o f t e n been f ound t o be accur at e even when t r a n s f e r r e d ener gi es ar e r e l a -
t i v e l y low. It i s not accur at e whenever excessi ve f r i c t i o n reduces t h e ram
ve-1 o c i t y .
Anot her obser vat i on was made us i ng a Hammer Per f or mance Anal yzer " (HPA).
Thi s devi ce measures ram v e l o c i t y by means o f r adar t echnol ogy. Of t en t he HPA
r e s u l t s i ndi c at ed a ver y hi gh i mpact v el oc i t y , near 95 per c ent o f r at ed, y e t
t he energy t r ans mi t t ed t o t h e p i l e was onl y 50 per c ent o f r at ed. Model i ng o f
t h e d r i v i n g system w i t h l ow c o e f f i c i e n t s o f r e s t i t u t i o n d i d n o t pr oduce t r ans -
f e r r e d energy val ues l ow enough f o r a good agreement w i t h measurements, and i t
had t o be concl uded t h a t a gr eat deal o f t h e l os s es model ed by eh ar e not
oc c ur r i ng bef or e but dur i ng i mpact , f o r example, due t o a nonaxi al hammer-pi l e
al i gnment .
As a r e s u l t o f t he above consi der at i ons, i t was deci ded n o t t o reduce t h e
ram v e l o c i t y o f di es el hammers u n t i l j u s t bef or e i mpact o r i g n i t i o n , i.e.,
when t h e compressi on anal y s i s i s f i ni s hed, v i z
where v i s t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e ram a t t h e end o f t h e compressi on anal ysi s.
r c
The p o i n t i n t i me when t h i s happens i s w i t h i n an i nc h o f i mpact and pr ac-
t i c a l l y t h e t o t a l ram s t r ok e i s t h e r e f o r e covered. The agreement o f t h e Saxi -
met er m f or mul a. wi t h WEAP86 i s now mai nt ai ned.
Ef f i c i e n c y val ues were der i v ed i n Ref er ence 13. These e f f i c i e n c i e s were
eh
= 0.67 f o r s i n g l e a c t i n g ECH
eh = 0.50 f o r doubl e a c t i n g ECH
For t he di es el hammers an e f f i c i e n c y o f e = 0.72 had been der i v ed wi t h
t he o l d approach o f c o r r e c t i n g t h e ram v e l o c i t y a t t h e por t s. Because t h e
WEAP86 e f f i c i e n c y c o r r e c t i o n t akes t h e t o t a l s t r ok e i n t o account , a hi gher
ef f i c i enc y val ue i s used t o produce an equi v al ent c or r ec t i on. Most o f t he
dat a obt ai ned i n Ref er ence 13 occur r ed dur i ng har d d r i v i n g , where t h e r a t i o o f
t o t a l s t r o k e t o s t r o k e above t h e p o r t s was a p p r o x i ma t e l y 817. A WEAP86
e f f i c i e n c y o f
was t her ef or e chosen f o r a l l di es el hammers. O f course, t h e r eader must be
aware t h a t t hese recommendati ons r epr esent an aver age hammer behavi or and t h a t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t e f f i c i e n c y val ues may be r equi r ed t o mat ch measure-
ments. It shoul d a l s o be reemphasi zed t h a t e does not onl y cover l osses t h a t
h
t he ram exper i ences dur i ng i t s descent but - pr obabl y t o a hi gher degr ee -
l osses oc c ur r i ng dur i ng i mpact and i n t he d r i v i n g system.
3.4 Dr i vi ng System Model
The dr i v i ng system consi st s o f s t r i k e r pl at e, hammer cushi on, helmet and,
f o r concret e pi l es, p i l e cushion. Thi s system i s represented by two nonl i near
spri ngs (see Sect i on 3.6) and a mass. The spr i ng f o r t he p i l e cushi on i s
modeled i n ser i es wi t h t he f i r s t p i l e spri ng. For ECH t he hammer cushi on
spr i ng act s i n ser i es wi t h t he ram spr i ng (see Fi gur e 3.6).
I f no hammer cushi on i s present, t hen WEAP86 s p l i t s t he impact bl ock
spr i ng and pl aces one on t op o f t he i mpact bl ock and one on t op o f t he helmet.
Note t hat WEAP86 always r equi r es t hat a helmet wei ght be i nput . For hammers
whi ch s t r i k e t he p i l e di r ec t l y , a t op sect i on o f t he p i l e shoul d be "' cut o f f "
from t he p i l e and used as a "helmet." However, even those hammers whi ch do
not r equi r e a helmet ar e usual l y f i t t e d wi t h a so- cal l ed anv i l which i s an
i nt egr al par t o f t he hammer and whi ch t her ef or e serves as a helmet. Note t hat
t he wei ght o f devi ces l i k e t he s t r i k e r pl at e, cushion, p i l e adaptors et c.
shoul d be i ncl uded i n t he mass between .hammer and p i l e top.
The d r i v i n g system model al so cont ai ns a dashpot i n par al l el wi t h . t he
hammer cushi on spri ng. I t s damping constant i s computed from:
where c i s a nondi mensi onal i zed i nput val ue, kr i s t he hammer cushi on
dhi
s t i f f nes s and m i s ei t her t he impact bl ock ( di esel ) or helmet ( ECH) mass.
a
The def aul t val ue of cdhi i s 2.
3.5 Pi l e Model
The p i l e model consi st s o f spri ngs, masses and dashpots (see Fi gur e 3.7).
The p i l e i s di vi ded i n t o N segments whose l engt hs ar e gi ven by
t RAM
.....
.......
.......................
.......................
'\---- PILE CUSHION M+l
Figure 3.6.
Hammer-driving system model for ECH hammers.
where L i s t h e t o t a l p i l e l engt h and ai i s a mu l t i p l i e r whi ch i s nor mal i zed
such t hat :
The wei ght o f segment i i s
w i t h w. bei ng t he aver age s p e c i f i c wei ght and Ai t h e average cr oss s ec t i onal
1
ar ea o f t h e p i l e el ement , bot h averaged over t h e di s t anc e li.
Si mi l a r l y t h e segment s t i f f n e s s e s ar e
where E. i s t h e aver age e l a s t i c modul us over t h e el ement l engt h. Obvi ousl y,
1
mul t i mat er i al p i l e s can be t r eat ed i n t h i s f ashi on.
A t h i r d paramet er, t h e pile damping val ue, can be s p e c i f i e d f o r . t he p i l e .
Si nce l i t t l e i s known about t h e c o r r e c t s t r u c t u r a l damping model, and s i nc e
t h i s t ype o f damping produces r e l a t i v e l y smal l ener gy l osses compared t o s o i l
damping, an el abor at e model does not seem j u s t i f i e d . Thus, vi scous dampi ng
was assumed wi t h par amet er s:
wi t h c bei ng a non- di mensi onal i zed i n p u t q u a n t i t y and EA/c bei ng t h e im-
dpi
pedance o f t h e p i l e t op; c i s assumed equal f o r a l l el ements. Thi s d i f f e r s
dp
f r om t he o r i g i n a l WEAP program.
The computed dampi ng const ant , cdp, i s not d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o p i l e
l engt h; i t i s , however, s e n s i t i v e t o t h e t o t a l number o f p i l e segments. Thus,
if f or a p a r t i c u l a r p i l e t wo anal yses ar e done, each w i t h a d i f f e r e n t number
o f segments but wi t h t h e same p i l e damping paramet er, t hen t h e t o t a l damping
l os s w i l l be d i f f e r e n t . Thi s approach i s n o t q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y and i s onl y
t o l e r a t e d i n l i g h t o f t h e s ma l l e f f e c t s o f p i l e dampi ng and t h e l i m i t e d
knowl edge o f mat er i al damping. Fur t her e f f o r t s i n t h i s ar ea ar e encouraged.
3.6 Spl i c e Model
WEAP86 uses a s p l i c e mode1"whi ch has a l s o been i nc or por at ed i n t o t h e
model s f o r t h e c us hi ons , i mp a c t b l o c k / h e l me t , and p i l e t op. T h i s model
cont ai ns t hr ee paramet ers: a - sl ack, dst, a c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n , cS,
and a r ound- out d e f o r ma t i o n o r c ompr es s i v e s l a c k ,
dSc
. The r e s u l t i n g
f or ce- def or mat i on cur ve i s shown i n Fi gur e 3.8.
Dur i ng compressi on o f t h e s p l i c e model, f or c e i ncr eases p a r a b o l i c a l l y
wi t h r espect t o def or mat i on u n t i l t h e r ound out def or mat i on, dsc, i s reached.
The cor r espondi ng f or c e a t t h i s p o i n t i s Fl i m. Beyond t h i s poi nt , f or c e
i ncr eases l i n e a r l y , wi t h t h e sl ope gi ven by t h e s pr i ng s t i f f n e s s , k. Dur i ng
t h e subsequent expansi on, f or c e decreases l i n e a r l y wi t h r espect t o deforma-
2
t i o n , b u t t h i s t i me t he sl ope i s k/ cs . As soon as t h e f o r c e f a l l s bel ow
Fl i m '
t h e cur ve once agai n becomes par abol i c. However, now t h e def or mat i on
over whi ch round out occur s i s shor t er . Thi s i s because Fl i m st ays const ant ,
but t h e sl ope a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e par abol i c cur ve i s now st eeper .
Du r i n g t e n s i o n i n t h e s p l i c e model, t h e same r oundi ng pr ocedur e i s used;
however, i t s t a r t s onl y a f t e r t h e s pr i ng has been ext ended beyond t he sl ack
di st ance, dst. Wi t hi n t h i s separ at i on di st ance, t h e s pr i ng f or c e i s al ways
zero.
Fo r s pr i ngs whi ch cannot t ake any t ens i on a t a l l , dst i s s et t o a l a r g e
val ue (e.g. 99 i nches o r 2.5 m). I n t h i s way, cushi on, p i l e t op, and s p l i c e
f or ces can be c al c ul at ed wi t h t h e same al gor i t hm. Because o f t h e r oundi ng
f eat ur e, numer i cal s t a b i l i t y o f t h e anal y s i s o f s p l i c e d p i l i n g was assured.
Not e t h a t t h e s p l i c e model i s used i n WEAP86 whenever dst > 0. To model a
l i n e a r spr i ng, d
must be s et t o a negat i ve val ue.
s t
3.7 So i l Model
The s o i l model o f f e r s a few opt i ons beyond t h e o r i g i n a l Smi t h approach.
It b a s i c a l l y c ons i s t s o f a s pr i ng and dashpot ( Fi gur e 3.7). The e l a s t i c
s pr i ng y i e l d s a t a pile segment di spl acement equal t o qi (quake). Ther e i s
t hen no f u r t h e r i ncr ease i n s t a t i c r esi st ance,
R s i ' w i t h i ncr eased
di spl acement , ui. Thus,
Rs i
= (ui /qi) RUi f o r u. < q.
1 - 1
(3.30)
and
R~~ = R
f o r u. > q. .
u i 1 1
where R i s t h e u l t i ma t e s t a t i c r es i s t anc e a t segment i.
u i
Unl oadi ng, i.e., when t h e p i l e segment has an upward v e l o c i t y , f o l l o ws a t
a s pr i ng r a t e t h a t i s equal t o t h a t used i n t h e l oadi ng pat h. (Not e t h a t t h e
ESOIL opt i on o f WEAP was removed i n WEAP86.)
The damping model can be chosen accor di ng t o Smi t h, v i z
where R i s a damping r es i s t anc e f or c e and jsi, V . and R . ar e t h e Smi t h
d i 1 s1
damping f ac t or , t h e p i l e segment v e l o c i t y and t h e s t a t i c r es i s t anc e f or c e, a l l
a t segment i, r espect i vel y. Smi t h' s damping f a c t o r has u n i t s o f t i me/ l engt h.
The second choi ce f o r s o i l damping i s
whi ch means t h a t R . r epl aces R .. Thus, i n t h i s o p t i o n t h e mu l t i p l i e r o f vi
U1 s1
i s const ant and a t r u l y vi scous damping r es ul t s . Thi s i s an advant age over
t h e Smi t h approach. Thi s approach i s al ways recommended f o r RSA anal yses.
The t h i r d choi ce i s a nondi mensi onal i zed vi scous damping f o r whi ch
Here jci i s t h e Case ( I n s t i t u t e o f Technol ogy) dampi ng f a c t o r o f u n i t di men-
sion,. Not e t h a t t h e br acket ed expr essi on on t h e r i g h t hand s i d e o f t h e above
equat i on i s equi v al ent t o t h e impedance o f p i l e segment i (Young' s modulus, E,
t i mes cr oss s ec t i onal area, A, di v i ded by wave speed, c). Thi s approach i s
onl y recommended where exper i ence w i t h s o i l - and p i l e t y pe e x i s t .
The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f damping i s handl ed i n t h e f o l l o wi n g way: The WEAP86
user deci des on s k i n and t o e damping f ac t or s . Then, f o r Smi t h' s damping o f
bot h t ype, 1 and t ype 2, a const ant f a c t o r i s used al ong t h e p i l e s k i n and an-
ot her f a c t o r i s used a t t h e t oe. Thi s a c t u a l l y means t h a t t he cor r espondi ng
vi scous damping f a c t o r v ar i es p r o p o r t i o n a l l y t o t h e s t a t i c r es i s t anc e d i s t r i -
but i on al ong t h e ski n. A s i mi l a r syst em i s used f o r t h e Case damping ap-
proach. Here t he i n p u t a l s o c ons i s t s o f s k i n and t o e damping f ac t or s . A f t e r
mu l t i p l i c a t i o n w i t h t h e impedance ( conver si on t o vi scous dampi ng), t h e s k i n
damping f a c t o r i s d i s t r i b u t e d among t h e p i l e segments i n pr opor t i on t o t h e i r
s t a t i c r esi st ance val ues.
3.8 Numeri cal Pr ocedur e and I n t e g r a t i o n
Al t hough ECH and di es el hammer anal yses ar e per f or med i n separ at e r o u t -
i nes because o f t h e i r d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t model s, t h e numer i cal pr ocedur e f o r
t hese hammers i s ver y s i mi l a r .
3.8.1 Time I ncr ement
A lumped mass model i s onl y s t abl e i f t h e t i me i ncr ement s ar e chosen
s hor t er t han t he cor r espondi ng wave t r a v e l t i me t hr ough a segment. The wave
t r a v e l t i me t hr ough a segment, i, i s
which- - f or uni f or m pi l es - - i s equi val ent t o
where li i s t he segment l engt h and ci t he average wave speed i n segment i.
Note t hat
I n or der t o avoi d i n s t a b i l i t y , t he computati onal t i me i ncrement, at , i s
chosen as
where mi n( at ) stands f o r t he minimum c r i t i c a l t i me of a l l segments, i, and
c r i
p i s a number gr eat er than 1. I n WEAP86, p = 1.6.
3.8.2 Anal ysi s Steps
3.8.2.1 Pr edi ct i on o f P i l e Var i abl es a t Time j
The computati on s t ar t s wi t h a pr ei nt egr at i on (see Fi gur e 3.9) i n or der t o
pr edi ct v el oc i t i es from vi j,l and from accel er at i ons, a Di spl acements, u. . ,
j' I J
are pr edi ct ed from v
and uijql.
The subscr i pt s i ndi cat e t he segment, i, and
i j
t he ti me step, j. For example, t he ram o f an ECH i s a si mpl e mass, m, and has
an i n i t i a l vel oci t y equal t o t he ram i mpact vel oci t y, vri. Furthermore, a t
t he begi nni ng o f t he computati ons ( j = 1) a t t he t op segment ( i = l ) ,
Thus t he pr edi ct i on produces
I
PREDI CT VELOCI TI ES
AND ACCELERATI ONS
COMPUTE FORCE. Fj
ACTING ON ELEMENT i
COMPUTE ACCELERATI ON
AND INTEGRATE
I
Y
I RECOMPUTE FORCE, Fj I
Y
COMPARE VELQCI TY
CURRENT VS PREVI OUS
COMPUTE ALL
RESI STANCE F ORCES
i
I
I
I END ANALYSI S
Figure 3. 9. Block diagram of predi ctor-
corrector anal ysi s.
and
Thus, i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n st ep a si mpl e Eu l e r i n t e g r a t i o n i s perf ormed.
T h i s p r e d i c t i o n y i e l d s good est i mat es o f ui f o r a l l segments i a t t i me
, j
j. For each segment, i (see Fi gur e 3-10), t h e f o l l o wi n g f or c es a r e now compu-
t ed:
3.8.2.2 For ces a t a Gi ven Segment
The f or ce a t t he t o p s pr i ng i s
The s t i f f n e s s ki i s t h a t o f any hammer, d r i v i n g system, o r p i l e segment, sub-
j e c t t o modi f i c at i on i f t her e i s a p o s i t i v e s l ac k dst a t s p r i n g i.
The f or c e a t t h e t o p dashpot i s
The f or c e a t t he bot t om s pr i ng i s
The f or c e a t t he bot t om dashpot i s
Superscripts t . . . t op side
Subscripts i . . . segment number
j . . . time interval
Main Symbols u . . . segment displacement
v . . . velocity
a . . . acceleration
F . . . forces i n pile
R . . . resistance forces
b . . . bottom side
s . . . s t at i c
d . . . dynamic
q . . . quake
k . . . spring stiffness
c . . pi l e damping constant
P
j . . . soil damping constant
m . . . mass
Figure 3.10. Computing forces acting on pi l e segment i
3.8.2.3 Newt on' s' Second Law f o r Ac c el er at i on Ca l c u l a t i o n
Usi ng t h e ex t er nal r es i s t anc e f or ces, R
s i j and Rdij,
c al c ul at ed a t t h e
end of a pr evi ous t i me st ep, i t i s now pos s i bl e t o compute t h e ac c el er at i on o f
a gi ven segment dur i ng t h e c ur r ent t i me st ep.
3.8.2.4 Cor r ec t i on I n t e g r a t i o n
Now an i n t e g r a t i o n i s done under t h e assumpt i on o f a l i n e a r l y i nc r eas i ng
ac c el er at i on
V . . = v
IJ i j - 1
+ ( a. . +a. . ) ~ t / 2
1J 1 ~ - 1
and
t b
Si nce t h e di spl acement s ar e now more ac c ur at el y known, F . . and F . . a r e r e-
S l J t S l J b
c al c ul at ed ( Sect i on 3.8.2.2). The changes o f dashpot f or c es Fdij and F ar e
d i j
not r ecal cul at ed.
3.8.2.5 Fur t her I t e r a t i o n s
T h i s pr ocess can now be r epeat ed s t a r t i n g a t Sec t i on 3.8.2.2, w i t h t he
newl y computed a. v
and uij val ues t a k i n g t h e pl ac e o f t h e pr ev i ous pr e-
i j ' i j '
d i c t i o n . Whether o r not t h i s r epeat c a l c u l a t i o n i s done depends on:
. Whet her t h e number o f i t e r a t i o n s t e p s s p e c i f i e d by t h e u s e r
( us ual l y zer o) has been exceeded o r
. Whether o r not t he v e l o c i t i e s of t h e t op and bot t om p i l e el ement s
have converged w i t h t h e i r pr evi ous val ues.
3.8.2.6 So i l Resi st ance f o r End o f Time j
I f convergence has been achi eved t h e r es i s t anc e f or ces ar e cal cul at ed.
= R . + (Rui/qi )(ui - ui j-l)
R s i j s i j - 1
w i t h
and
R . . > - R . f o r s k i n segments and
S l J - U l
(3.51)
R
> 0 f o r t h e end bear i ng
s n t l j -
(3.52)
So i l damping i s computed accor di ng t o equat i ons 3.32, 3.33, o r 3.34.
A t t h i s p o i n t t h e anal y s i s f o r t i me i ncr ement j i s f i n i s h e d and t h e nex t
t i me i ncr ement i s anal yzed.
3.8.2.7 Spl i ces and I nt er f ac es
O f course, t her e ar e compl i cat i ons, e.g., a t s p l i c e s o r i mpact i n t e r -
faces. For example, i f . segment. i has a s l ac k d > 0 t hen i t must a l s o have a
s t
r ound- out , d and a c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n , c . I n t h i s case, k . must
sc' t s 1
be reduced i f FSij < Fl i m and i f t h e s p r i n g goes i n t o unl oadi ng ( e f f e c t o f
c s )
. I n addi t i on, i f u . - u. < d ( t ens i on def or mat i on l e s s t han t ens i on
t
1 1-1 s t
s l ac k ) , t hen F . . = 0.
Sl J
Fur t her mor e, an a i r pr essur e f o r c e a c t s on t op o f t h e f i r s t ram segment
o f cl osed end di es el s , and on a l l di es el s , a compressi on-combust i on-expansi on
f or c e ac t s between segments m and m+l .
3.9 St op C r i t e r i a
It i s not possi , bl e t o p r e d i c t .how much el apsed t i me an anal y s i s must
cover i n or der t o assur e t h a t t h e permanent s e t can be ac c ur at el y computed.
I f t he anal ysi s runs l onger t han necessary, undue comput at i onal expenses
occur. I f i t i s stopped t oo ear l y, t he computed permanent set may be t oo low.
The st op c r i t e r i a had t o be made d i f f e r e n t f o r ECH and di esel s because o f
t he di esel s' p a r t i c u l a r requi rements, pr i mar i l y t he need t o anal yze l ong
enough f o r an accurat e st r oke cal cul at i on.
For ECH t he f ol l owi ng st op c r i t e r i a are used:
A 1 The anal ysi s i s run u n t i l t he user - speci f i ed el apsed time, tmax, has
been covered. I f t was speci f i ed as gr eat er t han 112 o f a second ( act ual -
max
l y , 499 ms), i t i s i gnored. However, i n t h i s case t he anal ysi s w i l l be car-
r i e d out over a t l e a s t 4L/c f or a complete st r ess check. I n addi t i on, t he
condi t i ons o f A2 must al so be s at i s f i ed.
A2 I f t he user d i d not speci f y a t i me, t he anal ysi s w i l l cover an
el apsed t i me o f a t l e a s t 2L/c ( t wi ce p i l e l engt h di vi ded by wave speed) or 20
ms. The anal ysi s i s t hen stopped onl y when one or more o f t he f ol l owi ng
addi t i onal c r i t e r i a ar e met:
A2.1 The p i l e t oe di spl acement has exceeded 4 i nches (100 mm).
( Si n c e t h i s i s r a t h e r easy d r i v i n g n o t much can be
l earned from a l onger anal ysi s) .
A2.2 The p i l e t oe has rebounded t o 80 percent o f t he maximum
p i l e t o e di spl acment. (Such a rebound i s s u f f i c i e n t t o
assure t h a t t he p i l e w i l l not penet r at e any deeper).
A2.3 The p i l e t oe has rebounded t o 98 percent o f t he maximum
p i l e t oe di spl acement and no p i l e segment v el oc i t y i s
gr eat er t han 20 percent o f t he maximum p i l e t op vel oci t y.
For di es el s , el apsed t i me i s counted s t a r t i n g 2 ms bef or e e i t h e r i mpact
o r i gni t i on, whi chever occurs ear l i er . The anal ysi s st ops when ei t her :
01
t he user - speci f i ed el apsed t i me, tmax, ( subj ect t o t he condi t i ons o f
Al ) has been covered, o r
82 I f t h e u s e r d i d not s pec i f y a t i me, t hen t h e anal y s i s w i l l cover an
el apsed t i me o f 2L/c + 5ms, o r 50 ms, whi chever i s l onger . The anal y s i s may
be st opped e a r l i e r i f a t l e a s t 20 ms o f el apsed t i me has been anal yzed and one
o r more o f t h e f o l l o wi n g occur s:
02.1 t h e maximum p i l e segment v e l o c i t y i s l e s s t han 20 per cent
o f t h e maximum p i l e t op v e l o c i t y
82.2 t he p i l e t o e has rebounded t o 80 per cent o f t h e maximum
p i l e t o e di spl acement and t h e ram has reached a di s t anc e
o f a t l e a s t 10 per cent o f t h e compr essi ve s t r o k e f r om t he
i mpact bl oc k
82.3 I f t h e p i l e t o e has rebounded t o 98 per cent o f t h e maxi -
mum p i l e t o e d i s p l a c e me n t and t h e r am has r eac hed a
di s t anc e o f a t l e a s t 20% o f t h e compr essi ve s t r ok e f r om
t h e i mpact bl ock
3.10 Non Resi dual Blow Count Comput at i on
The bl ow count c a l c u l a t i o n i n WEAP was s i mi l a r t o ot her programs, i n t h a t
t he d i f f e r e n c e between t h e maximum t o e di spl acement , u and t h e t oe quake,
mt '
4 t '
was used as a p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e f i n a l n e t s e t o f t h e p i l e . Suppose t h a t a
p i l e has a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e t oe quake, say 0.4 i nches, and normal s k i n quakes,
say 0.1 i nches. I f t h e t o t a l t o e r es i s t anc e i s smal l compared t o t h e s k i n
f r i c t i o n , t hen umt w i l l not be s i g n i f i c a n t l y i nf l uenc ed by t h e t oe quake.
However, t h e l ar ge t o e quake w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e computed bl ow
count , f o r no physi cal reason.
I n or der t o make t h e computed bl ow count l e s s s e n s i t i v e t o t oe quake
changes, WEAP86 now uses an averaged quake.
where R
and qi ar e t h e i n d i v i d u a l u l t i ma t e r es i s t anc e val ues and quakes,
u i
r es pec t i v el y , and Rut i s t h e t o t a l u l t i ma t e capaci t y.
Sum means t h a t a sum-
mat i on i s t o be made over a l l el ement s i = 1, N+1 ( N i s t h e number o f p i l e
segments). The N+1 s t r es i s t anc e i s t h e end bear i ng.
The pr edi c t ed permanent
p i l e s e t i s t hen
S = umt - qav
and t h e bl ow count i s
It s h o u l d be not ed t h a t f o r s t r ongl y v a r i a b l e quakes a r es i dual s t r es s
anal y s i s i s t h e onl y accur at e method f o r bl ow count comput at i ons.
3.11 Resi dual St r ess Anal yses (RSA)
3.11.1 I nt r oduc t i on
P r i ma r i l y f o r reasons o f comput at i onal economy, t h e Smi t h approach t o
wave equat i on anal yses makes t wo i mpor t ant s i mp l i f i c a t i o n s .
. I n t h e begi nni ng o f t h e anal yses i t i s assumed t h a t t h e f or ces i n
- t h e p i l e and t he s o i l ar e zero. WEAP c or r ec t ed t h i s asssumpt i on
o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e hel met - hammer assembl y and p i l e
wei ght ar e bal anced by t h e s t a t i c s o i l r esi st ance.
. At t h e end o f t h e anal ysi s, t h e p i l e s t a r t s t o rebound. However,
t h e f u l l rebound i s not anal yzed, and t h e f i n a l permanent s et i s
" pr edi c t ed" f r om t h e di f f er enc e between maximum t o e di spl acement
and t o e quake. Thi s approach assumes t h a t t h e p i l e rebounds t o a
s t r es s l es s s t a t e and i s t her ef or e c ons i s t ent wi t h Smi t h' s s i mpl i -
f i c at i ons .
There ar e many cases where t h i s s i mp l i f i e d approach i s s a t i s f a c t o r y . For
example, i f t h e s o i l e x h i b i t s l i t t l e o r no s k i n f r i c t i o n f or ces, t h e con-
vent i onal assumpt i ons ar e j u s t i f i e d . Anot her example i s a p i l e whi ch i s so
r i g i d t h a t i t s e l a s t i c compressi on i s smal l compared t o t h e s o i l quakes.
I n g e n e r a l , however, a p i l e does not compl et el y rebound a f t e r t h e hammer
bl ow i s f i ni shed. Of t en t h e t o e q u a k e i s l a r g e r t han t h e s k i n quake and
t her ef or e t h e t o e t ends t o push t h e p i l e back up a r e l a t i v e l y l ong di st ance.
As t h e s k i n el ement s o f t h e p i l e move upward, t h e i r r es i s t anc e f i r s t decr eases
t o zer o and t hen becomes negat i v e u n t i l an e q u i l i b r i u m e x i s t s between t h e pos-
i t i v e t oe r es i s t anc e and t h e negat i v e s k i n f r i c t i o n . A t t h i s p o i n t t h e p i l e
comes t o r e s t and compr essi ve f or c es ar e l oc k ed i n t o p i l e and s o i l .
A . l a r g e t o e quake i s n o t t h e o n l y c o n d i t i o n nec es s ar y f o r r e s i d u a l
st r esses t o occur i n p i l e and s o i l a t t h e end o f a blow. Consi der a ver y
f l e x i b l e p i l e w i t h a l a r g e amount o f s k i n f r i c t i o n . Dur i ng t h e f i r s t hammer
bl ow, t h e p i l e ' s upper p o r t i o n w i l l move deepl y downward due t o t h e p i l e ' s
hi gh f l e x i b i l i t y . The h i g h s k i n f r i c t i o n w i l l pr event a l a r g e t o e mot i on.
A f t e r t h e hammer ceases t o l oad t h e p i l e head, t h e upper p i l e p o r t i o n at t empt s
t o e l a s t i c a l l y s pr i ng back a l a r g e di st ance, t h e t o e onl y a s hor t one. Agai n,
t h e f r i c t i o n f or ces w i l l t u r n negat i v e and t he p i l e w i l l s t ay compressed. The
next bl ow w i l l be abl e t o d r i v e t h e upper p i l e p o r t i o n deeper s i nc e t h e p i l e
now behaves s t i f f e r ( t h e p i l e i s precompressed). At t h e end o f t h e second
bl ow t h e pr ecompr essi on i n t h e p i l e may be a l i t t l e l a r g e r and ext end down a
l i t t l e deeper. Lat er bl ows w i l l ev ent ual l y d r i v e a l l p i l e segments t h e same
di st ance, and pr ecompr essi on w i l l no l onger i ncr ease a t t h e end o f each bl ow.
I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e maj or p o r t i o n o f compr essi ve s o i l r es i s t anc e ac t s
a t t h e s k i n o f t he p i l e near i t s bottom. End bear i ng i s not needed. t o cause
r es i dual ef f ec t s .
It i s a l s o concei vabl e t h a t i n ver y l ong p i l e s bot h t e n s i l e and compres-
s i v e st r esses remai n a f t e r a bl ow i s f i ni s hed. Moreover, wh i l e i n most p i l e s
t he same compressi ve s t r es s p a t t e r n w i l l r eoccur a f t e r a few s t a r t u p bl ows,
f o r ver y l ong p i l e s t wo o r t h r e e t y p i c a l s t r es s pat t er ns may occur. Thus, f o r
ver y l ong p i l e s i t may be d i f f i c u l t t o deci de whet her o r n o t convergence has
occur r ed i n an anal ysi s.
3.11.2 How RSA Works
The a n a l y s i s o p t i o n b u i l t i n t o WEAP86 was devel oped by P. Her y under t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f Pr of essor G.G. Gobl e a t t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f Col or ado a t Boul der .
I n h i s t hes i s , ( 15) , Her y descr i bes t h e backgr ound o f t h e a l g o r i t h m and r e f e r -
ences t h e work o f Hol l oway. (14) I n summary, t h e WEAP86 r es i dual s t r es s anal -
y s i s (RSA) wor ks as f ol l ows :
. A f t e r t h e normal dynami c anal y s i s i s f i n i s h e d f o r one R val ue,
and us i ng t hese di spl acement and s t a t i c r es i s t anc g val ues
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e quakes, a s t a t i c anal y s i s i s per f or med whi ch
p r e d i c t s t h e di spl acement s and f or c es a t whi ch p i l e and s o i l w i l l
be i n s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m ( a l l v e l o c i t i e s ar e zer o) .
. A second WEAP86 a n a l y s i s i s done w i t h t h e d i s p l a c e me n t s and .
f o r c e s f r o m (1) as i n i t i a l val ues. Th i s anal y s i s may be t hought
o f as t h e s i mul at i on o f a second blow.
. Agai n a s t a t i c anal y s i s i s per f or med a f t e r t h e dynami c anal y s i s
i s f i ni shed.
. The t o t a l p i l e compressi on i s computed t o check f o r di f f er enc es
between t h e f i r s t and second bl ow. I f t h e two compressi on val ues
a r e w i t h i n 5 p e r c e n t , t h e n c onv er genc e i s ac hi ev ed. I f t h e
compressi on val ues have not converged, a d d i t i o n a l " bl ows' wi 11 be
appl i ed t o t h e p i l e .
. As ment i oned e a r l i e r , di spl acement s and s o i l r es i s t anc e val ues
c a l c u l a t e d a t t h e end o f one cl ow become t h e i n i t i a l val ues used
i n t h e anal y s i s o f a subsequent bl ow. Thi s subsequent blow, how-
e v e r , may a l s o be u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t y . Al s o, s i n c e a d i e s e l
anal y s i s w i l l aut omat i c al l y i n v o l v e t h e use o f s t r ok e i t e r a t i o n s
anyway, use o f t h e RSA o p t i o n causes s t a t i c val ues t o be computed
a t t h e end o f each di es el s t r ok e i t e r a t i o n . As al ways, t hese
v a l u e s a r e t hen used as i n i t i a l val ues i n t h e anal y s i s o f t h e
next blow.
WEAP86 cont ai ns t h e f o l l o wi n g mo d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e o r i g i n a l CUWEAP RSA
code:
. The convergence c r i t e r i o n was r el ax ed f r om 1 t o 5 per cent t o
a v o i d unnecessary comput at i onal ef f or t s . Convergence i s det er -
mi ned us i ng p i l e compressi on, r a t h e r t han p i l e di spl acement , as
i n CUWEAP.
. F o r t h e convergence c r i t e r i o n , compr essi on i s onl y c al c ul at ed i n
t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e p i l e whi ch encount er s s o i l r esi st ance. Thi s
makes t h e convergence c r i t e r i o n more s e n s i t i v e i n s i t u a t i o n s
where l ong p i l e s have a s hor t embedment.
. The computed s t a t i c di spl acement v ec t or was nor mal i zed such t h a t
t h e p i l e t op di spl acement i s al ways zer o a t t h e begi nni ng o f an
anal y s i s . Thi s i s v a l i d because p i l e segment di spl acement s ar e
r e l a t i v e val ues onl y. Wi t h a p i l e t op di spl acement o f zer o a t
t h e begi nni ng o f t h e next bl ow, t h e hammer components w i l l a l s o
show a zer o net di spl acement .
. I n s t e a d o f s t o r i n g t h e p i l e segment di spl acement s, computed a t
t h e t i me o f maximum t o e di spl acement , t h e di spl acement s, occur -
r i n g a t t h e end o f an anal y s i s ar e st or ed. These di spl acement s
a r e t h e n used as d i r e c t i n p u t t o t h e s t a t i c anal ysi s. There i s
no r eas on why maximum di spl acement s must be used. I n f ac t , if
t h e a n a l y s i s has l a s t e d a l ong t i me a f t e r t h e occur r ence o f t h e
maximum t o e di spl acement , b e t t e r convergence can be achi eved wi t h
t h e f i n a l di spl acaement val ues.
. The o u t p u t was i n c r e a s e d t o i n c l u d e t h e f i n a l d i s p l a c e me n t
pat t er n, nor mal i zed such t h a t t he t op di spl acement equal s t h e
comput ed f i n a l p i l e s e t . Fur t her mor e, t h e maximum s t r e s s e s
l i s t e d i n t h e out put i nc l ude r es i dual st r esses.
3.11.3 De t a i l s o f t he RSA
The f ol l owi ng cont ai ns excer pt s f r om Ref erence (15).
3.11.3.1 I n i t i a l Condi t i ons
The bas i c concept o f RSA i n WEAP86 i s t o f i n d t h e di spl acement s and
s t a t i c s o i l r esi st ance val ues when t h e p i l e has compl et el y come t o r e s t or , i n
ot her words, when a s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m o f t he syst em i s achi eved.
I n h i s program, DUKFOR, Hol l oway st ops t h e dynamic pr ocess when t h e
" us ef ul " work i s done. By t h i s , he means when t h e sum o f a l l t h e dashpot
f or ces i s l es s t han a pr escr i bed minimum val ue (1 k i p) .
Anot her al t er nat i v e, used i n WEAP86, i s t o i n t e r r u p t t h e dynami c anal y s i s
once i t has been ascer t ai ned t h a t t h e p i l e t i p has s t a r t e d t o rebound. Thi s
i s us ual l y t he t i me a t whi ch t h e dynamic anal y s i s i s f i n i s h e d i n non-RSA
anal yses and no more " us ef ul " penet r at i on work i s bei ng done.
At t h e end o f t h e dynamic anal ysi s, a s et o f f t n a l p i l e segment di s pl ac e-
ment and s t a t i c r es i s t anc e val ues ar e st or ed, namely
and
The unknowns ar e t h e p i l e segment di spl acement s, usi, and s t a t i c s o i l
r es i s t anc e val ues, Rssi , f o r whi ch s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m ex i s t s .
3.11.3.2 Model f o r Computing S t a t i c Eq u i l i b r i u m i n RSA
The r epr esent at i on used f o r t h e p i l e - s o i l model i s t h e same as i n t h e
dynamic anal ysi s, except t h a t now t h e dashpot s have been removed ( Fi gur es
3-11). The s o i l spr i ngs ar e s t i l l e l a s t o p l a s t i c and keep t h e i r s t i f f nes s es .
A t t h e end o f t he dynamic phase, a s o i l s pr i ng may be i n any one o f t h e
f ol l owi ng s i t uat i ons :
. t he s pr i ng d i d n o t go p l a s t i c and t her ef or e l oadi ng and unl oadi ng
w i l l occur on t h e same pat h ( Fi gur e 3.12a).
. t h e s pr i ng d i d go p l a s t i c and t h e s o i l r es i s t anc e i s t h e u l t i ma t e
r e s i s t a n c e . The unl oadi ng w i l l s t a r t f r om t h e p o i n t D and w i l l
f o l l o w a pat h p a r a l l e l t o t h e l oadi ng l i n e ( Fi gur e 3.12b).
. t h e s p r i n g d i d go p l a s t i c b u t s t a r t e d t o unl oad. Fur t her un-
l o a d i n g w i l l occur on t h e same sl ope. I f t h e u l t i ma t e s o i l r e-
s i s t a n c e i n t ens i on i s reached, t h e unl oadi ng w i l l f o l l o w t h e
p l a s t i c pat h ( Fi gur e 3. 12~) .
. t h e s pr i ng d i d go p l a s t i c i n compressi on, t hen i n t ensi on. Thus,
t he unl oadi ng w i l l occur al ong t h e p l a s t i c l i n e ( Fi gur e 3.12d).
A p r i o r i , i t i s not known whi ch spr i ngs w i l l become p l a s t i c and i f t her e
w i l l be l oadi ng o r unl oadi ng o f t h e s o i l spr i ngs, so t h e bes t f or mul at i on
l i n k i n g di spl acement s and s o i l r esi st ances i s
Figure 3.11. St at i c pi l e- soi l model used
i n the RSA analysis.
V ) .
2:
h2
m -
.- 5
U C
5
*
C
aJ
E
a,
U
m
-
a
m
.-
u
m
>
a,
U
C
5
C,
m
.-
V)
aJ
cx
N
.-+
m
aJ
L
3
m
.?
LL
w i t h RSi bei ng subj ect ed t o t h e same u l t i ma t e l i m i t s as di scussed e a r l i e r .
The ma t h e ma t i c a l s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m i n v o l v e s a s e t o f l i n e a r
equat i ons s ubj ec t t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s ' o f e l a s t o - p l a s t i c spr i ngs.
3.11.3.3 RSA Convergence
Accor di ng t o Hol l oway, t h e r es i dual s t r es s d i s t r i b u t i o n gener al l y remai ns
unchanged a f t e r t hr ee bl ows. Thi s means t h a t f i n a l s t a t i c di spl acement s and
s t a t i c s o i l r esi st ances w i l l not change a f t e r t hr ee bl ows w i t h t h e same Rut.
Si nce t her e i s no change i n p i l e s t r es s , t h e permanent s et due t o a bl ow w i l l
be t h e same f o r a l l t he p i l e el ement s. Usi ng t h i s concept , t h e convergence
c r i t e r i o n was chosen as f ol l ows
abs [ (dho - du ) / duo 1 < d e l
n
(3.59)
where duo and dun ar e t he pr evi ous and c u r r e n t p i l e compressi on ( t h e r e l a t i v e
di f f er enc es i n p i l e di spl acement , between gr ound l e v e l and t h e p i l e t oe, as
c al c ul at ed i n t h e s t a t i c anal yses) ; .del i s a smal l number (0.05 i n WEAP86).
The s i mp l i f i e d f l owc har t o f t h e anal y s i s ( Fi gur e 3.13) f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e s
t h i s concept . I n i t i a l t e s t r uns showed t h a t o f t e n onl y t h r e e bl ows ar e needed
t o achi eve convergence.
INITIALIZATION
I
L
7
DYNAMI C . ANALYS I S
I
S OLVE S TATI C EQUILIBRIUM
-Lr
RES I S TANCE
( END O F ANALYSI S I
Figure 3. 13. Simplified flowchart o f the RSA analysis.
3.11.4 Di scussi on o f t he RSA Approach
T h e r e i s no doubt t h a t t h e RSA b e t t e r appr ox i mat es a c t u a l p i l i n g
behavi or . A drawback o f us i ng t h e approach i s t h e f a c t t h a t many c o r r e l a t i o n
s t u d i e s have been done wi t h o u t RSA. The magni t ude o f quake and/ or s o i l
damping val ues, obt ai ned f r om such st udi es, may need adj ust ment s when usi ng
RSA. The RSA w i l l al ways produce l ower bl ow count s and hi gher p i l e st r esses.
Obvi ousl y, t her e i s a l a r g e comput at i onal e f f o r t needed t o accompl i sh t h e
RSA i t e r a t i o n s . CUWEAP and WEAP86 reduce t h e necessary amount o f comput at i on
by u t i l i z i n g t h e s t r ok e i t e r a t i o n s per f or med i n t h e st andar d di es el anal ysi s.
Al so, t h e f i n a l di spl acement val ue obt ai ned a t t h e end o f one anal y s i s i s used
as a s t a r t i n g val ue f o r t h e anal y s i s o f t h e nex t capaci t y val ue. I n any
event , however, i t w i l l be necessary t o check whet her an RSA i s needed. Thi s
need has been pr oven f o r Monotube p i l e s b u t n o t on r egul ar pi pe o r concr et e
pi l es .
A f i n a l wor d o f c aut i on seems necessary. The e f f e c t o f RSA becomes ver y
c l e a r when t her e ar e hi gh s o i l r esi st ances, i.e., when permanent set s ar e
smal l . I n t hose s i t uat i ons , t h e di f f er enc es between t he assumed el as t o-
p l a s t i c and' t he act ual non- l i near s o i l behavi or a r e p o t e n t i o n a l l y l ar ge. The
RSA i s a r e l a t i v e l y s ophi s t i c at ed approach but i t uses a r a t h e r cr ude s o i l
model. Thus, RSA onl y reduces - b u t does not e l i mi n a t e - t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r
er r or s.
3.12 Program Fl ow
. WEAP86 f i r s t reads t h e i n p u t dat a whi ch s p e c i f i e s hammer, d r i v i n g
syst em, p i l e and s o i l . It t hen set s up a lumped mass model f o r
hammer, d r i v i n g syst em, and p i l e , and d i s t r i b u t e s t h e s k i n
f r i c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t u l t i ma t e c apac i t y val ue. A des c r i pt i on o f
t h e model i s t hen pr i nt ed.
. Next t he anal y s i s t i me i ncr ement i s computed and t hen t h e ac t ual
wave equat i on i s performed. Thi s may i n v o l v e sever al i t e r a t i o n s
f o r di es el s and f o r t h e r es i dual s t r es s anal ysi s.
. A t t h e end o f an anal ysi s, extrema t abl es and var i abl es vs. t i me
ar e pr i nt ed, depending on t he user chosen out put opt i on and t hen
t he next ul t i mat e capaci t y i s anal yzed, s t a r t i n g a t st ep B.
. When a l l t h e u l t i ma t e c a p a c i t y v al ues have been anal yzed, a
summary t a b l e i s pr i nt ed; t h i s i s a numeri cal equi val ent o f a
bear i ng graph, i.e., blow count and st r esses ar e pr i nt ed as a
f u n c t i o n o f bear i ng capaci t y. I n addi t i on, st r oke and t r ans-
f e r r e d energy ar e pr i nt ed. Wave ,equati on r es ul t s can t hen be
checked by comparison wi t h f i e l d measurements.
The l o g i c f o r a di esel anal ysi s i s shown i n Fi gur e (3.14). Three basi c
st r oke opt i ons may be chosen: (a) si ngl e blow anal ysi s, ( b) st r oke convergence
f o r a f i x e d maximum pressure val ue and ( c ) maximum pressure val ue convergence
f o r a f i x e d st roke. Compl i cat i ons may ar i s e when t he st r oke becomes exces-
si vel y hi gh. For cl osed end hammers, t he hammer woul d u p l i f t and a f uel
r educt i on i s necessary. For open end di esel s t he ram may ac t ual l y bl ow out o f
t he cyl i .nder. Furthermore, a ram wi t h an excessi ve st r oke has a pot ent i al
energy whi ch i s hi gher than rat ed. Thus, i t i s a good pr ac t i c e t o reduce t he
maximum combustion pressure whenever t he maximum ( r at ed) st r oke i s exceeded,
even f o r open end di esel s. I nt r oduci ng t h i s concept i n t o WEAP86 made t he
program l o g i c very s i mi l ar f o r cl osed end and open end hammers.
3.13 WEAP and WEAP86: Summary o f Di f f er ences
The WEAP program was compl et el y r eedi t ed and many "research t ype" f ea-
t ur es were removed whi ch wer enever used i n pr act i ce. Ot her changes were
merel y desi gned t o pr ovi de b e t t e r r e a d a b i l i t y - and t r a n s p o r t a b i l i t y o f t he
code. The program' s t r ans l at i on t o FORTRAN 77 i s one such example. I t i s not
expected t h a t any problems w i l l occur when l oadi ng t h i s program on machines o f
d i f f e r e n t types. Most i mpor t ant l y, two new maj or models were b u i l t i n t o
WEAP86. F i r s t , t he thermodynamic anal ysi s f o r atomi zed f uel i n j e c t i o n was
added. Second, t he r esi dual st r ess anal ysi s opt i on o f CUWEAP was i nt roduced.
These f eat ur es were di scussed i n d e t a i l i n t h e ~ r e v i o u s sect i ons.
There has been a maj or change i n phi l osophy whi ch r e f l e c t s a new approach
I
SET STROKE
TO MAXIMUM
I
REUSE REBOUND
STROKE FOR
DOWNFALL
I
DETERMINE
REBOUND STROKE ADJUSTPRESSURE
I
I
NEXT CAPACITY
C I z I l
Figure 3.14. Flowchart for WEAP86 diesel anal ysi s.
t o t he anal ysi s o f p i l e dr i vi ng. I n WEAP t he hammer data was "hi dden" on f i l e
and onl y obvi ous parameters l i k e ram wei ght were pr i nt ed out. I n WEAP86, t he
sel ect ed hammer's complete -- data f i l e may be pr i nt ed dur i ng a computer run.
Appropri at e capt i ons were added f o r ease o f understandi ng. It i s ant i ci pat ed
t hat t h i s change w i l l make t he use o f t he program much easi er and t h a t t he
answers t o many ques t i ons can be f ound t her e. The new approach became
possi bl e a f t e r t he manufacturers agreed t o r el ease t he data t o t he publ i c. It
i s suggested t hat no data i s ent ered i n t he publ i c f i l e which has not been
rel eased by t he manufacturer.
Anot her i mpor t ant change was t he r ewr i t i ng o f t he hammer dat a f i l e . A l l
data has been checked by t he manufacturer. Di f f er ences between vari ous hammer
models have been resol ved (e.g. D 30, D 30-02,- D 30-12, D 30-23, D 30-32).
Real i s t i c ef f i c i enc i es were i ncl uded based upon t he study "The Performance o f
Pi l e Dr i vi ng Systems," (Ref. 13). These ef f i c i enc i es are:
. For a l l di esel s e = 0.8
. For SA-ASH hammers e = 0.67
. For DA-ASH hammers e = 0.5
As f a r as ef f i c i enc i es ar e concerned, t her e were no di s t i nc t i ons made
between hammers o f t he same t ype but o f d i f f e r e n t manufacture. The user i s
encouraged t o use h i s own experi ence i n choosi ng a1 t er nat e ef f i ci enci es.
As wi t h saf et y f act or s, t he ef f i c i enc y may be used t o pr ot ect t he user
agai nst . .. unforeseen problems. Greater ef f i c i enc i es shoul d be t r i e d f o r st r ess
checks and l ower ef f i ci enci es shoul d be t r i e d f or blow count pr edi ct i ons.
The di esel hammer models now r equi r e t he i nput o f a minimum st roke.
Thi s
minimum st r oke i s used as t he s t ar t i ng st r oke i f t he user d i d not pr ovi de
another i nput . The minimum st r oke i s al so an i ndi c at i on of t he r at ed st r oke
a t t he l owest f uel set t i ng.
The convergence c r i t e r i o n f o r di esel hammer st r oke i t er at i ons has been
t i ght ened from 5 t o 4 percent and from 2.5 t o 2 percent f o r open and cl osed
end di esel s, r espect i vel y. I n addi t i on, t he absol ut e di f f er ence between
down-stroke and up-st roke i s not t o exceed 2.5 percent o f t he maximum st r oke
o f a hammer.
The ef f i c i enc y - o f di esel hammers i s appl i ed t o t h e t o t a l st r oke, not j u s t
t o t h e s t r o k e above t h e p o r t s , as i n WEAP. For c l o s e d end hammers, t h e
e q u i v a l e n t s t r o k e may be ent er ed i n s t e a d o f t h e a c t u a l s t r o k e ( whi ch i s
usual l y unknown). For open end di esel s, a f uel r educt i on o f 10% i s appl i ed i f
t he hammer's st r oke exceeds t he maximum r at ed st r oke dur i ng t he anal ysi s. A
s i mi l ar r educt i on i s appl i ed f o r cl osed end di esel s i f u p l i f t i s pr edi ct ed.
Anot her improvement i s t h a t onl y raw hammer dat a needs t o be entered.
Thi s raw dat a i s obt ai ned r e l a t i v e l y eas i l y f rom t he manufacturer. No ad-
di t i onal comput at i onal work needs t o be done.
Si mi l ar l y, cushi on i nf or mat i on may onl y need t o i ncl ude area, t hi ckness,
and e l a s t i c modulus o f t he mat er i al . WEAP86 computes t he s t i f f nes s . On t he
ot her hand, t he round-out def ormat i ons, a1 so c a l l ed compressive sl acks, hi dden
i n WEAP may now be i nput by t he user. It was found from c or r el at i on st udi es,
usi ng WEAP86 out put and f i e l d measurements, t h a t s o f t plywood cushi ons may
r e a l i s t i c a l l y be modeled usi ng a l ar ge (say 0. 04-f t ) round-out def ormat i on.
Improvements i n t he i nt egr at i on method al l owed f o r a r educt i on o f t he
def aul t val ue cont r ol i ng t he maximum number - o f i t e r a t i o n cycl es per hammer
blow. WEAP had a def aul t val ue o f t hr ee i t er at i ons ; WEAP86 h a s a def aul t
val ue o f - no i t er at i ons.
WEAP l i mi t e d t he search f o r t he maximum t ensi on st r ess t o t he f i r s t 2L/c
t i me per i od a f t e r impact. Thus., onl y t he t i me up t o t he f i r s t wave r et ur n was
i ncl uded. Tensi on st resses occur r i ng a t a l a t e r t i me, as i n t he case o f hard
dr i vi ng, were not recognized. WEAP86 now searches t hroughout t he e n t i r e
anal ysi s.
I n WEAP t he p i l e wei ght - was i ncl uded i n t he computati onal procedure.
Thi s was accept abl e f o r s h o r t l and p i l e s . However, f o r o f f s h o r e p i l e s
s i gni f i c ant p i l e di spl acements may be i nt r oduced by p i l e wei ght stresses.
WEAP86 i ncl udes t he p i l e wei ght onl y i n t he r esi dual st r ess anal ysi s. Note
t hat f o r heavy pi l es, s i gni f i c ant di f f er ences i n bl ow counts must t her ef or e be
expected when comparing RSA wi t h standard WEAP86 r esul t s. The Rut val ue o f
t he RSA i ncl udes t he p i l e wei ght. Thi s shoul d be subt r act ed t o y i e l d t he
ul t i mat e p i l e t apaci t y. The Rut val ue o f standard analyses, however, i ncl udes
onl y t he l oad t hat i s appl i ed t o t he pi l e. I n ei t her case i t i s v a l i d t o add
t h e hel met wei ght ( and f o r ECH t h e assembl y wei ght ) t o t h e f i n a l WEAP86
ul t i mat e capaci t y r esul t .
The sl ackl spl i c e model i s now i dent i c al t o t he cushi onl pi l e t op models.
It added s i gni f i c ant l y t o t he numeri cal s t a b i l i t y o f WEAP86 when anal yzi ng
spl i ced pi l i ng.
4. INPUT INFORMATION
I n WEAP86, i t has been at t empt ed t o make t he i nput proceedure as si mpl e
as possi bl e. As i n any ot her wave equat i on program, i nf or mat i on about t he
hammer, d r i v i n g system, pi l e, and s o i l i s requi red. However, a hammer dat a
f i l e has been prepared whi ch cont ai ns a l l t he i nput i nf or mat i on r equi r ed f o r
t he most commonly encountered hammers. I n addi t i on, t he remai nder o f t he
i nput i nf or mat i on necessary t o run a r out i ne anal ysi s doesn' t r equi r e any hand
cal cul at i on.
4.1 Hammer Data
For hammers whose dat a has not been ent ered i n t o t he f i l e , a hammer dat a
request form, wi t h i nst r uct i ons, has been prepared. The i nf or mat i on r equi r ed
depends upon t he hammer type. A general dat a sheet f o r a l l hammer t ypes i s
shown i n Form 1. It i s suggested t h a t t h i s sheet be sent d i r e c t l y t o t he
manuf act urer f o r i nf or mat i on.
4.2 Dr i v i ng System Data
The d r i v i n g system consi st s o f t he hammer cushi on, helmet ( i ncl udi ng
s t r i k e r pl at e, i nser t s, adaptors, et c. ), and p i l e cushi on ( i n t he case o f con-
cr et e pi l es) . Form 2 d e t a i l s t he necessary i nf or mat i on.
4.3 Pi l e Data
Requi red p i l e dat a consi st s o f t o t a l l engt h, cross sect i onal area, el as-
t i c modulus and s pec i f i c wei ght, a l l as a f unct i on o f depth. Thi s i s t he so-
cal l ed p i l e pr of i l e. I n most cases, t hese val ues ar e const ant wi t h dept h and
t h e dat a i n Form 2 i s adequat e. Fo r nonuni f or m p i l e s , t h e val ues as a
f unct i on o f depth may be shown on an at t ached sheet.
4.4 So i l
-
Dependi ng on t h e pur pose o f t h e anal y s i s , compl ex s o i l anal yses may be
needed t o des c r i be t h e expect ed s o i l behavi or . I n most i nst ances, however,
e.g., when wave equat i on r e s u l t s ar e t o be used i n c onj unc t i on w i t h an ob-
ser ved bl ow count , t h e s o i l dat a does not need t o be h i g h l y det ai l ed. For
example, a s o i l p r o f i l e i n c l u d i n g SPT val ues i s s at i s f ac at or y f o r t h e pr e-
l i mi n a r y s t a t i c s o i l anal y s i s and t h e assi gnment of , admi t t edl y cr ude, damping
and quake val ues.
It i s common p r a c t i c e t o al l ow t he p i l e ' s dept h o f penet r at i on and ( r e l a -
t i v e ) . s oi l r es i s t anc e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o r emai n const ant t hr oughout a s er i es o f
anl ayses, even t hough t h e p i l e ' s u l t i ma t e c apac i t y i s made t o vary. I n ot her
words, i t i s us ual l y unnecessary t o recomput e t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
end bear i ng, quake, and damping f o r each u l t i ma t e capaci t y. Thi s s i mp l i f i c a -
t i o n i s pr obabl y t h e most conf usi ng aspect of t h e wave equat i on approach. O f
course, no bl ow count vs. dept h i nf or mat i on can be obt ai ned usi ng t h i s method.
I f a s o- c al l ed d r i v e a b l i l i t y st udy must be made, t hen i t may be necessar y
t o per f or m sever al WEAP86 r uns; i n each r un t h e s o i l par amet er s may be a l t e r e d
s o t h a t t h e y c or r es pond t o a s p e c i f i c d e p t h o f p e n e t r a t i o n . Agai n t h e
r equi r ed i nf or mat i on shoul d be ent er ed i n Form 2.
Form 1: Hammer Dat a Request Form
(1) General I nf or mat i on
Manuf act ur er ( abbr ev
ac t er s )
i a t e t o a t most char -
1.2 Model Name ( abbr evi at e t o a t most 8 char -
ac t er s )
1.3 Hammer Type (1-Open End Di esel , 2-Cl osed End
Di es el , 3- Al l Ot her )
( 2) Ram
2.1 Ram Wei ght ( k i ps ) , Wr =
2.2 Ram Lengt h ( i n ) ,
Lr =
2.3 Number o f Ram Segments (Approx. t h e ram l engt h,
i n ft, / 3)
2.4 Ram Di amet er ( i n ) , D, =
For nonuni form rams, ram di ameter shoul d y i e l d t he ef f ec t i v e ram s t i f f -
ness, kr. over t he l ength.
For example:
kl a AIE/L1
(E i s t he e l a s t i c modulus
$ k2 = A2E/L2 '
o f s t eel )
8y usi ng Ki r c hof f ' s Law. sol ve f o r t he ef f ec t i v e ram s t i f f nes s
kr = kl k2/(kl + k2) = A, E/Lr
Thus. Ar = Al AZ Lr/(A1L2 + Az L1)
and Or = ( 4 Ar 13.141)
112
I n gener al , 0 can be est i mat ed wi t h s u f f i c i e n t accuracy. I gnor e pi s t on
rods or ot her 1 i g h par t s whi ch do not d i r e c t l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n impact.. You
may j us t gi ve t he l engt h and di ameter o f t he rampoi nt. Lengt h and di ameter
ar e used f or c al c ul at i ng bot h ram s t i f f nes s and st r ess, but not ram wei ght.
Ram s t i f f nes s i s onl y i mport ant f o r hammers whi ch do not use a hammer cushion.
Form 1, cont i nued
( 3) Strokes and Ef f i ci enci es
3.1 Maximum St r oke (ft), h
3.2 Minimum St roke ( f t ) , hmi n
3.3 Hammer Ef f i ci ency, eh
For si ngl e act i ng hammers, maximum st r oke means t he r at ed st roke; i.e.
maximum st r oke t i mes ram wei ght shoul d equal t he hammer's r at ed energy. For
double act i ng hammers, t he d e f i n i t i o n o f maximum st r oke can vary. For cl osed
end di esel s, see t he not e f ol l owi ng sect i on (7). For double act i ng ECH, see
t he not e f ol l owi ng sect i on (8).
Minimum st r oke appl i es t o di esel s onl y. It shoul d be t he l owest ( r at ed)
st r oke a t which t he hammer s t i l l runs. For st ep wi se adj ust abl e f uel pumps,
t h i s i s t he st r oke correspondi ng t o t he l owest energy r at i ng. Minimum st r oke
i s used as a s t ar t i ng st r oke f o r open end di esel s.
Hammer ef f i c i enc y val ues ar e usual l y e = 0.8 f o r a l l di esel s, e = 0.67
f o r si ngl e act i ng ext er nal combustion ha&rs, e - 0.5 f or double ?di f f er -
ent i al , compound) act i ng ext er nal combustion hammeh.-
( 4) Impact Bl ock - f o r Di esel s Only
4.1 Impact Bl ock Weight ( ki ps) WI B
4.2 Impact Bl ock Length ( i n) . L
I B
4.3 Impact Bl ock Diameter ( i n) , DI E
4.4 Impact .Block Coef f i ci ent o f Rest i t ut i on, CIB
( usual l y 0.9)
4.5 Impact Bl ock Round Out Deformati on ( f t ) , dCI B ( usual l y 0.01)
( 5) Combustion Det ai l s - f o r Di esel s Only
5.1 Compressive St roke ( i n) , h
C
2
5.2 Combustion Chamber Area ( i n ), Ac
3
5.3 Combustion Chamber Volume ( i n 1, Vf
5.4 Coef f i ci ent o f Expansion, Ce ( usual l y 1.35)
5.5 Li qui d I nj ec t i on Combustion Delay (sec), td
5.6 Li qui d I nj ec t i on Combustion Dur at i on ( sec) , tcd
3
5.7 Atomized I nj ec t i on Combustion St ar t Volume ( i n 1, Vci
3
5.8 Atomized I nj ec t i on Combustion End Volume ( i n ), Vce
Note: td and t ar e f o r l i q u i d i n j e c t i o n di esel s onl y.
vCi and tce are f o r atomized i n j e c t i o n di esel s onl y.
Form 1, cont i nued
(6) Pressures - f or Di esel s Only
. .
6.1 Atmospheric Pressure ( psi ) , pa ( usual l y 14.7 p s i ) I
6.2 Maximum Combustion Pressure a t
Hi ghest Fuel Set t i ng ( psi ) . pmaxl
6.3 Maximum Combustion Pressure a t
2nd Hi ghest Fuel Set.ting ( psi ) , pmax2.
6.4 Maximum Combustion Pressure a t
3r d Hi ghest Fuel Set t i ng ( psi ) , pmax3
6.5 Maximum Combustion Pressure a t
4t h Hi ghest Fuel Set t i ng ( psi ) , pmax4
6.6 Maximum Combustion Pressure a t
Lowest Fuel Set t i ng ( psi ) , pmax5
For hamer s wi t h cont i nuousl y var i abl e f uel pump set t i ngs, gi ve onl y pmaX1.
\
For hannners wi t h l ess than 5 pump set t i ngs, l eave bot t om set t i ng( s) blank.
For hammers which have a number, of - f uel set t i ngs, but onl y pm i s known
( or cal cul at ed usi ng t he method descr i bed i n Appendix a), est i mat e pressures
k
a t l ower set t i ngs by usi ng 90% of t he pressure a t t he next hi ghest set t i ng.
(7) Bounce Chamber - f o r Closed End Oi esel s Only CONPRESS I ON TANK
W B W
7.1 Bounce Chamber Ports t o Cylinder Tap ( i n) , dc PRW. A*
2 BOUNCE
7.2 Baunce Chamber Area or Area of Piston Tap ( i n ), A~
CHAMBER
PORT
7.3 Tatal Bounce Chamber Length ( I n) . d
7.4 Safety Olstance ( i n) . dSf
3
7.5 Compression Tank Valume ( I n ). V
C t
7.6 Reaction Uelqht (kips). RWc
7.7 Coefficfent of Expansion i n Bounce Chamber, c
bp -
(usually 1.4)
For doubl e act i ng di esel s Reaei on Weight, Rw , shoul d be such t hat r at ed
energy cor r es~onds t o expansion energy i n bounce ehamber when u p l i f t i s imi-
nent pl us h Up. Th i s i nf or mat i on i s t o be obt ai ned from t he manuf act urer and
must consi der t he val ue of t he bounce chamber expansion c oef f i c i ent .
Form 1, cont i nued
(8) Ext ernal Combustion Hammer I nf or mat i on
8.l.Rated Pressure ( psi ) , p,
2
8.2 Ef f ect i ve Pi st on Area ( i n 1. Aef f
8.3 Number o f Assembly Elements, MA
8.4 Weight o f F i r s t Assembly Segment ( ki ps) , Wal
8.5 St i f f ness o f F i r s t Assembly Segment ( ki ps/ i nch) , kal
8.6 Weight o f Second Assembly Segment ( ki ps) , Wa2
8.7 St i f f ness o f Second Assembly Segment ( ki ps/ i nch) , ka2
8.8 Weight o f Thi r d ~ s s e ' mb l ~ Segment ( ki ps) , Wag
8.9 St i f f ness o f Thi r d Assembly Segment ( ki ps/ i nch) , ka3
8.10 Coef f i ci ent o f Rest i t ut i on o f Assembly, cora, ( usual l y 0.85)
8.11 Round Out Deformati on o f Assembly ( f t ) , das ( usual l y 0.01)
Note: Rated pressure and ef f ec t i v e pi st on area ar e f o r doubl e ( di f f er en-
t i a l , compound) act i ng ECH onl y, and ar e opt i onal . I f t hey ar e t o be' u s e d ,
i t em 6.3 (maximum st r oke) must be t he hammer's act ual maximum stroke. A
double act i ng ECH hammer's energy may be cal cul at ed as e i t h e r
E
= h W + h prAeff/lOOO, wi t h h t he act ual maximum st roke, or
r r
Er = h Wr, wi t h h t he " equi val ent " maximum st roke.
Mu l t i p l e assembly segments are not essent i al f o r r unni ng t he program.. A
si ngl e segment may be adequate. For hammers wi t h columns, use two segments
(MA = 2). The f i r s t assembly wei ght would be t he hammer's t op por t i on ( c y l i n-
der), t he second one would be t he bottom por t i on (hammer base). I n t h i s examp-
l e, t he k
and ka2 st i f f nesses would bot h be ent ered as doubl e t he t o t a l
st i f f ness- 8) t he hammer's columns.
( 9) M i s c el l aneous
9.1 Coef f i ci ent o f Confidence, Ccon
9.2 Date
Coef f i ci ent of Confidence f o r di esel s onl y - I f set t o 1, a statement i s
pr i nt ed i n WEAP86 put put i ndi c at i ng t hat t he hammer dat a was esti mated - not
measured.
Date shoul d be ef f ec t i v e dat e when data was obt ai ned and/or coded.
Form 2: Driving System, Pi l e and Soil Data
7
kt
+a --
+.AC-
HAPME?.
-
Manufacturer: Model :
For unccmon or drop hammers, attact! complete inionnation
including ram weight, f a l l height, efficiency, etc.
STIKE?. PL4Ti:
Weight, %. (ki ps) =
Diameter, d ( i n) =
Thickness, t ( i n) =
HAMME3 CUSHION
Material lame:
2
Cross Sect, Ac(in ) =
Thickness, thc ( i n) =
Modulus, Ec(ksi) =
Coeff. of Rei t i t , cc = -
HE!JtE
7
(including aaaptors)
Weight, Nc ( k i p s ) =
PILE CUZHION
For Concrere Pi l es
Material Name:
Cross Sect, Apc ( i n- ) =
Thic!<ness, t pc( i n) =
M o j
--
Ap
L ~ mp i e
x ( f t )
RM-
1 .O
0.9 40.0
1.0 i9.C
74
Modulus, E,c(ksi) =
Coeff. of Rest i t , qc - -
PILE
-
( i f nonuniform aixach sheet )
Material Oescription:
7
Lsngth, LD( f t ) =
Gross xc:, Ap(in-) =
Modulus, Ep(ksi) = Spec. W t , Llp(lbs/ft3) =
SOIL
-
Attach a description or if known specify:
Skin Quake ( i n ) =
Skin Damping ( s / f t ) =
Toe Quake ( i n) =
Toe Damping ( s / f t ) =
Max. Ult. CaoaciV,, Ru t ( k i p s ) =
Skin Friction ( Z ) =
4. COi st r r i ut i on of Skin Friction (sketch in graph
a t r i ght , seeeevample a t l e f t )
RM = Relative Magnitude
X
Oegth Below Top in Feet
ml xx( f t )
5. PROGRAM PERFORMANCE
5.1 I nt r oduct i on
I n t h e WEAP r epor t s o f 1976 and 1981, program performance was pr i mar i l y
j udged by t he comparison o f measured wi t h WEAP computed f or ce and v el oc i t y
curves. I n order t o produce t he cor r el at i ons, many t r i a l runs were made.
Hammer ef f i ci enci es, cushi on st i f f nesses and ot her quant i t i es were t hen ad-
j ust ed u n t i l a sat i sf act or y match was achieved. The i nput parameters t hus
der i ved d i d not l end themselves f o r general concl usi ons si nce they per t ai ned
onl y t o one par t i c ul ar dat a set.
There ar e two reasons why i t seems i nappr opr i at e t o repeat t h i s matchi ng
exerci se. Fi r s t , WEAP86 i s s i mi l ar t o WEAP (unl ess t he RSA o r A1 models ar e
used) and i t i s expected t hat f or ce and v el oc i t y matches can be achieved t hat
ar e i dent i cal wi t h t he WEAP r esul t s. Secondly, t he WEAP program performance
study d i d not show what cor r el at i ons t he user mi ght expeci when he pr edi c t s
blow count and stresses. Thus, i n or der t o pr ovi de new i nf or mat i on, t h i s
chapter. presents t he f ol l owi ng st udi es.
. Comparison o f WEAP and WEAP86 r esul t s.
. Comparison o f WEAP and CUWEAP r esul t s.
. Test Cases.
5.2 Comparison o f WEAP and WEAP86 Resul t s
As a bas i s o f comparison t he example runs i n t he WEAP manual (Volume 11)
were used. Tabl e 5.1 shows bl ow count, compressive and t ens i l e st r ess and
t r ansf er r ed energi es from t he summary t abl es o f bot h t he 1981 and 1986 Users
Manuals. The Example 9 - r esi dual st r ess - r es ul t was compared wi t h t he
equi val ent example from t he CUWEAP manual (Ref 3).
Gr eat est di f f er ences were found among t r ansf er r ed energi es and blow
counts. I f t he hammer ef f i ci enci es i n WEAP86 were as hi gh as those i n WEAP
Example
Program
Ex 9, 86
Ex l l a , CU
Ex 10a, 86
Tabl e 5.1 COMPARISON OF WEAP AND WEAP86
1 k i p = 4.45 kN; 1 ft = 3048 m; 1 k s i = kPa
- - St r esses - -
Capaci t y Tensi on Compressi on Ent hr u Bl ow Count Remarks
Ki ps k s i k s i k i p - f t BPF
Case Damping
Smi t h Damping
Case Damping
Smi t h Damping
Case Damping
Smi t h Damping
Resi dual St r es s
Anal ysi s
Case Damping
Smi t h Damping
'W ... WEAP(1981), 86 ... WEAP86, CU ... CUWEAP
t hen much l ower di f f er enc es i n bl ow count s woul d have r esul t ed. On t h e o t h e r
hand, t h e WEAP86 t r a n s f e r r e d ener gy val ues agr ee ver y we l l w i t h obser vat i ons
made dur i ng d r i v i n g us i ng dynami c measurements.
To be c ons i s t ent wi t h t h e recommendati ons made i n t h e WEAP86 documenta-
t i o n , sever al cases were r un w i t h Smi t h r a t h e r t han Case Damping. O f cour se,
t h i s change o f damping f a c t o r s a l s o caused bl ow count di f f er enc es .
The compar i sons o f Tabl e 5.1 suggest t h a t t h e WEAP86 us er make a c a r e f u l
ev al uat i on o f h i s s o i l paramet ers, s i nc e a r t i f i c i a l l y hi gh hammer per f or mance
may f or mer l y have been compensated f o r by e i t h e r h i g h s o i l damping o r t h e
expect ance o f an undef i ned amount o f s o i l setup.
5.3 Comparison o f CUWEAP and WEAP86 Resul t s
Exampl e No. 1 o f Her y' s t h e s i s ( 15) was r er un us i ng WEAP86 bot h w i t h and
wi t hout r es i dual s t r es s anal ysi s. Thi s exampl e i nc l uded a s t a t i c l oad t e s t
r e s u l t o f 96 k i p s a t 80 bl ows / f t f o r a pi pe p i l e and more t han 240 k i p s a t an
unknown bl ow count f o r a Monotube. ~ammer ; d r i v i n g system, p i l e and s o i l de-
t a i l s ar e l i s t e d i n Tabl e 5.2. ( a) wi t h CU,Exl-1 i d e n t i f y i n g t h e pi pe and
CU,Exl-2 t h e Monotube. I nput Dat a f o r WEAP86 i s gi v en i n Tabl e 5.2(b).
The b e a r i n g graphs f r om t h e r e s u l t i n g f our anal yses a r e shown i n Fi gur e
5. l ( a) and ( b) . Resul t s were a l s o compi l ed i n Tabl e 5.2 ( c) , Superi mposed
were t h e val ues t aken f r om ~ i g h r e 4-12 o f Ref er ence 15. Appar ent l y t h e normal
WEAP86 anal yses produced somewhat hi gher bl ow count s t han CUWEAP- - whi ch i s
r easonabl e si nce WEAP86 was r un wi t h a hammer e f f i c i e n c y o f 0.67 i ns t ead . of
0.8. For t h e r es i dual anal ysi s, however, t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n e g l i g i b l e .
5.4 Test Cases
5.4.1 Reanal ysi s o f Example 1, CUWEAP
Hery ( 15) t r e a t e d bot h pi pe and Monotube i d e n t i c a l l y as f a r as f r i c t i o n a l
Tabl e 5.2. Summary o f t e s t case dat a.
(1 f t = .305m, 1 i n = 25.4mm, 1 k i p = 4.45 kN1
( a) Physi cal pr oper t i es.
Pi l e Hamner Pi l e Cushlon So1 1
Case No: Type Length Are$ Name Rati ng Cushion Welght Thlckness Ski n Toe
f t i n k - f t ki ps i n
CU.EXl-1 Pipe 63.0 7.03 Yul No. 1 15 ----- .65 ---- ---- ----
CU.EXI-2 Honotube 63.8 6.97 Yul NO. ~ 15 ---- .65 ---- ---- ---.
(30' l aper)(Tl p 4.4)
Pi l eco l ar d 30'xI' 250.0 91.10
I CE Yard 24.~518 and 48.0 45.90
Concrete ( at top)
8-10 HP14x117 85.0 ' 34.40
2-24 Honotube 55.0 9.65
Gage 3 (25' Taper)(Tip 6.58)
C-6 Monotube 40.0 8.18
Gage 5 (30' Taper)(Tlp 5.19)
UP6IC-7 16. PSC 32.0 236.00
II0llow
C- LO 16' PSC 90.0 256.00
046-23 107
ICE1070 70
UKIDA55B 38
Yul 010 32.5
LB 520 27.7
Vul 010 32.5
Conmaco 160 48.8
23x2" Conb 4.00
25x2" Nylon 3.69
Urethane 1.40
H l AC 2.00
Conbest 1.50
WlAC7 2.W7
UIAC 2.001
5" HIAC .84
2" Neoprene 1.20
2' Nylon 3.20
2' Nylon 1.75
8" HIAC 2.50
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
5.5' Plywood
----
6'
----
----
Si l t y Si l t y
Clay Clay
Hard Rock
Clay
St Sand 51 Clay
Clay Sand
Sl l t y Dense
Clay T l i l
Sd C1 Sl l t y
Clay Sand
Sand 6 Sand 6
Gravel Gravel
Sand Shale
Sl l t y Silty
Sand Sand
Clay 6 Sand 6
Sand Gravel
S i l t Ueath'd
Rock
C l S l Sand
Sand
Clayey Basalt
S i l t Rock
-
3
n.
C
.?
C
---- ---
w- 0.00.. 0000..
O . -., o. ,,,,-- ,,,,-- e e VI '2 '2 VI N . 1 7 2 2
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 "
.?
-- ---
C,
m
--A
a o w " 3 . 0 0
u . . . . . . . " ! 5 3 9.y 5 %
N
---
w
w
>
m
3:
-
m
n %
-
-
e Y)
-
8 , 5:
.at- .
- 3 = ? ; ; ? 2 0 , . . e 0 2
m
m
e
-
4J i z C ooooo. d On.. a
m a- ------ --173 e " z ? " s ,"
u . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 . .
0 0 0 :
0
ar 0
Vi
m
m
m
U
I
U
n
m
C, w
!
Vi
-
C (D P1 m
C
2 2 0 - C 0 I :: -
0
1 4 1 4 I I I I N I N # m
-
3 - r -
d+ a - m.
C
5 n a *
w
U
-
c "3
9
? 5, . c U
m a- L O
L
9- w 0 0 0 0 0
9
a - o 8 8 " O o
I 2 uv1 r u - = A EST 5 0 0 2 8 Z 8 2 S Z C
*
= U N N
m N N ( D N O 0 1 N N h n
1
. . N ( D m N N U) U
>
r
L .
"
. ;I v-.. oooorr.. 030. 00
N
E; m m m m ~ ) ~ ) m m m m m m 8 8 8 6 8 6 8 D 8 P 8 2 6 ?
0
- -
2
0
-
Ln
L
-
c
-
0
N * w
-
w
7 I -
L
x
0 .d s 0
m n
D .' " r- , .
w
m
0 0 o = y o e Y
+
-
m
W.
21 3
- ,u - ., z U ) ,.,e = - -
- u I * I n n o
- 9
u u u a - 2 u r c u A P
Table 5.2. Summary of t e s t case data.
Ff el d Observations
Case No. Blow Enthru Pl l e Top
Count Force
b l f t k - f t ki ps
Cu. Exl - 1 80 N I A N /A
N/ A Cu. Exl -2 H/A ' N /A
Pi l eco Yard
ICE Yard
8-10
n-11-4
EP-250
2-24
4-14
C-6
UP6lC-7
TPZIC-8
C-I0
C- l l
C-I2
92
19
NIA
NIA
NIA
20
18
715
11
12
17
19
13
28
22
16/20
( c ) Field observations and wave equation r esul t s.
(continued.)
Wave Equatlon Resul ts
Load Enthru Hax Capacity Remarks
Test Pl l e Top at Blow
Farce Count
LI PS k - f t ki ps ki ps
96 NIA N/A 112 CUWEAP - No RSA
NIA NlA 130 CUWEAP - RSA
10.1 221 116 WEAP86 - Ho RSA
10.0 249 130 HEAP86 - WSA
8.4 226 160 YEAP86 - No RSA
8.4 231 162 WEAP86 - RSA
152R CUWEAP - No RSA
l8OR CUWEAP - RSA
160R WEAPII6 - No RSA
180R WEAP86 - RSA
210R UEAP86 - No RSA
240K WEAP86 - RSA
2500R see Fi gur e 5.4(a)
2000R see Fi gur e 5.4(b)
430 Ref. (12)
460 Ref. (12)
83 Ref. (12)
315 No RSA
345 RSA
500R Case o f Ral axat i on Re-
s t r i k e i n f o
295 l l i gh llanmer Efficiency
800 End of Dr i ve
1000 Rest ri ke I nf o.
605
815 Act ual l y not Appl i cabl e
low energy)
onst Fr l c t i o n
400 Canst End Bearing
545
Figure 5.1. Com~arison of CUWEAP and WEAP86 results. (a) pipe (b) .onofube.
d i s t r i b u t i o n , quakes and ot her s o i l par amet er s wer e concerned. For t h a t r ea-
son i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e t wo p i l e t ypes were near l y
i d e n t i c a l ( t h e i r cr oss s ec t i onal ar eas were p r a c t i c a l l y equal ). On t h e ot her
hand, i t i s known t h a t t h e Monotube devel ops r e l a t i v e l y hi gh f r i c t i o n a l r e-
s i s t a n c e v a l u e s because o f i t s t a p e r and i t s f l u t e d c r o s s s e c t i o n ( s ee
Appendi x 4 o f Ref er ence 15). I n f ac t , because o f i t s smal l p o i n t di amet er and
t h e wedge 1 i k e penet r at i on behavi or , a Monotube p i l e pr obabl y has r e1 at i v. el y
l ow end bear i ng, h i g h s k i n f r i c t i o n r es i s t anc e val ues, and smal l quakes. Thus
i t i s recommende& t o anal yze Monotubes wi t h quakes o f 0.5 i nches (1.3 mm) and
a l a r g e f r i c t i o n a l r es i s t anc e percent age. For t h e cl osed end pi pe normal
quakes (0. 1-i nch o r 2.5 mm) ar e recommended.
Her y a l s o used s k i n and t o e damping val ues o f 0.3 and 0.9 s / f t (1.0 and
3.0 s/m), r es pec t i v el y whi ch do not cor r espond t o t h e nor mal l y recommended
val ues ( see Tabl e 5, Volume 11) whi ch range f r om 0.05 t o 0.2 s / f t (0.17 t o
0.66 s/m). Si nce no s o i l d e s c r i p t i o n was gi ven, t h e hi ghes t st andar d s k i n and
t o e damping val ues o f .20 and .15 s / f t (.66 and .50 s/m) were anal yzed.
The i n p u t dat a f o r t he modi f i ed wave equat i on anal yses i s shown i n Tabl e
5.2 ( b) , w i t h r e s u l t s gi ven i n Tabl e 5.2 ( c) . Fi gur e 5.2 shows t he r e s u l t i n g
bear i ng graphs and demonst r at es a d e f i n i t e i mprovement i n c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e
Monotube when compared wi t h Fi gur e 5.1.
1
As a demonst r at i on o f t h e magni t ude o f r es i dual f or c es bot h i n p i l e and
s o i l , t h e r e s u l t s f r om t he modi f i ed dat a anal y s i s o f Her y' s Example 1 was I
used. Fi gur e 5.3 and Tabl e 5.3 show f o r bot h p i p e and Monotube t h e f or c es
!
whi ch remai ned i n s o i l and p i l e a f t e r sever al t r i a l anal yses o r bl ows. A
200- ki p u l t i ma t e c apac i t y was anal yzed. Si nce t h e p i p e had s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s
i
f r i c t i o n a l r esi st ance, i t s t or ed much l e s s ener gy t han t h e Monotube, a f a c t
t h a t i s appar ent f r om t h e p i p e ' s l ower f o r c e l ev el s . Not e t h a t t h e upper s o i l
el ement s remai ned i n a p l a s t i c st at e, however, w i t h negat i v e si gns, i .e., wi t h
downward d i r e c t e d s o i l r es i s t anc e f or ces. The gr aphs on t h e l e f t i n d i c a t e t h e
t r i a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e f r i c t i o n a l r esi st ance.
RESIDUAL
SOIL RESISTANCE
(t<lPS)
RESIDUAL
PILE FORCES
(KIPS)
PI PE
X MONOTUBE
Fi gur e 5.3. CU t e s t case 1, r esi dual f or ces a t end o f 200 k i p anal ysi s wi t h
mo d i f i e d i nput .
Table 5.3. Final residual s t r es s t abl e f or example 1, reference 15
data wi t h modified s oi l property i n p u t .
1 k i p = 4.45 kN, 1 , k s i = 6.89 kPa, 1 i n = 25.4 m.
WE;; OF 1?iri, C:: Test Case 1.6 - Pipe, New Input, RSG
R U L ~ = 200.0, RTGI = f24.1 KZFS
REiZ3UFIL VGRIFIBEI' FIT EX0 OF GNFLYS:S
NC. P-FORCZ P-9TiiE39 S-XESI9 Di i ZL.
(K;.=S) ( K S i ) ( Ki FSf (IN)
13
TOE
WG; ; PF 1386 C' Case 1.6. Monut, New I nput, RSa
RULT = 200.0, RTCE I f'C 2 KIPS
REiiIJUFIL VFIRIABLZi FIT E?JD aF aNGLYSiS
NO- P--.IIRCZ P--aT?!EiJ^ S - 9 Ei i S D ISZL -
(KiFS1 ( HSi ) ( KIPS) ( IN)
1 . 00
2 . 00
z -00
4 .27
.!
- 3-25
6 9.59
7 l?.tV
a 4~. =z
9 4a.Z
10 60.46
11 61.73
12 53-32
13 2s. 5a
TCE
5.4.2 Si mul at i on o f Hammer Test s
As a demonst r at i on o f t he d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e L. I . ( L i q u i d I n j e c t i o n )
and A.I. (At omi zed I n j e c t i o n ) model s, anal yses were made o f t h e D 46-23 and
ICE 1070 t e s t s a t t h e Pi l e c o and I CE yar ds, r es pec t i v el y . Physi cal dat a i s
gi ven i n Tabl e 5. l ( a) and dat a i n p u t s ar e summarized i n Tabl e 5. l (b). The r e-
s u l t s ar e shown i n Fi gur es 5.4(a) and ( b) w i t h p l o t s o f computed p i l e t op
f or ces, v e l o c i t i e s and combust i on pr essur es; measured pr essur es were
superi mposed on t h e computed ones. Sel ect ed numer i cal r e s u l t s ar e shown i n
Tabl e 5. l ( c) . The cor r espondi ng f i e l d measurements a r e shown i n Appendi x A.
As d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , t h e L. I . y i e l d s a p r e s s u r e c u r v e whi c h r i s e s
shar pl y a t t h e t i me o f i mpact ; t h e A.I. produces a r ec or d whi ch i ncr eases be-
f o r e i mpact and st ays f l a t f o r a c e r t a i n per i od o f t i me. The agreement f o r
t h e L.I. i s ver y good. For A.I. t h e measured pr essur e a t maximum s t r ok e ( 26
p s i bounce chamber pr essur e) was hi gher a t i mpact and l ower dur i ng expansi on
t han t h e c al c ul at ed curve. However, t h e aver age behavi or was we l l r epr esent -
ed. Al so, t h e WEAP86 s i mul at i on reduced t h e maximum pr essur e dur i ng t he an-
a l y s i s i n or der t o avoi d u p l i f t ; such a r educ t i on was a c t u a l l y made dur i ng t h e
f i e l d t e s t , and was accompl i shed' by r educi ng t h e f u e l s et t i ng.
5.4.3 Cor r el at i on Anal yses
I n h i s paper, Bl endy had anal yzed near l y f o r t y cases us i ng WEAP and ot her
programs ( 12) . Hi s concl usi on was t h a t WEAP gave good c o r r e l a t i o n s wi t h l oad
t e s t r e s u l t s eval uat ed accor di ng t o Davi sson' s c r i t e r i o n (16). He used t he
programs i n a st andar d manner w i t h damping al ways 0.05 (0.17) and 0.15 (0.50)
s / f t ( sl m) f o r s k i n and t oe, r es pec t i v el y . For cohesi ve s o i l s , t h e s k i n
dampi ng v a l u e i s u s u a l l y recommended as 0.20 s / f t (0. 66 s/m). Bo t h t h e
r e l a t i v e l y l ow damping f a c t o r s and t h e o p t i mi s t i c e f f i c i e n c y val ues o f WEAP
were compensated f o r by t h e use o f bl ow count s f r om t h e end d r i v i n g . Thus,
t he set up o f p i l e s oc c ur r i ng a f t e r d r i v i n g was p a r t i a l l y i nc l uded i n t h e pr e-
d i c t i o n , even t hough t h e b i a s o f Bl e n d y ' s r e s u l t s was t o wa r d s an under -
pr edi c t i on.
As a demonst r at i on o f what mi ght be t h e r e s u l t i f t h e WEAP86 recommenda-
t i o n s o f Volume I 1 a r e f ol l owed, t hr ee cases o f Bl endy' s paper were r eanal yzed
by WEAP86. They were l abed B-10, M-11-4 and EP-250. Agai n, Tabl es 5. l ( a) ,
(b), and ( c ) l i s t a l l p e r t i n e n t i nf or mat i on. Hi gher damping val ues and l ower
h a me r e f f i c i e n c y produced r educt i ons o f pr edi c t ed bear i ng c apac i t y f r om
Bl endy' s 580, 580, and 120 k i p s (2580, 2580, and 530 kN) t o 430, 460, and 83
k i p s (1910, 2050, and 370 kN). The cor r espondi ng s t a t i c t e s t l oads were 610,
560, and 150 k i ps (2710, 2490, and 670 kN). It i s bel i ev ed t h a t set up i ndeed
added consi der abl e capaci t y, p a r t i c u l a r l y si nce t h e f r i c t i o n a l s oi 1 s cont ai ned
c l a y i n a1 1 t hr ee cases.
The r emai ni ng cases were t aken f r om t h e aut hor s ' c ons ul t i ng pr ac t i c e.
They d i d not al ways i nc l ude a compl et e knowl edge o f d r i v i n g syst em components,
but t hey d i d i nc l ude measurement r e s u l t s such as maximum p i l e t op f or c e and
t r ans f er r ed energy.
Case 2-24 was anot her Monotube anal yzed by bot h normal and RSA anal ysi s.
The RSA i mproved bot h f or c e and capaci t y pr edi c t i on, al t hough n o t ver y s i g n i -
f i c a n t l y . Some addi t i onal set up c apac i t y gai ns ar e ant i c i pat ed.
I t i s n o t al ways per mi ssabl e t o specul at e on c apac i t y gai ns due t o set -
up. The next p i l e i n t h e st udy, 4-14, was an H- Pi l e d r i v e n i n t o shal es. It
was dr i v en t o v i r t u a l r ef us al (48 bl ows per i nch, BPI, o r 1900 blows/m, BPM),
whi ch i ndi c at es a 500- ki p (2300 kN) capaci t y accor di ng t o WEAP86. A r e s t r i k e
showed onl y' 26 BPI (1000 BPM) a t much l ower ener gi es and d r i v i n g f or ces. Dur-
i n g a mai nt ai ned l oad t e s t t he p i l e onl y suppor t ed 364 k i p s (1650 kN). Such
cases o f r el ax at i on ar e not uncommon when p i l e s ar e d r i v e n i n t o shal e (see f o r
example Ref erence 17).
Case C-6 was a Monotube anal yzed by RSA. Thi s case was unusual i n t h a t
t h e observed t r ans f er r ed energy was near l y t wi c e as hi gh as commonly measured
on LB440 hammers. Thi s case was, t her ef or e, anal yzed wi t h 95 i ns t ead o f 80
per cent hammer ef f i c i enc y . The r e s u l t s t hen showed r easonabl y good agreement.
I n gener al , however, t h e st andar d e f f i c i e n c y shoul d be used unl ess measure-
ments would i ndi cat e t hat t he gi ven hammer performs bet t er t han average.
For WP6/C-7, bot h end of dr i v e and r es t r i k e data was avai l abl e. The l oad
t e s t i ndi cat ed 950 ki ps (4300 kN). WEAP86 pr edi ct ed 800 k i ps (3600 kN) a t
end-of -dri ve and 1000 ki ps (4500 kN) a t begi nni ng o f r est r i ke. Thus, a much
bet t er cor r el at i on was achieved by consi der i ng setup ef f ect s. Note t hat t he
r es t r i k e over pr edi ct i on was pr i mar i l y due t o a l ower than assumed hammer
output (see t r ansf er r ed energi es i n Tabl e 5.l (c).
Case TP2/C-8 i s t y pi c al f o r si t uat i ons where t he s t a t i c t e s t was not car -
r i e d t o f ai l ur e. A t r ue comparison o f pr edi ct ed and computed capaci t i es i s
then not possi bl e.
The dat a f o r Case C-10 agai n i ncl udes r es t r i k e r esul t s. Note, however,
t he extremel y low t r ansf er r ed energy measured dur i ng r es t r i k e, i n cont r ast t o
t he end of dr i v i ng value. The end o f dr i v e r esul t s agai n underpredi cted, and
because o f t he poor hammer energy, t he r es t r i k e r es ul t s s l i g h t l y overesti mated
t he ul t i mat e p i l e beari ng capaci t y.
The l a s t two cases agai n demonstrate a nonf ai l i ng s t a t i c l oad t e s t and
t he ef f ec t o f setup as determi ned through r est r i ki ng. These two cases were
al so used t o demonstrate t he two nonstandard f r i c t i o n opt i ons o f WEAP86. Note
t hat commonly, wave equati on runs ar e made under t he assumption t hat end
beari ng and ski n f r i c t i o n are a f i x ed percentage o f each Rut val ue analyzed.
WEAP86 al so of f er s a f i x ed f r i c t i o n opt i on ( si mul at i ng a dr i v i ng i n t o r ock) or
a f i xed end beari ng ( appl i cabl e where f r i c t i o n i s unknown and end bear i ng i s
i ns i gni f i c ant or r at her wel l known).
5.5 Summary
The measured and pr edi ct ed val ues o f maximum p i l e t op f or ces i n Tabl e 5.1
were convert ed t o st r ess and cor r el at ed i n Fi gur e 5.5. Si mi l ar p l o t s were
made wi t h ENTHRU (maximum t r ansf er r ed energy) and bear i ng capaci t y as shown i n
Fi gures 5.6 and 5.7 r espect i vel y. A1 1 cor r el at i ons were r e l a t i v e l y unbi ased
and t h e i r er r or s ar e near o r wi t h i n t he 20 percent l i nes. Note t h a t i n many
cases, end o f dr i vi ng, i nst ead o f r e s t r i k e i nf or mat i on, was used f o r capaci t y
pr edi ct i ons.
MEASURED PILE TOP STRESS IN KSI (CONCRETE]
10 KSI (STEEL]
Figure 5.5. Correlation of pile top stress from WEAP86 and
measurements (10 cases).
10 20 30 40 50
MEASURED ENTHRU (KIP-FT)
Figure 5.6. Correlation of ENTHRU from pile top
measurements.and WEAP86- (10 cases).
LOAD TEST ULTIMATE CAPACITY (KIPS)
Figure 5.7. Correlation of load test and WEAP86
ultimate capacity (12 cases).
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
WEAP86 has added a consi derabl e amount o f new models and comput at i onal
pr ocedur es. Th i s s e r i e s o f manual s at t empt s t o r educe t h e amount o f
"guessi ng" o f i nput dat a and i ncrease t he amount o f " sel ect i ng" . ( A t t he same
t i me i t has been at t empt ed t o pr ovi de t he engi neer wi t h as much l a t i t u d e i n
model i ng as possi bl e, t hus enabl i ng him t o si mul at e act ual f i e l d condi t i ons) .
For t he user who has been usi ng WEAP and has performed c or r el at i on runs,
t he f ol l owi ng shoul d be remembered.
. The reduced hammer ef f i c i enc y val ues i n WEAP86 w i l l t end t o make
h i s pr edi ct ed capact i es somewhat l ower. I t i s bel i eved t h a t
t hese l ower capaci t i es ar e more r e a l i s t i c when compared t o " at
t i me o f dr i v i ng" s o i l behavi or.
. Fo r Monotubes, t h e r e s i d u a l s t r e s s a n a l y s i s (RSA) o p t i o n i s
recommended. Thi s w i l l t end t o make t he pr edi ct ed st resses and
c apac i t i es hi gher. Under pr edi ct i ons are, however, s t i l l ant i c-
i pat ed, p a r t i c u l a r l y when end- of - dr i ve f i e l d blow counts ar e used
i nst ead o f begi nni ng o f r e s t r i k e blow counts.
Other general concl usi ons are:
. Good capaci t y cor r el at i ons r equi r e r e s t r i k e i nf or mat i on.
. Average hammer performance parameters i ncl uded i n WEAP86 may
over est i mat e or underest i mat e t he act ual hammer out put , y i e l d i n g
e i t h e r low o r hi gh pr edi ct i ons o f st r esses and bear i ng capaci -
t i es .
. Pr oper l y appl i ed, t he pr edi ct ed r es ul t s shoul d have an er r or l ess
t han 20 percent.
The cur r ent work i s onl y anot her st ep towards more accurat e anal ysi s o f
p i l e dr i vi ng. I n par t i c ul ar , dynamic s o i l behavi or i s an area whi ch r equi r es
f ur t her st udy; s o i l damping and s o i l set up f act or s ar e d i f f i c u l t t o est i mat e,
and uncer t ai nt i es i n t hese val ues can have gr eat i nf l uence on t he accuracy o f
beari ng capaci t y pr edi ct i ons by t he wave equati on.
APPENDIX A: RESULTS FROM HAMMER PERFORMANCE TESTS
A.l I n t r o d u c t i o n
The r esear ch and c o n s u l t i n g p r a c t i c e o f t h e aut hor s pr ovi ded oppor t uni -
t i e s f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f hammer and p i l e per f or mance dat a. O f p a r t i c u l a r
i n t e r e s t f o r t he devel opment o f WEAP and WEAP86 wer e t hose dat a . set s whi ch
i ncl uded pr essur e measurements i n t h e combust i on chamber o f di es el hammers.
F o r t h e devel opment o f WEAP86, a t o t a l o f 55 dat a s et s i n v o l v i n g 21 d i f -
f e r e n t hammer model s were i nv es t i gat ed and cat al ogued. Examples o f pr essur e
vs. t i me cur ves, o f t e n t oget her wi t h p i l e t o p measurements, were compi l ed f r om
measurement r epor t s and t hen eval uat ed. The pr essur es were a l l r ecor ded w i t h
p i e z o e l e c t r i c t r ansducer s o f 1 s t i me const ant . Thus, some l e a k - o f f may have
occur ed and reduced t h e r ecor ded pr essur es. Al so, t he t r ansducer s someti mes
s uf f er ed f r om ext reme exposur e t o heat , and i ncompl et e dat a s et s may have
r esul t ed.
A.2 Ev al uat i on Pr ocedur e
A summary o f t h e r e s u l t s i s gi ven i n Tabl e Al . These val ues ar e, i n .
gener al , averages over a number o f bl ows. I n gener al , bot h maximum p i l e t o p
f or c e and t r a n s f e r r e d ener gy were c al c ul at ed f r om p i l e t o p s t r a i n and ac c el -
e r a t i o n measurements and i nc l uded i n Tabl e Al . From t h e pr essur e r ecor ds,
f our c h a r a c t e r i s t i c val ues were ext r act ed:
. Pr e i g n i t i o n pr essur e whi ch i s measured a t t h e t i me o f i mpact o f
l i q u i d f u e l i n j e c t i o n ( 1 . ) hammers. The t i me o f i mpact i s
e a s i l y i d e n t i f i e d i f p i l e t op r ecor ds ar e av ai l abl e. Ther e t h e
f o r c e s and v e l o c i t i e s show a shar p r i s e appr oxi mat el y 112 ms
a f t e r t h e i mpact occur r ed i n t h e hammer.
F o r at omi z ed f u e l i n j e c t i o n (A. I . ) hammers, t h e p r e i g n i t i o n
p r e s s u r e was i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e t i me when a sudden p r e s s u r e
m . Y hY- ---- u Y A Y Y CC' C' C' C ----
C w VI P m m t
- c a n V I V I V I Y )
PPPPP m m m a
w o - w a a a a ~c hh h
0000 nnnnn VI VI Y) " ,
d 0 L L L C
a a a a
*;v ,I
NNNN N m WWu C L L L
w w w w
z L L L L
I1
0 b: CT L L L L
m ~ - - - w w w w
m
+
m
u
m
C 00 0000 s z E E z SWh- N V U V W
C) - w V , E 4, -,,,
m v v v v v v
3 ----
E
z - E C
--- 3.
m o m o 0 0 0 0
g L C - E
Z I P U U U U U
0
Y
-
1
VI al
m Y
0 u w
L 'C
u
2 s 1" ?9 s
w w m o
aJ V)
4
+I Y. mmm
w . . .
h w m o
4
U
s
m
h
x m u
m L'C
u ' ":??? ".0.0."1'9 9999
F
Z
0 = SL 4 - t - r (
0 0 WOUW O N h O W d h m h
r t N N m N -4-NN
't
W
w
w
a x u w
m L n
00 0000
m m N Y)Y)Wm
u m ~ ) h m u o o o o
E 0- m w w c m u m
ZZZTZ mmWWm N WO O
w
L - Y ---*
N m m m m N " O d
E
" ANN
t;
m
I C C
L I CI VI
9
~ L E
?9; ym. 9; 9 u ? " m
. . .
9390.9 m m ~ u
. . .
-
- o - N e- 3 m NNNN mmmmm N - - 4 -
2
h
aJ w m
- E-V,
- W E ? ?? yo? U). 9 ???'? 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
m m m "
n
m b - 0 N 0 00 0 0 NNNd 00000 d d d d
6-
C
u- 0
m
0 -0 mmmm o m o o m 0000
w n V I
L E P ..
2:: % Ln m w h o m ohNu,a, N - - m
-
- 0 O N rt m m m o - m w h h w ~ m m m
a v - 4 - 4 - - r( -MA.-,
VI
"7 C
w u
L m
CL ^--. 0
W V l m
00 00 V) 0 o m o v , 00000 0000
L O u
uu c o 2 N NO- N m o o m m u m m ~
0.
UU LDI f m U U U ~ ~ U I O ~ LC- =-
E
.r m
C, C
E - w v ,
S E E
8 -7"-
- L C E
a
--- ---- L - -- 7- - L m m --
m a w m m m m n m m m n w w m m
v,UIUI UI UI v, UI A", v)' "v, n "3 UI
a a a a f a a a % 2 a a a a a
L L C LLLL O L LL LLL w L L
w w w w w w w o w w w w w w m w w
L L L L L L L r n ~ L L L L L L L
E E E m a w - mO m - 0 - - E - E
L L L 2% - m --u 0 O L O L
z z z
v 0 o m o m
U u z u 3
2 m Y Y? ? N
r - m o h m m o
NCO T S ' D m. COCO I S
-
~ m mmm w WID m a
m N
? ? Y ???? COY 1 4 21": 9 9 9 9%
h - m h o ~ m m 2 m N W W u u w - 4
-NN OL C) WW -PIN r( * A
000 0000 0 0 00 00- 0 c m N-
o m m NOOO ~ m m- m w m w W N hh
w h m N V ) O O ~ w w - N s m m m a m - d
M e - NNNN --
?Yo? Y ? ? Y Y Y 2 N . 2 5 9 ?? Y":
NNN - 4 4- u N m u N NN --
000 m m n m c o mu, o o o o o o o o
9 u m 0 m m 0 n m - h W W L a w w w n
m w a - N N ~ a m u c r mmm m u a mm
----
Tabl e A l . Hammer per f or mance measurement dat a. ( cont i nued. )
lla~nmer Set- Pressure Time I g t n Max Max St roke Dr i vi ng Dr i v i ng
Model t i n g Pr ei gt n Cmbtn Del ay Dr t n Force Energy Time Cond.
ps i p s i ms ms k i ps k - f t f t mins
Dermingham 8225 Max 610 1410 2.2 1.0 175 1.9 5.7 cool ' r ef usal
Max 1390 1440 0.0 1.0 161 1.8 9.7 warm r ef usal
Dertningham 8400 Max 830 1340 0.5 1.5 367 7.0 9.2 cool r ef usal
Max 1100 1330 0.0 1.9 327 7.2 8.3 warm r ef usal
I C E 440 15 p s i 270 870 -3.2 10.0 270 1.7 ** war m r ef usal
18 ps i 290 910 -2.3 9.4 380 2.8 ** warm r ef usal
21 p s i 300 950 -2.4 9.9 480 . 4.2 ** warm r ef usal
I CE 1070 10 psi 250 714 -2.8 13.7 530 3.2 ** 23 r ef usal
16 psi 270 954 -2.2 14.4 730 8.0 ** 21 r ef usal
20 ps i 280 1038 -1.4 15.2 810 11.0 **
..a 19 r ef usal
-. m 26 p s i 320 1134 -1.1 14.8 1020 19.0 ** 16 r ef usal
KOBE KC-45 MAX 445 790 1.1 1.5 677 14.8 9+ <5 EASU
NA - not avai l abl e
* * See I C E conversi on char t s f o r act ual and equi val ent st r oke from bounce chamber pressure.
Pi le/Capblock
Det ai l
as f or Bermingham 8200
as f or Bermingham 8200
Pi pe 24" x 518" x 48'
Nylon 2" Alum 0.5"
x 22.5" square
Pi pe 24" x 5/8" x 48'
Nyl on 2" Axlum 0.5"
x 25" square
PSC 24" OCT. x 95'
i nc r eas e was apparent . Thi s t y pe o f p r e i g n i t i o n pr essur e was
onl y pr esent i n t h e ICE 440 and ICE 1070 dat a.
. Combust i on pr essur e, a l s o o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o as maximum pr essur e,
Pmax
, was t aken as an aver age over appr oxi mat el y 2 ms. Aver agi ng
was onl y necessar y where t h e pr essur e r ecor ds cont ai ned h i g h
f r equency waves. These waves were al ways f i l t e r e d t o some degr ee
by t h e r ec or di ng apparat us.
. - Ti me del ay, a l s o c a l l e d combust i on del ay, i s t h e t i me between
i mpact and i g n i t i o n . It i s negat i v e i f i g n i t i o n occur s bef or e
i mpact . Sometimes a c l e a r t i me o f i g n i t i o n i s not appar ent and
p a r t i a l combust i on may have t aken pl ac e bef or e i mpact ; t hen t h e
t i me d e l a y was s e t t o z er o, a l t h o u g h , s t r i c t l y s peak i ng, i t
s houl d be some negat i ve val ue. Thi s e a r l y p a r t i a l combust i on
of t en occur s i n hot hammers and i ndi c at es some p r e i g n i t i o n .
. I g n i t i o n Dur at i on i s t h e t i me per i od between i g n i t i o n and t h e
o c c u r r e n c e o f pmax. Because o f t h e r ounded b e h a v i o r o f t h e
c u r v e s , s t r a i g h t l i n e a p p r o x i ma t i o n s wer e used t o o b t a i n an
appr oxi mat e r es ul t . Bot h t i me del ay and i g n i t i o n d u r a t i o n ar e
r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e comput at i onal paramet ers.
A.3 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
A.3.1 D-12 DATA
The Del mag 0-12 hammer was t es t ed on May 14, 1975 i n t h e y a r d o f The
Foundat i on Equi pment Cor por at i on, whi ch was t hen l oc at ed i n Newcomerstown,
Ohio. Ni net een d i f f e r e n t t e s t s , i n c l u d i n g b a t t e r e d p i l i n g , modi f i ed f u e l ,
modi f i ed hammer compressi on, et c. were run. The f i r s t t e s t (No. I ) was wi t h -
out hammer modi f i c at i on on a 40 f t (12 m) HP 12x53 p i l e . Not e t h a t t h e 0-12
hammer has a s i n g l e s e t t i n g f u e l pump. The r ecor ds showed a l a r g e combust i on
del ay when c o l d ( e a r l y i n t h e r ecor d) and a s hor t er one when warm ( l a t e ) .
Si nce t hese t es t s were performed, modi f i cat i ons may have been made t o t h i s
hammer; t he cur r ent r epor t ed f act or y maximum pressure val ue (1400 ps i o r 7400
kPa) d i f f e r s from t he one measured i n 1975 and l i s t e d i n Tabl e A 1 (1050 p s i o r
9870 kPa). The f act or y dat a was checked and found t o y i e l d good r e s u l t s wi t h
hammers o f cur r ent manufacture.
Compar at i ve performance t es t s were conducted on a Oelmag D-15 and an FEC
1500 (see 0.3.11). An 18x.5 i nch (450x12 mm) pi pe o f 30- f t (10 m) l engt h was
dr i ven t o rock t o pr ovi de an unyi el di ng t e s t stand. The hammers were c o l d
dur i ng easy d r i v i n g and hot dur i ng hard dr i vi ng.
A.3.3 Oelmag D-16-32 Test
Pi l eco o f Houston, t he US d i s t r i b u t o r o f Oelmag Hammers, sponsored t hese
t es t s i n i t s yar d on Jul y 24, 1984. The Pi l e c o t e s t st and consi st s o f a 30x1
i nch (750x25 mm) pi pe o f 250- f t (75 m) l engt h, p a r t i a l l y f i l l e d wi t h concret e,
and dr i ven t o r ef usal .
The D-16-23 i s equipped wi t h a 4-step f uel pump whi ch al l ows f o r a c a l i -
br at ed f uel adj ustment. Duri ng t he t es t , measurements were conducted f o r a l l
but t he No. 3 f uel set t i ngs.
A.3.4 Oelmag 0-22-02 Test
T h i s t e s t was' conduct ed on November 10, 1977, agai n i n t h e y a r d o f
Pi l ec o. Un f o r t u n a t e l y , good q u a l i t y p i l e f o r c e r ec or ds d i d n o t r e s u l t .
However, pressure records f rom t he chamber o f t he 0-22-02 were usef ul . The
0-22-02 used a medium-high pressure i n j e c t i o n whi ch produces a f uel spray
between t he l i q u i d and t he atomi zed st at e.
A.3.5 Delmag D-30
The t e s t was conduct ed on t h e 0-30 hammer on J u l y 26, 1971. The l o c a t i o n
was t h e FEC y a r d ( see A.3.1) and t h e p i l e d r i v e n and t e s t e d was an HP 12x53 o f
76- f t (23 m) l engt h. The D-30 had a 10- st ep f u e l pump. Test s were conduct ed
on s e t t i n g s 4, 6, 8, and 10 (No. 10 i s hi ghes t s et t i ng) .
A.3.6 Delmag D-30-02
T h i s hammer was t e s t e d on an ac t ual c ons t r uc t i on s i t e i n New Phi l adel -
phi a, Ohi o on September 13, 1976. The t e s t p i l e was a 12-3/4x.288 i nc h (330x7
nun) cl osed end pi pe o f 94 f t l engt h. Sever al t e s t s were conduct ed, i n c l u d i n g
some w i t h d i f f e r e n t f u e l t y pes . The 0- 30- 02 has a 4- s t ep f u e l pump and
pr essur e r ecor ds were t aken f o r a l l f o u r s et t i ngs . For t h e maximum s e t t i n g
bot h e a r l y and l a t e r ecor ds were eval uat ed ( Tabl e Al ) .
I t s houl d be not ed t h a t s i mi l a r t o t h e D-22-02, t h e 0-30-02 ' u t i l i z e d
medium-high pr essur e i n j e c t i o n . It i s bel i ev ed t h a t t hese hammer model s have
been modi f i ed s i nc e t h e t i me t h a t t h e pr esent t e s t r e s u l t s were obt ai ned be-
cause t h e -02 s er i es model s t ended t o p r e i g n i t e . Thus, i t i s pos s i bl e t h a t
d i f f e r e n t pr essur e h i s t o r i e s woul d be obt ai ned t oday.
Three hammers o f t h e Delmag 23 s er i es were t e s t e d on December 9 and 10 on
t he Pi l e c o t e s t st and i n Houston. Comparing e a r l y and l a t e r ecor ds, i t became
appar ent t h a t t h e combust i on del ay was l o s t as t he hammer warmed up. The
Tabl e A 1 r e s u l t s were a l l f r om e a r l y r ecor ds.
A.3.8 Delmag 0-36-23
For t h i s hammer, r ecor ds f o r HS1, 2, and 4 were eval uat ed.
On s e t t i n g 3,
i
probl ems wi t h t h e pr essur e t r ansducer ar ose dur i ng t h e t e s t . For f u r t h e r de-
t a i l s , see A.3.7.
A.3.9 Delmag 0-46-23
Chamber pr essur e and p i l e t o p v e l o c i t y r ecor ds f r om t h e Delmag D-46-23
ar e show'n i n Fi gur e Al . For f u r t h e r d e t a i l s see A.3.7. Thi s dat a was a l s o
used f o r a program example r un (see Chapt er 5).
A.3.10 Delmag 0-80-12
Bet ween Febr uar y 14 and 16, 1984 a hammer per f or mance t e s t was agai n r un
a t t h e Pi l e c o t e s t st and i n Houston. The 0-80-12 has f o u r f u e l pump s et t i ngs ,
and f o r each one o f t hese s et t i ngs , pr essur e, p i l e t o p f or c e and p i l e t o p v el -
o c i t y were recorded.
A.3.11 FEC 1500
A t t h e same t i me a t whi ch t h e D-15 t e s t s were per f or med ( see A.3.2), r e-
cor ds were a l s o t aken on t h e FEC 1500 model. Thi s hammer was a pr ot ot y pe a t
t he t i me o f t es t i ng. The val ues gi ven i n Tabl e A1 were t aken as an average
over a l a r g e number o f r ecor ds.
A.3.12 FEC 2800
The Foundat i on Equi pment Cor por at i on per f or med t h i s t e s t i n Newcomers-
town, Ohi o on A p r i l 4, 1980. They dr ove an 18x1/ 2 i nc h (450x12 mm) pi pe t o
rock. Agai n, measurements o f p i l e t o p f or ce, p i l e t op ac c el er at i on and hammer
pr essur e were t aken a t f i v e f u e l pump s et t i ngs . Not e t h a t t h e FEC 2800 i s
i d e n t i c a l t o t h e FEC 3000 but w i t h a 2800 i ns t ead o f 3000 kg ram.
A.3.13 FEC 3000(1980)
At t h e t i me o f t h e FEC 2800 t e s t s , an FEC 3000 hammer was a l s o t e s t e d un-
der s i mi l a r condi t i ons.
Figure A l . Pressure records together with pile top velocity, for timing
reference, for the 946-23 hammer a t setting 2.
A.3.14 FEC 3000(1983)
Af t er t he Foundati on Equipment Cor por at i on had moved t o Dover, Ohio, i t
i ns t al l ed a t e s t stand consi st i ng o f a 20x0.8 i nch (500x20 mm) pi pe o f 200- f t
(60 m) l ength. The pi pe was dr i ven t o r ef usal and t he performance of t he FEC
3000 hammer was agai n i nvest i gat ed on Apr i l 4, 1983.
Thi s was an excel l ent oppor t uni t y t o t e s t a s i mi l ar hammer under somewhat
di f f er ent condi t i ons. Note t hat t he 200- f t (60 m) p i l e has a very l ong t i me
of wave t r avel compared t o t he 75- f t (23 m) pi pe t est ed i n Newcomerstown.
Thus, t he p i l e rebound occured t oo l a t e t o be benef i ci al t o a hi gh ram rebound
and st rokes and t r ansf er r ed energi es stayed r e l a t i v e l y low.
A.3.15 FEC 3400
Together wi t h t he FEC 3000 t e s t a new 3400 model was al so t est ed i n 1983.
he record appearance was not very d i f f e r e n t from t he one obt ai ned f o r t he
FEC 3000(1983).
A.3.16 Berminghammer B 200
On October 10, 1983, a t e s t was conducted on t hr ee types o f Berming-
hammers i n t he yar d of t he Berminghammer Cor por at i on i n Hami l ton, Ont ari o.
Thei r t es t stand consi st ed sof a 24x0.5 i nch (610x12 mm) pi pe, pr ot ect ed by 16
i nches (400 mm) of t i mber and a 4-i nch (100 mm) Micarta/Aluminum assembly.
The t e s t stand pi pe was a t r ef usal . The f or ces and t r ansf er r ed energi es i n
t h e p i l e ar e ver y l ow because o f t h e 16- i nc h t i mber cushi on whi ch was
sandwiched between heavy st eel pl at es and rubber sheets.
A.3.17 Berminghammer B 225
The t e s t was conducted as i n A.3.16. Agai n two records ar e shown f o r a
hot and a col d hammer. Again t he t r ansf er r ed energi es and p i l e t op f or ces
were very low because o f t he cushi oni ng.
A.3.18 Berminghammer 8400
Agai n r ef er ence i s made t o t h e t e s t d e s c r i p t i o n i n 8.3.16.
A.3.19 ICE 440
On Sept ember 20, 1982, bot h t h e ICE 440 and 1070 hammers were t e s t e d i n
t h e ICE y a r d a t Matthews, NC. The ICE t e s t st and c ons i s t ed o f a 24x518 i n c h
pi pe f i l l e d wi t h concr et e t o al most i t s - t o p . Thi s pi pe had been d r i v e n t o r e-
f us al . The r ecor ds pr esent ed f o r t h e ICE hammers a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y us ef ul s i nc e
t hese u n i t s have at omi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n .
The ICE hammers have a cont i nuousl y adj us t abl e f u e l pump and t e s t s were
conduct ed wi t h reduced f u e l amounts such t h a t a pr edet er mi ned bounce chamber
pr essur e was achi eved. Because o f t he r ef us al s i t u a t i o n , f u l l f u e l c oul d have
caused t he hammer t o u p l i f t . For t h i s r eason i t cannot be expect ed t h a t t h e
hammer t r ans f er r ed energy t o i t s f u l l e s t p o t e n t i a l . A pr essur e r ecor d, c or r e-
spondi ng t o 21 p s i bounce chamber pr essur e i s shown i n Fi gur e A2; p i l e t o p
f or c e and v e l o c i t y were i nc l uded t o al l ow f o r a det er mi nat i on o f t h e t i me o f
i mpact .
A.3.20 ICE 1070
The gener al remarks o f A.3.19 ar e appl i c abl e. Records f o r t h e 26 p s i
bounce chamber pr essur es a r e pr esent ed i n Fi gur e A3. They i nc l ude p i l e t o p
f or c e and v e l o c i t y f o r t i mi n g purposes. Because o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n o f
t h e access hol e of t h e pr essur e t r ansducer , t h e ram t empor ar i l y bl ocked t h i s
passage and caused an e r r a t i c r eadi ng o f s hor t dur at i on. It i s f e l t t h a t t h e
sudden hi gh val ues ar e i n c o r r e c t and t h a t t h e ac t ual combust i on pr essur e be-
haves as smoot hl y as f or t h e 440 hammer. An exampl e WEAP86 r un was a l s o made
and di scussed i n Chapt er V.
. cr8. 2! PC,
- !a i % ?
9.4 it/s
I
800 kips -
1000 psi
Figure A2. Pressure in hammer, force and velocity at top of pile stand
measured on ICE 440 hammer.
9.4 f t / s
1200 ki ps
1000 p s i
Figure A3. Pressure in hammer, force and velocity at top o f pile stand
measured on ICE 1070 hammer.
A.3.21 Kobel co KC45
T h i s hammer a l s o f eat ur es at omi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n . However, i t i s an
open end hammer and i t s pr essur e r ec or d was v er y s i mi l a r t o t h a t o f i mpact
at omi zat i on hammers bef or e i mpact . A f t e r i mpact i t shows t h e f l a t behavi or o f
at omi zed f u e l combust i on. The r ecor ds were t aken on an ac t ual c ons t r uc t i on
s i t e i n Seat t l e, Washington on .a 24-inch (610 mn) octagonal prestressed pi l e.
APPENDIX 0: CALCULATION OF pmax
I f no measurements ar e a v a i l a b l e and i f t h e hammer manuf act ur er does not
know pmax, t hen i t i s pr oposed t o per f or m t h e f o l l o wi n g anal y s i s f o r hammers
wi t h i mpact at omi zat i on.
( 1) Assume td = 0.001 and tcd = 0.002 s
( 2) Assume c = cd = 1.35
P
( 3 )
Assume pmax = 1100 p s i ( 7 7 0 0 kPa)
P e r f o r m an a n a l y s i s w i t h a 50 f o o t ( 15m) l o n g p i l e h a v i n g a c r o s s -
s ec t i onal ar ea matched t o t h e hammer si ze. The s o i l r es i s t anc e shoul d be hi gh
enough t o cause r ef us al . The const ant hammer s t r o k e opt i on shoul d be chosen
wi t h an i n p u t s t r ok e equal t o t h e r at ed st r oke. The anal y s i s w i l l gi ve, as a
r e s u l t , t h e maximum pr essur e val ue, pmax, cor r espondi ng t o t h e r at ed hammer
performance. However, f o r more conser vat i ve r e s u l t s i t may be adv i s abl e t o
use onl y 90% o f t he r at ed s t r ok e as an i n p u t t o t h e t r i a l anal ysi s.
F o r at omi z ed f u e l i n j e c t i o n hammers, a s i mi l a r ' p r o c e s s may be used.
However, V . and V must be ac c ur at el y known and cannot be assumed. The
c 1 ce -
t her mal c o e f f i c i e n t s , c and c may a g a i n b e s e t equal t o 1.35. The
P d '
r e s u l t i n g pmax may be as l ow as 900 p s i (630 kPa).
REFERENCES
1. Gobl e, G. G. and Rausche, F., "Wave Equat i on Anal y s i s o f P i l e Dr i v i n g -
WEAP Program," Volumes 1 t hr ough 4, FHWA #IP-76-14.1 t hr ough #IP-76-14.4,
J u l y 1976.
2. Gobl e, G. G. and Rausche, F., "Wave Equat i on Anal yses o f P i l e Dr i v i n g -
WEAP Program," Volumes 1 t hr ough 4, FHWA #IP-76-14.1 t hr ough #IP-76-14.4,
Updated March 1981.
3. Goble, G. G., Rausche, F., and Hery, P., "Col or ado Un i v e r s i t y Modi f i ed
Wave Equat i on Anal ysi s o f P i l e Dr i v i n g - CUWEAP Program," Volume 2, Depar t -
ment o f Ci v i l , Envi r onment al , and Ar c h i t e c t u r a l Engi neer i ng, Un i v e r s i t y o f
Col orado, June 1983.
4. Smi t h, E. A. L., " Pi l e Dr i v i n g I mpact , " Pr oceedi ngs, I n d u s t r i a l Computa-
t i o n Seminar, September 1950, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Busi ness Machi nes Corp., New
York, N. Y., 1951, p. 44.
5. Smi t h, E. A. L., " Pi l e Dr i v i n g Anal y s i s by t h e Wave Equat i on, " Jour nal o f
t he So i l Mechani cs and Foundat i ons Di v i s i on, ASCE, Volume 86, August 1960.
6. Samson, C. H., Hi r sch, T. J. Jr., and Lowery, L. L., "Computer St udy f o r
Dynami c Behavi or o f Pi l i n g , " Jour nal o f t h e St r u c t u r a l Di v i s i on, ASCE,
Volume 89, No. ST 4, Proc. Paper 3608, August 1963.
7. For ehand, P. W. and Reese, J. L., " Pr edi c t i on o f P i l e Capaci t y by t he Wave
Equat i on, " Jour nal o f t h e S o i l Mechani cs and Foundat i ons Di v i s i on, ASCE,
Paper 3820, SM 2, March 1964.
8. Lower y, L. L., Hi r sch, T. J. Jr., and Samson, C. H., " Pi l e Dr i v i n g Anal y-
s i s - Si mul at i on o f Hammers, Cushi ons, P i l e s and Soi l s , " Texas Tr anspor t a-
t i o n I n s t i t u t e , Research Repor t 33- 9, August 1967.
9. Coyl e, H. M., Bar t oskewi t z, R. E., and Ber ger , W. J., " Bear i ng Capaci t y
E
P r e d i c t i o n by Wave Equat i on Anal ysi s - St at e o f t h e Ar t , " Texas Tr anspor t -
a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , Research Repor t 125-8, August 1973.
I
10. Hi r sch, T. J., Car r , L., and Lowery, L. L. Jr., " Pi l e Dr i v i n g Anal ysi s
Wave Equat i on Us er ' s Manual s - TTI Program," Volumes 1 t hr ough 4, FHWA
I
#IP-76-13.1 t hr ough #IP-76-13.4, A p r i l 1976.
I 1
11. Gobl e, G. G., L i k i n s , G. E. Jr., and Rausche, F., " Bear i ng Capaci t y o f
P i l e s From Dynamic Measurements," Fi nal Repor t , Department o f Ci v i 1 Engi n-
eer i ng, Case Western Reserve Uni v er s i t y , March 1975.
12. Bl endy, M. M., " Rat i onal Approach t o P i l e Foundat i ons, " Symposium on Deep
Foundat i ons, ASCE Nat i onal Convent i on, Oct ober 1979.
13. Rausche, F., Li k i ns , G. E. Jr., Goble, G. G., and Mi ner , R., "The Per f or m-
ance o f P i l e Dr i v i n g Systems," Mai n Repor t , Volumes 1 t hr ough 4, FHWA
i
Cont r act # DTFH61-82-C-00059, December 1985. ( Not publ i shed y e t ) .
14. Hol l oway, 0. M., Clough, G. W., and Vesi c, A. S., "The Ef f e c t o f Resi dual
Dr i v i n g St r esses on P i l e Perf ormance Under Ax i al Loads," OTC 3306, May
1978.
\
15. Her y, P., "Resi dual St r ess Anal ysi s i n WEAP," Mast er ' s Thesi s, Depart ment
I
o f C i v i l , Envi r onment al , and Ar c hi t ec t ur al Engi neer i ng, Uni v er s i t y o f !
Col orado 1983.
16. Davi sson, M.T., "Hi gh Capaci t y Pi l es , " Proceedi ngs, Lect ur e Seri es, ,
I nnovat i ons i n Foundat i on Const r uct i on, ASCE, I l l i n o i s Sect i on, 1972.
17. Goble, G.G., L i k i n s , G.E., and Tef er r a, W., " Pi l e s and P i l e Dr i v i n g Hammer
Performance f o r H- Pi l es Dr i ven t o Bedrock," Repor t Prepared f o r t h e Ohi o
Depar t ment o f Tr anspor t at i on and t h e Feder al Highway Admi ni s t r a t i o n , Case
Western Reserve Uni v er s i t y , Cl evel and, Ohio, November 1977.
I WAVE
I EQUATION
I
I
ANALYSIS OF
1 PILE FOUNDATIONS
I
GENERAL USERS
GOBLE RAUSCHE LlKlNS AND ASSOCI ATES, INC.
4535 EMERY INDUSTRIAL PARKWAY
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44128
Prepared For US DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
/ FINAL REPORT
MAY 1986
Techni cal Report Llocumentation Page
I. 2eoorr No. 2. Covernmanr Acccss~on No.
I FHWA cont r act manager: Chien-Tan Chang (HDV-10)
I '
3. 2 s c ~ o ~ e n r 3 Cotolog No.
I
4. Ti rl a m a j ~ o r r t t s
WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
WEAP86 PROGRAM
Volume 11. General Users Manual
7. A"tnor:ri
G.G. Goble and F. Rausche
Gobl e Rausche L i k i n s and Associ at es, I nc.
4535 Emery I n d u s t r i a1 Parkway
Cl evel and, OH 44128
12. Spon*oring A~~~~~ Noma and Addrsss
Of f i c e o f I mpl ement at i on
Federal Highway Admi ni st r at i on
6300 Georoetown Pi ke
9. Psriorrning Orgonlzmtion N ~ m e ona Address 1 10. Work Unit No. ( TRAI S)
r
I r-
5. aw.., 0.1.
March 1986
6. Periormtng ~ r ~ ~ n ~ z ~ , ~ ~ ~ code
8. Per i or mi ng O~qani r ot i on Roport No.
Separate models f o r 1 i q u i d and atomi zed f uel i n j e c t i o n o f di esel hammers.
Resi dual st r ess anal ysi s.
Re a l i s t i c s p l i c e model.
I I . Controct or Grant No.
DTFH61-84-C-00100
13. Type a i Report end Period Coveted
Fi nal Report
14. sponsoring A~. "CY cod.
16. Abstrost
The WEAP Program, wr i t t e n and documented under a pr evi ous FHWA cont r act i n 1976
and updated i n 1981, was f u r t h e r devel oped. The documentati on was compl et el y
r e wr i t t e n f o r addi t i onal or r evi sed i nf or mat i on. The new program r ef er r ed t o as
WEAP86, i ncl udes a l l o f the.WEAP f eat ur es pl us t he f ol l owi ng new models:
An i mpor t ant addi t i on was an updated and/or r evi sed hammer dat a f i l e wi t h new
e f f i c i e n c y val ues based on r esear ch performed under anot her cont r act f o r t h e FHWA.
Furthermore, ext ensi ve t abl es cover i ng hel mets, cushi ons, and p i l e s were compi l ed
and i ncl uded i n t h e documentati on. Another i mpor t ant f acet o f t he WEAP86 work was
t he development o f a program ver si on f o r personal computers. The main e f f o r t
consi st ed o f pr ovi di ng f o r a user-friendlylmenu-driven i nput program and a gr aphj cs
out put opt i on.
Thi s i s t he second volume amona f our . The ot her s ar e
I
/
i
I
1
r
FHWA No. Vol . No. T i t l e
I Background
I I I Program I n s t a l l a t i o n Manual .
I V Users Manual f o r PC Appl i cat i on
i I I
I J
Form DOT F 1700.7 i8-72)
Reproduct i on of compl et ed page aut hor i z ed
i
I
i
!
I
17. Key Words
Combustion, Computers, Desi gn, Di esel ,
Dynamics, Foundati ons, Hammers, Impact,
P i l e dr i v i ng, Resi dual st r ess, Soi l
mechanics, Wave equat i on.
i
18. Di str~button St at emat
No r e s t r i c t i o n s . Thi s document i s
av ai l abl e t o t h e publ i c t hrough t h e
Nat i onal Techni cal I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce.
Spr i ngf i el d, Vi r g i n i a 22161.
22. Pr - ce 21. No. o i Page*
174
19. Sscurlty Cl osstl . ( 0 1 t ht s r e ~ r t l
Uncl assi f i ed
20. S e ~ c t t y Classoi. ( oi tho* wq-1
Uncl assi f i ed
VOLUME I 1
VOLUME 11: GENERAL USERS MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapt er
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n ......................................................
1
. ............................................. 2 The Basi c Program Fl ow 19
.........................................................
2.1 I n p u t 19
................................
2.1.1 I nput o f So i l Damping 19
.......................................... 2.1.2 Quake I nput 21
....................................... 2.1.3 Hammer De t a i l s 21
................................ 2.1.4 Bat t er ed P i l e Dr i v i n g 22
............................ 2.1.5 Dr i v i n g System Paramet ers 23
2.2 Anal ysi s Cycl e ................................................ 23
..............................
2.2.1 Open End Di esel Hammers 23
............................ 2.2.2 Cl osed End Di esel Hammers 24
..........................
2.2.3 Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers 24
........................ 2.3 Anal y s i s De t a i l s ( Di esel Hammers Onl y) 24
........................................................
2.4 Out put 25
................................... . 3 I nput De s c r i p t i o n and Dat a Forms 26
................................................... 3.1 De f i n i t i o n s 36
..............
3.2 Overvi ew o f Requi r ed and Condi t i onal I nput Cards 29
................................ 3.3 Des c r i pt i on o f I nput Var i abl es 30
................................ 4 . Examples o f Uncommon I nput Probl ems 64
4.1 Spec i f y i ng a So i l Pl ug ........................................ 64
4.2 S p e c i f y i n g a P i l e P o i n t ....................................... 65
.....................
4.3 Spec i f y i ng a Si ngl e Ac t i ng Ai r / St eam Hammer 65
.......................... 4.4 Spec i f y i ng an Open End Di esel Hammer 66
4.5 Addi t i onal Spec i f i c at i ons f o r a Doubl e Ac t i ng
ECH Hammer ................................................. 67
4.6 Addi t i onal Spec i f i c at i ons f o r Cl osedEnd Di esel Hammers ....... 67
....................................
4.7 Spec i f y i ng Sl ack o r Spl i c e 68
5 . Program Messages ................................................... 69
5.1 St op Messages ................................................. 69
............................................
5.2 I n t e r r u p t Messages 71
......................................................
5.3 Warni ngs 72
.............................................
5.4 Ter mi nal Messages 72
6 . Out put Des c r i pt i on ................................................. 74
...................................................
6.1 I n p u t Check 74
6.2 Res ul t Pr i n t o u t .............................................. 82
........................... 6.2.1 Var i abl e vs . Time Pr i n t o u t 82
.......................................
6.2.2 Extrema Tabl es 84
6.2.3 F i n a l Resi dual Pi l e / So i l Quant i t i es .................. 85
............... 6.2.4 Debug Out put : Var i abl e vs . Time Out put 85
6.2.5 Summary Tabl e ........................................ 86
7 . Wave Equat i on Examples ............................................ 88
7.1 Open End Di es el Hammer.. Gener at i on o f Bear i ng Graph ........... 88
7.1.1 Si t u a t i o n ........................ ; ...................
.............................................. 7.1.2 Probl em
............................................. 7.1.3 Approach
7.1.4 Sol ut i on .............................................
............................... 7.1.5 Di scussi on o f Res ul t s
........................
7.2
Cl osed End Hammer.. D r i v e a b i l i t y St udy
7.2.1 Si t u a t i o n ...........................................
............................................. 7.2.2 Probl em
............................................. 7.2.3 Sol ut i on
................................ 7.2.4 Di scussi . on o f Resul t s
.......................................... 7.3 Tensi on St r es s Check
............................................ 7.3.1 Si t u a t i o n
7.3.2 Probl em ..............................................
.............................................
7.3.3 Sol ut i on
................................ 7.3.4 Di scussi on o f Res ul t s
7.3.5 Addi t i onal Computer Anal ysi s ........................
7.4 Hypot het i cal Hammer I nput .....................................
7.4.1 Si t u a t i o n ............................................
.............................................. 7.4.2 Probl em
7.4.3 Sol ut i on .............................................
................................ 7.4.4 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
................................ 7.5 P i l e Segment and Damping I n p u t
7.5.1 Si t u a t i o n ............................................
...............................................
7.5.2 Probl em
7.5.3 Sol ut i on .............................................
7.5.4 Di scussi on o f Resul t s ................................
.............................. 7.6 Comparison o f Damping Paramet ers
7.6.1 General Remarks ......................................
7.6.2 Dat a I nput ...........................................
7.6.3 Resul t s ..............................................
....................... '7.7 Reduced Di esel Fuel and Quake Va r i a t i o n
7.7.1 Si t u a t i o n ............................................
7.7.2 Dat a I nput ...........................................
.............................................. 7.7.3 Resul t s
........................ 7.8 Ef f e c t s o f Spl i ce/ Sl ack on P i l e St r ess
7.8.1 Background ..........................................
7.8.2 I nput Dat a ..........................................
7.8.3 Resul t s ..............................................
7.9 Resi dual For ce Anal ysi s Example ...............................
7.9.1 Di scussi on o f Resul t s ................................
7.9.2 Cor r el at i on ..........................................
7.10 P i l e Damping. Long Pi l es . Di esel Hammer Perf ormance ...........
7.10.1 Background ...........................................
7.10.2 I nput ................................................
..............................................
7.10.3 Resul t s
APPENDIX A WEAP86 INPUT FORMS ...................................
APPENDIX B S I CONVERSION FACTORS ................................
............................. APPENDIX C ECHO PRINTS FOR EXAMPLES
iii
LI ST OF TABLES
........................................ Hamer Dat a F i l e L i s t i n g
........................... Hel met and Hammer Cushi on Pr oper t i es
.................................................. Ber mi nghamer
Delmag P i l e Dr i v er s ...........................................
Foundat i on Equipment Cor por at i on ...............................
I nt er nat i onal Const r uct i on Equipment ...........................
Li nk B e l t ......................................................
.................................................. Menck Hammers
Mi t s ubi s hi Hammers .............................................
Raymond Hammers ................................................
Vul can Hammers ................................................
Conmaco Hawer s ................................................
Summary o f Cushi on Mat er i al Pr oper t y ...........................
P i l e Dat a ......................................................
St eel H- Pi l e P i l e Pr oper t i es ...................................
Monotube P i l e Pr oper t i es .......................................
Ti mber Pi l e s ...................................................
Square Concr et e P i l e Pr oper t i es ................................
Concr et e Cy l i nder P i l e Pr oper t i es (Raymond P i l e s ) ..............
Areas o f St andar d St eel Pi pe Pi l e s ..............................
Recommended Soi l Parameters ....................................
LI ST OF FIGURES
Fi gur e . Page
1 Preprogrammed Resi st ance Di s t r i b u t i o n s .......................... 15
2 De f i n i t i o n o f "Cap" Termi nol ogy ................................. 16
3 Example o f Nonuni f orm P i l e P r o f i l e I nput ........................ 17
4 Example o f Nonstandard Resi st ance Di s t r i b u t i o n I nput ............ 18
5 Comput at i onal Procedure i n WEAP86 ............................... 6 1
6 WEAP86 Resul t s. Example 1 ....................................... 94
7 De t a i l s o f Example 5 ............................................ 121
......... 8 Blow Count and St r ess Resul t s f r om Example 6. C-1 . C-4 132
9 P i l e Top For ce and Vel oc i t y From Examples 2 and 9 ............... 149
Form
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
LI ST OF FORMS
................................................ I nput . Example 1
............................................... Output. Example 1
............................ .................. I nput . Example 2 ..
................................................ Output. Example 2
................................................ I nput . Example 3
Output. Example 3 ...............................................
. ................................................ I nput . Example 4
............................................... Output. Example 4
................................................. I nput . Example 5
Output. Example 5 ...............................................
................................................ I nput . Example 6
............................................... Output. Example 6
................................................ I nput . Example 7
Output. Example 7 ...............................................
................................................ I nput . Example 8
.............................................. Output. Example 8A
.............................................. Output. Example 88
............................................... Output. Example 9
I nput . Example 10 ................................................
Output. Example 10 ..............................................
1. INTRODUCTION
T h i s v ol ume s e r v e s t wo pur poses. F i r s t , t h e u s e r o f WEAP86 i s
f a mi l i a r i z e d wi t h t he pr epar at i on o f i n p u t q u a n t i t i e s , and second, a
c o l l e c t i o n o f dat a i s pr esent ed i n an e f f o r t t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n p u t pr epar a-
t i o n by i nexper i enced users. The r eader shoul d be aware t h a t t h i s Manual
c annot g i v e a f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s d a t a w h i m
descr i bed i n Volume I and i t s r ef er ences. However, as much as pos s i bl e,
Chapt er s 2 and 3 deal w i t h i mpor t ant d e t a i l s and p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e WEAP86
program.
An e s s e n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t he c u r r e n t (WEAP86) e f f o r t was devot ed t o t h e
updat i ng of program i n p u t dat a. Thi s dat a i s based on (i) t h e e a r l i e r WEAP
manuals, ( i i ) t he dat a s ubmi t t al s o f hammer and accessor y manuf act ur er s, and
( i i i ) r e s u l t s based on t h e aut hor s ' f i e l d measurements and anal yses. Acknow-
l edgement s were i nc l uded i n Volume I.
Tabl e 1: Hammer Dat a F i l e Cont ent s
Tabl e 2: Hel met and Hammer Cushi on Dat a
Tabl e 3: Cushi on Pr oper t i es
Tabl e 4: P i l e Dat a
Tabl e 5: Soi l Paramet ers
Si nce t hese t abl es ar e or gani zed i n t h e begi nni ng o f t h i s manual, a qui c k
r ef er ence w i l l be possi bl e.
The i n p u t pr epar at i on i s f u r t h e r s i mp l i f i e d by t h e f o l l o wi n g f i gur es .
Fi gur e I: Preprogrammed Resi st ance Di s t r i b u t i o n s .
Fi gur e 2: De f i n i t i o n o f "Cap" Termi nol ogy.
Fi gur e 3: Example o f Nonuni f or m P i l e P r o f i l e I nput .
Fi gur e 4: Example o f Nonst andard Resi st ance Di s t r i b u t i o n I nput
Thi s Manual a l s o cont ai ns t e n comput at i onal exampl es deal i ng w i t h more o r
l e s s u n u s u ~ c u m s t a n c e s . The necessar y st eps i n t h e anal y s i s o f a pr obl em
ar e shown and gener al recommendations ar e gi ven.
Be f o r e s t a r t i n g t o use WEAP86, t h e program must be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e
us er ' s machine. A s pec i al manual, Volume 111, was w r i t t e n t o f a c i l i t a t e t h a t
work. I n s t a l l a t i o n and use o f t h e program on a gener al mai n f rame comput er
means:
. Compi l at i on and l oadi ng o f t he WEAP86 program.
. Compi l at i on and l oadi ng o f t he hammer dat a f i l e mai nt enance program.
. Loadi ng t h e hammer dat a f i l e .
. Pr e p a r a t i o n o f e i t h e r t he dat a i n p u t car ds o r w r i t i n g o f t he dat a
i n p u t f i l e .
. Runni ng WEAP86 usi ng i n p u t dat a and hammer dat a f i l e . WEAP86 w i l l
, pr oduce out put i n p r i n t e d form.
1
WEAP86 i s al so avai l abl e f o r IBM/PC compat i bl e microcomputers . The data
pr epar at i on usi ng such machines i s f a c i l i t a t e d through t he use o f W861N, a
speci al i nput program whi ch gui des t he user t hrough t he i nput . However, even
f o r t he PC user, Volume 2 i s an i ndi spensabl e t ool as f a r as t abl es o f i nput
data and d e f i n i t i o n o f var i abl es i s concerned. PC users have t he f ur t her
advantage o f bei ng opt i onal l y provi ded wi t h graphi cs output.
The aut hor s hope t hat t he use o f WEAP86 w i l l hel p t o pr ovi de f o r bet t er
f oundat i on pr act i ce through i ncreased know1 edge. But remember t he ol d sayi ng
"GIGO," i.e., "The out put cannot be any bet t er than t he i nput."
A f ew changes i n t er mi nol ogy were made a f t e r i t was not i c ed t h a t
conf usi on over WEAP's terms occurred i n var i ous par t s o f t he Uni t ed St at es or
i n ot her count ri es. These changes ar e as f ol l ows:
OLD TERM NEW TERM
capbl ock hammer cushi on
cushi on p i l e cushi on
anvi l impact bl ock
Table 1. Hammer data file listing.
f K i p = 4.45 KN 1 KIP-ft ~ 1 . 3 6 kJ
ID.. .Hammer File ID Number; Type OED Open End Diesel. CEO Closed End
Diesel. SECH Single Acting External Combustion, DECH Double Acting ECH
I 0 HANUFGR nAME RAU UEIOHT ENEROY TYPE I 0 MAHUFGR NAME RAM UEIOHT ENERGY
I OELMAO 0 5 1.10 *-2% OEO . (0 WCAN UULC 300 3.00 30.00
2 OELHAO 0 8-22 1.76 17.60 OED 81 WCAH VULCJ30 3.31 33.10
1 OELMAO 0 12 2.75 23.59 OED 02 WCAN VULC 660 6.61 66.10
4 OELHM 0 15 3.30 28.31 OED 83 WCAN VULC 800 8.00 80.00
5 OELMAO 0 16-32 3-52 59.25 OEO 101 KOBE K I 3 2.87 25.43
6 OELMAO 0 22 4.91 40.61 OEO 104 KOBE K 25 S.51 51.52
7 O E L ~ ~ O o 22-02 4.85 48.50 OED 107 KOBE K 35 7.72 72.18
0 OELHAO 0 22-13 4.85 48.50 OED 110 KOBE K 45 9.92 92.75
9 OELMO 0 22-23 4 51.26 OEO 112 KOBE K8 60 13.23 130.18
10 OEL~AO 0 25-32 5. 5 61.49 OEO I 13 KOBE KB 80 17.64 173.58
11 OELMAO 0 SO 6.60 59.60 OEO 121 ICE ICE I 80 1.73 8.10
12 PELHAP 0 30-02 6.60 66.00 OEO 122 ICE ICE 422 4.00 23.10
13 OEL~M LI 3a-1 s A.M A6.M OED 123 ICE ICE 440 4.00 18.55
14 o b ~ n r a 0 30-23 6.60 73.66 OED 124 ICE ICE 520 5.07 30.39
15 OELHLO D 30-32 6.60 73.66 OED 125 ICE ICE 640 6.00 40.56
16 OELHAO 0 36 7.93 83.82 OED ' 126 ICE ICE 660 7.57 51.60
17 OELHAO 0 36-02 7.93 83.82 OED 127 ICE ICE 1070 10.00 72.60
18 OEL~AO 0 36-13 7.93 83.82 OED 131 LINKBELT La 180 1.73 8.10
19 OELMAO 0 36-23 7.93 88.50 OED 132 LINUBELT LB 312 3.86 14.95
20 OELMO 0 36-32 7.93 88.50 OEO 133 LINKBELT LB 440 4.00 18.55
21 OELMAO 0 44 9.50 90.4d OEO 134 LINKBELT L8 520 5.07 27.66
22 OELHAO 0 46 10.14 107.18 OED I 35 LIHKBELT LB 660 7.57 51.60
23 OELHAG 0 46-02 10.14 107.18 OED 144 MKT OE 20 2.00 16.00
24 OEL ~ AO o 46-13 10.14 76.13 OED 148 MKT OE so 2.80 22.10
25 OELHAO 0 46-23 10.14 107.18 OEO 149 MT OA318 SA 2.80 23.80
26 OELMAO 0 46-32 10.14 113.16 OEO 150 MKT OE 308 2.80 23.80
27 OELnno ' 0 SS 11.86 124.53 OED 5 HKT OA 3sB 2.80 MI A
28 OELMrO 0 62-02 13. 6 152.45 OEO 152 HKT OA 45 4.00 HI#
29 OELHrO 0 62-12 13.66 152.45 OED 153 KT OE 40 4.00 32.00
30 OELNAG 0 62-22 13.66 152.45 OEO 159 MKT OE 500 5.00 42.50
31 OEL~AO 0 80-12 17.62 186.24 OED 160 nl T 0A55B SA 5.00 40.00
32 OELHAO 0 80-23 17.62 176.64 OEO 161 M T OA 550 5.00 HI*
33 OELHaO 0100-I3 22.03 245.85 OED 162 HKT OE 708 7-00 lP.50
35 OELMAO 0 350 66.08 738.11 OED 171 COHHACO C 50 5.00 15.00
41 FEC FEC 1200 2.75 22.50 OEO 172 CONHlCO C 65 6.50 19.50
42 FEC FEC 1500 3 . 3 27.09 OED 173 COHHMCO CSSO 5.00 25.00
43 FEC FEC 2500 5.50 50.00 OEO 174 COMACO C 565 6.40 32.50
44 FEC FEC 2800 6.16 55.97 OEO 175 CONHhCO C 80 8.00 26.00
4s FEC FEC so00 6.60 63.05 OED 176 CONHRCO c l oo 10.00 32.50
46 FEC FEC 3400 7.48 75.00 OED 177 CONMACO C I 15 . 11.50 37.38
61 HITSUB. n 14 2.97 2 s . z ~ OED 178 CONHACO c ~ O E S 8.00 40.00
bZ tllTSU8. HH 15 3 3 1 28-14 OED 179 CONHACO C LOOES 10.00 50.00
63 HITSUB. n 2 3 5.06 4 5 0 OEO . 180 COHH~CO C 115ES 11.50 57.50
A4 HITSUB. mC 25 1 46.84 OED I 81 CONWCO C IZSES 12.50 62.50
65 HITSUB. n 33 7.26 . 61.71 OED 182 COH~ACO c 140 14.00 42.00
66 HITSUB. mC 35 7.72 65.62 OED 183 CON~ACO c 160 16.25 48.75
67 HITSUB. H 43 9.46 80.41 OEO . 184 COHHACO C 200 20.00 60.00
68 MfTSUB. MH 41 10.03 8543 OEO I 85 CONHACO C 300 30.00 90.00
70 HITSUB. mC 720 15.90 135.15 OEO 186 COHM~ CO c 5200 20.00 100.00
71 NITSUB. HI4 808 17.60 149.60 OED 187 COHHACO C5300 30.00 IS0.CO
188 C O N ~ ~ C O c 5450 45.00 225.00
189 counnco c 5700 70.00 350.00
190 connnco c 6850 85.00 s1o.00
OEO
OED
OEO
OEO
OEO
- OEO
OEO
OED
OED
OEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO
CEO :
CEO
OEO
OED
OED '
OED :
CEO :
CEO
OED :
OED !
OED i
CEO :
OEO !,
SECH i
SECH i
SECH j
SECH I
SECH
SECH !
SECH
SECH ;
SECH i
SECH 1
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
Tabl e 1. Hammer dat a f i l e l i s t i n g ( cont i nued)
I 0 MANUFGR NAME RAM UEIGHT ENERGY TYPE I 0 MANUFGR NIME RAM UEIGHT
VULCAN
UULCAN
UULCAN
UULCAH
UULCAN
UULCAN
WLCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
UULCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
VULC AN
UULCAN
UULCAN
WLCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
UULCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
UULCAN
VULCAN
WLCAN
WLCAN
WLCAN
UULCAN
UULCAN
VULCAN
UULCAN
WLCAN
VULCAN
WLCAN
WLCAN
UULCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
VULCAN
UULCAN
UULCAN
RAYHONO
RAYMOND
RAYHONO
RAYMONO
RAYMONO
RAYHONO
RAYMONO
RAYMOND
RIYMONO
RAYHONO
UUL 01
VUL 02
UUL 06
UUL 08
WL 010
UUL 012
UUL Old
VUL 016
UUL 020
UUL 030
VUL 040
UUL 060
UUL 30C
VUL 50C
UUL 65C
UUL 65CA
UUL 80C
UUL 85C
VUL 1OOC
UUL 140C
VUL 200c
VUL 4OOC
WL 600C
WL 320
UUL 330
UUL 340
UUL 360
UUL 505
UUL 506
UUL 508
UUL 510
VUL 512
VUL 520
VUL 330
VUL 540
UUL 560
VUL 3100
WL 5100
VUL 9150
UUL 6300
7.26
15.10
19.20
19.58
24.45
26.00
32.88
36.00
50.20
113.49
179.13
60.00
PO. 00
120.00
180.00
25.00
32.50
40.00
50.00
60.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
300.00
300.00
500.00
750.00
1800.00
15.00
19.50
19.50
19.50
24.38
24.45
24.45
32.50
40.63
48.75
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
OECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH .
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
SECH
OECH
OECH
SECH
OECH
OECH
SECH
SECH
OECH
261 RAYMOND R 6/0
262 RAYMONO R 5/0
263 RAIYHONO R 30X
2b4 RhYMONO R 8IO
265 RAYMOND R 4OX
266 RAYHONO R 60%
271 MENCK MH 68
272 MENCK MH 96
273 MENCK MH 145
274 MENCK MH 195
275 MENCK MHU 220
276 HENCK HHU 400
277 MENCK nnu 600
278 MENCK MHU 1700
279 HENCK MHU 3000
280 HENCK MRBS 500
281 MENCK MRBS 850
282 MENCK HR8S1100
283 MENCK HRBS1800
284 HENCK MRBS30OO
285 HENCK MRBS3900
286 HENCK MRBS4600
287 MENCK MRES5000
288 MENCK MR8S8000
289 MENCK MRBS8800
290 MENCK M8Sl25CIO
291 BRMNGHMR 8-200
292 BRMNGHHR 8-225
293 BRHNGHMR 8-300
294 8RMNOHMR 8-600
295 BRMNOHMR 8-500
301 MKT No. 5
302 HKT Ne. 6
303 MKT No. 7
304 MKT 983
303 HKT 1083
306 MKT CS-Air
307 MKT C5-Stem
308 MKT S-5
309 HKT 1183
310 MKT C8Z6 Stn
3 MKT C826 A i r
312 HKT S-6
313 MKT MS-350
314 MKT S 10
315 HKT S 14
316 MKT HS 500
317 MKT S 20
ENERGY TYPE
48.75 OECH
56.88 SECH
75.00 SECH
81.25 SECH
100.00 SECH
150.00 SECH
49.18 SECH
69.43 SECH
104.80 SECH
141.12 SECH
159.07 SECH
289.55 SECH
433.64 SECH
1228.87 SECH
2171.65 SECH
45.07 SECH
93.28 SECH
123.43 SECH
189.81 SECH
325.36 SECH
513.34 SECH
498.94 SECH
542-33 SECH
867.74 SECH
954.53 SECH
1581.83 SECH
18.00 OED
29.00 OED
34.00 OED
45.00 OED
62.10 OEO
1.00 OECH
2.50 DECH
4.14 OECH
8.78 OECH
13.07 OECH
14.23 OECH
16.21 OECH
16.25 SECH
19.11 OECH
24.38 OECH
21.27 OECH
26.00 SECH
30.80 SECH
32.50 SECH
37.52 SECH
44.00 SECH
60.00 SECH
Tabl e 2. Hel met and hammer cushi on pr oper t i es .
Cap wei ght i n k i p s Cushi on Area i n square i nches
Cushi on Thi ckness i n i nches WEAP86 I nput : E = E l a s t i c Modulus i n k s i
COR = Co e f f i c i e n t o f Re s t i t u t i o n
1 Ki p = 4.45 kN; 1 i n c h = 25.4 mm; 1 k s i = 6.89 MPa
Tabl e 2( a) . Berminghammer
For a l l p i l e t ypes:
Hammer Model 8-200. 8-225 8-300 8-400 8-500
Cap Wei ght 1.10 1.39 1.39 2.14 2.14
Cushi on Area 188.0 188.0 188.0 281.0 281.0
Not e: F o r p i l e s l a r g e r t han 14", an adapt er i s hung bel ow t h e normal cush-
i on. Hammer cushi ons ar e al umi num/ mi car t a w i t h a t hi c k nes s o f 4.75 i n
and a WEAP86 I nput o f E = 350 k s i and COR = 0.8
Tabl-e 2( b) . Delmag p i l e d r i v e r s
Cap wei ght s f o r a l l hammer model s:
*
HP Pi pe ----------------Square-----------------
Smal l Lar ge 12" 14" 16" 18" 20"
Cap W t . 2.15 2.02 3.53 2.41 2.28 2.46 3.39 3.57
For 16 and 24" concr et e p i l e s , i t i s pos s i bl e t o use square caps wi t h wei ght s
1.4 and 3.42 k i ps , r es pec t i v el y .
2
For p i l e s up t o 16", t h e hammer cushi on has an ar ea of 283.5. i n and a Con-
b e f t t hi c k nes s o f 2". For p i l e s up t o 24", t h e hammer cushi on area i s 415.5
i n and a Conbest t hi c k nes s o f e i t h e r 2 o r 3.5 i nches.
A l l hammer cushi ons ar e Aluminum/Conbest combi nat i ons wi t h WEAP86 I nput E s.
280 k s i , and COR = .8.
"
Smal l : up t o 16"; Large: up t o 24".
Tabl e 2( c) : Foundat i on Equi pment Cor por at i on
For a l l hammer model s:
P i l e Si ze 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 24" 36"
Cap Wei ght 1.10 1.26 1.68 1.90 2.60 2.50 7.00
Cushi on Area 175.0 232.0 297.0 370.0 370.0 370.0 433.0
Not e: Hammer cushi ons ar e al umi num/ mi car t a wi t h a t hi c k nes s o f 4.5 i n and a
WEAP86 I nput o f E = 410 k s i and COR = 0.8
Table 2(d). International Construction Equipment
Tabl e 2l el . LI nk bel t
Hamer Uodel
Pl l e Type.
PI I c s12e
--IF--
12'
14'
16.
Cap Uel ght r
ICE 180 ICE 422 ICE 440
H P C H P C H P C
H a m r Model
Pl l e Type*
POe Sl ze
ID'
12'
14'
16'
18'
20'
Cap Yel ght r
LB 180 LB 312 LB 440
H P C H P C H P C
l l a m r Mcdcl
Pl l c Type*
Pl l c Sl r e
iD'
ICE 520
H P C
Cap Yetghts
ICE 640
-
2.12 2.68 2.60
2.12 2.68 2.60
2.12 2.68 2.60
---*
8 3.10
---- I 3.25
----
I 3.46
---- 4.74 4.53
ICE 660
H P C
Cap Uel ght r
18 520 LB 660
H P C H P C
H a m r Hodel
Pl l e Type*
Pl i e Sl zc
10'
Cap Uel ghts
ICE 1010
-
3.02 2-98 ----
H a m r Hodel
Pl l e Type.
Pl I e Si ze
-xi--
Mote: ' Pl l e Type:
H - H-Pl l e. P - Steel P4l e Pl l e. C - Concrete
Far A11 Pl l e Typer:
Hammer Hadel LB 312
180 440 520
cushion n a t l al uml nual m~car ~a
Cushlon Ares 48.1 93.0 93.0
Curhl an Thlck. 1.5 2.5 3.0
UEAP86 I nput E- 350 350 350
COR- .80 .80 .a0
Note: ' Pl l e Type:
H - H-Pl l e. P - Steel Pl l c Pl l e. C - Concrete
For A11 Pl l c Typer:
Table 2(f). Henck haanerr
H a m r Hodel ICE 422
440 640.
520 660
180 640 1010
Cushlon n a t l al umhi c nyl on nyl on
Cushlon Area 48.1 398.0 491.0
Cushlon Thlck. 1.50 2.W 2.W
UEAP86 I nput E. 350 115 175
COR- .8O .92 .92
Hamer Hodel HRBS 850 3000
URBSllOO 1800 3900 4600 5000 8000 8800 12500 5W
Pl l e Sl ze( l n) 24-48
Cap Uel ght 11.46
Cushlon Ares 744.0
Cushlon Thlck. 1.10
UEAP86 I nput E- 3.5
COR- .IS
Note: ' Only f or 24. st eel p l l c and concrete pl l er .
Note: * 20. Square Concrete
H a m r curhl ons ar e Bangossl.
I!
L w - - - N s 0
-
, 011110- w 1 1
m
- 1 22ddd ; 1
N
U -"0_ , m m m m o o 8
- - - N N 1aOOm"m l
* ==- -
-
X i 1 ddi ddd 1
I m 0 m t I I 8
1 0 0 0 l l l *
, . . . $ , , ,
6 N N N I I I I
0
' I , , 8 u u 0 - I 0 $ 6
I , , I , * * ( D m * r- , I
' 0 ' 1 '9 '9 u. ?; ": I 4
I : (D U1 ( Dm m , I
P I : 0 4 ' X 8 : N . : ; I I : I I I : *
I
I I
s I 8 , 8 I
.., I , , , , *
L * " I * h
* n . 3
L
E 2
D m
= .z -
0 *
O r
US
3
m .-, 0
a , I
U U
U , , % z 2 :
u* * u u
E 2 mr- N N N I I
u u I I
0 6 ' , 8 9 0, m. (~ , ' 9 1 '9 I I
U . I m.Y , ,
1
2 '2 m2 ....am 4- - ... -
or, m
- I
i I 6 . ~ 1 y1 O I U ~ I
I r- m m , m , 0 I
0 I
: 2 I
, r
I 0 h N o h ,
r.
. a . t
* o m *
' " " " " 3
I r( r( '0-
, I
I 1
m m m m
I r- h r)... , I
O I I * " ,
, . . I ,
" " gg ;
4 9 9 2
0 0 0 r-
0 0 ,
1 1 1 ,
0 I
, I
1 mm 1
Oh t
, , , 8
, 1 1 0 I ,
, 8 8 8
I , , , I I : 39 :
4 I $ I
N n
, I , #
=
m
... ,
* I
I or, or, m m m ,
I m or, m m m ,
= :
a
0: 0: 0 : 0 : 0 : ;
II
n o n m n
U
"h r-r- r - 8 , I I I
+ - m - m - m am I I I I
I N N N N N N
, . . . . I I :
: m n nn A< n
8 I
, W z 8
8 4 m. " r-.
" . . . A -
..,
e, z 1
m ,
r- 15
C 8
m m
0 , 1 3 9
x N N
m .
am", " U) mu) UI
o r - m r- m r-m m
,11 11 11 1
!*... d... ...
" C r -
o , m m
9 9 9
N N N
$ 0 )
0 0 0
3 0 t
, 8 8
Tabl e 2 ( j ) . Conmaco hammers ( cont i nued) .
Cushi on Type: Dur acushi on
Hammer Model s 5450 5700 6850
P i l e Type* H P C H
----------------
P
P i l e Si z e
C
Cap Wei ght s ------------------
36" ---- 36.655 ---- ---- 57.213 ----
42" ---- 36.655 ---- ---- 57.213 ----
51.701
----
37.301
48" 36.655 ---- ---- 57.213 ----
51.701
54 " ---- 36.655 ---- ----
37.301
57.213 ----
51.701
60 " ---- 36.655 ---- ----
37.301
57.213 ----
51.701
72" ---- 36.655 ---- ----
37.301
57.213 ----
51.701
84" ---- 36.655 ---- ----
37.301
57.213 ----
Hammer Model 50 550
Conmaco
110 1 1 5 ~ 5
65 565 115 125E5
Cushi on Type
140 160
1 2or 4 3 1 2or 4 3 1 2or 4 3
Cushi on Area 108.43 108.43 ---- 159.48 159.48 ---- 247.45 247.45 ----
Cushi on Thi ck. 18.50 6.25 --- 18.50 8.00 ----
18.00 6.00 ----
Hammer Model 200 5200
Conmaco
Cushi on Type 1 2or 4 3 1 2or 4 3
- , "
Cushi on Area 415.48 415.48 --- ---- ---- 816.83 ---- ----
1418.63
Cushi on Thi ck 29 - -
P i l e Types: H = H- Pi l e; P = St eel Pi pe Pi l e ;
C = Concr et e P i l e
C
( nor mal l y Square, and desi gnat e oct agonal and c y l i n d e r concr et e, p i l e s
r es pec t i v el y . )
Pr oper t i es of Cushi on Types - gener al l y recommended val ues and Conmaco dat a =
par ant hesi s.
WEAP86 COEFF. OF
INPUT,E RESTITUTION
1 = Al umi num/ mi cart a
2 = Nyl on MC-904
3 = Duracush
4 = MMPAC
Cap wei ght i n . ki ps
Tabl e 3. Summary o f cushi on mat er i al pr oper t y.
The f o l l o w i n g d a t a was i n p a r t p r o v i d e d by t h e New Yor k Depar t ment of /
8
Tr anspor t i on, t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. For WEAP86,
however, Modulus o f E l a s t i c i t y val ues were di v i ded by 2 i n or der t o i mpr ove
c o r r e l a t i o n between WEAP86 and dynamic measurements on pi l es .
,
HAMMER
(KSI )
COEFF KI ENT
OF
RESTITUTION
Asbest os 22.5 .50
Ascon
Duracush
Wi r e r ope
For ce- t en ( 150) .80
Ur et hane 175 .72
Mi c ar t a 225 .80
Conbest
Forbon
Fost er 1 on
Hamortex
MC-904
( Bl ue Nyl on)
A1 umi num/Mi carta
Plywood
Oak ( p a r a l l e l )
Oak ( t r ansver se)
Tabl e 4. P i l e dat a: (a) st eel h - p i l e p i l e pr oper t i es.
3 3
(1 i nc h = 25.4 mn, 1 k s i = 6.89 MPa, 1 l b / f t = 0.157 kN/m )
Sect i on HP14x117 HP14x102 HP14x89 HP12x74 HP12x53 HP10x57 HP10x42 HP
8x36
-
Area, i n 34.4 30.0 26.1 21.8 15.5 16.8 12.4 10.6
* El ast i c Modulus = 30000 k s i ; Wavespeed = 16800 f t / s Spec i f i c W t = 492 l b / f t 3
Tabl e 4. P i l e dat a: (b) monotube p i l e pr oper 3i es
areas o f t op/ t oe o f t aper ed sect i ons i n i n .
Top Toe
Diam. ( i n ) 12 14 16 18 8 8.5
Gage
9 5.81 6.75 7.64 --- 3.63 3.93
7 6.97 8.14 9.18 10.40 4.40 4.77
5 8.18 9.50 10.80 12.20 5. 19 5.61
3 8.96 10.60 12.00 13.60 5.87 6.58
* El ast i c Modulus = 30000 k s i ; Wavespeed = 16800 f t / s Spec i f i c W t = 492 l b / f t 3
Areas o f St r a i g h t Sect i ons i n i n
2
Gage 9 7 5 3
TY pe Diam. ( i n )
N12 12 5.85 7.02 8.19 9.65
* El ast i c Modulus = 30000 k s i ; Wavespeed = 16800 f t / s Spec i f i c W t = 492 l b / f t 3
Tabl e 4. P i l e dat a: ( c ) t i mber pi l es .
Note: These ar e commonly encount ered pr oper t i es f o r t i mber p i l i n g but gr eat
v ar i at i ons must be expected.
~ i i e Top P i l e Top P i l e Ti p Area El a s t i c Spec i f i c Wave
Di ameter Area t i p di amet er Modul us Wei ght Speed
8 i n 9 i n
i n i n2 i n 2 i n 2 k s i l b / f t 3 f t / sec
10- 78.5 50.3 63.6 1,800 60 11,800
12 113.1 50.3 63.6 1,800 60 11,800
14 153.9 50.3 63.6 1,8110 60 11,800
16 201.1 50.3 63.6 1,800 60 11,800
Tabl e 4. P i l e data: (d) concret e p i l e pr oper t i es.
NOTE: Concret e pr oper t i es may vary depending on qua1 i t y .
Sol i d Square Concrete Sol i d ' Octagonal Concrete
Si ze Area Si ze Area
i n i n2 i n i n 2
Square w/Hollow Core Octagonal w/Hol l ow Core Correspondi ng Core
Voi d Di ameter
Si ze Area Si ze Are3
i n i n2 i n i n i n
*For Concrete p i l e s (unl ess measurements i ndi c at e ot her wi se) : Assume El a s t i c
Modulus = 5000 ksi , Wavespeed = 12430 f t / s , Speci f i c W t = 150 l b / f t 3 .
Tabl e 4. P i l e data: (e) concret e cyl i nder p i l e pr oper t i es
(Raymond p i l e s )
Note: Concrete Pr oper t i es may vary depending on qual i t y.
Out si de
Diameter
i n
36
36
42
48
54
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
Wall
Thickness
i n
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.0 .
Area
i n2
4
487
5
6
7
905
942
1131
1244
1460
1693
1825
* El ast i c Modulus = 6000 k s i ; Wavespeed = 13620 f t / s Speci f i c W t = 150 l b / f t 3
Table 4. Pile data: ( f ) areas of standard steel pipe pi l es.
The following areas are based on uniform steel piles.
Outside
Diameter
(inch)
Wall Thickness
(inch)
.I41 .I64 .I72 .219 .250 .375 .438 .500 .625 .750 1.00 1.25
3.48 4.04 4.23 5.35 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
3.76 4.36 4.57 5.78 6.58 9.72 11.3 12.8 ---- ---- ---- ----
4.37 5.07 5.31 6.73 7.66 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
4.70 5.45 5.72 7.25 8.25 ---- 14.2 16.1 ---- ---- ---- ----
5.25 6.10 6.39 8.11 9.23 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
5.59 6.48 6.80 8.62 9.82 14.6 16.9 19.2 ---- ---- ---- ----
6.14 7.13 7.47 9.48 10.8 16.1 18.7 21.2 ---- ---- ---- ----
7.02 8.16 8.55 10.9 12.4 18.4 21.4 24.3 ---- ---- ---- ----
7.91 ---- 9.63 12.2 13.9 20.8 24.2 27.5 ---- ---- ---- ----
8.80 ---- 10.7 13.6 15.5 23.1 26.9 30.6 ---- ---- ---- ----
-+-- ----
12.9 16.4 18.7 27.8 32.4 36.9 ---- ---- ---- ----
---- ---- ---- ----
23.4 34.9 40.7 46.3 57.7 68.9 ---- ----
---- ---- ---- ----
28.1 42.0 48.9 55.8
---- ----
69.5 83.1 110 136 -
---- ---- ----
46.7 54.4 62.0 77.3 92.5 123 152
---- ---- ---- ----
49.0 57.2 65.2
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
81.2 97.2 129 160
56.1 65.4 74.6 93 111 148 184
Tabl e 5. Recommended s o i l paramet ers.
Not e: The f o l l o wi n g recommendati ons r epr esent an aver age s o i l behavi or
and may r equi r e adj ust ment based on l o c a l exper i ence.
S o i l Type Di mensi on
Non-Cohesi ve s i f t
s /m
Damping
Sk i n Toe
0.05 0.15
Cohesi ve
.
Quakes
Di mensi on Ski n Toe
For A l l
So i l Types
i n 0.10 d/120*
I..
I
I.
I.
I
I
*
d i s t h e e f f e c t i v e t o e di amet er o f di spl acement p i l e s . For open
c r o s s s ec t i ons t h e f u l l p i l e wi dt h o r di amet er i s onl y appl i c abl e i f
t h e s o i l forms a p l u g i n t h e p i l e . For d < l 2 ( i n ) o r 305( m) a quake,
q, l e s s t han O. l ( i n o r 25.4(mm) may r es ul t . However, q shoul d not be
chosen l e s s t han 0. 05( i n) o r 12.7mn.
DEPTIi BELOW
TOP. 0F
P1I.E
IDENTIFICATION NIJMBERS, ITYS
Fi gur e 1. Preprogrammed r esi st ance di st r i but i ons.
(FOR CONCRETE PILES ONLY)
DIESEL
EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION
NOTE: THE HELMET NEIGHT ( CARD F!O. 3. 000) INCLUDES THE STRIKER
PLATE, HA.' 4!4ER CUSHION, HELMET AND PILE CUSHION FOR
CONCRETE PILES.
Fi gur e 2. De f i ni t i on of "cap" t er mi nol ogy.
2. THE BASIC' PROGRAM FLOW
Thi s c hapt er pr ovi des background i nf or mat i on on WEAP86 as an i n t r o d u c t i o n
t o t h e d e t a i l e d program d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f o l l o wi n g chapt er s. A more com-
p l e t e pr es ent at i on i s gi ven i n Volume I.
2.1 I nput
WEAP86 was pr ogr amed such t h a t known par amet er s such as p i l e l engt h,
s k i n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , et c. , can b e i n p u t d i r e c t l y . Si n c e hammer
s p e c i f i c a t i o n r equi r es t h e i n p u t o f a l a r g e amount o f i nf or mat i on, dat a has
been pr epar ed and s t or ed on a f i l e f o r most commonly encount er ed hammer t ypes.
Gonsequent l y, f o r most hammers, onl y an i d e n t i f i e r number must be s pec i f i ed.
The program conver t s i n p u t dat a i n t o st andar d wave equat i on par amet er s.
Because o f t h i s aut omat ed dat a pr epar at i on, many q u a n t i t i e s t h a t appear i n
ot her programs ar e not f ound i n WEAP86. The i n t e n t i o n o f t h e WEAP programmers
was t o make a st andar d comput er r un si mpl e wh i l e a l s o p r o v i d i n g f o r unusual
cases. For t hese reasons i n p u t dat a may be ent er ed on e i t h e r one o f t wo
forms: Shor t and Compl ete I nput . The Shor t I n p u t Form s u f f i c e s f o r most
st andar d anal yses.
WEAP86 r eads one dat a s et f o r a compl et e anal y s i s and t hen checks f o r t h e
exi st ence o f more dat a. I f more car ds o r l i n e s a r e encount er ed, t hen a new
i n i t i a l i z a t i o n and dat a i n p u t i s st ar t ed. Thus, a few bl ank car ds ( l i n e s )
added a t t h e end o f a r un may be i n t e r p r e t e d as a new dat a s e t and cause an
e r r o r message.
2.1.1 I nput o f So i l Damping
So i l damping i s , i n most cases, s p e c i f i e d by a val ue f o r s k i n and t o e and
a r e u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o as "j " val ues. Si n c e t h e s o i l dampi ng f o r c e i n
Smi t h' s approach i s equal t o t he pr oduct o f j, t h e segment v e l o c i t y and t h e
s t a t i c s o i l r es i s t anc e f or ce, dampi ng i s aut omat i c al l y d i s t r i b u t e d l i k e t h e
s t a t i c s k i n r esi st ance. I n f a c t , even t hough a damping par amet er may have
been s pec i f i ed, t he t o e damping f o r c e woul d be zer o i f s k i n f r i c t i o n were 100
per cent o f t h e t o t a l r esi st ance.
WEAP86, al so, al l ows t h e use o f damping par amet er s whi ch ar e i ndependent
o f t h e s t a t i c s o i l r esi st ance. Thi s t y pe o f dampi ng i s r e f e r r e d t o as vi scous
o r Case damping. The vi scous damping f or c e i s c a l c u l a t e d as t h e dampi ng par a-
met er t i mes t he segment v e l o c i t y ( t he damping const ant , t her ef or e, has k / f t / s
o r kN/m/s.
I n o r d e r t o make t he i n p u t comparabl e f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t damping opt i ons,
s k i n and t oe damping ar e a l s o s p e c i f i e d f o r vi scous damping. The s k i n dampi ng
par amet er f o r vi scous damping i s t he sum o f a l l segment -ski n-dampi ng val ues.
T h i s sum i s a p p o r t i o n e d by t h e pr ogr am a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n
d i s t r i b u t i o n s pec i f i ed ( and woul d be uni f or ml y d i s t r i b u t e d f o r zer o s k i n
f r i c t i o n ) .
To f u r t h e r f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n p u t o f t h e vi scous damping paramet ers, non-
di mensi onal i zed s k i n and t o e damping const ant s ar e used (Case damping). Non-
di mensi onal i z a t i o n i s accompl i shed by d i v i s i o n by t h e p i l e ' s impedance: EA/c
= Young' s Modulus t i mes cr oss- sect i onal ar eas di v i ded by t h e wave speed. Thi s
impedance has t h e di mensi ons o f a vi scous damping paramet er. Thus, t h e i n p u t
val ues f o r Case ( or vi scous) damping ar e t r u l y di mensi onl ess.
The s t e p s t aken by t h e program as f a r as damping i s concerned ar e as
f o l 1 ows:
. Smi t h 1. I nput - Set - each segment ' s s k i n par amet er t o
t h e i n p u t s k i n damping parameter.
Set t o e segment' s damping par amet er t o
t h e cor r espondi ng i nput const ant .
2. Anal ysi s - Equat e damping f or c e a t a segment t o
dampi ng paramet er t i mes s t a t i c r e s i s t -
ance f or c e ( t i mes t h e u l t i ma t e r e s i s t -
ance f o r t ype 2 damping as descr i bed i n
Volume I ) t i mes v el oc i t y , a l l f o r t h e
same segment.
. Vi scous (Case) 1. I nput - Di s t r i b u t e i n p u t s k i n damping par amet er
t o a l l segments accor di ng t o t h e i r
s t a t i c s k i n f r i c t i o n ( nondi mensi onal ) .
Mu l t i p l y each damping paramet er, bot h
s k i n and t oe, by t he EA/c val ue o f t h e
cor r espondi ng segment y i e l d i n g t h e v i s - '
cous damping f a c t o r .
2. Anal ysi s - Cal c ul at e t he damping f or c e by
mu l t i p l y i n g t h e vi scous damping
paramet er t i mes t he v el oc i t y .
I n t h i s c ont ex t i t shoul d be ment i oned t h a t t h e equi val ent vi scous damp-
i n g paramet ers o f Smi t h' s approach can become ver y l ar ge ( es pec i al l y a t t h e
t oe) . Si nce t he cor r espondi ng vi scous par amet er i s t h e pr oduct o f Smi t h' s
const ant and t he s t a t i c r esi st ance, i t can var y from anal y s i s t o anal y s i s ,
wi t h t h e s t a t i c r es i s t anc e f or ce. For example: 80 per cent t o e r esi st ance,
j = 0.15 f t (.50 s/m), RULT = 100, 200, 300, 400 k i p s (450, ... kN). I n
t h g e f i r s t anal y s i s t h e cor r espondi ng vi scous damping const ant i s 2 x 50 x 0.8
x 0.15 = 12 k i p s / f t / s (179 kN/m/s). I n t h e l a s t anal y s i s t he const ant i s 48
k i p s / f t / s (716 kN/m/s), cor r espondi ng t o a Case damping f a c t o r gr eat er t han 4
f o r a 12- i nch s t eel p i l e wi t h .178-i nch wa l l , EA/c = 11.8 k i p s / f t / s (38.g
m/s).
WEAP86 reduces t h e anal y s i s t i me i ncr ement when t he damping const ant a t
any one segment becomes l a r g e r e l a t i v e t o t he p i l e ' s impedance (EA/c). Thus,
a l a r g e Smi t h dampi ng v a l u e a t an el ement whi c h a l s o has a h i g h s t a t i c
r es i s t anc e f or c e may produce a l ong, and t her ef or e c os t l y , computer run.
Damping par amet er s a f f e c t t h e bl ow count r e s u l t t o a consi der abl e degree.
Ther ef or e, i t i s adv i s abl e t o use t h e r a t h e r wel l -document ed Smi t h val ues
whenever doubt e x i s t s as t o t h e pr oper Case damping val ues.
2.1.2 Quake I nput
I n gener al , quakes ar e s p e c i f i e d f o r s k i n and t o e separ at el y. The pr o-
gram user shoul d be aware, however, t h a t v a r i a b l e quake val ues must be used
I
w i t h care.
I I f a r e s i d u a l f o r c e anal y s i s i s not used, t h e anal y s i s s t a r t s , f o r each
s t r engt h l e v e l , wi t h t h e assumpt i on of zer o i n i t i a l s o i l s pr i ng f or ces. Some
\
t i me a f t e r t h e hammer i mpact , t h e p i l e reaches a maximum penet r at i on and
s t a r t s t o rebound. A zer o s o i l f or c e i s obt ai ned when t h e p i l e r ebound equal s
t he quake. O f cour se, i f t h e v ar i ous quakes have d i f f e r e n t magni t udes, a zer o
f i n a l s pr i ng f o r c e i s not pos s i bl e i n a l l s pr i ngs and a bas i c assumpt i on o f
t h e anal y s i s i s v i ol at ed.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e above probl em, t h e bl ow count i s computed as t h e
r e c i p r o c a l o f t h e maximum t i p d i s p l a c e me n t mi nus an av er age quake i f a
r es i dual f o r c e anal y s i s i s not used. If s ubs t ant i al p i l e def or mat i ons r e s u l t
f r om r es i dual f or c es t hen t h i s measure o f bl ow count can be s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n
er r or . When t he us er has quest i ons r egar di ng t he i mpor t ance of t h e above t wo
consi der at i ons, a r es i dual f or c e anal y s i s shoul d be t r i e d and i t s r e s u l t s com-
par ed w i t h t h e r e g u l a r anal yses.
I
U s u a l l y a 0. 1-i nch quake i s a r easonabl e val ue; t h i s val ue has been used
ex t ens i v el y wi t h good c or r el at i on. For some s o i l s i t has been shown, w i t h
measurements, t h a t t h e quake can be much l ar ger . Al so, f o r di spl acement p i l e s
I
w i t h more t han 12 i nches wi dt h, t h e quake i s us ual l y l a r g e r t han t h e commonly
assumed 0.1 i nc hes . Lar ge quakes can s u b s t a n t i a l l y a l t e r t h e r e s u l t s .
Un f o r t u n a t e l y , l a r g e quakes c annot be p r e d i c t e d i n advance f r o m a mer e
i ns pec t i on o f subsur f ace i n v e s t i g a t i o n dat a. I nst ead, i t i s computed by
!
anal y s i s o f dynamic measurements t aken dur i ng d r i v i n g o r r e s t r i k i n g .
When p i l e s ar e bei ng dr i v en i n t o r ock i t may be necessar y t o r educe t h e
I quake t o val ues l e s s t han 0.1 i n c h so an under pr edi c t i on o f c apac i t y w i l l n o t
i
r es ul t . Al so, f o r p i l e s wi t h smal l t oe di amet er s ( l es s t han 12 i nches) , o r
f o r t aper ed p i l e s , a reduced quake may be advi sabl e.
2.1.3 Hammer De t a i l s
Hammer par amet er s ar e s uppl i ed i n t h e hammer dat a f i l e . Thi s f i l e may be
updat ed a t any t i me by t h e user . Des c r i pt i ons o f hammer par amet er s a r e gi v en
bot h i n t h e Back r ound r e p o r t and i n t h e Manual. Thi s s uppl i ed dat a r e f l e c t s
t h e bes t know Ti-- e ge on hammer p e r f o r m a n c e m a b l e t o t h e program aut hor s.
Act ual f i e l d per f or mance o f a hammer w i l l depend on a v a r i e t y o f oper at i onal
i
f a c t o r s such as i t s s t a t e o f mai nt enance o r t he f uel o r power suppl y. Hammer
desi gn par amet er s a r e a l s o f r equent l y. modi f i ed. It- i s t h e r e f o r e i mper at i v e
t h a t t he user i ns ur es agreement between pr edi c t ed and ac t ual hammer per f or m-
i
ance by f i e l d i ns pec t i on. The f ol l owi ng obser vat i ons shoul d be consi der ed
\
dur i ng f i e l d i ns pec t i on ( see al s o Volume I and i t s r ef er ences) .
( a) Di esel Hammers
F o r open end and cl osed end di es el s , s t r o k e and bounce chamber pr essur e,
r es pec t i v el y , g i v e a good i n d i c a t i o n o f ac t ual hammer perf ormance.
Al so, bl ow
r a t e (as p r i n t e d by t he program) may be used f o r c ons t r uc t i on c o n t r o l , and an
aut omat i c s t r ok e i n d i c a t o r ( Saxi met er ") i s a good t o o l f o r t h e pur pose of
measuri ng bl ow r a t e i n t h e f i e l d . However, a hammer i n a ver y poor s t a t e o f
mai nt enance may have f r i c t i o n l osses o f such magni t ude t h a t bl ow r a t e i s not a
s u f f i c i e n t i ndi c at or .
A di es el hammer w i l l per f or m p a r t i c u l a r l y poor l y when i t over heat s dur i ng
har d d r i v i n g and t hen pr ei gni t es . Pr e i g n i t i o n produces l a r g e st r okes and l ow
t r a n s f e r r e d ener gi es and t her ef or e h i g h bl ow count s. Thi s c ondi t i on can be
model ed by t h e program usi ng a negat i v e combust i on del ay f o r l i q u i d f u e l i n -
j e c t i o n ( see Sect i on 3.4) on a r educed combust i on s t a r t volume f o r at omi zed
i n j e c t i o n . However, p r e i g n i t i o n u s u a l l y i s an unexpect ed s i t u a t i o n and cannot
be det ect ed i n t h e f i e l d wi t hout e l e c t r o n i c measurements.
A number o f hammers, f o r example, t h e DELMAG and t h e FEC machi nes, have
st epwi se adj us t abl e f uel pumps. The IFUEL ( see s ec t i on 3.2) val ues (bet ween 1
and 5) us ual l y cover t he range between maximum and minimum f u e l i n j e c t i o n .
Measurement r e s u l t s ar e, however, l i mi t e d , and p r e d i c t i o n s us i ng r educed f u e l
amounts must be backed up by f i e l d c o n t r o l , p a r t i c u l a r l y where p i l e s t r es s
l i mi t a t i o n s ar e necessary. Anot her approach i s t o r un const ant s t r o k e ' an-
al yses and e i t h e r r equi r e s t r ok e l i mi t a t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d o r s el ec t t h e cur ve
cor r ezpondi ng t o t he act ual s t r ok e f o r s t r es s and bear i ng c apac i t y
pr edi c t i ons .
b) Ext er nal Combusti on Hammers (ECH)
These u n i t s ar e not as compl i cat ed as d i e s e l hammers, but t h e c o r r e c t
choi ce o f a pr oper e f f i c i e n c y (i.e., i mpact v e l o c i t y ) i s n o t a si mpl e t ask.
For example, a t h i c k cushi on may pr oduce a r educed s t r ok e wh i l e a t h i n cushi on
may a1 l ow e a r l y a i r / st eam i n j e c t i o n and t her ef or e, s el f - cushi oni ng.
The WEAP86 hammer dat a f i l e pr ovi des f o r average hammer e f f i c i e n c i e s ,
t hey ar e smal l er t han woul d be expect ed f o r we1 1 mai nt ai ned o r new hammers.
2.1.4 Bat t er ed P i l e Dr i v i n g
No p r o v i s i o n was made f o r t he anal y s i s o f bat t er ed p i l e dr i v i ng. As f a r
as open end di es el hammers ar e concerned, o n l y i ncr eased ram f r i c t i o n must be
consi der ed. For most ot her hammer t ypes, t h e geomet r i c s t r ok e r educ t i on must
be account ed f or . Conveni ent l y, a l l of t hese l osses ar e lumped i n t o a r educed
e f f i c i e n c y .
2.1.5 Dr i v i n g System Paramet ers
El ement s between t h e hammer and t h e p i l e t o p a r e p a r t o f t h e d r i v i n g sys-
t em and i nc l ude (see a l s o Fi gur e 2) :
. t h e hammer cushi on, a l i g h t and f l e x i b l e mat er i al .
. t h e hel met ( c ont ai ni ng t he hammer cushi on and o f t e n a s t r i k e r
p l a t e ) t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e hammer f o r c e s t o t h e p i l e t op. The
hel met i s u s u a l l y heavy and s t i f f .
. t h e p i l e cushi on i n t h e case o f concr et e p i l e s .
The behavi or o f cushi on mat er i al s i s descr i bed by t h e i r e l a s t i c modul i
and c o e f f i c i e n t s o f r e s t i t u t i o n . The hel met i s def i ned si mpl y by i t s wei ght .
O f cour se, s t r i k e r p l a t e o r ot her accessor y wei ght s shoul d be cont ai ned i n t h e
v al ue gi v en f o r t h e wei ght o f t h e hel met . Not e t h a t i n WEAP86, a hel met el e-
ment must al ways e x i s t between hammer and p i l e . I f t h e hammer s t r i k e s t h e
p i l e d i r e c t l y t hen a pi ece o f - p i l e shoul d be used t o s u b s t i t u t e as a hel met i n
t h e wave equat i on model.
Un l i k e WEAP, t h e s t i f f n e s s e s o f t h e cushi ons and t h e i r c o e f f i c i e n t s o f
r e s t i t u t i o n ar e not l i n k e d i n WEAP86. However, a nonl i near f or c e def or mat i on
r e l a t i o n i s s t i l l used t o descr i be t hese " spr i ngsN (see Volume I ) . One o f t h e
r easons i s ' a r oundi ng o f t h e f or c e def or mat i on r e l a t i o n ( see Volume I). A
c o r r e c t i n p u t i s one h a l f o f t h e secant modul us a t t h e maximum wor ki ng s t r es s .
Tabl es 2 and 3 c ont ai n t hese reduced modul i .
2.2 Anal ysi s Cycl e
2.2.1 Open End Di esel Hammers
Open end d i e s e l hammers ar e us ual l y s t a r t e d by assumi ng a mi ni mal s t r ok e
( i f t h e user d i d not s pec i f y anot her val ue) . A dynami c anal y s i s i s t hen per -
f ormed wi t h t h e f i r s t u l t i ma t e c apac i t y val ue, and t h e r ebound s t r o k e i s
det er mi ned. I f t he rebound s t r ok e i s d i f f e r e n t f r om t he assumed val ue by more
t han f o u r per cent , t hen a new anal y s i s i s per f or med and a check i s made on t h e
convergence o f t h e st r oke. Up t o f our i t e r a t i o n s ar e u s u a l l y al l owed except
f o r cases where t h e s t r ok e converges i n an a l t e r n a t e mode. Si x t r i a l s ar e
t hen per mi t t ed. A f t e r t he l a s t s t r ok e i s anal yzed, ext r eme val ues o f f or ces,
v e l o c i t i e s , st r esses, et c. ar e p r i n t e d t oget her w i t h ot her opt i onal out put .
A new u l t i ma t e r esi st ance, Rut, i.s t hen anal yzed s t a r t i n g w i t h a new
st r oke. Thi s new s t r ok e i s based on pr evi ous r e s u l t s assumi ng an i nc r eas e i n
r esi st ance. O f cour se, i t e r a t i o n s ar e agai n perf ormed.
Thi s pr ocess i s cont i nued u n t i l a l l u l t i ma t e r es i s t anc e val ues a r e ana-
l y z ed o r u n t i l no permanent s e t occur s. Then, a summary o f a l l r e s u l t s i s
p r i n t e d and t h e program i s r eady t o anal yze a compl et el y new dat a set .
An ' except i on t o t h i s " st andar d r un" i s t h e " const ant s t r ok e" anal y s i s
(IOSTR = -1). Thi s opt i on causes t h e change of combust i on pr essur e u n t i l t h e
r e t u r n s t r ok e equal s t he i n p u t st r oke. The use o f t h i s opt i on i s recommended
f o r hammers t h a t have a v a r i a b l e f u e l pump and/ or f o r cases where r educed
s t r ok es ar e t o be used. The program does n o t check on any f u e l ener gy l i m i t s
when t he opt i on i s used. Thus, st r okes may be ac c i dent l y s p e c i f i e d whi ch a r e
t oo l a r g e and cannot pos s i bl y be obt ai ned i n t h e f i e l d (e.g., when t h e s o i l
r es i s t anc e i s l ow).
2.2.2 Cl osed End Di esel Hammers
Thi s hammer i s s t a r t e d l i k e an open end di es el . Dependi ng on t h e s o i l r e-
si st ance, t he s t r ok e w i l l , agai n, e i t h e r be l ower o r hi gher and f u e l r educ-
t i o n s may benecessar y t o av oi d u p l i f t . Agai n, t h e program i t e r a t e s u n t i l t h e
pr oper s t r ok e o r f u e l s e t t i n g i s found. Fuel s e t t i n g o r s t r ok e i s agai n used
as a s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r f u r t h e r rut val ues.
The " c ons t ant s t r ok e anal ysi s' ' can a l s o be per f or med f o r cl osed end ham-
mers. To f a c i l i t a t e t h e i nput o f a c e r t a i n ener gy l e v e l a t whi ch t o per f or m
t h e i t e r a t i o n s , WEAP86 accept s t he equi v al ent s t r ok e as an i nput .
2.2.3 Ex t er nal Combusti on Hammers
T h i s hammer t y pe i s si mpl y anal yzed f o r the. s t r ok e and e f f i c i e n c y s pec i -
f i ed. I n c ont r as t t o ot her programs, t h e mot i on and i mpact o f t he assembl y
ar e a l s o modeled. Thi s f eat ur e does n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e o v e r a l l program f l o w
and no f u r t h e r di scussi on seems necessary.
2.3 Anal ysi s De t a i l s ( Di esel Hammers Onl y)
F o r a b e t t e r under st andi ng o f t h e program out put , a few d e t a i l s o f t h e
di es el hammer anal y s i s shoul d be known. The anal y s i s i s di v i ded i n t o t h r e e
par t s:
. Precompressi on ( p o r t c l os ur e t o i mpact ) .
. I mpact and/ or combust i on pl us i n i t i a l expansi on.
. Ram rebound.
Whenever t he Manual di scusses " t he anal y s i s " , i t i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r i n g t o
t h e t i me per i od a t and a f t e r i mpact whi ch s t a r t s appr oxi mat el y t wo
mi l l i s ec onds bef or e e i t h e r i mpact o r i g n i t i o n and l a s t s u n t i l i t i s as c er - -
t ai ned t h a t t he permanent s et o f t he p i l e i s achi eved ( see a l s o Volume I).
Out put val ues ar e s t or ed f o r f i n a l p r i n t i n g and ext r ema ar e det er mi ned a t t i me
i n t e r v a l s whi ch depend on t he t o t a l expect ed anal y s i s t i me ( see t he nex t
sect i on. )
2.4 Output
Several out put opt i ons cont r ol t he amount and t ype o f p r i n t e d r esul t s.
Usual l y out put i s made f or each R anal ysi s and summarized a f t e r t he f i n a l
ul t i mat e r esi st ance val.ue. ~ar i abut es such as f orces as a f unct i on o f t i me
have t o be st or ed t empor ar i l y si nce i t i s not known i f t he cur r ent anal ysi s i s
f o r t he cor r ect st roke. To keep t he program s i z e reasonabl e, t he st orage area
i s r e s t r i c t e d t o a t most two hundred t i me steps. To cover a s u f f i c i e n t l y l ong
t i me per i od, t he st or ed val ues ar e usual l y not from consecut i ve t i me steps.
Shor t out put opt i ons el i mi nat e t he l i s t i n g o f var i abl es vs. t i me (IOUT =
0) and a l l out put except f o r a f i n a l summary (IOUT = -100). It shoul d be
observed t hat shor t opt i ons do not pr ovi de t he engi neer wi t h much i n s i g h t i n t o
t he act ual wave propagat i on process and unusual behavi or o f hammer, p i l e , o r
s o i l may not be det ect ed. Thus, shor t out put shoul d be an except i on r at her
t han t he r ul e.
3. INPUT DESCRIPTION AND DATA FORMS
3.1 De f i n i t i o n s
Dependi ng on t h e comput er and i t s per i pher al equi pment, t h e HEAP86 i n p u t
may be r ead f r om car ds o r f r om a s e q u e n t i a l l y f or mat t ed t ape o r di s k f i l e .
The f o l l o wi n g d e s c r i p t i o n r ef er ences car ds, a t r a d i t i o n a l t e n , when l i n e s o r
r ecor ds may a l s o be appr opr i at e. ~ n p n o r m s i nc l uded i n Appendi x A m a t e
t h e f or mat i n whi ch t h e dat a must be submi t t ed. Not e t h a t f o r each q u a n t i t y a
f i e l d o f a c e r t a i n l e n g t h i s pr ovi ded.
The i n p u t format. may. be s i mp l i f i e d by us i ng t h e s o- c al l ed f r e e i n p u t
f or mat whi ch al l ows t h e user t o ent er t h e i n d i v i d u a l q u a n t i t i e s one behi nd t h e
ot her and wi t hout r egar d t o t h e f i e l d l engt h. A l l numbers must be separ at ed
by commas; zeroes may be r epl aced by a space o r two consecut i ve commas. Thi s
f r e e i n p u t f or mat i s p a r t i c u l a r l y us ef ul f o r t er mi nal i nput .
For mi cr ocomput er s whi ch a l l o w t h e user t o i n t e r a c t w i t h comput er
( q u e s t i o n and answer t y p e i n p u t ) a s e p a r a t e pr ogr am was pr epar ed. T h i s
i n t e r a c t i v e i n p u t program was c a l l e d W86IN and i s di scussed i n Volume I V .
The dat a may be pr epar ed on e i t h e r a SHORT INPUT o r on a COMPLETE INPUT
FORM. I n most i nst ances t h e s hor t er f or m i s s u f f i c i e n t . The l onger one i s
needed when hammer dat a, i n d i v i d u a l p i l e segment pr oper t i es , p i l e s p l i c e
pr oper t i es , o r i n d i v i d u a l s o i l segment p r o p e r t i e s ar e t o be submi t t ed. Such
an e f f o r t i s us ual l y onl y r equi r ed f o r a " r esear ch" t y pe a c t i v i t y . Common
c ons t r uc t i on t y pe probl ems can be sol ved w i t h f i l e s t or ed hammer dat a, t h e
aut omat i c p i l e segment gener at i on, and w i t h gl obal s k i n l t o e t y p e s o i l
paramet ers. I n summary:
SHORT INPUT FORM: f o r a l l st andar d cases, i n c l u d i n g nonuni f or m p i l e s and
gener al s k i n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s .
COMPLETE INPUT FORM: f o r c ondi t i onal i n p u t ( i nput t h a t i s r equi r ed dependi ng
on t h e val ue o f c e r t a i n anal y s i s opt i ons ) such as p i l e
segment s t i f f nes s es , wei ght s, l engt hs ; hammer dat a i n -
put ; i n d i v i d u a l segment s o i l quakes, damping and r e s i s -
t ances; s p l i c e i nput ; and choi ce of out put segments.
The i n p u t q u a n t i t i e s f a l l under one o f t h e f o l l o wi n g cat egor i es.
1. T i t l e .
2. Opt i ons and Sel ect i ons.
3. Cap I nf or mat i on.
4. Cushi on I nf or mat i on.
5. P i l e I nf or mat i on.
6. Hammer I nf or mat i on.
7. Hammer Ov er r i de Opt i ons.
8. So i l I nf or mat i on.
9. Ul t i mat e Capaci t i es.
The f ol l owi ng t ermi nol ogy w i l l be used:
Card No. as a l r e a d y ment i oned, car ds a r e i n d i v i d u a l l i n e s o f i n p u t
val ues. each car d has a number o f t he t ype x.yyy. t he yyy
p o r t i o n i s c a l l e d t he ext ensi on. A Card No. wi t h t he ext ensi on
.000 MUST BE INPUT and onl y one car d may be i nput .
For cards wi t h a nonzero ext ensi on, i.e., .101, more t han one
c ar d may be needed. The maximum number o f cards t h a t may be
i nput i s di scussed i n t he i nput descr i pt i on. It usual l y depends
on t he number o f p i l e segments. The maximum number o f cards may
be shown as f ol l ows:
I n t h i s example, up t o 13 cards may be i nput .
Al so not e t h a t Cards wi t h a nonzero ext ensi on No. are c o n d i t i -
onal .
-
Some'of t he i nput Cards are condi t i onal . Condi t i ons f o r i nput
a r e gi ven on t he i nput forms i mmedi atel y preceedi ng t he car d
number. I f t he condi t i on i s t r ue, i nput must be made. .If t he
condi t i on i s f al se, i nput must NOT be made, whi ch means t hat t he
complete Card shoul d be omi t t ed.
Format Li ne, Format. Each Card has i t s own l i n e f ormat gi ven immedi-
a t e l y f o l l o wi n g t h e CARD number i n t h e i n p u t d e s c r i p t i o n .
Examples :
40A1 - 40 Alphanumeric charact ers.
2014
-
20 I nt eger s wi t h a f i e l d l engt h o f 4 each.
8R10.0 - 8 Real numbers wi t h a f i e l d o f 10 char act er s each.
2A8,314 - 2 Alphanumeric s t r i ngs wi t h a l engt h o f 8 each and
t hen 3 I nt eger s wi t h a l engt h o f 4 each.
where
A - Alphanumeric charact ers consi st o f l e t t e r s , numbers,
symbols, o r bl ank spaces.
R - Real val ues may i ncl ude a decimal poi nt . The commonly used
F1O.O al l ows f o r i nt eger i nput (whol e numbers wi t hout a
per i od) i f t he number i s r i g h t - j u s t i f i e d wi t h i n i t s f i e l d
o f t en. Bl ank spaces ar e i nt er pr et at ed as zeroes. I n t he
case o f F1O.O, a l e f t j u s t i f i e d 1 woul d be i nt er pr et ed as
1000000000. However, a 1. anywhere i n t he f i e l d would be a
I n p u t Name
I n t e r n a l
Name
De f a u l t
De s c r i p t i o n
C1
Di mensi ons
ECH
I - I n t e g e r s ( whol e numbers) whi ch MUST NOT i nc l ude a deci mal
p o i n t and shoul d be r i g h t - j u s t i f i e d i n t h e i r r es pec t i v e
f i e l d . Agai n, bl anks a r e i n t e r p r e t e d as zeroes. Thus, a 1
i n t h e second space o f an I 4 f or mat woul d be i n t e r p r e t e d as
100.
Var i abl e name whi ch appears on t h e I n p u t Forms.
The symbol i c v a r i a b l e name used i n t h e FORTRAN program.
A v a l u e assi gned by t he program i f n o t user s p e c i f i e d o r i f a -
zer o was gi ven.
The t r a n s l a t i o n o f t he meaning o f a v a r i a b l e i n t o normal t erms.
The WEAP86 program works w i t h a maximum number o f 98 segments;
f o r p i l e s l onger t han 500 f t (165 m) , a s pec i al program w i t h a
l ar ge number o f segments may be needed. Br acket ed q u a n t i t i e s i n
t h e i nput d e s c r i p t i o n r e f e r t o such a program.
ar e gi ven bot h i n Engl i s h and S I u n i t s ; however, WEAP86 w i l l n o t
work wi t h SI di mensi ons.
-
T o t a l Ul t i mat e Resi st ance (sum o f a l l s k i n f r i c t i o n and end
bear i ng r es i s t anc e) .
Ext er nal Combusti on Hammer, i .e., ai r / st eam/ hydr aul i c / dr op
h a m m e r
3.2 Overvi ew O f Requi r ed and Condi t i onal I nput Cards
The f o l l o wi n g i s a summary o f t he r equi r ed and c ondi t i onal i nput .
Card UnCon* Con** Condi t i on Des c r i pt i on
1.000 X T i t l e
Opt i ons
P i l e Segment St i f f nes s es
P i 1 e Segment Wei ght s
Rel at i v e Segment Lengt hs
3.000 X Hel met and Hammer Cushi on
4.000 X P i l e Cushi on
P i l e Top I nf or mat i on
Nonuni f orm P i l e I nf or mat i on
6.101 X IHAMR=O Hammer I nf or mat i on
6.201 X 1HAMR.O Hammer: Ram
6.301 x IHAMR=O, ITYPH= 1, 2 Di esel : I mpact bl ock
6.401 X IHAMR.0, ITYPH= 1, 2 Di esel : St r oke, Chamber
6.501 X IHAMR.0, ITYPH= 1, 2 Di es el : pr essur es
6.601 X IHAMR.0. ITYPH= 2 CE Di esel Bounce Chamber
6.701 x IHAMR=O~ ITYPH= 3 ECH Hammer: Assembly
6.801 X IHAMR.0, ITYPH= 3, MA=3 ECH Hammer: Assembly
7.000 X Hammer Over r i de Val ues
X
X ITYS = -2
X ITYS -1, -2
X I T Y S = - 2
8.401 X ITYS = 0, -1
8.501 X ISPL = 1, 2, 3,
8.502 X ISPL = 2, 3, ...
8.503 X ISPL = 3, ...
.....
S o i l Ski n/ Toe I nf or mat i on
I ndi v i dual Quakes
I ndi v i dual Damping
I ndi v i dual Resi st ance Val ues
Resi st ance Di s t r i b u t i o n
F i r s t Spl i c e I nput
Second Spl i c e I nput
Th i r d Spl i c e I nput
9.000 X F i r s t 8 Ul t i mat e Capaci t i es
Las t 2 Ul t i mat e Capaci t i es
Out put P i l e Segment Numbers
* UnCon - Uncondi t i onal i nput - - r equi r ed.
** Con - Condi t i onal i nput - i nput onl y r equi r ed i f c ondi t i on i s met.
3.3 Des c r i pt i on o f I nput Var i abl es
CARD 1.000 (FORMAT: 40A1)
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name De s c r i p t i o n
TITLE TITLE PROBLEM TITLE
Al phanumeri c s t r i n g i d e n t i f y i n g t h e c ur r ent
problem.
CARD 2.000 (FORMAT: 1814)
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name De s c r i p t i o n
IOUT IOUT OUTPUT LEVEL OPTION
= -100 Mi ni num out put w i t h smal l model and f i n a l summary
t a b l e onl y.
= 0 Reduced o u t p u t c o n s i s t i n g o f hammer and p i l e
model , ext reme val ues f o r each r pl us a
summary. Thi s i s 2 ver y popul ar op' t ~on as i t
pr ovi des f o r a l l necessar y i nf or mat i on wi t hout
causi ng undue t i me o r paper consumpti on. T h i s
opt i on i s recommended f o r begi nner s.
= 1 I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e out put o f t he 0 opt i on, t wo
f or ces i n t h e hammer and as many as 13 i ' n t h e
p i l e ar e p r i n t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f t i me f o r each
r
u t '
= 2 As f o r 1 but w i t h v e l o c i t i e s i ns t ead o f f or ces.
= 3 As f o r 1 b u t w i t h s t r es s es i ns t ead o f f or ces.
= 4 As f o r 1 b u t w i t h ac c el er at i ons i ns t ead o f
f or ces.
= 5 As f or 1 but w i t h di spl acement s i ns t ead o f
f or ces.
= 6 As f o r 1 but w i t h s el ec t ed pr oper t i es such as
combust i on pr essur e, sum of r es i s t anc e f or ces,
and f or ce, v e l o c i t y and di spl acement bei ng p r i n t -
ed a t t hr ee d i f f e r e n t p i l e l oc at i ons .
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
IOUT IOUT OUTPUT LEVEL OPTION - cont i nued
= -I...-6 I dent i c al t o t he correspondi ng p o s i t i v e opt i ons
but wi t h debug out put added such as f orces, vel o-
c i t i e s , di spl acements, r esi st ance f orces, ... f o r
a l l p i l e and hammer segments a t 1 ms t i me i n t e r -
-
val s. f o r di esel s and rsa, out put w i l l be pro-
duced f o r each t r i a l anal ysi s. Thi s t ype o f out -
p u t i s ext remel y t i n e consuming and, f o r t h a t
reason, not recommended as a r out i ne opt i on.
I J J I J J OUTPUT SEGMENT SELECTION
Expl anat i on: Assume you want a pr i nt ed t abl e o f
f or ces as a f unct i on o f t i me around a c e r t a i n
poi nt al ong t he pi l e. However, onl y 13 f or ce
val ues may be pr i nt ed because o f p r i n t e r
l i mi t a t i o n s . For more t han 13 p i l e segments,
some f or ce val ues have t o be omi t t ed from t he
t abl e. I n general , an aut omat i c sel ect i on o f
out put segments wi t h equi di st ant spaci ng i s
adequate. But an i ndi vi dual sel ect i on may be
made l a t e r i n t h e dat a i nput , i f t he I J J i s set
t o 1.
= 0 Out put segment numbers ar e aut omat i cal l y
determined. Recommended opt i on.
= 1 Out put segment numbers must be ent ered on Card
No. 9.301 - Requi res Complete I nput Form.
I HAMR I HAMR HAMMER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.
= 0 Hammer i nf or mat i on must be ent ered on Cards 6.101
t o 6.801. Requi res Complete I nput Form.
> 0 Hammer number correspondi ng t o hammer dat a f i l e
l ocat i on (Tabl e 1). Hammer dat a w i l l be read
f r om t he correspondi ng f i l e l ocat i on and used i n
t he cur r ent anal ysi s.
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IOSTR IOSTR
De s c r i p t i o n
STROKE OPTION - f o r d i e s e l hammers o n l y
Expl anat i on: For any di es el hammer t h e s t r o k e i s
a f u n c t i o n o f p i l e s i z e and s o i l r esi st ance. I f
t h e pr essur es devel opi ng d u r i n g combust i on ar e
a c c u r a t e l y known, t h e n WEAP86 w i l l comput e a
r easonabl y accur at e st r oke. Sometimes, however,
t h e s t r o k e i s known w i t h gr eat er accur acy t han
t h e pr essur e. It i s t hen d e s i r a b l e t h a t WEAP86
computes t h e pr essur e f o r a gi ven st r oke. I n
e i t h e r case i t i s necessar y t h a t t h e downst r oke
equal t h e upst r oke o f t h e hammer. Thi s i s t h e
c o n d i t i o n f o r s t r ok e o r pr essur e convergence.
However, i n t h e f i e l d , t h e downst r oke may
a c t u a l l y be d i f f e r e n t f r om t he upst r oke, e.g.,
when t h e s o i l r es i s t anc e suddenl y changes. I n
t h i s case t he anal y s i s may be done wi t hout t h e
convergence o f s t r ok e and/ or pr essur e.
= 0 I t e r a t i o n on s t r ok e w i t h f i x e d maximum combust i on
pr essur e. The s t a r t i n g o r f i r s t t r i a l s t r o k e and
i
t he combust i on pr essur e may be program det er mi ned
o r user s el ec t ed on Card 7.000.
\
= 1 No i t e r a t i o n on e i t h e r s t r ok e o r pr essur e. A
s i n g l e anal y s i s w i t h i n p u t o r d e f a u l t s t r o k e i s
made f o r each u l t i m a t e c a p a c i t y v al ue. Bo t h
s t r o k e and/ or pr essur e may be i n p u t o r program
1.
sel ect ed.
1
=-I I t e r a t i o n on combust i on pr essur e w i t h f i x e d (
s t r o k e . The f i r s t t r i a l pr essur e val ue may be
f r om f i l e o r us er ' s hammer dat a. The s t r ok e may
be pr ogr am sel ect ed o r user s p e c i f i e d on Card
7.000
I
I
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IFUEL IFUEL
Des c r i pt i on
HAMMER SETTING - f o r di es el hammers onl y
Ex pl anat i on: A number o f d i e s e l hammers have
sever al st epwi se adj us t abl e f u e l pumps whi ch
a l l o w f o r t h e i n j e c t i o n o f measured amounts of
f u e l i n t o t h e combust i on chamber. Dependi ng on
t h e hammer f u e l s e t t i n g , more o r l e s s combust i on
pr essur e, and t her ef or e, more o r l e s s s t r o k e w i l l
devel op. For t hose hammers w i t h more t han one
pump s e t t i n g , t h e WEAP86 hammer dat a f i l e
cont ai ns more t han one p ax val ue. The f i r s t
pr es s ur e v al v e ( PI ) i s a%ays t h e hi ghest . The
second one i s u s u a l l y 10 per cent l ower . A choi ce
o f a t most 5 v a l u e s e x i s t s . The l a s t one
c o n t a i n e d i n t he f i l e , shoul d cor r espond t o t he
pump s e t t i n g w i t h t h e l owest ener gy out put . For
hammers w i t h more t han 5 s e t t i n g s , i t shoul d be
assumed t h a t t h e f i l e cont ai ns val ues f o r pump
s e t t i n g s i n const ant i n t e r v a l s .
= 0 Anal ysi s w i t h t h e f i r s t ( PI ) and hi ghes t pr essur e
v a l u e o f t h e dat a f i l e . Recommended - f o r
begi nner s.
= 1 I d e n t i c a l t o = 0.
= 2 t o 5 The anal y s i s uses t h e 2nd t hr ough 5 t h pr essur e
v a l u e o f t h e dat a f i l e (P2 t hr ough P5). Not e
t h a t t h i s i s onl y meani ngf ul f o r hammers w i t h
s t epwi s e adj us t abl e f u e l pumps. I f t h e r e i s no
e q u i v a l e n t pr essur e val ue cont ai ned i n t h e f i l e ,
t hen t h e next hi gher a v a i l a b l e v al ue w i l l automa-
t i c a l l y be used by WEAP86.
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IPEL IPEL
De s c r i p t i o n
PI LE SEGMENT OPTION
Ex pl anat i on: WEAP86 u s u a l l y gener at es p i l e seg-
ment s t i f f n e s s e s and masses f r om t h e us er sup-
p l i e d " p i l e p r o f i l e " . The p i l e p r o f i l e d e t a i l s
t h e v a r i a t i o n o f c r os s s ec t i onal ar ea, A el as -
t i c modulus, E , and s p e c i f i c wei ght , w !'(mass)
vs. depth. FOP uni f or m p i l e s a l l segmeRt s t i f f -
nesses and masses a r e u s u a l l y equal . However,
WEAP86 o f f e r s t h e o p t i o n whereby t h e i n d i v i d u a l
segment s can be made o f d i f f e r e n t l engt h. Thi s
o p t i o n may b e u s e f u l when a p i l e has a v e r y
l a r g e and sudden change o f cr oss s ec t i on and when
t h e us er want s t o make h i s segment boundar i es
mat ch t he p o i n t s o f cr oss s ec t i onal change, o r i f
he want s t o c r eat e a model whi ch cannot be d i -
r e c t l y c al c ul at ed f r om A E and w
P' P P'
= 0 Aut omat i c det er mi nat i on o f p i l e segment s t i f f -
n e s s e s and we i g h t s . A l l segment s w i l l b e o f
equal l engt h. Thi s i s t h e recommended opt i on
under most ci r cumst ances.
= 1 Aut omat i c det er mi nat i on of p i l e segment wei ght s
and s t i f f n e s s e s b u t w i t h r e l a t i v e segment l engt hs
s pec i f i ed by t h e user (See Cards 2.301 ... ).
, For t h i s o p t i o n "N", t h e number o f segments, must
be s pec i f i ed by t h e user ( see bel ow).
= 2 Segment s t i f f n e s s e s (Cards 2.101, ...) and
wei ght s (Cards 2.201, ...) ar e s p e c i f i e d al ong
w i t h r e l a t i v e segment l engt hs (Cards 2.301, . ..)
by t h e user. Agai n N ( see bel ow) must be gi ven.
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name
N N
Des c r i pt i on
NUMBER OF PILE SEGMENTS (maximum 98)
Expl anat i on: The pr oper choi ce o f t h e number o f
p i l e segments w i l l al ways be a compromi se between
comput at i onal e f f o r t and accuracy. I n gener al ,
5 - f t (1.65 m) segments g i v e r easonabl y accur at e
r e s u l t s , however, f o r ver y har d d r i v i n g systems
(e.g., uncushi oned) wi t h s har pl y r i s i n g f or ces,
t h e 5 - f t (1.65 m) segment l engt h may be t o o l o n g
t o r epr esent t he q u i c k l y changi ng s t r e s s waves,
and a decay o f t h e waves may be obser ved i n t h e
r e s u l t s as t h e y t r a v e l a l o n g p i l e s o f g r e a t
l engt h.
I n some i nst ances t h e user may want t o check t r y
whet her s h o r t e r segment s ( a g r e a t e r N) woul d
appr ec i abl y change h i s r es ul t s . Not e t h a t
s hor t er segments r e q u i r e s hor t er t i me i ncr ement s.
The comput at i onal t i me may t her ef or e, i nc r eas e by
a f a c t o r o f 4 i f N i s doubl ed. Moreover, t h e
c hoi c e o f ver y smal l segments may i nc r eas e t h e
c omput at i onal e f f o r t t o a p o i n t a t whi ch round-
o f f e r r o r s have a maj or e f f e c t . It i s , t her e-
f or e, bel i ev ed t h a t segments shoul d not be chosen
s hor t er t han 2 f t (.6 m).
Not e t h a t t h e us er MUST s pec i f y N i f h e o r she
i n t e n d s t o ent er e i t h e r p i l e segment l engt hs o r
p r o p e r t i e s w i t h t h e I PEL > 0 o p t i o n on Car ds
2.101, ..., 2.201, ..., 2.301, ... .
= 0, 1 Aut omat i c det er mi nat i on based on an el ement
l e n g t h o f appr oxi mat el y 5 f t (1.65 m). Thi s i s
t h e recommended opt i on.
> 1 Act ual number o f segments.
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
De s c r i p t i o n
ISPL ISPL
SLACK/SPLICE OPTION
Ex pl anat i on: Some p i l e s ar e s p l i c e d wi t h devi ces
t h a t a l l o w f o r some sl i ppage dur i ng ext ensi on.
The amount o f t ens i onl es s s l i ppage i s c a l l e d a
" sl ack" . A cr ack i n a r e g u l a r l y r ei nf or c ed p i l e
a l s o has a s l a c k . D u r i n g c ompr es s i on o f a
s p l i c e , nei ghbor i ng i n t e r f a c e s behave pr obabl y
s i mi l a r t o t h e p i l e t op, i mpact bl oc k and ot her
i n t e r f a c e s i n t h e d r i v i n g system. A p i l e p o r t i o n
w i t h sl acks t h e r e f o r e shoul d not be model ed w i t h
t h e l i n e a r s pr i ngs o f t h e r egul ar p i l e model.
F u r t h e r d e t a i l s on sl acks and s p l i c e s ar e gi ven
i n Volume I.
= 0
No s l ac k s / s pl i c es need t o be model ed i n p i l e .
> 0 The number o f s l ac k s / s pl i c es t o be model ed i n
p i l e . Si nce t h e s l a c k / s p l i c e i s model ed i n a
segment, s p l i c e s oc c ur r i ng w i t h i n a di s t anc e l e s s
t han a segment l e n g t h may need t o be model ed as a
s i n g l e s l ac k / s pl i c e. For each s p l i c e a c ar d w i t h
s p l i c e / s l a c k dat a must be gi ven i n 8.501, 8.502,
NCROSS NCROSS OPTION FOR nonuni f or m PILES
= 0 Uni f or m p i l e . P i l e t op i nf or mat i on gi ven on Car d
5.000 s er v es t o d e s c r i b e p r o p e r t i e s o f t o t a l
p i l e .
= 1 Nonuni f or m p i l e . The p i l e t o p i nf or mat i on on
Car d 5.000 and a d d i t i o n a l p i l e i nf or mat i on on
Card 5.101, ... descr i bes t h e nonuni f or m p i l e .
Thus, t h e NCROSS-1 opt i on r equi r es t h e speci -
f i c a t i o n o f t h e " p i l e p r o f i l e " .
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IBEDAM IBEDAM
Des c r i pt i on
PI LE DAMPING
Ex pl anat i on: There i s a d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
s t a t i c and dynami c behavi or o f most mat er i al s .
For t he p i l e mat er i al , WEAP86 models t h i s d i f f e r -
e n t behavi or by dashpot s i ns er t ed between masses
and i n p a r a l l e l wi t h t he spr i ngs. These dashpot s
t r a n s f e r some o f t h e dynamic l oad; t hey absor b
mor e energy when t h e p i l e i s suddenl y l oaded.
The i nf l uenc e o f p i l e damping i s smal l i n s t e e l ,
b u t pr obabl y more s i g n i f i c a n t i n concr et e and
t i mber . Accur at e dat a i s not av ai l abl e. Where
l o n g p i l e s a r e anal yzed ( l onger t han 330 f t o r
100 m), compari son anal yses wi t h d i f f e r e n t IBEDAM
val ues may be made t o check on t h e i n f l u e n c e of
p i l e damping.
P i l e damping i s computed as 0.02 IBEDAM x EA/c,
w i t h EA/c bei ng t h e p i l e impedance a t p i l e mi d-
l e n g t h ( t h e p i l e i mpedance i s t h e p r o d u c t of
cr oss s ec t i onal area, p i l e e l a s t i c modul us d i v i d -
ed by t h e wave speed i n t h e p i l e ) . It i s t h e
same val ue f o r a l l segments, even i n nonuni f or m
pi l es . Si nce t h e r e i s one dashpot on t op o f each
p i l e segment, t h e number o f dashpot s i ncr eases
wi t h t h e number o f segments. On t h e ot her hand,
t h e i nt er segment al damping f or c e i s a f unc t i on o f
t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y o f t wo nei ghbor i ng seg-
ment s, whi ch i s smal l er f o r a smal l er segment
l e n g t h . Thus, i n gener al , t h e anal y s i s r e s u l t s
w i l l n o t be s t r ongl y a f f e c t e d by IBEDAM i f t h e
number o f segments changes.
< 0 P i l e damping i s s et t o zero.
= 0 The d e f a u l t o f IBEDAM=l i s used, t h i s i s t h e
recommended i n p u t f o r s t e e l p i l e s .
= 1 L i k e 0
= 3 recommended val ue f o r concr et e p i l e s .
= 5 recommended val ue f o r t i mber p i l e s .
Ot her val ues may be used, however, i n gener al i t
i s recommended t o keep t h e IBEDAM val ue smal l ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r l ong p i l e s (see Example 10) .
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IPERCS IPERCS
De s c r i p t i o n
PERCENTAGE OF SKIN FRICTION
Ex pl anat i on: The per cent age o f s k i n f r i c t i o n i s
a maj or i n p u t f o r t h e r epr es ent at i on o f s o i l r e-
s i st ance. St andar d wave equat i on p r a c t i c e c a l l s
f o r t h e assi gnment o f a f i x e d per cent age o f t he
t o t a l R t o t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n and t h e r emai nder
t o end ' t f eari ng. Thus i f t h e Rut val ues t o be
a n a l y z e d a r e 100, 200, 300 k i p s ( kN) and i f
IPERCS i s 20, t hen t h e cor r espondi ng s k i n
f r i c t i o n val ues ar e 20, 40, and 60 k i p s (kN).
WEAP86 o f f e r s t wo a l t e r n a t i v e s , ( a) t h e const ant
f r i c t i o n and ( b) t h e const ant end bear i ng anal y-
s i s . I n ( a) t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n woul d be 20, 20
and 20 k i ps , i n ( b) 20, 120 and 220 k i p s (kN).
Thus, where e i t h e r ( a) o r ( b) ar e used, t h e f i r s t
Rut
det er mi nes t h e amount o f e i t h e r s k i n f r i c t i o n
o r end bear i ng t o be used t hr oughout a l l l a t e r
anal yses.
The r eason f o r t hese t wo opt i ons i s t he need t o
a n a l y z e s i t u a t i o n s where t he' one t y pe o f r e s i s t -
ance, say t h e f r i c t i o n i n a c l ay , i s we l l known
and t he ot her t ype, say t h e end bear i ng i n sand,
i s onl y appr oxi mat el y known. Thus, t h e anal yses
w i t h v ar i ous Rut val ues a r e per f or med w i t h t he
w e l l known r es i s t anc e f i x e d and t h e ot her one
var i abl e.
0 It i s not recommended t o use a zer o s k i n
f r i c t i o n ; t he l owest val ue shoul d be 1 per cent .
1 .. 100 The act ual and c onv ent i onal l y v a r i a b l e s k i n
f r i c t i o n i n per cent of t h e R
f o r each anal ysi s.
u t
-1 ..-I00 The negat i v e v al ue o f t h e f i r s t s k i n f r i c t i o n
per cent age f o r a const ant f r i c t i o n anal ysi s.
Th u s , -20 w i l l pr oduc e a s k i n f r i c t i o n o f 20
per cent o f t h e f i r s t R f o r a l l anal yses.
u t
101 .. 200 The s k i n f r i c t i o n per cent age o f t h e f i r s t R
a n a l y s i s i n c r e a s e d by 100. Thus a 120 w i r f
p r o d u c e a s k i n f r i c t i o n o f 20 p e r c e n t o f t h e
f i r s t R . F o r a l l l a t e r a n a l y s e s t h e s k i n
f r i c t i onu$nc r eas es by t h e d i f f e r e n c e , between a
l a t e r and t h e f i r s t Rut, l e a v i n g t he end bear i ng
const ant .
ISMITH ISMITH
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name Des c r i ot i on
SOIL DAMPING OPTION
Expl anat i on: I n most ot her wave equat i on pr o-
gr ams, s k i n dampi ng i s comput ed a c c o r d i n g t o
Smi t h as R = Rs (j ) v, where RS i s t h e s t a t i c
r es i s t anc e (at a c e r t a i n t i me, j s i s t h e Smi t h
damping f a c t o r and v i s t he p i l e v e l o c i t y . WEAP-
86 o f f e r s a l s o t h e vi scous Smi t h damping: R =
R (j ) v wi t h R bei ng t h e u l t i ma t e s t a t i c qe-
syst ar ke. ~i nceU R ( j ) i s const ant t h i s ap-
pr oac h y i e l d s vi scuus aamping. The t h i r d ap-
pr oach i s t h e Case damping where R = j (EA/c)
v, wi t h EA/c bei ng t h e p i l e impedance. f i e f i r s t
o p t i o n i s t h e most common.ly used one, t h e second
one l eads t o comparabl e r e s u l t s , f o r t h e t h i r d ,
ex per i enc e i s needed t o f i n d t he pr oper damping
f ac t or .
The ISMITH o p t i o n det er mi nes t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f t h e s o i l damping f a c t o r s s p e c i f i e d by t h e user
on Cards 8.000 o r 8.201, ... . However, s i nc e
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l Case Damping
f a c t o r s i s d i f f i c u l t , i t i s not recommended t o
use Case damping when ent er i ng i n d i v i d u a l dampi ng
paramet ers (ITYS < 0) .
= 0 1 St andar d Smi t h damping. Thi s i s t h e recommended
appr oach. Damping par amet er s o f t h e Smi t h t y pe
have di mensi on s / f t (s/m).
= -1 Case dampi ng. Dampi ng par amet er s a r e o f t h e
vi scous t y pe but nondi mensi onal i zed by d i v i s i o n
by EA/c.
= 2 Smi t h damping par amat er s, but i ns t ead o f mu l t i -
p l y i n g t h e damping par amet er w i t h t h e s t a t i c r e-
s i s t a n c e a t a c e r t a i n t i me, i t i s mu l t i p l i e d by
t he cor r epondi ng u l t i ma t e c apac i t y val ue.
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name
ITYS ITYS
Des c r i pt i on
SKIN FRICTION DISTRIBUTION
Ex pl anat i on: A f t e r t h e per cent age of s k i n f r i c -
t i o n and, t her ef or e, t h e t o t a l s k i n f r i c t i o n has
been det er mi ned f o r a R anal y s i s , t h i s s k i n
f r i c t i o n must be d i s t r i b u t e d i n a r easonabl y r e-
a l i s t i c manner al ong t h e embedded p i l e por t i on.
Of t e n a t r i a n g u l a r o r a r ec t angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n
i s s u f f i c i e n t l y accur at e. For t h i s r eason WEAP86
p r o v i d e s f o r 10 "canned" d i s t r i b u t i o n s whi ch ar e
s c hemat i c al l y shown i n Fi gur e 1. Al t e r n a t i v e l y ,
t h e user may want t o i n p u t a more complex d i s t r i -
but i on, by s pec i f y i ng t h e r e l a t i v e f r i c t i o n a l i n -
t e n s i t y as a f u n c t i o n o f p i l e l engt h.
= 0 I n p u t o f d e t a i l e d r es i s t anc e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o be
ent er ed i n Cards 8.401, ... .
= 1
Tr i angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n over 100 per cent o f p i l e .
= 2 Tr i angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e l owest 80
per cent o f p i l e .
= 3, 4, 5 Tr i a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e l owest 60, 40,
20 per cent o f p i l e , r es pec t i v el y .
= 6
Rect angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n over 100 per cent o f p i l e
= 7 Rect angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e l owest 80
per cent o f p i l e .
= 8, 9,10 Rect angul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e l owest 60, 40,
20 per cent o f p i l e , r es pec t i v el y .
= -1 As i n = 0 b u t a l s o w i t h t h e i n p u t o f a l l dampi ng
par amet er s f o r t h e embedded p i l e segments,
i n d i v i d u a l l y on Cards 8.201, ...
a - 2 No r es i s t anc e d i s t r i b u t i o n b u t t h e i n d i v i d u a l
quake, damping and u l t i ma t e r es i s t anc e val ues
must be i n p u t on Cards 8.101, ..., 8.201, ... and
8.301, ... .
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name
I PHI I PHI
Des c r i pt i on
ANALYSIS TIME INCREMENT
Expl anat i on: The anal y s i s t i me i ncr ement cannot
be a r b i t r a r i l y l ong o r i n s t a b i l i t y w i l l r e s u l t ,
i . e. , f or c es and v e l o c i t i e s whi ch w i l l w i l d l y
f l u c t u a t e . I f t h e t i me i ncr ement i s t o o s h o r t
t hen t h e comput at i on t akes t oo l ong. Thus, a
r easonabl e compromise has t o be made. WEAP86
comput es t h e c r i t i c a l t i me i ncr ement , dt c , based
on t h e p i l e and s o i l r es i s t anc e properties. It
t hen computes t h e act ual t i me i ncr ement by a num-
ber gr eat er t han one whi ch i s r ef er r ed t o as I PHI
( p e r c e n t ) . The r e s u l t i s t h e a n a l y s i s t i me
i ncr ement , d t = d t /IPHI/100. The d e f a u l t o f
I PHI i s 160. An I&I i n p u t l es s t han 100 w i l l
n o t be accept ed by WEAP86, val ues gr eat er t han
300 w i l l r e s u l t i n unr easonabl y l ong anal y s i s
dur at i ons.
= 0 Recommended f o r d e f a u l t o f 160
> 100 I PHI val ues i n per cent .
IRSAO IRSAO. RESIDUAL STRESS OPTION
= 0 A s i n g l e anal y s i s w i l l be per f or med a t each l oad
l e v e l under t h e assumpt i on t h a t a l l o f t h e s o i l
s pr i ngs have zer o f or c e a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f i m-
pact . Thi s opt i on i s not recommended f o r
Monotube pi l es .
= 1 A Res i dual s t r e s s a n a l y s i s w i l l be per f or med
whi ch i nv ol v es sever al r eanal yses o f t h e same Rut
val ue and i n i t i a l r es i s t anc e f or c es and p i l e d i s -
pl acements ar e t aken f r om t h e end o f t he pr evi ous
anal ysi s. Toget her wi t h r e a l i s t i c s o i l r e s i s t -
ance d i s t r i b u t i o n s , damping val ues and quakes,
t h i s anal y s i s t y pe i s recommended f o r Monotube
pi l es . For ot her p i l e t ypes c o r r e l a t i o n anal yses
shoul d be made ber or e t h e RSA i s chosen.
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
ITER ITER
= 0, 1
IDAHA IDAHA
Des c r i ot i on
NO. OF ITERATIONS I N INTEGRATION ANALYSIS
One c y c l e o f p r e d i c t o r c o r r e c t o r a n a l y s i s i s
per f or med. Thi s i s t h e recommended o p t i o n f o r
opt i mal comput at i on t i mes.
Ad d i t i o n a l pr edi c t or - c or r ec t or c y c l es a r e per -
f or med, dependi ng on t h e convergence o f p i l e t op
and bot t om v e l o c i t i e s .
HAMMER DAMPING
Ex pl anat i on: The hammer cushi on dashpot ac t s i n
p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e hammer cushi on spr i ng. I t s
par amet er i s computed as cdh = IDAHA (EA/ c)/ 50
where EA/c i s t h e impedance o f t h e ram. The de-
f a u l t val ue i s IOAHA = 2.
Thi s i s t h e recommended opt i on.
Somewhat s mal l er t han d e f a u l t , usabl e.
I d e n t i c a l t o d e f a u l t
A z e r o hammer damping i s used, pr obabl y r e s u l t s
i n somewhat gr eat er ram and p i l e v i b r a t i o n s n o t
observed i n measured r ecor ds.
Not recommended si nce an overdampened response
woul d r e s u l t .
I n p u t I n t e r n a l
Name Name
IMAXT IMAXT
Des c r i pt i on
ANALYSIS DURATION
Expl anat i on: The anal y s i s dur at i on may be a ver y
i mp o r t a n t quant i t y . For example, i n har d d r i v -
i n g , wi t h l i t t l e s k i n f r i c t i o n , t ens i on s t r es s es
may r e s u l t some t i me a f t e r t h e p i l e has rebounded
and t he bl ow count i s c al c ul at ed. On t h e o t h e r
hand, i t may be unnecessary t o anal yze u n t i l i t
i s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s t r es s maxima a t a l l el ement s
have been c a l c u l a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y .
WEAP86 p r i ma r i l y anal yzes u n t i l t h e bl ow count i s
computed w i t h c e r t a i n t y and t h e rebound o f t h e
d i e s e l ram i s known. Ext r emel y l a r g e o r s h o r t
a n a l y s i s d u r a t i o n s may cause pr obl ems i n t h e
d i e s e l hammer s t r o k e conver si on o r i n t h e
comput at i on o f t h e f i n a l set . The d e f a u l t i s ,
t her ef or e, t h e recommended i nput . However, f o r
unusual p i l e t ypes, such as ver y heavy o r ex-
t r e me l y l ong, p i l e s may a l s o be anal yzed w i t h
ot her IMAXT val ues.
The a n a l y s i s t i me s t a r t s f o r ECH 2 ms b e f o r e
i mpact and f o r d i e s e l s 2 ms bef or e e i t h e r
i g n i t i o n o r i mpact .
= 0 Def aul t - recommended
1 ... 499 maximum anal y s i s t i me i n ms. The user i s advi sed
t o chose val ues o f a t l e a s t 20. Not e t h a t 499 i s
an ext r emel y l ong t i me (0.5 s).
> 499 WEAP86 chooses 4L/c ( 4 t i mes t h e t i me whi ch t h e
s t r e s s wave r equi r es t o t r a v e l al ong a p i l e o f
l e n g t h L) , b u t a l s o s a t i s f i e s a l l ot her r equi r e-
ment s f o r a pr oper comput at i on o f bl ow count .
The IMAXT > 499 opt i on i s recommended where a l l
s t r e s s ext rema must be det er mi ned ( p r i ma r i l y o f
i mpor t ance f o r concr et e p i l e s ) .
CARD 2.101 - 2.113 (Format: 8R10.0)
For : IPEL = 2 (See Card 2.000)
I nput
Name
I nt er nal
Name Des c r i pt i on
PILE ELEMENT
STIFFNESSES STP PI LE SEGMENT STIFFNESSES ( k / i n o r kN/mm) a r e
r equi r ed f o r a l l p i l e el ement s when IPEL = 2.
Si nce onl y 8 val ues ar e r ead per car d, t h e r e may
b e up t o 13 [38] car ds (maximum 98 [298]
segment s) . The f i r s t val ue must be gi v en* If
t h e ( 1 ) t h v al ue i s t h e same as t h e ( I - 1 ) t h val ue,
t h e ( 1 ) t h val ue may be l e f t bl ank. (See N - Card
2.000).
CARO 2.201 - 2.213 (Format : 8R10.01
For: IPEL = 2 (See Card 2.000)
I nput
Name
I nt er nal
Name Des c r i pt i on
PILE SEGMENT
WEIGHTS PM PI LE SEGMENT WEIGHTS ( k i ps o r kN) ar e r equi r ed
f o r a l l p i l e el ement s when IPEL = 2. Si nce onl y
8 val ues ar e r ead per car d, t her e may be up t o 13
[ 38] car ds (max. 98 [298] segments). The f i r s t
val ue must be gi ven. I f t h e ( 1 ) t h val ue i s t he
same as t h e ( I - 1 ) t h val ue, t h e ( 1 ) t h val ue may be
l e f t bl ank. (See N - Card 2.000).
CARO 2.301 - 2.313 (Format: .8R10.01
For : IPEL > 0 (See Card 2.000)
I nput
Name
I nt er nal
Name Des c r i pt i on
PILE SEGMENT
LENGTHS ALPH Re l a t i v e PILE SEGMENT LENGTHS a r e r equi r ed f o r
a l l p i l e el ement s when IPEL > 0. Si nce o n l y 8
val ues ar e r ead per car d, t her e may be up t o 13
[ 38] car ds (max. 98 [298] segments). The f i r s t
val ue must be gi ven. I f t h e ( 1 ) t h val ue i s t h e
same as t h e ( I - 1 ) t h val ue, t h e ( 1 ) t h val ue may be
l e f t bl ank. (See N - Card 2.000).
Note: ALPH must be gi ven even . t hough STP and PM
may have a l s o been ent er ed.
CARD 3.000 (Format : 8R10.0)
I nput I n t e r n a l
Name Name De s c r i p t i o n
HELMET AN0 HAMMER For an ex pl anat i on o f t er ms see Fi gur e 2. For
CUSHION INFORMATION an ex t ens i v e l i s t o f cap wei ght s and cushi on
pr oper t i es see Tabl es 2 and 3.
AREA
WEIGHT CAPW Wei ght o f t h e hel met + hammer ' cushi on + s t r i k e r
p l a t e + a l l ot her components between ram (ECH) o r
i mpact bl oc k ( Di es el ) and p i l e t o p ( k i ps o r kN).
N o t e t h a t a CAPW MUST be gi v en. The pr ogr am
c a n n o t r u n w i t h o u t t h i s v al ue. I f t h e r am
s t r i k e s t h e p i l e d i r e c t l y , t hen an appr oxi mat e
s o l u t i o n may be obt ai ned by model i ng t h e p i l e 5
f t s h o r t e r and e n t e r i n g a CAPW and CAPST val ue
whi ch cor r espond t o t h e pr oper t i es o f t h e p i l e
t op.
ACAP
2 2
Area o f t h e hammer cushi on ( i n o r cm ); t h i s
v a l u e i s us ed t o comput e t h e hammer c u s h i o n
s t i f f n e s s . I f no CAPST i s ent er ed and TCAP i s
g r e a t e r t han 0, a d e f a u i t val ue ii; assi gned as
f o l l o w s : ACAP = 113 i n ( 930 cm ) f o r ECH o r
equal t o t h e ram bot t om ar ea ( di es el s ) . Use o f
. t hese d e f a u l t s i s - not recommended.
ELASTIC MODULUS ECAP E l a s t i c modul us o f t h e hammer cushi on ( k s i o r
MPa). I f n e i t h e r ECAP nor CAPST val ues a r e en-
t e r e d , but TCAP i s gi ven, t hen t h e program as-
sumes 400 k s i (2818 MPa). Not needed i f CAPST i s
ent er ed. Not e t h a t 112 o f t h e secant modul us o f
t h e cushi on ma t e r i a l gi v es good s t r es s c or r el a-
t i o n s (see a l s o Tabl e 3.)
THICKNESS
C.0.R
ROUND-OUT
TCAP Thi ckness o f t h e hammer cushi on ( i n o r mm). Not
needed i f CAPST i s gi ven.
CORCAP Co e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t h e hammer cushi on.
Def aul t i s 1.0. A more appr opr i at e val ue shoul d
be t aken f r om Tabl e 2. I n gener al , i f not hi ng
e l s e i s known, a 0.8 val ue i s recommended.
ORCP Round- out ( o r compr essi ve sl ack; see a l s o Fi gur e
3.8 o f Volume I ) def or mat i on o f t h e hammer
c us hi on ( f t ) ; a 0. 01- f t (3 mm) d e f a u l t i s used.
The d e f a u l t i s recommended, unl ess compari sons
w i t h measurements i n d i c a t e d i f f e r e n t val ues,
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Des c r i pt i on
STIFFNESS CAPST The hammer cushi on s t i f f n e s s i n k i p s / i n (kN/mm).
I n s t e a d o f ACAP, CAP and TCAP, t h e r e s u l t i n g
s t 1 f f ness may be ent er ed. I f t h e CAPST i s not
g i v e n t hen i t i s computed f r om ECAP(ACAP)/TCAP.
I f n e i t h e r TCAP nor CAPST ar e s p e c i f i e d by t h e
us er t hen i t i s assumed t h a t no hammer cushi on i s
pr esent . The cor r espondi ng s pr i ng s t i f f n e s s i s
t h e n t h e ram bot t om s t i f f nes s . CAPST ov er r i des
t h e ACAP, ECAP and TCAP i nf or mat i on. Ther ef or e,
t h e hammer cushi on i nf or mat i on p r i n t e d by WEAP86
may show a hammer cushi on s t i f f n e s s whi ch does
n o t equal t h e cor r espondi ng val ue f r om ACAP, ECAP
and TCAP.
CARD 4.000 (Format: 8R10.0)
PILE CUSHION
INFORMATION NOTE THAT THIS ' INPUT I S GENERALLY ONLY NECESSARY
FOR CONCRETE PILES, I F NO CUSHION I S PRESENT BE-
TWEEN HELMET AND PILE TOP, 'THIS CARD SHOULD BE
LEFT BLANK.
AREA ACUS
2 2
Area o f t h e p i l e cushi on ( i n o r cm ). I f l e f t
bl ank t he program w i l l s u b s t i t u t e t h e p i l e t op
cr oss s ec t i onal ar ea unl ess a CUST i s ent er ed.
ELASTIC MODULUS ECUS El a s t i c modulus o f t he p i l e cushi on ( k s i o r MPa).
I f l e f t bl ank and CUST = 0, t hen t h e program w i l l
s u b s t i t u t e 50 k s i (352 MPa) whi ch i s reasonab1.e
f o r used pl ywood.
THICKNESS TCUS Thi ckness o f t h e p i l e cushi on ( i n o r mm). I f
TCUS i s not s p e c i f i e d and CUST i s al s o l e f t a t
zer o, t hen t her e i s no p i l e cushi on modeled.
C.O.R. CDRCUS Co e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n o f t h e p i l e cushi on.
I n gener al a 0.5 i s r easonabl e f o r any t y pe o f
wood. Def aul t i s 1.0.
ROUND-OUT DRCU Round-out def or mat i on ( o r compressi ve sl ack; see
a l s o Fi gur e 3.8 of Volume I) o f t h e p i l e cushi on
( f t o r mm); d e f a u l t = 0. 01 f t ( 3 mm). I t i s
recommended t h a t no i nput be made unl ess measure-
ments r equi r e a val ue d i f f e r e n t f r om t h e def aul t .
STIFFNESS CUST T h i s i s t he o i l e cushi on s t i f f n e s s i n k i o s / i n c h
, -, -
(kN/mm). 1 t ' ov er r i des t h e val ue computed f r om
ACUS(ECUS)/TCUS. If ACUS, ECUS, TCUS and CUST
have been s p e c i f i e d and do not mat ch each ot her ,
t h e n t h e p r i n t o u t may show c ont r adi c t or y r e s u l t s
wi t hout any f u r t h e r consequence i n t h e anal y s i s .
CARD 5.000 (Format : 8R10.0)
I nput
Name
I n t e r n a l
Name Des c r i pt i on
PILE AND PILE Not e t h a t t he p i l e t op i nf or mat i on i s a l l t h a t i s
TOP INFORMATION needed t o c r eat e t h e p i l e model of uni f or m p i l e s .
Tabl e 4 cont ai ns recommended p i l e mat er i al val ues
f o r most common p i l e t ypes.
LENGTH XPT P i l e l engt h (f t o r m). Thi s i nf or mat i on MUST be
gi ven.
AREA AP(1)
2
P i l e t o p cr oss s ec t i onal ar ea ( i n 2 o r cm ).
Th i s
i nf or mat i on MUST be gi ven.
ELASTIC MODULUS EP ( 1) P i l e t o p e l a s t i c modul us ( k s i o r MPa). T h i s
i nf or mat i on MUST be gi ven.
SPEC. WEIGHT wp(1)
3 3
P i l e t o p s p e c i f i c we i g h t ( I b s / f t o r kN/m ) .
Thi s i nf or mat i on MUST be gi ven.
C.O.R. ' CORPTP C o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t he p i l e t op. A
0.85 f o r s t eel p i l e s and 0.5 f o r t i mber p i l e s i s
recommended. De f a u l t i s 1.0 whi ch i s accept abl e
f o r c onc r et e p i l e s wi t h p i l e cushi ons.
ROUND-OUT DRPT Round-out def or mat i on ( or compr essi ve sl ack; see
a l s o Fi gur e 3.8 o f Volume I) o f t h e p i l e t op ( f t
o r mm) ; d e f a u l t = 0. 01 f t ( 3 mm) wh i c h i s
recommended unl ess a b e t t e r val ue i s known f r om
measurements.
CARD 5.101 - 5.120 (Format: 8R10.0)
For : NCROSS> 0 (See Card 2.000)
I n p u t
Name
I n t e r n a l
Name De s c r i p t i o n
NONUNIFORM The f o l l o wi n g car ds ar e onl y needed i f t h e p i l e
k
PILE DESCRIPTION i s nonuni f or m and i f t h e NCROSS=l (see Car d
2.000). P i l e p r o p e r t i e s may be f ound i n Tabl e I
4. For a l l f our i nput s, t h e program w i l l
1
s u b s t i t u t e t he pr ev i ous cor r espondi ng val ue, i f a
zer o ( or bl ank ) i s ent er ed. Thus, no E l a s t i c 1
Modul us o r S p e c i f i c Wei ght v a l u e s need t o b e 1
i n p u t i f t h e p i l e i s onl y o f one mat er i al ( val ues
f r om Card 5.000 w i l l be used).
I
The program i n t e r p o l a t e s pr oper t i es l i n e a r l y be-
L
tween consecut i ve XP(1) val ues. St epwi se changes
o f c r os s s ec t i on ( or changes o f ma t e r i a l ) have t o
be i d e n t i f i e d by t wo car ds w i t h i d e n t i c a l XP(1)
i
I
val ues, f i r s t g i v i n g t he p i l e pr oper t i es j u s t
above t h e change, and second, j u s t bel ow t h e sec-
t i o n . Any combi nat i on of l i n e a r w i t h s t r a i g h t I
L
s ec t i ons and w i t h any t y pe o f mat er i al i s pos s i -
bl e. The program r ecogni zes t he l a s t s e t o f i n -
p u t val ues by compar i ng XP(1) wi t h XPT (See Card
5.000). It i s , t her ef or e, i mper at i v e t h a t t he 1
l a s t s e t o f XP( I ) , AP(1) ... s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s t a r t
wi t h an XP(1) val ue t h a t i s gr eat er t han o r equal
t o t h e p i l e l engt h. An exampl e i n p u t f o r t wo
t ypes o f nonuni f or mi t y i s gi ven i n Fi gur e 3.
i
Up t o 19 cr oss s ec t i onal changes may be ent er ed.
I
DEPTH x p ( I ) Dept h ( f t o r m) bel ow p i l e t op a t change o f p i l e
p r o f i l e . I
I
2
i
AREA
AP( I )
Cr o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a ( i n 2 o r cm ) o f p i l e a t
XP(1).
I
ELASTIC MODULUS EP (I ) E l a s t i c Modul us ( k s i o r MPa) o f p i l e a t XP(1). I
SPECIFIC WEIGHT WP(1)
3 3
S p e c i f i c Wei ght ( l b s / f t o r kN/m ) o f p i l e a t
XP(1).
THERE I S NO CARD NO. 6.000
CARD 6.101 (Format: 2A8,314)
For: IHAMR = 0 (See Card 2.000)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
The f ol l owi ng i s needed i f t he user does not f i n d
t h e desi r ed hammer model i n t he hammer data f i l e
( see al so Table 1). It i s suggested t hat t he
hammer dat a request form o f Volume 111, Chapter 4
be used t o c ol l ec t t he necessary data.
MANUFAC NAMMAN Hammer manufacturer name, i.e., DELMAG, VULCAN,
et c . abbr evi at ed, i f necessar y, t o a t most 8
characters.
NAME NAMHAM Hammer name or model, i.e., 0-20, VUL 010, agai n
a t most 8 characters.
I TYPH ITYPH Hammer t ype :
= 1 open end di esel
= 2 cl osed end di esel
= 3 ext er nal combustion hammer
Number of ram segments ( usual l y = t he segment
l e n g t h i s chosen such t hat segments not shor t er
than 2. 5-f t (0.75 m) r esul t ,
CARD 6.201 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: I HAMR = 0 (See Card 2.000)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
RAM :
WEIGHT RAMW Weight o f t he ram ( ki ps or kN).
LENGTH RAML Length o f t he ram (ft o r nun). Thi s i nf or mat i on
i s onl y used f o r t he computati on o f a r epr esent at i ve
ram s t i f f nes s as expl ai ned i n Chapter 4 o f Vol -
ume I.
DIAMETER RAMD Average or . ef f ec t i v e di ameter o f t he ram ( i n or
mm); t h i s val ue i s used t o compute t he ram s t i f f -
ness. Great accuraci es ar e not r equi r ed when
comput i ng t he average RAMD o f a nonuni form ram.
See al so Chapter 4 o f Volume 1 f o r f ur t her i n-
s t r u c t i o n s . Note, however, t h a t i t i s a l s o
possi bl e t o ent er t he cor r ect ram bottom
di ameter, RAMD, and an equi val ent ram l engt h f or
a cor r ect ram st i f f ness.
STROKE :
MAXIMUM . STRM
MI NI MUM STRMN
The - RATED hammer st r oke ( f t or m).
For open end di esel s a hi gher st r oke may
physi cal l y be possi bl e. However, f o r t he sake o f
conservati sm a hi gher t han r at ed st r oke shoul d
not be analyzed.
For cl osed end di esel s t he act ual (geometri c)
maximum s t r o k e a t whi ch t h e hammer i s r at ed.
Not e t hat t he r eact i on wei ght and bounce chamber
pressure ar e used t o recompute t he maximum st r oke
o f cl osed end di esel s. However, t he user shoul d
secure accurat e dat a such t hat a comparison o f
t he computed wi t h manufacturer suppl i ed st r oke
val ue i s possi bl e.
For si ngl e act i ng ECH t he r at ed stroke.
For doubl e ac t i ng ECH t he equi val ent r at ed
stroke, i.e., r at ed energy di vi ded by ram wei ght.
Minimum st r oke ( f t o r m).
Thi s val ue i s used as a def aul t st r oke t o s t a r t
t he anal ysi s o f di esel s.
1 EFFICIENCY EFFICY
Hammer e f f i c i e n c y ( usual l y 0.5, 0.67, 0.8 f o r
doubl e act i ng, s i ngl e act i ng ECH, and f o r di e-
sel s, r espect i vel y) . Thi s val ue must be entered.
There i s no def aul t .
CARD 6.301 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: IHAMR = 0 and ITYPH = 1 o r 2 (See Cards 2.000 and 6.101)
I nput I nt er na' l
Name Name
IMPACT BLOCK
INFORMATION
Descr i pt i on
FOR DIESELS ONLY
WEIGHT ANVW Weight o f t he i mpact bl ock ( ki ps o r kN)
LENGTH ANVL L e n g t h o f t h e i mpact bl oc k ( i n o r mm); t h i s
i nf or mat i on i s onl y needed t o compute t he i mpact
bl ock st i f f ness.
DIAMETER ANVD Di amet er o f t he i mpact bl ock ( i n o r mm); t h i s
i n f o r ma t i o n i s needed f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f
i mpact bl ock s t i f f n e s s and does not need t o be
ext r emel y accurat e. I n general , t he smal l est
di amet er governs.
C.O.R. CORRA
ROUND-OUT DRRA
Coef f i c i ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t he i mpact bl ock;
recommended i s .90.
Round-out def ormat i on ( or compressive sl ack; see
al s o Fi gur e 3.8 o f Volume I ) o f t he i mpact bl ock
i n f t (mm), usual l y 0.01 f t (3 mm).
CARD 6.401 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: IHAMR = 0 and ITYPH = 1 or 2 (See Card 2.000 and 6.101)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
COMBUSTION INFORMATION FOR DIESELS ONLY
DEPIB . DEPIB Compressive st r oke ( i n or mm.) - di st ance between
exhaust por t s and t op o f i mpact bl ock.
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER:
AREA ACH
2 2
Area ( i n o r cm ) o f combustion chamber cross
secti on.
VOLUME VFIN
3
Fi nal combustion chamber volume ( i n3 or dm )
COMBUSTION TIMING: FOR LIQUID FUEL INJECTION ONLY
DELAY TDEL Combustion del ay ( s) ; 0.001 s i s a reasonabl e
value.
DURATION DTIGN Combustion dur at i on ( s) ; 0.002 s i s a reasonabl e
value.
EXPANSION COEFFICIENT: FOR ALL' DIESEL HAMMERS
EXPAN EXPP
COEFF
Expansion c oef f i c i ent - exponent used i n Gas Law
a f t e r combustion has taken pl ace; usual l y 1.35.
COMBUSTION VOLUMES: FOR ATOMIZED FUEL INJECTION ONLY
IGNITION VSTI The combus$ion c9amber volume a t which i g n i t i o n
s t ar t s ( i n or dm ).
FINAL COMB VENDC
3 3
The volume a f t e r i mpact 3at whi j l h ( i n o r dm )
where combustion ends ( i n or dm ).
CARD 6.501 (Format: '6R10.0,15)
For: IHAMR = 0 and ITYPH = 1 or 2 (See Card 2.000 and 6.101)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
PRESSURES FOR DIESELS ONLY
ATMOSPH. PATM Atmospheri c pressure (psi . or kPa), usual l y 14.7
psi or 1.01 kPa.
SETTING 1 P I
SETTING 2 P2
SETTING 3 P3
SETTING 4 P4
SETTING 5 P5
Combusti on pressure ( psi or kPa) - Set t i ng 1 -
maximum combustion pressure. P1 corresponds t o
IFUEL = 1 (See Card 2.000)
Combusti on pressure ( psi or kPa) - Set t i ng 2 -
combustion pressure. P2 corresponds t o IFUEL = 2
(See Card 2.000) .
Equi val ent t o P2
See P2
See P2
CO CONF IGUESS Coef f i ci ent o f conf i dence f o r di esel s:
= 0 Measurements o f combustion pressures were made
= 1 Assumed pressures
CARD 6.601 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: IHAMR = 0 and ITYPH = 2 .(See Card 2.000 and 6.101)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
BOUNCE CHAMBER INFORMATION FOR CLOSED END DIESELS
DEPBB DEPBB Bounce chamber compressive st r oke ( i n o r mm) -
di st ance between bounce chamber por t s and
cy1 i nder top.
B C AREA ART
D SAFETY DSF
C TANK
VOLUME VCT
REACTION
WEIGHT RWH
B C
EXPONENT EXPB
Ram c r o p sect j onal area o f bounce chamber or ram
t op ( i n or cm ).
Maximum i nt er nal ram t r av el di st ance ( i n or mm) -
di st ance between i mpact bl ock and cyl i nder t op
minus t he ram l engt h.
Saf et y chamber di st ance ( i n or mm) - di st ance
between compression tank por t s and cyl i nder top:
3
Pressure tank volume ( i n3 o r dm ).
React i on wei ght of di esel cyl i nder ( ki ps or kN);
t h i s val ue i s i mpor t ant f or maximum st r oke
cal cul at i ons o f cl osed end di esel s. Si nce up1 i f t
occur s a t t he t i me when bounce chamber pressure
t i mes bounce chamber ar ea equal t h e r e a c t i o n
wei ght, t he r eact i on wei ght pr ac t i c al l y governs
t he maximum hammer st r oke or energy.
Exponent f o r bounce chamber expansion/compression
Gas Law computati ons ( usual l y 1.4).
CARD 6.701 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: IHAMR = 0 and ITYPH = 3 (See Card 2.000 and 6.101)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
FOR EXTERNAL COMBUSTION HAMMERS ONLY
EFF AREA AEFBB
2
Ef f e c t i v e pi s t on area ( i n2 o r cm ) f o r doubl e
act i ng ECH hammers.
RATED
PRESSURE PRT Manuf act urer' s hammer pressure r at i ng ( psi o r
kPa) f o r doubl e act i ng ECH hammers.
ASSEMBLY:
C.O.R. CORRAS Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n f o r hammer assembly.
Usual l y 0.8.
ROUND-OUT DRRAS
NO. OF
ASSEMBLY
ELEMENTS MA
Round-out deformati on f o r assembly spri ngs ( f t or
mm); def aul t 0.01 f t (3 mm).
Number of assembly elements. Usual l y 2 and a t
most 3. May al so be zero ( i f assembly wei ght i s
wi t h o u t consequence t o p i l e s t r es s es o r bl ow
count ) or 1 i f t he assembly appears t o be r at her
s t i f f .
CARD 6.801 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: IHAMR = 0, ITYPH = 3 and MA > 0 (See Cards 2.000, 6.101 and 6.701)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
ASSEMBLY GIVE MA STIFFNESSES AND MA WEIGHTS FOR ECH.
WEIGHT AW(1) Weight ( ki ps o r kN) of t h e f i r s t assembly segment
(MA = 1, 2 o r 3)
WEIGHT AW(2) Second assembly wei ght , see AW(1) (MA = 2 o r 3 )
WEIGHT AW(3 Thi r d assembly wei ght , see AW(1) (MA.3)
STIFFNESS STAI ( 1 ) S t i f f n e s s ( k / i n o r kN/mm) o f t h e f i r s t assembly
segment (MA = 1, 2 o r 3)
-
STIFFNESS STAI ( 2)
Second assembly s t i f r nes s , see STA(1) (MA = 2, 3 )
STIFFNESS STAI ( 3) Thi r d assembly s t i f f n e s s , see STA(1) (MA = 3) .
CARD 7.000 (Format: 8R10.01
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name
HAMMER
Descr i pt i on
Over r i di ng means t hat dat a obt ai ned from f i l e or
CARDS 6.101 - 6.801 i s al t er ed. Only f r equent l y
changed val ues ar e i nc l uded i n t h i s gr oup o f
i nput I nf ormat i on. Overri de val ues do not a f f e c t
t he cont ent s o f t he hammer data f i l e .
STROKE STROOV Over r i des t h e minimum s t r o k e f o r s t a r t i n g o f
di esel s or t he r at ed st r oke f o r ECH. St r oke ( f t
o r m) t o be used as a s t a r t i n g val ue i n t h e .
cur r ent anal ysi s ( di esel s) or f o r t he computati on
o f impact vel oci t y (ECH).
EFFICIENCY EFFOV
PRESSURE PROV
REACTION
WEIGHT RWTOV
TIME DELAY TDELOV
Di esel anal ysi s: I f IOSTR = 1 or -1, onl y t h i s
st r oke w i l l be anal yzed (See Card 2.000)
For cl osed end di esel s t he over r i de st r oke i s an
e ui v al ent st r oke ( t h i s i s di f f er ent from WEAP).
h val ue i s eas i l y cornouted i f a c er t ai n
ram energy i s t o be anaiyzed.' Then, st r oke =
energyl ram wei ght.
For a gi ven bounce chamber pressure, t he manufac-
t u r e r ' s char t , r el at i ng equi val ent st r oke or ram
energy t o bounce chamher pressure shoul d be used.
Note t hat WEAP86 computes bounce chamber pres-
sures as t hey act ual l y occur, i.e., wi t hout
reduct i ons due t o hose l engt h.
Hammer ef f i ci ency.
Pr es s ur e ( ps i o r kPa) f o r e i t h e r d i e s e l s t o
o v e r r i d e t h e P I , ..., P5 val ues. For doubl e
ac t i ng ECH t o over r i de t he r at ed pressure val ue.
Ignored f o r si ngl e act i ng ECH.
Re a c t i o n wei ght ( k i ps o r kN). Used o n l y f o r
cl osed end di esel s.
Combustion Delay ( s) f o r Li qui d I nj ec t i f n Oi esql
hammers or Combustion St ar t Volume ( i n or dm )
f or Atomized I nj ec t i on Hammers.
CARD 8.000 (Format: 8R10.0)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
SOIL
PARAMETERS
QUAKE-SKIN QS(1)
QUAKE-TOE QS ( Nl )
DAMPING-
SKIN SJ ( 1
DAMPING-
TOE SJ ( Nl )
Not e t hat t he f ol l owi ng f our parameters ar e usu-
a l l y thought t o descri be t he dynamic s o i l behav-
i o r wi t h s u f f i c i e n t accuracy. Tabl e 5 l i s t s com-
monly accepted values. .For more det ai l ed i nf orm-
at i on, t he i ndi vi dual damping and quake val ues
may be ent ered on Cards 8.101, ... and 8.201,....
However, gi ven t he uncer t ai nt i es o f damping
values and quakes, t he ski n/ t oe val ues s uf f i c e i n
most cases.
Soi l Quake on t he ski n ( i n o r nnn); of t en 0.1 i n
(2.5 mm)
Soi l Quake a t t he t oe ( i n or mm); of t en 0.1 i n
(2.5 mm)
Soi l Damping on t he ski n. Uni t s depend on t he
ISMITH opt i on o f Card 2.000.
ISMITH = -1 ... di mensi onl ess (vi scous - Case
damping) .
I SMI TH = 0, 1 s / f t o r s/m ( t r a d i t i o n a l Smi t h
damping).
ISMITH = 2 s / f t or s/m (vi scous Smith damping).
S o i l Damping a t t h e t oe; f o r u n i t s see SKIN
DAMPING.
CARD 8.101 - 8.113 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: ITYS < -1 (See Card 2.000)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
SOIL
QUAKES Qs( I ) Soi l quake ( i n o r mm) f o r a l l segments pl us p i l e
t o e ( s i nc e t h e r e ar e N segments e x a c t l y N+l
quakes have t o be entered; maximum 99 [299]). I f
t he i - t h val ue i s entered as zero, t hen i t i s r e-
pl aced wi t h t he previ ous value. The f i r s t val ue
has t o be given. On each car d onl y 8 val ues can
be entered. Thus i t may be necessary t o gi ve as
many as 13 [38] cards.
CARD 8.201 - 8.213 (Format: 8R10.01
For: ITYS < 0 (See Card 2.000)
SOIL DAMPING
PARAMETERS SJ( I ) So i l Dam~i ncl Parameters must be ent ered f o r a l l
. . . -
segments pl us p i l e poi nt , i.e., exact l y N+1
val ues (maximum 99 [299]). I nput represents t he
const ant f o r each i ndi vi dual segment wi t h
di mensi ons as shown f o r SKIN DAMPI NG on Card
7.000.
Not e t hat Case Damping must be pr oper l y di s t r i b-
ut ed. For example: For N = 15, a 0.2 Case Ski n
Damping f ac t or corresponds t o 0.2/15 = 0.0133 f o r
each element i f a uni f or m damping di s t r i but i on i s
desi red.
Up t o 13 [38] cards may be needed depending on
t he magnitude o f N.
CARD 8.301 - 8.313 (Format: 8R10.0).
For: ITYS < -1 (See Card 2.000)
ULTIMATE SU(1) Rel at i ve magnitudes of ULTIMATE STATIC SOIL
STATIC SOIL RESISTANCE val ues f or a l l elements pl us p i l e t oe
RESISTANCE
(maximum 99 [299]).
Not e t hat t h i s i nput over r i des IPERCS (See Card
2.000), i .e., t he poi nt r esi st ance i s determined
usi ng SU(N+l). The program normal i zes t he SU(1)
values. Therefore, onl y r e l a t i v e magnitudes need
t o be given.
CARD 8.401 - 8.420 (Format: 8R10.0)
For: ITYS = -1 o r 0 (See Card 2.000)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name
SKIN FRICTION
DISTRIBUTION
DEPTH DIS(1,I)
DISTRI-
BUTION DIS(2.1)
Descr i pt i on
F o r an exampl e i n p u t see Fi g u r e 4. For a
demonst rat i on o f t he comput at i onal procedure i n
WEAP86 see Fi gur e 5.
Dept h i n f eet a t whi ch correspondi ng ski n f r i c -
t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n change occurs. Do not ent er a
zer o depth. The program assumes t h a t t her e i s a
zero r esi st ance a t t he p i l e top.
Rel at i ve, di mensi onl ess ski n ' f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u -
t i o n val ue a t correspondi ng depth.
Not e: Up t o 20 car ds may be g i v e n each con-
t a i n i n g one dept h and correspondi ng d i s t r i b u t i o n
value.
Onl y t he ski n f r i c t i o n i s a f f e c t e d by t he di s-
t r i b t u i o n choi ce. The amount o f ski n f r i c t i o n i s
a c er t ai n percent age o f t he t o t a l ul t i mat e r esi s-
t ance R and was speci f i ed by I PERCS (See Card
2.000). ' ks f o r t he p i l e dat a on Cards 5.101 ...,
i t i s i mp e r a t i v e t h a t t h e l a s t dept h val ue,
DI S( l , I ) , be gr eat er t han o r equal t o t he p i l e
l engt h (See XPT - Card 5.000)
FRACTION
I
RELATIVE 8AG:IITUOE SE,Gi.lE?ITE9 A ( I ) OF
PILE Rut * SU( I )
.o . . ,K 1.0
(vlu) ( t ons)
*FRACTION OF Rut =
A( I 1 (IPERCS)
At ot l o o
SU(1) = (FRACTION OF Rut). x (Rut)
EXAMPLE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF ELMENT RESISTANCE FORCES:
IPERCS = 40 (1)
Rut = 250 ( ki ps)
N = 10 Pi l e Length = 50 f t
Segments are o f equal l engt h ( 5)
Tot al Ski n Resistance = 250 (40)/100 = 100 ( ki os)
Tot al Area under Resi stance Curve = (0.5 + 1.0'1 1/ 2 (50 - 10) = 30.0
Toe qesi st ance = SU(N1) = (100 - 40)(250)/ 100 = 150 ( k i ps )
~ i i u r e 5. Comput at i onal pr oceedur e i n WEAP86.
CARD 8.501 (Format: I5,3F10.0)
For: ISPL > 0 (See Card 2.000)
I nput
Name
ELEMENT J
SLACK SPLICE (J)
I nt er nal
Name
C.O.R. CORP (J )
ROUND-OUT DSACP (J)
Descr i pt i on
The f ol l owi ng i nf or mat i on i s onl y r equi r ed i f
t h e r e ar e any s l ac k s o r s p l i c e s i n t h e p i l e .
Each card represent s one sl ack/ spl i ce. The !
number of spl i ce/ sl ack speci f yi ng i nput cards
must exact l y match t he ISPL number.
I
Element number f o r correspondi ng SPLICE, CORP
and/or DSCAP values. Thi s number can be computed
by t he spl i ce/ sl ack depth di vi ded by t he segment
l e n g t h (XPT/N or 5- f t - 1.65 m, i f N was not en-
I
t er ed) pl us 1, but not gr eat er than N.
I
Tension sl ack a t p i l e spr i ng J i n f t (mm). Note
t h a t t he program recogni zes t he presence o f a
I
sl ack/ spl i ce by a pos i t i v e SPLICE(1) value. Re-
-
commendations f o r mechanical concrete spl i ces ar e
1
0.003 ft (1 mm), f o r can spl i ces o r a l l ot her
s pl i c es which do not l i m i t a p i l e extensi on: 99
f t o r 1000 mm. 1
Coef f i ci ent of r e s t i t u t i o n o f s pl i c e spri ng.
Usual l y 0.8.
i
For a l l spri ngs wi t h spl i ces a round-out deform-
a t i o n must be gi ven i n f t (m). Thi s round-out
deformati on act s as a compressive sl ack. I n gen-
er al a 0.001 ft (3 mm) i s acceptabl e.
I
CARO 9.100 - 9.200 (Format: 8R10.0)
I nput I nt er nal
Name Name Descr i pt i on
ULTIMATE
CAPACITIES RESULT(1)
Up t o 10 ul t i mat e r esi st ance o r R val ues ( ki ps
o r kN) may be i n p u t . They mu-#$ be g i v e n i n
i ncr easi ng order. The f i r s t occurrence o f a zero
( o r bl ank f i e l d ) t ermi nat es t he search f o r
f ur t her RutT .values.
I f t he f i r s t R i s zero, t hen up t o 10 ul t i mat e
capaci t y val ue&i 11 be computed by WEAP86.
The anal ysi s i s stopped a f t e r t he blow count o f
an R has reached r ef usal . Thus, ent er i ng t oo
many " ki gh val ues does not necessar i l y cause
unnecessary computations.
...............................................
Not e t h e d i f f e r e n c e bet ween WEAP and WEAP86:
WEAP capaci t i es were i n tons, WEAP86 capaci t i es
ar e i n ki ps (kN).
...............................................
CARO 9.301 (Format: 2014)
For: I J J = 1 (See Card 2.000)
I nput
Name
I nt er nal
Name Oescri p t i on
PILE ELEMENT
NUMBERS INP(1) Ent er up t o ' 13 element numbers a t whi ch out put i s
t o be made al ong wi t h t he two hammer var i abl es
whi ch are al ways pr i nt ed. The I NP i nput al so
depends on t h e number o f elements avai l abl e (See
N - Card 2.000). For IJJ=O, t he element numbers
are aut omat i cal l y computed.
Example: I f N = 40, a uni f or m spaci ng would be
gi ven usi ng t he f ol l owi ng s t r i n g o f numbers (each
number r i g h t - j u s t i f i e d i n a f i e l d o f 4 s t a r t i n g
i n COLUMN 1) .
whi ch would i ncl ude t he p i l e t op (1) and p i l e
bot t om (40). For N l ess t han 13, a l l segments
can be entered.
4. EXAMPLES OF UNCOMMON INPUT PROBLEMS
i
4.1 Speci f yi ng a Soi l Pl uq 1
Suppose i t i s i nt ended t o anal yze a st eel pi pe p i l e (A , ES, W ) whi ch
I
was dr i ven open ended and wherei n a s o i l pl ug formed dur i ng $ i l e dr i 8i ng.
A
pl ug ex i s t s when t he s o i l does not move r e l a t i v e t o t h e pi l e. It may be
assumed t h a t t he s o i l has a negl i gi bl e st i f f ness compared t o t he p i l e . Thus,
t h e p i l e ar ea and modul us s p e c i f i e d must y i e l d t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s and
t her ef or e onl y t he p i l e s pec i f i c wei ght , WP, shoul d r e f l e c t t he combined p i l e
and s o i l pr oper t i es. Thi s val ue can be cal cul at ed as f ol l ows:
where WP i s t he u n i t wei ght o f st eel pl us s o i l combined, W i s t he u n i t
(
wei ght o f t he pl ug, and A i s t he cr oss sect i onal area o f 88 pl ug.
PI ug r
For a 24-i n (610 mm) out si de di amet er pi pe wi t h 60- f t (18.3 m) l engt h,
1- i n (25 rm) wal l t hi ckness and 5- f t (1.5 m) pl ug, one woul d obt ai n
I
assume
2 2
As = 23(1)3.1416 = 72.3 i n (466 cm )
3 3
WS = 492 l b / f t (78.5 kN/m )
ES = 30,000 ks' i (210000 MPa)
3 3
WSoil = 110 l b / f t (17.6 kN/m )
2 2 2
A ~ l u g
= 22 (3.1416)/4 = 380.1 i n (2452 cm )
and t her ef or e I
The i nput would be: 1
Card No. Lpi 1 e/XP AP EP WP
i
4.2 Speci f yi ng a. Pi l e Poi nt
Supgose i nput +t a i s t o be prepared f o r an HP 10x42 (AP = 42/3.42 =
12.28 i n o r 79.2 cm ) p i l e o f 40- f t (12.2 m) l engt h wi t h a 75-l b (.34 kN)
p i l e poi nt or shoe t hat extends 3 i n (75 mm) below t he bottom o f t he H-pi l e.
Si nce t he ef f ec t i v e cross sect i onal area o f t he p i l e poi nt , A i s not known
i t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y accurate t o f i n d
Pt '
3 3
= (1728)(~~, , )1C(~, , )(T~~)1; ( i n Ift ) ( l b) / [ ( l b/ f t 3) ( i n)
wi t h WT bei ng t he t o t a l weight,' W t he u n i t ' wei ght and T t he maximum
thickne8st o f t he p i l e poi nt . Pt Pt
I n t he gi ven example one obt ai ns:
= 1728(75)/[492(3)] = 87.8 i n2 (566 cm2)
The i nput would be:
Card No. Lpi l eI XP AP EP W P
4.3 Speci f yi ng a Si ngl e Act i ng Ai rISteam Hammer
Thi s i s t he si mpl est hammer and, i nci dent al l y, a drop hammer would be
speci f i ed i n t he same manner.
As an example, consi der a hammer wi t h 5.0 k i ps (22.7 kN) ram wei ght,
ef f i c i enc y 0.8, normal st r oke 36 i n (0.91 in). The assembly w i l l be di sr e-
garded.
The ram consi st s o f a a 24- by 24- by 30- i n (609x609~762 mm) bl ock wi t h
12- i n (305 mm) di ameter ram poi nt of 15-i n (381 nnn) l engt h. I t s s t i f f nes s can
be computed from t he two i ndi vi dual r a m por t i ons:
It may be desi r abl e t o use t he t h e p o i n t area as an e f f e c t i v e ram area
f o r accur at e st r ess comput at i ons i n t h e hammer cushi on. Then a l engt h shoul d
be computed such t h a t t he s t i f f n e s s computed by WEAP86 f rom ram area, l engt h
and e l a s t i c modulus equal s k.
The i nput f o r t h i s hammer i s as f ol l ows:
Card No.
6.101 NAME: 5 K RAM, MANUF: UNKNOWN, ITYPH: 3, M: 1
6.201 RAM WT: 5.0, LENGTH: 20.9, OIAM: 12., STROKE MAXIMUM: 3.0,
EFFICIENCY: 0.67
6.701 EFF AREA: N/A, RTD PRESSURE: N/A, ASSEMBLY: N/A; Leave Card bl ank
6.801 Leave Card Bl ank
Shoul d t he assembly be consi der ed t h e f ol l owi ng must be determi ned:
Weight o f t he assembly t op, wei ght of hammer base and s t i f f n e s s o f t o t a l
assembly. Suppose t he assembly t op wei ghs 3.0 k i p s (13.6) and t he base 2.0
ki ps (9 kN) and t h a t t her e ar e f our columns o f 4 1/ 2- i n (114 mm) di amet er And
90-i n (2.286 m) l engt h. Then t he assembly s t i f f n e s s i s
I f t wo assembly segments ar e modeled, t hen t he two assembly spr i ngs have
t wi ce t h e st i f f ness ka. Thus t h e f o l l o wi n g dat a i s t o be gi ven
6.701 COR: 0.8, ROUND OUT: 0.01, MA: 2
6.801 WEIGHT ELEMENT 1: 3.0, 2: 2.0
STIFFNESS ELEMENT 1: 42400, 2: 42400
4.4 Speci f vi ng an Open End Di esel Hammer
Thi s example consi ders a di esel hammer wi t h t he f ol l owi ng pr oper t i es:
Ram
Weight: 2, 75q12. 5) l b s (kN)
Length: 95 (2413) 19 (483) i n (mm)
Di ameter: 12.5 (318) 12.5 (318) i n (mm)
Chamber volume 120 (1.97) i n 3 (dm3)
Compression r a t i o 12: l
Combustion del ay (1 i q u i d i n j e c t i o n ) 2 MS
Combustion Dur at i on i s assumed t o be 2 Ms
Max. combust. press., hi gh s e t t i n g 1150 (8100) p s i (kPa)
(Pressures f o r ot her s et t i ngs n o t known, nor ar e measurements
known t o e x i s t )
Maximum st r oke 8.5 (2.59)
Minimum st r oke not known
ft (ml
Expansion exponent not determi ned, assume 1.3
2
The ram cr oss sect i onal area i s A, = (12.5') (3.1416)/4 * 122.7 i n 2 (792
cm ).
3
The 'volume di spl aced by t he ram i s Vd = 12(120) - 120 = 1320 i n (21.6
dm ).
The di st ance between exhaust por t s and i mpact bl ock i s t her ef or e (assum-
i ng cyl i nder area equal ram cross sect i on): hc = 1320/122.7 = 10.76 i n (2737
mn).
1
Choosing t hr ee ram elements t he i nput i s :
I '
Card No.
6.101: NAME:HYPOTHET, MANUF: UNKNOWN, ITYPH: 1, M: 3
6.201: RAM WT: 2.75, RAM L: 95, RAM DI A: 12.5
STROKE MAX: 8.5, STROKE MI N: 0, EFFICIENCY 0.8
6.301 I B WT: .81, I B L: 19, I B DI A: 12.5, I B COR: 0.8, I B RND-OUT: .O1
6.401 DEPIB: 10.76, COMB.CH. A: 122.7, COMB.CH. V: 120,
COMB. DELAY: .002, COMB. OURTN: .002, EXP. COEFF. 1.3
6.501 ATM. P: 14.7, P1: 1150, COEFF. OF CONF. 1.
A comput er run demonstrati ng t he use o f t h i s hammer dat a i s di scussed i n
Example 4 o f Chapter 7.
4.5 Addi t i onal Speci f i cat i ons f o r a Double Act i ng ECH Hammer
I f t he hammer o f Sect i on 4.3 were doubl e act i ng, t he f ol l owi ng addi t i onal
speci f i cat i ons would be needed:
. The r at ed pressure.
. The ef f ec t i v e pi st on area.
I f these two val ues ar e not known then an equi val ent r at her t han t he
ac t ual s t r ok e shoul d be s p e c i f i e d on Card No. 6.201 (MAXIMUM STROKE).
However, t he PRESSURE val ue on Card 7.000 t hen cannot be used f o r ef f i c i enc y
adj ustment due t o reduced power pressure.
4.6 Addi t i onal Speci f i cat i ons f or Closed End Di esel Hammers
Suppose t hat t he hammer of Sect i on 4.4 had a cl osed cyl i nder t op wi t h t he
f ol l owi ng known data:
Ram t op s t ar t s t o compress bounce chamber a i r when t he
ram has moved 5 i n (127 mm) up from t he i mpact bl ock.
The ram i s uni f or m and t her e i s a di st ance o f 4 114- f t
(1295 nun) t hat t he r a m can move upwards from t he t i me t he
bounce chamber compression begi ns bef or e i t h i t s t he top.
No compression tank and t heref ore, no saf et y chamber ex-
i s t s . The t o t a l hammer wei ght i s 7.81 k i ps (34.8 kN) ex-
cl udi ng helmet.
The necessary i nput dat a i s ( t o be ent er ed on Card 6.601):
2
Bounce Ch. Comp. Stroke, DEPBB: 4.25(12) = 51 i n$ (329 cm2)
B C AREA = ram area: 122.72 i n (792 cm )
Tot al ram t r av el , DEBT: 51 + 5 = 56 i n (1422 mm)
No pressure t ank, t her ef or e 0 SAFETY: 0
C TANK VOLUME: 0
REACTION WEIGHT = t o t a l hammer-ram-impact bl ock wei ght =
7.81-2.75.81 = 4.25 (18.9 kN)
BC EXPANSION COEFF: 1.4 (assumed).
O f course t he maximum st r oke would be smal l er t han i n Sect i on 4.4. It
shoul d be obt ai ned f rom t he manufacturer. Thi s maximum st r oke i s r el at ed t o
t he r eact i on wei ght and i f t he st r oke val ue i s i naccurat e, not much damage
w i l l be done si nce WEAP86 f i gur es t he proper st r oke under consi der at i on o f
u p l i f t usi ng t he r eact i on wei ght and bounce chamber i nf or mat i on. The ITYPH
i nput on CARD number 6.101 must be changed t o 2.
4.7 Speci f yi ng Sl ack or Spl i ce
Suppose t hat a 100- f t (30.5 m) p i l e had two d i f f e r e n t spl i ces. Fi r s t ,
32 f t (10 m) above t he p i l e bottom a connect i on was made whi ch cannot t r ansmi t
any t ensi on a t a l l (Can Spl i ce). Si x t y - f i v e ft (20 m) above t he t oe a second,
a so- cal l ed Mechanical Spl i ce, i s used f o r p i l e connecti on. The mechanical
s p l i c e i s a devi ce w i t h t wo mat chi ng s ur f ac es on t h e p i l e ends t o be
connected; t hey can be f ast ened t oget her t hrough shear pi ns o r ot her
mechanical elements but usual l y al l ow f o r some sl ack. The sl ack i n t he s pl i c e
i s of t en assumed t o be 1 m, i.e., i t al l ows a 1 mm o r 0.003-ft ext ensi on
bef or e i t t r a n s mi t s t e n s i o n f or ces. Bot h s p l i c e s a r e assumed t o have a
round-out def ormat i on (compressive sl ack) of .O1 f t (3 mm). For t he can
s pl i c e an unl i mi t ed ext ensi on a t zero f or ce has t o be speci f i ed whi ch may be
represent ed by 99 f t (99 m.)
I n or der t o pr oper l y assi gn SPLICE val ues, N shoul d be speci f i ed, say N =
20 f o r 5 - f t (1.5 m) segments. Then t he s i x t h - s p r i n g would correspond t o t he
upper and t he 13t h spr i ng t o t he l ower spl i ce.
The i nput would be speci f i ed on Card No. 8.501 and 8.502
Card No. Element SPLICE (J ) ROUND OUT
0.01(3) f t (mm)
O.Ol(3) f t (mm)
5. PROGRAM MESSAGES
Ther e ar e a number of messages t hat t he program may e i t h e r di spl ay on a
t er mi nal or p r i n t on t he output. Depending on t he nat ur e o f t he message i t
may be onl y an i nf or mat i on about t he program progress or i t may s t at e t he
reason f o r an i nt er r upt i on o f t he program run.
The f o l l owi ng cat egori es ar e t her ef or e di st i ngui shed:
1. Program Stop Messages.
' 2. Program I nt er r upt I nf ormat i on.
3. Warnings.
4. Terminal Messages.
5.1 Stop Messages
These messages occur usual l y bef or e t he f i n a l out put (extrema, t abl es) o f
t he RULT anal ysi s dur i ng which t he condi t i on had been detected:
1. NEED N > 0 INPUT FOR EXTENDED PILE INPUT
I f IPEL i s gi ven gr eat er t han zero, N, t he number o f
p i l e segments must speci f i ed by t he user.
2. 'ERROR I N EXTENDED PILE SEGMENT INPUT: MASS OR
STIFFNESS FOR AT LEAST FIRST SEGMENT NOT SPECIFIED
Ext ended i n p u t r equi r es a t l e a s t t h e f i r s t segment
speci f i cat i ons t o be gr eat er than zero.
3. NEED CAP WEIGHT GTR 0: SPLIT RAM, ANVIL, OR PILETOP
The model must cont ai n an element even i f no helmet
exi st s.
4. PILE PROPERTIES AT BOTTOM OF PILE NOT .SPECIFIED
Duri ng t he speci f i cat i on o f AP, EP and RP an XP val ue
had been encountered t hat was l ess than e a r l i e r ones.
Thi s i s i nt er pr et ed as out o f range or as a l a t e r i nput
card. Thus, p i l e bottom speci f i cat i ons were not found.
5. ***DATA ERROR OR DATA END***
Message was probabl y caused by i mproper dat a format.
Thi s i n t ur n may have been caused by ei t her mi ssi ng o r
uncal l ed f o r cards.
6. ERROR I N READING HAMMER FILE, HAMMER ID = XXX
The number o f ram segments speci f i ed was l ess than one.
Ei t h e r t he hammer data f i l e or t he user suppl i ed data
cards were i n er r or , or t he user has speci f i ed a hammer
i d e n t i f i e r correspondi ng t o an empty f i l e .
ERROR DURI NG HAMMER DATA READING
IHAMR was speci f i ed gr eat er than t he avai l abl e number
o f hammers on f i l e .
INCORRECT ASSEMBLY DATA, ASSEMBLY SEGMENT NO: XXX
The s p e c i f i e d number o f assembl y segments and t h e
act ual l y speci f i ed st i f f nesses and masses d i d not
match. Check hammer data.
ERROR DURING OVERRIDE HAMMER DATA READING
Check l i n e 7.000 o f i nput data
TIME INCREMENT TOO SMALL: XXX MS
HAMMER MASSES.. . .
PILE MASSES.. .
. . . . . . . . .
Cr i t i c a l t i me i ncrements were not s u f f i c i e n t l y l arge.
Probabl y i nput er r or ; a segment mass may have been zero
or a s t i f f nes s very l arge.
*** STROKE DID NOT CONVERGE***
Af t er f our analyses t he rebound st r oke was s t i l l
d i f f e r e n t f r om t h e i n p u t s t r ok e. No new s t r ok e i s
anal yzed. Depending on t he l a s t rebound st r oke, t he
user shoul d deci de whether an addi t i onal anal ysi s would
be necessary usi ng t he l a s t st r oke val ue as an i nput on
Card No. 7.000.
*** NO PERMANE,NT SET, ANALYSIS I S DISCONTINUED***
The condi t i on encountered was no permanent set
( i n f i n i t e blow count) and no i ncr ease i n st r oke i n t he
case o f di esel hammers. Theref ore no addi t i onal RULT
val ues were analyzed si nce t hey ar e assumed t o be even
l ar ger and t her ef or e would al so l ead t o r ef usal .
RAM STILL MOVI NG DOWNWARD AT END OF BLOW, VR = XXX ( )
End o f bl ow i s here def i ned as t he end o f t he impact
anal ysi s. Reasons may be i n s u f f i c i e n t combustion
pressure, extremel y l ow s o i l r esi st ance or i ncor r ect
hamner or p i l e data. It may al so i ndi cat e t hat t he
hammer does not run under t he gi ven condi t i ons. VR
stands f o r ram vel oci t y.
IMPROPER CONDITION MET I N UP ROUTINE
When cal cul at i ng t he rebound st r oke an improper
c o n d i t i o n occur r ed whi ch i n most i nst ances must be
at t r i but ed t o i ncor r ect hammer data.
5.2 I nt er r upt Messages
The di f f er ence between i nt er r upt and st op message i s t he cont i nuat i on o f
t he program run wi t h a new RULT val ue whi l e stops ar e absol ut e f o r a problem.
1. INSTABILITY?!, ANALYSIS INTERRUPTED AT TIME XXX, MAX.
PILE VEL. XXX
Thi s message may occur when anal yzi ng an ECH.
The v el oc i t i es o f t he p i l e segments became unreasonably
h i g h and t he program run was t her ef or e i nt er r upt ed.
Out put and addi t i onal anal ysi s attempts f o r f ur t her
RULT val ues ar e made. However, t he user shoul d use t he
r es ul t s wi t h extreme caut i on. It may be necessary t o
r esubmi t t he problem wi t h a hi gher IPHI o r wi t h l ess
s t a t i c or damping resi st ance.
2. *** INSTABILITY?! TIME, MAX V PILE = XXX ***
Thi s message i s t he equi val ent t o I., but f o r di esel s.
3. *** UNSUCCESSFUL PRESSURE REDUCTION AGAINST UPLIFT,
ANALYSIS I S DISCONTINUED***
The u p l i f t condi t i on was not cor r ect ed a f t e r a t l east
f our pressure reducti ons. For t h i s reason t he anal ysi s
was i nt er r upt ed. It may be necessary t o reanal yze wi t h
an addi t i onal , smal l er R t-yalue. Al so, t he anal ysi s
may be repeated s t a r t i n 4 w ~ t h a subst ant i al l y l ower
pressure val ue than pr evi ousl y anal yzed on CARD 7.000.
4. *** UNSUCCESSFUL PRESSURE REDUCTION AGAINST RAM BLOW
OUT, ANALYSIS I S DISCONTINUED***
The u p l i f t condi t i on d i d not get cor r ect ed by a t l eas t
f our pressure reduct i ons. For t h i s reason t he anal ysi s
was i nt er r upt ed.
5. *** HAMMER DOES NOT RUN AT THIS RESISTANCE LEVEL***"
For t he gi ven parameters no impact occurred or t he ram
d i d not get s u f f i c i e n t l y c l os e t o t h e a n v i l f o r a
reasonabl e anal ysi s. The cur r ent anal ysi s i s t her ef or e
ski pped and a hi gher RULT val ue i s anal yzed i f RULT was
speci f i ed < 0 i n Card No. 6.000. Otherwi se t he next
set o f d a t a i s read.
6. RAM TURNS AROUND TOO EARLY. POSSIBLY NOT ENOUGH
RESISTANCE
Thi s condi t i on occurred dur i ng t he precompression phase
o f a di esel hammer. The program moves on t o anal yze
t he next hi gher Rut value.
7. TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED I N STARTC. POSSIBLY NOT ENOUGH
RESISTANCE
Thi s i s another condi t i on causi ng an i nt er r upt i on o f
t he cur r ent Rut anal ysi s i n t he precompression phase o f
di es el s . Again i t may have been caused by a p i l e wi t h
i ns uf f i c i ent resi st ance. STARTC i s t he name o f t he
r out i ne where t he precompression phase i s analyzed.
5.3 Warnings
War ni ngs ar e p r i n t e d whenever a p o t e n t i a l l y dangerous s i t u a t i o n o r
unusual r es ul t i s recogni zed by WEAP86. Note t h a t t he pr i nt out o f warni ngs
usual l y occurs bef ore t he page on which t he correspondi ng pr i nt out i s made.
Warnings do not af f ec t t he program performance.
1. *** NO RSA CONVERGENCE*** see 3.
2. NO RSA CONVERGENCE see 3.
3. *** NO CONVERGENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESS ANALYSIS***
A l l t hr ee messages i nf or m t he user t h a t t he convergence
c r t i e r i a o f t h e r es i dual s t r e s s anal yses were n o t
sat i sf i ed. Cauti on shoul d by exer ci sed when usi ng t he
r esul t s. The anal ysi s i s not i nt er r upt ed.
4. *** CAUTION RAM MIGHT BLOW OUT***
For open end di esel hammers i f t he st r oke exceeds t he
maximum ( r at ed) s t r o k e speci f i ed by t he manufacturer.
Note t hat at most t he maximum st r oke w i l l be analyzed.
5.4 Terminal Messages
Dependi ng on t he hardware avai l abl e t o t he user and t he mode o f program
i n s t a l l a t i o n (ITW out put uni t , see I n s t a l l a t i o n Manual), a number of messages
may be di spl ayed on t he user ' s t er mi nal dur i ng m o g r a m executi on. These
messages i nf or m t he user about t he st at e o f t he anal ysi s.
1. RULT = XXX, R TOE= XXX, TIME INCR.= XXX
An anal ysi s wi t h a new R (RULT) has been st ar t ed.
Depending on t he IPERCS opt i on, t he t oe r esi st ance may
be changed ( t he ski n f r i c t i o n i s o f course t he
di f f er ence between t o t a l and end bear i ng capaci t y).
2. TIME ( ) STROKE ( ) DOWN VEL. AT PORTS ( )
I n a d i e s e l hammer a n a l y s i s t h e ram has passed t h e
por t s. TIME i s t he t i me o f ram f a l l from t he t op o f
t he STROKE t o t he exhaust port s. The prei mpact
compression phase i s now bei ng analyzed.
3. EXHAUST! ! ! - UPSTROKE = XXX
The ram has passed t he exhaust por t s dur i ng i t s upward
t r avel . It has al l owed t he gases t o EXHAUST and an
Upward STROKE has been computed.
4. FIN SET() XX, BLOW CT() XX, FIN, MAX ENTHRU XX, XX ( )
The anal ysi s of one R vl ue has been f i ni shed. The
r esul t s, i.e., permane#{ p i l e penet r at i on (FIN SET),
Bl ow Count computed from t he i nver se o f FIN SET and
bot h t h e maximum and f i n a l energy t r ansf er r ed t o t he
p i l e t op (ENTHRU) has been computed. MAX ENTHRU and
BLOW COUNT w i l l reappear i n t he summary output.
5. BEGIN STATIC ANALYSIS (RESIDUAL STRESS)
Af t er t h i s message t he f i n a l p i l e and s o i l st resses and
di spl acements are cal cul at ed. Ei t her another t r i a l
anal ysi s i s then performed or t he r esi dual anal ysi s o f
one Rut i s then f i ni shed.
6. TIME ( ) VELOCITY AT IMPACT
Thi s message occurs f o r di esel hammers upon cont act o f
ram wi t h i mpact bl ock. Thi s i s t he onl y occasi on t o
obt ai n an- accurate out put o f ram i mpact vel oci t y.
7. UPLIFT!!!
For a cl osed end di esel a st r oke gr eat er than maximum
was computed. Thus; t he f uel pressure was reduced and,
i n general , a new t r i a l anal ysi s was st ar t ed.
6. OUTPUT DESCRIPTION /
The out put from WEAP86 f a l l s i n t hr ee categori es. Fi r s t , a pr i nt out i s
provi ded whi ch al l ows t he user t o check whether h i s i nput data c or r ec t l y I
r ef l ec t s t he problem t o be analyzed. The user i s urged t o check t h i s f i r s t
par t o f t he out put car ef ul l y. Secondly, t her e ar e act ual r es ul t s f rom t he
anal ysi s and f i nal l y , messages may be i nt er sper sed i n t he out put depending on
t he condi t i ons encountered.
\ \
The f ol l owi ng descr i pt i on shows headings, o r t he wordi ng o f messages, and
then gi ves an expl anati on. Depending on t he out put opt i on chosen by t he I
user, a l l o r onl y par t o f these quant i t i es may act ual l y appear on t he p r i n t -
out.
', \
Note t hat , a l l pages a f t e r t he echo p r i n t on page one ar e headed by a so-
c al l ed Su e r T i t l e whi ch i ndi cat es t he program used and a Subt i t l e whi ch i s
t he user -%-a- c osen 1 ent i f i c at i on o f t he problem.
The user al so shoul d be aware t hat t her e ar e two di f f er ent pr i nt out
formats. The f i r s t i s f o r an 80-column pr i nt er , t he second f o r a 132-column
pr i nt er . Columns i n t h i s cont ext means t he number of charact ers t hat can be
pr i nt ed on one l i ne. Depending on t he avai l abl e hardware, t he ICOL opt i on may
have t o be set wi t hi n t he program or i n t he f i l e speci f i cat i on f i l e (see Vol -
ume 111). The l i n e wi dt h af f ect s onl y t he "Vari abl es vs. Time Tables."
&
I
6.1 Input - Check
Headi ng
I
Descr i pt i on
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT DATA The f ol l owi ng out put i s an image o f t he, i n-
t
put f i l e wi t h t he except i on t hat t he dat a
read from t he hammer data f i l e i s al so i n-
cl uded. On occasion, ast er i sks (*) may be I
pr i nt ed. Thi s would onl y i ndi cat e t hat t he
correspondi ng number entered i s l ar ge and
not necessar i l y t hat i t has been misread. A
data check, more car ef ul than usual l y, o f
t he f ol l owi ng i nput and out put i s suggested.
A summary o f t he lumped mass hammer model I
i t s e l f and vari ous parameters governi ng t he
hammer performance i s given. The xxx i n d i -
cat e hammer name and manufacturer.
HAMMER MODEL OF xxxx
MADE BY=
ELEMENT Thi s column i d e n t i f i e s wi t h numbers t he ram
segments and wi t h capt i ons t he dr i v i ng sys-
I
tem components. I
Headi nq
ASSEMBLY
IMP. ELK
WEIGHT
STIFFNESS
COEFF. OF
RESTITUTION
CAP DAMPG
HAMMER OPTIONS
HAMMER NO.
FUEL SETTING
Heading
STROKE OPT.
HAMMER TYPE
DAMPNG-HAMR
Descr i pt i on
I dent i f i es wi t h numbers t he i ndi vi dual as-
sembly segments o f ECH.
I dent i f i es t he helmet wei ght and t he proper-
t i e s o f t he spr i ng between ram and hel met
f o r ECH. For ECH t h i s spr i ng i s a combina-
t i o n o f t he l owest ram segment and t he ham-
mer cushi on. For di esel s t h i s spr i ng only.
represent s t he hammer cushi on.
Pr i nt ed ar e t he wei ght and spr i ng pr oper t i es
f o r t h e d i e s e l hammer i mpact bl ock. The
spr i ng i s a combi nati on o f t he l owest ram
segment and t he i mpact bl ock.
The wei ght o f a segment.
The l oadi ng s t i f f nes s o f a segment.
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f a non-
l i n e a r spri ng.
The round-out def ormat i on or compressive
sl ack o f a nonl i near spri ng.
The damping parameter o f t he hammer cushi on
dashpot.
I n d i v i d u a l opt i ons ar e i d e n t i f i e d b y . t h e
f ol l owi ng subheadings:
The f i l e number o f t he hammer. I f 0 then a
user speci f i ed hammer was analyzed.
Onl y a p p l i c a b l e t o di es el s . Thi s i s t h e
IFUEL opti on.
Descr i pt i on
Appl i cabl e t o di esel s onl y; equal s IOSTR.
1 f o r open end di es el s , 2 f o r cl osed end
di esel s and 3 f o r ECH.
The IDAHA opt i on used t o comput CAP DAMPG;
t h i s opt i on i s of t en t he def aul t ed value.
Heading
HAMMER PERFORMANCE
DATA
-
RAM WEIGHT
RAM LENGTH
MAX STROKE
STROKE
EFFICIENCY
RTD PRESS.
MAX PRESS.
ACT PRESS.
EFF. AREA
IMPACT VEL.
Descr i pt i on
I ndi vi dual subheadings below t h i s general
headi ng i d e n t i f y t he most i mport ant hammer
performance s pec i f i er s obt ai ned from ei t her
1
t h e hammer dat a f i l e o r from t he user. For I
t he debug opt i on, pr ac t i c al l y a l l parameters I
ar e l i s t ed.
The t o t a l ram wei ght. ,
i
The ram l engt h used f o r ram s t i f f nes s cal -
cul at i ons. , !
The maximum st r oke: f o r ECH t he r at ed st r oke
f o r open end di esel s t he st r oke where "ram
bl ow out " i s i ndi cat ed. For cl osed end di e- I
sel s, t h i s st r oke corresponds t o t he t heore-
t i c a l u p l i f t poi nt . Thi s st r oke val ue i s
t h e f i l e st r oke which may be overri dden by
computed or user speci f i ed values.
c
The ac t ual st , r oke anal yzed. For d i e s e l s
t h i s st r oke i s analyzed a t l east i n t he very
. t
f i r s t t r i a l depending on t he st r oke opt i on.
The hammer ef f i ci ency, ei t her from t he ham-
mer dat a f i l e o r from t he over r i de values.
k
The r at ed pressure o f doubl e act i ng ECH.
1
i
The maximum pressure (PI) f o r di esel s.
The pr essur e act ual l y used f o r any t ype of
hammer except si ngl e act i ng ECH where pres-
sure i s not used. For di esel s t h i s may onl y
be a s t ar t i ng val ue depending on t he st r oke
opt i on. I
The ef f ec t i v e pi st on area f o r double act i ng
ECH; t he computati on o f a reduced energy i s
based on t h i s area and t he act ual pressure
i
f o r double act i ng ECH.
For ECH onl y, t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e ram a t
1
t i me o f impact. Thi s i s t he most i mpor t ant
val ue f o r ECH performance as i t encompasses
t h e ef f ect s o f ef f i ency, st r oke and act ual
pressure.
'I
Headi n q
TIME DELAY
I GN DURATION
V START INJ.
REACTN WEIGHT
MAX ENERGY
MAX STR CPT
EQU. STROKE
C TANK VOL
Debug I B WEIGHT
Debug I B D I A
Debug I B LENGTH
Debug RAM OIAMTR
Descr i pt i on
For di esel s wi t h l i q u i d f uel i nj ec t i on, t he
combust i on del av f rom f i l e o r over r i de val -
ues.
For di esel s wi t h l i q u i d f uel i nj ec t i on, t h e
i g n i t i o n dur at i on.
For di esel s onl y. The volume a t whi ch atom-
i zed i n j e c t i o n st ar t s. I f t h i s val ue i s ze-
r o t han a hammer wi t h l i a u i d f uel i n j e c t i o n
-
i s analyzed.
For cl osed end di esel hammers t he r eact i on
wei ght t h a t t h e c y l i n d e r and at t achment s
pr ovi de agai nst t he bounce chamber pressure.
WEAP86 reduces t he combusti on pressure when
u p l i f t occurs, i.e., when t he bounce chamber
pr essur e t i mes ram t op area exceeds t he r e-
act i on wei ght.
WEAP86 computes t he energy whi ch ram wei ght
and bounce chamber pressures cont ai n when
u p l i f t i s imminent and p r i n t s i t under t h i s
heading f o r cl osed end di esel s.
For cl osed end di esel s MAX ENERGY di vi ded by
t h e ram wei ght y i e l d s a maximum equi val ent
st r oke. Thi s st r oke i s used by WEAP86 even
t hough a d i f f e r e n t one may have been gi ven
i n t he hammer dat a f i l e .
The act ual " equi val ent " st r oke anal yzed by
WEAP86 a t l e a s t i n t h e f i r s t t r i a l anal ysi s
o f a c l os ed end d i e s e l . T h i s e q u i v a l e n t
s t r o k e may have been a user i nput (STROOV)
and corresponds t o STROKE (see above) whi ch
i s t he correspondi ng act ual st roke.
The compression t ank volume o f cl osed end
di esel s.
Impact bl ock wei ght ( di esel s) .
Impact bl ock di amet er ( di esel s) .
Impact bl ock l engt h ( di esel s) .
Ram di amet er ( di esel s) .
Heading
Debug COMP. STRKE
Debug CYL AREA
Debug EXP COEFF
Debug CHAMBR VOL.
Debug V END COMB.
Debug DIST B-PORTS
Debug TOTAL DI ST
Debug SAFETY DIST
Debug B CH AREA
Debug B C EXP
HAMMER CUSHION
PILE CUSHION
Descr i pt i on
Compressive st r oke ( di esel s) .
Cyl i nder Area o f t he di esel combustion cham-
ber.
Expansion c oef f i c i ent o f di esel combustion.
The combustion chamber o r f i n a l volume o f
di esel s.
The combustion chamber vol'ume a f t e r impact
when atomi zed i n j e c t i o n - ends.
The di st ance between bounce chamber por t s
and t op o f ram o f cl osed end di esel s.
The ram t r av el di st ance from cont act wi t h
impact bl ock t o cont act wi t h cyl i nder t op o f
cl osed end di esel s.
The di st ance between compression tank por t s
and t op o f cyl i nder .
The cross sect i onal area o f t he t op o f t he
ram f o r cl osed end di esel s.
The expansion c oef f i c i ent o f t he a i r i n t he
bounce chamber.
A summary o f t he raw hammer cushi on dat a i n-
cl udi ng t he STIFFNESS which may have been
d i r e c t l y ent ered o r computed from AREA x E
MODULUS / THICKNESS. I f no HAMMER CUSHION
data i s pr i nt ed, nei t her THICKNESS nor STIF-
FNESS were gi ven as an i nput and no HAMMER
CUSHION i s i ncl uded i n t he model.
As f o r HAMMER CUSHION.
Headi nq
PI LE PROFILE
-
L 8T
AREA
E-MOD
SP.W.
WAVE SP
WAVE TRAVEL TIME - 2LIC
PILE AND SOIL MODEL
RULT = xxx
----
NO.
WEIGHT
STIFFN
D-NL
Des c r i pt i on
A l i s t i n g o f t h e p i l e pr oper t i es vs dept h.
Lengt h bel ow t op a t whi ch a change o f p i l e
cr oss s ec t i onal pr oper t i es i s i ndi cat ed.
The c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e p i l e a t
L BT.
The p i l e e l a s t i c modul us a t L BT.
The p i l e s p e c i f i c wei ght a t L BT.
The wave speed a t L BT, computed f r om E-MOD
and SP.W.
The p i l e impedance a t L BT, computed f r om
E-MOD, AREA, and Wave SP.
The t i me r e q u i r e d . f o r t h e s t r e s s wave t o
t r a v e l from p i l e t o p t o bot t om and t o r e t u r n
t o t h e ' t op. Computed f r om t h e p i l e l e n g t h
and WAVE SP.
The f o l l w i n g t abl e i s a s m a r y o f t he p i l e
and s o i l model par amet er s as t hey were set up
f o r t h e f i r s t u l t i ma t e c apac i t y (Ru ) t o be
anal yzed. . Not e t h a t onl y t h e SOIL-$ col umn
woul d change f o r l a t e r anal yses. For t h e
sake o f b r e v i t y , r e p e t i t i v e l i n e s showi ng
o n l y changes i n L BT a r e o mi t t e d i n t h e
pr i nt out .
I n d i c a t e s p i l e segment number s; t h e s o i l
model a l s o t he p i l e TOE.
The wei ght o f t h e p i l e segment.
The s t i f f n e s s o f t h e s pr i ng o f a p i l e seg-
ment. Thi s s pr i ng i s l oc at ed on t op o f t h e
c or r es pondi ng segment mass. I f t her e i s a
p i l e c u s h i o n p r e s e n t , t h e n i t s s p r i n g i s
combi ned w i t h t h e f i r s t p i l e t o p s p r i n g .
The combi ned s t i f f n e s s i s n o t shown.
The r ound- out def or mat i on o f a spr i ng. Thi s
val ue i s onl y used i n t h e comput at i on o f t h e
p i l e t o p s p r i n g and i f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
SPLICE val ue i s gr eat er t han zero.
Heading
SPLICE
COR
SOIL-S
SOIL-D
QUAKE
L BT
AREA
PILE OPTIONS
-
N/UNIFORM
AUTO S.G.
SPLICES
DAMPNG-P
D-P VALUE
Descr i pt i on
The sl ack o f a spl i ce; i t i s onl y used i f i t
i s gr eat er than zero. The p i l e t op i s an
except i on as i t has an unl i mi t ed ext ensi on
wi t h zero t ensi on f or ce and a pr i nt ed!
SPLICE val ue o f zero.
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f a non-
l i n e a r spri ng. Thi s val ue onl y ent er s t he
c al c ul at i ons i f SPLICE i s gr eat er t han zero
or f o r t he p i l e top.
The ul t i mat e s t a t i c s oi l r esi st ance a t t he
p i l e segments ( ski n) and at t he toe.
The s o i l damping parameters a t t he p i l e seg-
ments ( ski n) and a t t he toe. The di mensi on
i n d i c a t e s t h e t y p e o f dampi ng used. For
Case damping t he t abul at ed val ues ar e t he
di s t r i but ed vi scous f act or s.
The s o i l quake val ues a t ski n and toe.
The l engt h below p i l e t op f o r t he bottom o f
t he correspondi ng p i l e segment.
The cr oss sect i onal area o f t he p i l e o f a
segment. Thi s may be an average val ue i f
t he cross sect i on changes somewhere al ong
t h e segment. The AREA val ue i s used f o r
st r ess computations.
Thi s i s a summary o f opt i ons which af f ec t
t he p i l e model generati on.
The NCROSS o r p i l e uni f or mi t y opti on.
The IPEL opt i on o r p i l e segment generat i on
opt i on.
. .
The ISPL o r number o f spl i ces/ sl acks opt i on.
The p i l e dampi ng o p t i o n u t i l i z e d i n t h e
computation o f t he D-P VALUE.
The dashpot parameter f o r t he dashpots be-
t ween t h e p i l e segments. Thi s v al ue i s
i dent i cal f o r a l l segments.
Headi nq
SOIL OPTIONS
-
% SKIN FR
01s. NO.
S DAMPING
CONSTANT SKIN
FRICTION ANALYSES
CONSTANT END
BEARING ANALYSIS
ITERATNS
DTCR/OT(%)
RES STRESS
IOUT
AUTO SGMNT
Descr i pt i on
The opt i ons u t i l i z e d i n t he gener at i on o f
t he s o i l model.
The percentage o f ski n f r i c t i o n ; see al so
note.*
The percentage o f end beari ng, i .e., 100 - %
SKIN FR. See al so note.*
The s o i l f r i c t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n opt i on,
ITYS.
The s o i l damping t ype e i t h e r SMITH-1, i.e.,
t he standard, SMITH-2, i .e., Smith damping
w i t h R r a t h e r t h a n t h e v a r i a b l e R as a
mul t i pl Yer , o r VI SCOUS, i.e., dampin3 con-
s t ant s whi ch ar e i ndependent o f t he s t a t i c
s o i l resi st ance.
*Not e: depending on t he ski n f r i c t i o n op-
m E R C S , t he f ol l owi ng may be pr i nt ed:
I f I PERCS was ent er ed w i t h a mi nus si gn,
t hen t h i s message i s pr i nt ed as p a r t o f t he
SOIL OPTIONS and t h e % SKIN FR, % EN0 BG
p r i n t o u t per t ai ns onl y t o t he f i r s t RULT.
If IPERCS was ent ered gr eat er 100, t hen t h i s
message i s pr i nt ed as p a r t o f t he SOIL OP-
TIONS and t he % SKIN FR, % END BG pr i nt out
per t ai ns onl y t o t he f i r s t RULT.
The opt i ons a f f e c t i n g t he anal ysi s and t he
out put are pr i nt ed here.
The maximum number o f pr edi ct or / cor r ect or
i t e r a t i o n s a f t e r t he f i r s t one, al l owed i n
t h e i nt egr at i on process (ITER).
The r a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t o comput at i onal t i me
i ncrement (I PHI ).
The r esi dual st r ess opt i on I RSAO whi ch i s
act i ve i f pr i nt ed as 1..
The out put opt i on.
The I J J opt i on f o r t he gener at i on o f out put
segment numbers.
Headings
OUTPT INCR
MAX T(MS)
6.2 Resul t Pr i nt out
Descr i pt i on
The number o f t i me i nt er v al s between i ndi - L
vi dual l i n e s i n t he var i abl e vs t i me out put
computed by t he program.
The maximum anal ysi s t i me opt i on IMAXT.
'I
I
6.2.1 Var i abl e vs Time Pr i nt out
Thi s i s par t o f t he ext ensi ve out put opti ons.
Two t ypes o f t abl es ar e
pr i nt ed. The f i r s t wi t h onl y one t y pe o f q u a n t i t y l i k e f or c es (IOUT =
1 ,..., 5), t he second wi t h a mixed t abl e.
Heading Descr i pt i on
RULT = xxx, RTOE = xxx
A headi ng i dent i f y i ng t he cur r ent t o t a l and
end bear i ng capaci t y.
HAMMER AND PILE FORCES
I f t hP out put o p t i o n was s e t t o 1, ..., 5
H.. AND P.. VELOCITIES then f o r each ul t i mat e capaci t y anal yzed,
H. .. AND P. .. STRESSES sever al pages o f t a b l e s w i l l be p r i n t e d .
H. AND P. ACCELERATIONS Depending on t he val ue of t he out put opt i on,
H. AND P. DISPLACEMENTS IOUT, t he headings on t he l e f t w i l l occur.
Furthermore, t he f ol l owi ng subheadings ar e
pr i nt ed f o r f ur t her c l ar i f i c at i on.
J P
The t i me c ount er whi ch mu l t i p l i e d by t h e
i ndi v i dual anal ysi s t i me i ncrement y i e l d s
t he anal ysi s time.
TIME
The anal ysi s t i me correspondi ng t o JP.
RAM BT The var i abl e i s computed f or t he bottom ram
segment. If t her e i s onl y one r a m segment
t hen e i t h e r f or c es o r s t r es s es cannot be
computed f o r t he ram ( t her e i s no spr i ng i n
t h e ram, t h e f i r s t s p r i n g i s t h e hammer
cushi on or i mpact bl ock) .
St resses i n t he ram bottom ar e computed us-
i n g t h e "ram di amet er" gi ven i n t he hammer
s t r i n p u t dat a. Not e t h a t t h i s may be an
averaged value.
Headi ng
H CUSH
P TOP
PILE ELEMENTS
Mixed Var i abl e Tabl e
- -
Heading
J
TIME
F AS
P
D RAM
D HEL
FTOP
VTOP
DTOP
FMID, VMID, DMI D
Descr i pt i on
The v a r i a b l e i s computed f o r t h e hammer
cushi on spr i ng ( f or ces, st r esses) o r f o r t he
helmet mass (moti on var i abl es) .
St resses i n t he hammer cushi on u t i l i z e t he
hammer cushi on area. However, i f t he s t i f f -
ness o f t h i s cushi on was d i r e c t l y entered,
and i f t he program t her ef or e has no hammer
cushi on area f o r st r ess computations, then
t h e def aul t s di scussed i n Chapter 3, hammer
cushi on i nput , ar e appl i cabl e.
The var i abl e i s computed f o r t he (non-
l i n e a r ) p i l e t op spr i ng o r t he f i r s t p i l e
mass.
... r e f e r t o t he p i l e model. The i ndi vi dual
numbers r e f l e c t ei t her t he aut omat i cal l y
gener at ed o r user s p e c i f i e d p i l e segment
numbers ( I JJ opt i on) . However, f o r 80 col -
umn p r i n t e r s a t r u n c a t i o n o f t h i s t a b l e
usual l y occurs.
For out put opt i on 6.
Descr i pt i on
I dent i cal t o JP (see above).
See above.
Assembly bottom spr i ng f or ce f o r ECH.
Pressure i n combustion chamber f o r di esel s.
Displacement o f ram.
Di spl acement of helmet.
Force a t t he p i l e top.
Vel oci t y o f t he p i l e t op segment.
Displacement of t he p i l e t op segment.
Force, Vel oci t y, Di spl acement at mi ddl e o f
pi l e.
Headi n$
FTOE, VTOE, DTOE
SUM ST
SUM DP
RT TOE
Descr i pt i on
' Force, Vel oci t y, Di spl acement a t bottom o f
pi l e.
Sum o f a l l si mul t aneousl y occur r i ng s t a t i c
s o i l r esi st ance forces.
Sum o f a l l s i mul t aneous l y o c c u r r i n g s o i l
damping forces.
Sum o f s t a t i c and damping r esi st ance f or ce
a t p i l e toe, i.e., t o t a l t oe resi st ance.
6.2.2 Extrema Tables
The f ol l owi ng i s always pr i nt ed except f o r t he case o f t he IOUT = -100
opt i on. I t i s an i mport ant out put f o r r es ul t checking, par t i c ul ar l y f o r com-
posi t e mat er i al pi l es where t he maximum st r ess may occur, say i n t he st eel ,
al t hough t he much l ower concrete st r ess may be c r i t i c a l .
Heading Descr i pt i on
RULT = xxx, RTOE = xxx, Heading o f t he extrema t abl e i ncl udes t he
DEL T = xxx anal ysi s t i me i ncrement whi ch may change
from Ru t o Ru . The t i me i ncrement i s
needed t o convgr t t he JMN, JMX, et c val ues
t o act ual times.
NO.
FMIN
JMN
The p i l e segment f o r whi ch t he extreme val -
ues ar e l i s t ed.
The minimum segment force. Negati ve val ues
i ndi cat e tensi on. The maximum i s zero.
The t i me i nt er v al a t whi ch t he minimum f or ce
occurred.
FMAX The maximum compressi ve force.
JMX
STRMIN
JSN
The t i me i nt er v al a t whi ch t he maximum f or ce
occurred.
The minimum st r ess; negat i ve values i ndi cat e
t ensi on; maxima ar e zero.
The t i me i nt er v al a t whi ch t he minimum
st r ess occurred.
Headi nq
STRMAX
JSX
VMAX
JVX
DMAX
JDX
Descr i pt i on
The maximum compressive st ress.
The t i me i nt er v al a t whi ch t he maximum
st r ess occurred.
The maximum vel oci t y.
The t i me i n t e r v a l a t whi ch t he maximum vel o-
c i t y occurred.
The maximum di spl acement . Not e t h a t i n
p a r t i c u l a r t he maximum p i l e t oe di spl acement
i s o f i n t e r e s t si nce i t i s used f o r t he cal -
c ul at i on o f t he blow count.
The t i me i nt er v al a t whi ch t he maximum di s-
placement occurred.
6.2.3 Fi nal Resi dual Pi l e/ Soi l Quant i t i es
I f a r esi dual st r ess anal ysi s was performed t hen addi t i onal out put i s
made a t t he end o f each i ndi vi dual Rut anal ysi s f ol l owi ng t he extrema t abl e.
Thi s out put i ndi cat es t he f i n a l s t at e o f s o i l and p i l e st resses. There ar e
t he same val ues t h a t ar e used as i n i t i a l val ues f o r t he next RSA anal ysi s.
6.2.4 Debug Output: Var i abl e vs. Time
For a negat i ve out put opt i on, except IOUT = -100, WEAP86 generates out put
i n anal ysi s t i me, i nt er v al s o f approxi mat el y 1 ms. Thi s out put i ncl udes a l l
maj or vari abl es. Si nce pr i nt out w i l l be made f o r a l l t r i a l anal yses o f di e-
sel s o r RSA i t er at i ons, ext remel y l ong out put s m u s n e expected. Dimensions
are i n ki ps (kN) and f t (m).
Headi nq Descr i pt i on
vo
I I G N
IADIA
Ref erence combustion chamber pressure ( di e-
sel s).
Reference vol ume ( di esel s) .
I g n i t i o n f l a g ( di esel s) .
Adi abat i c pressure comput at i on f l a g ( di e-
sel s).
TNOW Cur r ent t i me s t ar t .
Headi n9
TIGN
TCOM
IPR
Descr i pt i on
Time o f i g n i t i o n ( di esel s) .
Time o f completed i g n i t i o n ( di esel s) .
Combustion chamber pressure converted t o
f or ce ( di esel s) .
FH Hammer f or ce, i n ram and dr i v i ng system.
VH Ram and dr i v i ng system vel oci t i es.
DH Ram and dr i v i ng system displacements.
FP Pi l e forces.
VP Pi l e vel oci t i es.
DP Pi l e displacements.
RES St at i c r esi st ance val ues.
6.2.5 Summary Tabl e
Under a l l opt i ons t he f i n a l summary i s pr i nt ed. It cont ai ns t he data
necessary t o p l o t a beari ng graph.
Heading
RULT
BL CT
Descr i pt i on
The t o t a l ul t i mat e s t a t i c beari ng capaci t y,
Rut.
The computed bl ow count.
STROKE (EQ.) The r eal or equi val ent st r oke o f ECH.
STROKE DOWN
STROKE UP
BCP
The di esel downstroke analyzed. Note t hat
i t i s t he - r eal st r oke o f cl osed end di esel s.
i
The r et ur n st r oke r es ul t i ng i n t he anal ysi s
!
of open end di esel s.
The maximum bounce chamber pressure o f
cl osed end di esel hammers occur r i ng dur i ng
t he upst roke o f cl osed end di esel s. Thi s i s
t h e act ual bounce chamber pressure. Gauge
readi ngs may be l ower depending on t he hose
l ength.
Headi ng
MINSTR I,J
MAXSTR I, J
ENTHRU
NO.
P-FORCE
P-STRESS
S-RESIS
DISPL.
Descr i pt i on
The minimum st r ess ( t ensi on i f negat i ve) i n
t h e p i l e wi t h an i ndi c at i on where (segment
number I ) and when ( t i me i nt er v al J ) i t oc-
curred.
The maximum compressive st r ess i n t he p i l e
wi t h segment, I, and t i me i nt er val , J.
The maximum t r ansf er r ed energy a t t he p i l e
top.
The blow r at e (speed o f hammer) o f di esel
hammers.
Pi l e segment number.
The f or ce remai ni ng i n t he p i l e a t t he end
o f t he r esi dual st r ess anal ysi s (RSA).
The st r ess remai ni ng i n t he p i l e a t t he end
o f t he RSA.
The s o i l r esi st ance f orces a t t he end o f t he
RSA.
The f i n a l p i l e displacements. Note, t hat a t
t h e begi nni ng of each RSA t r i a l , t he p i l e
t op di spl acement (segment No. 1) i s subt rac-
t ed from t he f i n a l di spl acements o f - a l l seg-
ments. Thus, t he permanent set o f t he p i l e
i s equal t o t he p i l e t op di spl acement l i s t e d
i n t h i s t abl e. The s t ar t i ng di spl acement o f
any o t h e r segment was n e i t h e r t h e val ue
p r i n t e d nor zer o but , equal t o t h e v al ue
p r i n t e d minus t he f i n a l p i l e t op di spl ace-
men t .
7. WAVE EQUATION EXAMPLES
7.1 Open End Di esel Hammer - Generati on o f Beari ng Graph
7.1.1 Si t uat i on
A 45 t on desi gn-l oad p i l e i s t o be dr i ven t hrough a s o f t compressi bl e l ay-
e r i n t o a dense, coarse sand wi t h gravel . The cont r act or wants t o use an HP
10x53 p r o f i l e of 40- f t l engt h and a Delmag D-12 hammer. He uses a standard
12-by 12- i n helmet wi t h 2- i n o f Conbest.
7.1.2 Problem
Determi ne t he blow count / beari ng capaci t y r el at i on.
7.1.3 Approach
Si nce ext ensi ve s t a t i c and dynamic t es t i ng w i l l be performed a t t he
si t e, a saf et y f act or o f 2 i s s uf f i c i ent . A saf et y f act or of 3 may ot herwi se
be appropri ate. Usi ng a saf et y f act or o f 2, t he p i l e has t o be dr i ven t o an
ul t i mat e capaci t y o f 90 tons. A curve can be const r uct ed f o r t he desi r ed
range i f capaci t i es o f 60, 120, 180 and 240 k i ps ar e analyzed.
7.1.4 Sol ut i on
The shor t i nput form i s s uf f i c i ent f o r sol vi ng t h i s problem.
Card I D Data Expl anat i on
1.000 TITLE I nser t a descr i pt i ve t i t l e o f up t o 40 charac-
t er s.
2.000 ANALYSIS OPTIONS
IOUT/O f o r onl y a p r i n t e d summary, b u t a bear i ng
graph pl ot . Thi s opt i on corresponds t o IOUT=O
and can onl y be used when a p l o t t e r i s avai l -
abl e.
I J J 0 Def aul t i s sat i sf act or y.
IHAMR 3 For DELMAG D-12 (see Tabl e 1).
IOSTR 0 Leave i t bl ank ( st r oke i t e r a t i o n a1 lowed).
IFUEL 0 Fu l l combustion pressure.
IPEL 0 Computer determi nes p i l e segment pr oper t i es.
N 8 For 40- f t p i l e and 5-Ct segments (may al so be
automati cal l y determi ned).
ISPL 0 No spl i ces o r sl acks.
NCROSS 0 Uni form pi l e.
IBEDAM 0 Steel .
I PERCS 10 For 10 percent ski n f r i c t i o n .
ISMITH 0 Standard Smith damping.
ITYS 1 For ski n r esi st ance d i s t r i b u t i o n t ype 1 of
Fi gure 1 ( t r i angl e over 100 percent o f pi l e) .
IPHI 0 Normal.
IRSAO 0 No r esi dual f or ce anal ysi s.
ITER
IDAHA
0 Normal.
0 Normal.
IMAXT 0 Normal .
HELMET AND HAMMER CUSHION INFORMATION
HELMET WEIGHT 2.15 ( k i p ) as per Tabl e 2b.
AREA 283.5 ( i n ) as per Tabl e 2b.
EL. MODULUS 280.0
I
k s i ) as per t abl e 2b..
THICKNESS 2.0 i n ) as per Tabl e Zb.
C.O.R. 0.8 As per Tabl e 2b.
ROUND-OUT 0.0 For def aul t val ue o f 0.0
STIFFNESS 0.0 St i f f ness t o be computed
1 ( f t ) .
from EA/ t .
4.000 PILE CUSHION INFORMATION
Thi s i s not a concret e pi l e; a l l data i s zero
5.000 PILE TOP INFORMATION
TOTAL LENGTH 40.0 ( f t j .
AREA 15.5 ( i n ) as per Tabl e 4a.
EL. MODULUS 30000.0 ( ksi ) 13st eel .
SP. WEIGHT 492.0 ( l b / f t ) st eel .
C.O.R. 0.8 Coef f i ci ent o f r es t i t ut i on, p i j e top.
ROUND OUT 0.01 Thi s i s equi val ent t o def aul t .
5.101, ... Do not i n s e r t si nce NCROSS = 0.
7.000 HAMMER OVERRIDE VALUES
A l l data i s zero f o r normal hammer
performance.
8.000 SOIL PARAMETERS
QUAKE-SKIN i n ) as per Tabl e 5
QUAKE -TOE 0.1 i n ) as per Tabl e 5
DAMP ING-TOE
DAMPING-SKIN 0.05 ( s / f t ) f o r cohesi onl ess s o i l as per Tabl e 5.
0.15 ( s / f t ) f or cohesi onl ess s o i l as per Table 5.
8.401, ... Do not i n s e r t si nce ITYS=l.
9.100 ULTIMATE CAPACITIES
60.0, 120.0, 180.0, 240.0 ( ki ps) as di scussed
before.
The i nput form i s shown i n Form 1. The out put i s shown i n Form 2. The
beari ng graph data was al so pl ot t ed as shown i n Fi gur e 6.
7.1.5 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
It can be concluded t hat a desi gn l oad o f 45 tons (180 k i ps wi t h a saf et y
f act or = 2) r equi r es a blow count of 42 bl ows/ f t . The st r oke shoul d a t t h i s
ti me be 5.3 ft. Then t he maximum compressive st r ess woul d be 21.3 ksi .
NO.
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 1, 45 TON DESIGN* HP 10x53, 0-12
RULT 180.0, RTOE = 162.0 KIPS* OEL T = .I01 US
FMIN,JnN FMAX,JMX STRnINvJSN STRHAX>JSX V n A X 9 J V X O n A X ~ J O X
(K) (K) (KSI) (KSI) (F/S) (IN)
.0s 0 286.1, 44 -00, 0 18-46, 44 9.8, 46 .537*122
-2.61218 286.1, 47 -.I78218 18.458 47 9.99 49 -515,123
-5.5~218 284.6, 51 -.35r218 18.36, 51 10.0, 52 .4?2$126
-7.5r218 285.1, 54 -.48~218 18.401 54 9.8, 55 .470*130
-8.1,218 288.6, 57 -.52s218 18.62s 57 9-51 58 .449#133
-7.98218 293.3, 60 -.51~218 18.92, 60 9.2, 62 -428,135
-7.11218 294.0, 63 -.46~218 18.97, 63 9-08 64 .407#138
-4.23217 329.8, 69 -.27#217 21.279 69 7.3, 65 .386~141
I.
STROKES ANALYZED AN0 LAST RETURN (FT):
5.10 5.34 5.29
1
I
RULT = 240.0, RTOE = 216.0 KIPS, OEL T = .lo1 ns
NO. FUIN8JUN FtlAX8JnX STRUIN-JSN STRnAX9JSX VnAX3JVX DnAXsJOX
I
(K) (K) (KSI) (KSI) (F/S (IN)
1 .O, 0 343.38 95 .00# 0 22.153 95 10.49 45 .497*110
2 -13.88200 320.9, 98 -.89~200 20.70, 98 10.4, 48 .464~110
i
3 -24.48201 327,89101 -1.58.201 21.15~101 10.33 51 .432$115
4 -29.69200 320.69104 -1.911200 20.69~104 10.19 55 .401,116
5 -29.6*198 332.3, 81 -1.91,198 21.44, 81 9.89 58 .369r119
6 -25.28196 331.2, 78 -1.62~196 21-36, 78 9.4, 61 -338,122
I
7 -17.9r193 332.8, 74 -1.163193 21.47, 74 8.9, 63 .307,12S
8 -8.8g193 377.6, 69 -.57,193 24.36, 69 6.6. 64 .2791129
STROKES ANALYZEO AN0 LAST RETURN (FT):
5.66 5.70
- R ULT BL CT STROKE (FT) UINSTR IzJ HAXSTR I>J ENTHRU BL RT
KIPS BPF DOWN UP KSI KSI FT-KIP BPU
60.0 11.2 4.0 3.9 .OO( 1 3 0) 12.99( 6, 62) 9.7 59.4
120.0 26.4 4.7 4.8 -.IS( 7,268) 16.88( 6, 61) 8.8 54.0
180.0 42.0 5.3 5.3 -.St( 5,218) 21.27( 8, 69) 9.1 51.2
240.0 67.1 5.7 5.7 -1.91( 5,198) 24.36( 8s 69) 9.0 49.6
FORM 2, cont i nued
ffl f f l I
ffll f f l l
2 2 1
" / I -I 1
1 - 1
9; g1
2 E.1 2!;
7.2 Closed End Hammer - Dr i v eabi l i t y Study
7.2.1 Si t uat i on
A s t ep t apered pi pe p i l e (20.4 f t o f 14-111 O.O., .203-in wal l , 23 f t of
11.5-in O.D., .219-in wal l , t he r est 10 i n O.D., .219-in wal l ) o f 79- f t l engt h
wi t h an addi t i onal 11- i n di ameter t oe pl at e o f 1- i n t hi ckness i s t o be dr i ven
t o a depth o f 74 ft. The s o i l consi st s o f s i l t y c l ay and cl ayey s i l t wi t h
some sand. A 240-ki p ul t i mat e capaci t y i s ant i ci pat ed. However, i t i s al so
expected t hat dr i v i ng i s much easi er due t o l oss o f s o i l r esi st ance dur i ng
dr i vi ng. Dynamic measurements were taken a t a nei ghbori ng s i t e dur i ng p i l e
dr i vi ng. These measurements were eval uat ed by dynamic anal ysi s. From t h i s
experi ence Case damping val ues. are known and may be used i nst ead o f t he common
Smith damping values.
7.2.2 Problem
The cont r act or , who must dr i v e t he p i l e t o penet r at i on, wants t o use an
LB-520 hammer. He i s not sure, however, whether t h i s hammer w i l l do t he j ob
and he i s wor r i ed about t he dr i v i ng st resses i n t h i s r e l a t i v e l y t hi n- wal l ed
pi l e. He would al so l i k e t o know i f an i nt er r upt i on would a f f e c t t he dr i ve-
a b i l i t y . (The cont r act or suppl i ed t he f ol l owi ng data: helmet wei ght 450-1 b,
s t i f f nes s 10,000 k-i ps/i n).
7.2.3 Sol ut i on
Fi r s t , a sketch o f t he p i l e geometry i s made on page 1 o f t he shor t i nput
form. Si mi l ar l y, a sketch i s made o f an assumed ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on
( f or bot h adhesion and f r i c t i o n ) on page 2 o f t he shor t i nput form.
Card No. I D Data Expl anat i on
2.000 IOUT
N
I HAMR
NCROSS
IPERCS
ISMITH
1 It was deci ded t o p r i n t f or ces as a f unct i on
o f time.
16 To segments o f near l y 5- f t l ength.
134 From Tabl e 1.
1 Nonuniform pi l e.
70 Percentage o f ski n f r i c t i o n .
-1 For Case (vi scous) damping.
3.000 HELMET WEIGHT .45 As given.
C.O.R. .85 Assumed.
STIFFNESS 10000.0 As gi ven; area, el . modulus and t hi ckness ar e
now not needed; Round-Out i s a t def aul t .
4.000 PILE CUSHION Leave bl ank, st eel p i l e wi t hout p i l e cushi on.
(C.O.R. and Round Out data may al so be l e f t
bl ank).
5.000 PILE TOP INFORMATION
TOTAL LENGTH 79.08 The p i l e l engt h i ncl udes t he t oe pl at e.
AREA 8.80 Computed from (14-.203) (3.1416) (.203).
EL. MODULUS 29000. As per f act or y i nf or mat i on.
SP. WEIGHT 492. Standard st eel s pec i f i c wei ght .
C.O.R. .85 Assumption f o r st eel p i l e top.
5.101, .. NONUNIFORM PILE.. . There were t hr ee poi nt s o f di scont i nui t y whi ch
had t o be descri bed a t depths o f 20.4. 43.4
and 79.0 f eet . Al so, t he cross sect i onal area
o f t he end pl at e had t o be gi ven f o r t he p i l e
bottom. Thus, seven cards ( l i nes ) were neces-
s ar y . See Form 3. Not e t h a t r e p e t i t i v e
depth, area, modeling, or s pec i f i c wei ght
val ues ac t ual l y need not be repeated.
7.00 HAMMER OVERRIDE VALUES No i nput was needed.
8.000 SOIL PARAMETERS O f i n t e r e s t on t h i s c ar d i s p r i ma r i l y t h e
damping i nput and because Case damping (ISMITH
-1) val ues from l oc al experi ence were chosen
as (2.0 and .8 f o r ski n and t oe, r espect i vel y.
Note: It i s i nt er es t i ng t o make a comparison
o f t he Case damping val ues wi t h t he cor r e-
sponding Smith parameters. The average p i l e
impeda9ce (EA/c) i s about 14 k i ps / f t / s ( u s i n g
8 i nch as an average st eel area). Thus, t he
t o t a l ski n vi scous damping constant i s 14 x 2
= 28 ki ps/ f t / s. The s t a t i c ski n r esi st ance a t
240 k i p s u l t i ma t e i s 0.7 x 240 = 168 k i p s
because o f t he 70 percent IPERCS i nput on Card
2.000. Thus, t he correspondi ng Smith damping
parameter i s 28/168 = .17 s / f t (somewhat l ess
than t he recommended 0.2 s / f t f or cohesi ve,
but much more t han t he 0.05 s / f t f o r
noncohesi ve s oi l s ) . The t oe damping const ant
used here corresponds t o about 0.17 s / f t .
6.401,. . SKIN FRICTION
DISTRIBUTION A t r apezoi dal di s t r i but i on was chosen assuming
t h a t t he p i l e t op was 5 f t above grade and
t h a t t he ski n f r i c t i o n would be t wi ce as hi gh
a t t he bottom as i t was a t 10 f t below t he
p i l e top.
9.000 ULT. CAPACITIES The capaci t i es t o be i nvest i gat ed are 240 and
320 ki ps.
The t wo pages of i nput ar e shown i n Form 3. The out put i s reproduced i n
Form 4.
7.2.4 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
The i mpor t ant r es ul t s can be found i n t he summary, t he l a s t page o f Form
4. It i s found t her e t hat t he blow count f or Ru = 240 k i ps i s 265 blows per
ft, more t han 20 blows per inch. A t segment 1, b i l e top, a st r ess o f 31 k s i
occurred which i s hi gh but t ol er abl e f o r st eel wi t h a 36 k s i y i e l d st r engt h,
i f good haner - pi l e al i gnment i s mai ntai ned. For Rut = 320 ki ps no permanent
set resul t ed.
It must be concluded t hat even i f d r i v i n g i s not i nt er r upt ed and t here-
f or e, no s o i l setup occurs dur i ng t he dr i v i ng process, t h e blow count i s t oo
hi gh t o be economical. The danger o f y i e l d i n g i n t he pi l e, which w i l l be
gr eat est a t t he poi nt o f cross sect i onal change, i s not gr eat as l ong as t he
p i l e penetrates. The step tapered p i l e o f t h i s example i s very f l e x i b l e and
t her ef or e l ends i t s e l f t o an i nvest i gat i on by t he r esi dual st r ess method. Ex-
ample 9 w i l l demonstrate t he advantages o f t h i s method.
A recommendation based on these r es ul t s would be t o i ncrease t he wal l
t hi ckness r at her than the. hammer si ze. A pi pe p i l e wi t h gr eat er wal l t hi c k -
ness w i l l , i n general , dr i v e easi er than t he more f l e x i b l e one, even i f hammer
and hammer cushi on ar e not changed.
UEAP86: UAUE EPUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNOAIIONS
1986. VERSION 1.001
EXAHPLE 21 ORIVEABILITY STUDY, LB-520
HAMHER WOOEL OF: LB 520 HAOE 87: LINKBELT
ELEMENT UEIOHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-NL. CAP omPo
(KIPS1 (XIIN1 RESTITUTION FT (KIFTISI
I , A s "
2 1.690 239284.6 1.000 .0100
3 1.690 239284.6 1.000 ,0100
IMP. ELK 1.480 143547.5 .PO0 .0100
CAPIRAII ,450 10000.0 A50 .0100 12.0
HAHHER OPTIONS:
HAHHER NO. FUEL SETTO. STROKE OPT. HAHMER TYPE OAnPNO-HAnR
134 1 0 2
2
. . ..
RAH UElOHT RAH LENGTH HAX STROKE STROKE EFFICIENCY
(KIPS1 (IN1 I FTI (FT1
5.07 80.50 3.80 2.66 .BOO
REACTN UOHT HAX ENERGY HAX SIR CPT EPU. STROKE C TANK VOL
(KIPS1 (KIP-FT1 l FT1 IF11 (IN31
6.30 27.56 3.79 3.31 8732.0
THE HAHIIER DATA INCLUDES ESTIHATEO (NON-IIEASUREOI QUANTITIES
HAHHER CUSHION AREA E-WOULUS TNICKNESS
(IN21 1KSl) <IN.
.OD .o .no0
PILE PROFILE:
LBT AREA E-MOD SP.U. UAUE SP
1FT) IIN21 l KSI1 (LBIFTS) lFTIS1
STIFFNESS
(KIPSIl Nl
100(10.0
EAIC
(K/FTIS1
UAVE TRAVEL TInE - ZL/C - =
9.571 ns
FORM 4: OUTPUT,
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I I
12
13
14
15
16
TOE
PlLE ON0 SOIL nOOEL FOR RULT = 240.0 KIPS
UElOHl STIFFN 0-NL SPLICE CMI SOIL-S SOIL-0 WAKE L BT AREA
(KIPS1 (KI I NJ I FTI IF11 (KIPS1 (KSIFTI (IN1 IF11 lIH*.21
.I49 4303. ,010 .DO0 ,850 . O .OOO .I00 4.94 8.0
,149 4303. .010-1.000 1.000 3.8 .695 .I00 9.89 8.8
9 4303. ,010 -1.000 1.000 8.1 1.487 .I00 14.83 8.8
.I49 4303. .Dl0 -1.000 1.000 8.7 1.591 .l o0 19.77 8.8
.I33 3852. .010 -1.000 1.000 9.2 1.518 .I00 24.11 7.9
3 3794. .010 -1.000 1.000 9.8 1.584 .l o0 29.66 7.t
.I31 3794. .010 -1.000 1,000 10.3 1.675 .l o0 34.60 7.8
.I31 3794. .010 -1.000 1.000 10.9 1.766 .I00 39.54 7.8
.I27 3671. .OlO -1.000 1.000 11.5 1.799 .LOO 44.48 7.5
1 1 4 3291. .010 -1.000 1.000 12.0 1.689 .LOO 49.43 ' 6.2
.I14 3291. .010 -1.000 1.000 12.6 1.767 .I00 54.37 6.7
.I14 3291. .Dl0 -1.000 1,000 13.1 1.846 .I00 59.31 6.7
.I14 3291. ,010 -1.000 1.000 13.7 1.925 .I00 64.25 6.7
.I11 3291. .OIO -1.000 1.000 14.2 2.004 .l o0 69.20 6.7
.I14 3291. .Of0 -1.000 1.000 14.8 2.082 .I00 74.14 6.7
,138 3341. ,010 -1.000 1.000 15.4 2.397 .I00 79.08 8.2
72.0 10.a83 .LOO
PlLE OPTIONS:
NIUNIFOR* AUTO S.O. SPLICES OAnPNG-P 0-P UhLUE
(KIFTISI
1 0 0 1 ,272
SOIL OPTIONS:
. X SKIN FR X EN0 80 DIE. NO. S OAHPINO
70 30 0 VISCOUS
AHALYSISIOUTPUT OPTIONS:
ITERATNS OTCRIOTIX) RES STRESS IOUT AUTO SOHNT Mt r m IWR MI T(HSI
0 1 0 2 0
UEAP OF 1986 EXAHPLE 2. ORIVEABILITY STUDY. LB-520
RULT I 240
HAHHER AN0
HAHHER
RAM BT H CUSH P TOP
45.3 44.5 43.3
44.5 46.5 45.3
44.4 48.5 47.4
48.5 50.6 49.5
51.8 52.7 51.7
51.0 54.9 54.0
50.3 57.1 56.2
51.5 59.3 58.6
54.5 61.6 '-
57.8 '
.O. RTOE = 72.0 KIPS
PILE FORCESlKlPSJ
PlLE ELEHENTS
3 6 LO
37.3 20.8 8.5
39.1 21.9 9.0
41.0 23.1 9.5
43.0 24.3 10.1
45.0 25.6 10.7
UEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 21 ORXVEABILITY STUDf. L8-520
RULT r 240.01 RTOE = 72.0 KIPS
HOMHER AN0 PlLE FORCESIKIPS)
JP TIME HAMER PILE ELEMENTS
RULT I 240.0. RTOE ;c 72.0 KIPS. OEL 1 = ,085 HS
FHINSJHN FHAXBJMX STRIIIN,JSN STRMAXllSX VHOXsJYX OHOX.JOX
I K) I KI I KSl ) I KSI ) I FI S) (I N)
.Os 0 263.9.133 .Ma 0 29.99.133 7.11102 .a598185
.O1 0 269.0.137 .00, 0 30.56.137 6.88105 .805~187
.O. 0 266.1.140 ,001 0 30.241140 6.4~110 .751.190
.0. 0 255.4.146 .ODs 0 29.03~146 6.1.112 .699*192
.0+ 0 244.53152 .00. 0 30.98.152 5.7.116 .642.195
.O1 0 233.3.158 .00s 0 30.07.158 9 ,586,197
.O1 0 222.01162 .00. 0 28.611162 4.91123 .532*200
.0. U 210.1.169 .00. 0 27.12.169 1.5.128 .480~202
.OL 0 198.6~173 .DO* 0 26.36~173 4.18129 .429~204
.O, 0 186.7.181 .M, 0 27.74.181 3.6.136 .375~208
.0. 0 174.5.184 .00. 0 25.931184 3.1.137 ,3241213
.On 0 161.9.191 .OD. 0 24.06.191 2.71145 .279.219
.O, 0 148.91193 .ODs 0 22.13.193 2.3.147 .238.224
.0, 0 135.0.193 .DO. 0 20.05.193 1.9~155 .202s229
.OI (1 119.5~191 ,005 0 17.759191 1.5.159 .I710234
.O1 0 102.1.189 .00. 0 12.51.189 1.2~163 .145*238
STROKES ANALYZED AN0 LAST RETURN IFTI:
2.66 3.35 3.55 3.48
UEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 21 ORIVEII8ILITI sTu01. l.8-510
RULT = 320.0. RTOE r 96.0 KIPS
RAM 81 H CUSH P TOP
61.8 58.4 45.9
60.4 57.2 45.0
PlLE FORCESIKIPS)
PILE ELEHENTS
3 6 10
NO.
RULT = 320.0. RTOE
96.0 KIPS. OEL 7 1 .085 I(S
FNIHIJMH FlIAXsjMX STRH1N.JSN STRMAX.JSX UMAX.NX 0MOX.JOX
l K> OK1 l KSI > #1(Pr$ , E l ( % rru%
STROKES ANALYZED ON0 LAST RETURN IFT):
3.79 3.78
R ULT BL CT STRKE 8CP HINSTR 113 MAXSTR 1-1 ENTHRU BL RT
KIPS BPF FT PSI
KSI KSI FT-KIP BPI(
240.0 265.4 3.5 20.4 .OOl 1, 01 30.981 S*152> 13.8 82.2
320.0 9999.0 3.8 24.7 .OD1 1. 0) 33.121 5.160> 14.5 81.1
FORM 4, continued
7.3 Tension St ress Check
7.3.1 Si t uat i on
Usi ng a Vul can 80C hammer, a 14- by 14-i nch prest ressed concrete p i l e i s
t o be dr i ven through very s of t mat er i al . The p i l e l engt h i s 50 f eet . The
s oi l engi neer has est i mat ed t hat t her e w i l l be onl y 10 t ons o f ski n f r i c t i o n
(no end beari ng) i n t he ear l y stages of dr i v i ng ( 20- f t penet r at i on) and t hat
ski n damping (Smith) i s equal t o 0.2 s / f t .
7.3.2 Problem
It i s expect ed t hat t ensi on st resses w i l l devel op i n t he p i l e dur i ng t he
ear l y dr i v i ng stages. These t ensi on st resses shoul d a t no poi nt exceed t he
0.8 k s i prest ress. ( Act ual l y, an addi t i onal 300 ps i may be al l owed consi der i ng
t he concret e' s st r engt h o f rupt ure). How many sheets o f 3/4 i nch plywood
shoul d be put on t he p i l e t op t o s u f f i c i e n c t l y pr ot ect t he p i l e ? The helmet
wei ght i s 1.5 ki ps, t he hammer cushi on s t i f f nes s i s 10000 k i ps / i n wi t h a
coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f 0.8.
7.3.3 Sol ut i on
The f ol l owi ng i nput was made sol vi ng f i r s t t he case o f a cushi on con-
s i s t i n g o f 3 pl ywood sheet s o f 3/ 4- i nch t hi c k nes s each y i e l d i n g a t o t a l
cushi on- t hi chess o f 2.25 inches.
The shor t i nput form i s s uf f i c i ent f o r sol vi ng t h i s problem.
Card I D Data Expl anat i on
2.000 ANALYSIS OPTIONS
IHAMR 65 From Tabl e 2.
IPERCS 100 For no t oe r esi st ance.
ISMITH 0 For st andard. Smi t h damping.
IBEDAM 3 For concrete.
3.000 HELMET AND H.C.
HELMET WEIGHT 1.5 As gi ven by cont r act or .
STIFFNESS 10,000. As given.
C.O.R. .8 As given.
ROUND-OUT Standard (may be l e f t bl ank).
4.000 CUSHION INFO.
AREA 196. Li ke p i l e top.
EL. MODULUS 30. f or r e l a t i v e l y new mat er i al .
THICKNESS 1.75 Assuming t hat t he cushi on i s qui ckl y
compressed by 1/2 i nch.
C.O.R. 0.5 Standard f o r plywood.
ROUND-OUT .O1 Standard.
5.000 PILE TOP INFORMATION
TOTAL LENGTH 50.0
AREA 196.0
'EL. MODULUS 5000.
SP. WEIGHT 150.0
C.O.R. 1.0
6.401..SKIN FR. DISTRIBTN
30. 0.
30. 1.
50. 1.
8.000 SOIL PARAMETERS
QUAKES 0.1
SKIN DAMPI NG 0.2
TOE DAMPING
ft2
i n
k s i ..
1b/ f t 5
Presence o f cushi on al l ows f o r C.O.R.=l f o r
p i l e top.
From 0 t o 30 f e e t below t he p i l e t op, no s k i n
f r i c t i o n . From 30 t o 50 f eet , uni f or m s k i n
f r i c t i o n .
Not speci f i ed si nce t her e i s no t oe r esi st ance
f orce.
9.000 ULTIMATE CAPACITIES
20.0
The f i l l e d - i n i nput i s shown i n ~ o r m 5. The correspondi ng out put i s
reproduced i n Form 6.
7.3.4 Di scussi on of Resul t s
The out put shows t h a t t he t ensi on st r ess reaches .89 k s i (890 p s i ) a t
segment 5 (not e t h a t t he out put gi ves t ensi on as a negat i ve st r ess) . Dr i v i ng
t he p i l e wi t h onl y 3 cushi on sheets i s , t her ef or e, not advi sabl e, p a r t i c u l a r -
l y , si nce a low (though r e a l i s t i c ) ef f i c i enc y was anal yzed (0.5 as per hammer
dat a f i l e ) .
7.3.5 Addi t i onal Computer Anal ysi s
It i s concl uded t h a t more cushi on sheet s shoul d be used and a second
canput er r un i s made f o r s i x cushi on sheets. Thus, t he p i l e cushi on t hi ckness
on Card No. 4.000 i s merel y doubled. The r e s u l t summary i s reproduced t oget h-
e r wi t h t he r es ul t s f rom t he 3 sheet anal ysi s on Form 6. Obvi ousl y, t he maxi -
mum t ensi on st r ess was reduced such (0.44 k s i ) t h a t t ensi on cracks ar e l ess
l i k e l y t o occur.
I t may be suggested t hat runni ng t he hammer a t reduced pressures i n t he
ear l y phases o f d r i v i n g i s anot her means o f get t i ng t he p i l e saf el y i n t o t he
ground.
The program coul d have been used equal l y wel l t o f i n d t h a t PRESSURE
val ue on Card 7.000 ( l ess t han 120 p s i ) whi ch woul d l i m i t t ensi on i n easy
dr i vi ng.
WEAP86: WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PI L E FOUNDATIONS
19869 VERSION 1. 001
EXAMPLE 3s TENSION STRESS CHECK* 3-PLY
HAMMER MOOEL OF: VUL 80C MADE BY: VULCAN
ELEMENT WEIGHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-NL. CAP OAMPG
( KI PS) ( K/ I N) RESTITUTION FT (K/FT/S )
1 8. 000
C AP/R AM 1. 500 9442. 9 .SO0 .0100 6.7
CUSHION 3360. 0 .SO0 .0100
ASSEMBLY WEIGHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-NL.
( KI PS) ( K/ I N) RESTITUTION FT
1 4.940 47835.3
2 4.940 47835.3 .SO0 . 0100
HAMMER OPTIONS:
HAMMER NO. FUEL SETTG. STROKE OPT. HAMMER TYPE DAMPNG-HAMR
224 1 0 3 2
HAMMER PERFORMANCE DATA
RAM WEIGHT RAM LENGTH MAX STROKE STROKE EFFICIENCY
( KI PS) ( I N) ( FT) (FT)
RTD PRESS. ACT PRESS. EFF. AREA IMPACT VEL.
( PSI ) ( PSI ) ( I N2 1 (FT/ S )
120. 00 120.00 81. 51 9.92
HAMMER CUSHION AREA E-MODULUS THICKNESS STIFFNESS
( I N2 ) ( KSI ) ( I N) ( KI PS/ I N)
.OO .O .ooo 10000. 0
PI L E CUSHION AREA E-MODULUS THICKNESS STIFFNESS
( I N2 ) ( KSI ) ( I N) ( KI PS/ I N)
196.00 30.0 1.750 3360.0
PI L E PROFILE:
LBT AREA E-MOO SP.W. WAVE SP EA/C
( FT) ( I N2 ) ( KSI ) ( LB/ FT3) ( FT/ S) (K/ FT/ S)
WAVE TRAVEL TIME - 2L/C - = 8. 047 US
FORM 6: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 3
i
2
4
7
8
11
TOE
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 3, TENSION STRESS CHECK* 3-PLY
PILE AN0 SOIL MOOEL FOR RULT = 20.0 KIPS
WEIGHT STIFFN 0-NL SPLICE COR SOIL-S SOIL-0 QUAKE L BT AREA
(KIPS) (K/IN) (FT) (FT) (KIPS) (S/FT) (IN) (FT) (IN**ZI
-928 17967. .010 .OOO 1.000 -0 .ZOO -100 4.55 196.0
.928 17967. -010 -1.000 1.000 -0 .ZOO .lo0 9.09 196.0
.928 17967. .010 -1.000 1.000 .O .ZOO .I00 18.18 196.0
.928 17967. .010 -1.000 1.000 1.8 .ZOO .I00 31.82 196.0
.928 17967. .010 -1.000 1.000 4.5 .ZOO .I00 36.36 196.0
.928 17967. .010 -1.000 1.000 4.5 .ZOO .I00 50.00 196.0
'-0 .a00 .loo
PILE OPTIONS:
N/UNIFGRM AUTO S.G. SPLICES DAMPNG-P 0-P VALUE
(K/FT/S 1
0 0 0 3 4.732
;OIL OPTIONS:
X SKIN FR X EN0 BG DIS. NO. S DAnPING
100 0 0 SMITH-I
ANALYSIS/OUTPUT OPTIONS:
I~ERATNS OTCR/OT(X) RES STRESS IOUT AUTO SGMNT OUTPT INCR MAX T(MS)
0 160 0 0 0 1 0
RULT = 20.0~ RTOE = .O KIPS, OEL T = .ZZ~ ns
NO. FMIN-JMN FMAX,JMX STRMIN*JSN STRMAX.JSX VMAXsJVX OMAX,JOX
(K) (K) (KSI) (KSI) (F/S)
(IN)
1 0 0 418.1, 19 -00, 0 2-13, 19 8.2, 54 3.6088768
2 -84.6. 51 417.0, 20 -.43~ 51 2.13, 20 7.69 53 3.6069768
3 -132.1, 50 414.5, 21 -.67. 50 2.11. 21 6.9, 51 3.605.768
4 -167.3, 48 411.8, 23 -.85* 48 2.10, 23 7.2, 61 3.604*768
5 -175.4. 48 407.1, 25 -.89s 48 2.08, 25 7.2% 61 3.6038768
6 -144.0, 47 406.12 26 -.73r 47 2.079 26 8.0, 43 3.603#768
.7 -75.1. 47 403.5. 28 -.38* 47 2.06, 28 8.5, 43 3.602a768
8 -96.8, 55 393.1, 29 -.49* 55 2.01, 29 8.4, 42 3.6028768
9 -116.6% 55 357.8, 30 -.593 55 1.83, 30 7.9, 41 3.6013768
10 -109.4. 40 280.9, 31 -.56r 40 1.43. 31 8.7, 36 3.6018768
11 -72.5, 40 157.12 31 -.37, 40 .80, 31 9.6, 36 3.6011768
WEAP OF 1986
EXAMPLE 33 TENSION STRESS CHECK* 3-PLY
R ULT BL CT STROKE(E0.j MINSTR IsJ MAXSTR I,J ENTHRU
KIPS BPF FT KSI KSI FT-KIP
20.0 3.4 3.06 -.89( 5, 481 2.13( 1. 19) 11.6
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 33 TENSION STRESS CHECK, 6-PLY
R ULT BL CT STROKE(EQ.) MINSTR' I d MAXSTR 1t.l ENTHRU
KIPS BPF FT KS I KSI FT-KIP
FORM 6, continued
7.4 Hypot het i cal Hammer I nput
7.4.1 Si t uat i on
A c ont r ac t or has deci ded t o b u i l d h i s own hammer. He suppl i ed t he dat a
as used i n I nput Sample 4. A p i l e made o f 12-314-inch O.D. pi pe wi t h 1/ 4-i nch
wal l t hi ckness has t o be dr i ven t o 200-kips ul t i mat e capaci t y (40-ton p i l e
wi t h a saf et y f act or 2.5; t h i s i mpl i es t hat t he wave equati on i s backed up by
dynamic measurements). The l engt h o f t he p i l e i s 60 ft i ncl udi ng a 1-i nch t oe
pl at e.
7.4.2 Problem
Det er mi ne whether t h i s new hammer w i l l dr i v e t he p i l e assuming t hat t he
ul t i mat e r esi st ance o f 200 ki ps w i l l be reached a t a depth o f 50 f t where t he
l oose sand becomes dense.
7.4.3 Sol ut i on
Si nce t he hammer bei ng analyzed i s not cont ai ned i n t he dat a f i l e , t he
Complete I nput Form must be used. A sketch i s made o f assumed ski n f r i c t i o n
di s t r i but i on on Page fj o f t hat form.
Card I D Data Expl anat i on
2,000 ANALYSIS OPTIONS
IHAMR 0 Hammer data t o be i nput .
NCROSS 1 Nonuniform p i l e ( t oe pl at e) .
IPERCS 10 Loose sand on ski n, dense sand a t toe.
3.000 HELMET AND H.C. .95 Assumed.
STIFFNESS 10500. Assumed.
C.O.R. 0.8 Assumed.
5.000 PILE TOP INFO.
TOTAL LENGTH 60.
AREA 9.82 (12.75 - 0.2513.1416(0.25\
EL. MODULUS 30000.
SP. WEIGHT 492.
5.101..NONUNIF. PILE INFO. The p i l e i s uni f or m from t op t o end pl at e, so
59.92 onl y t hr ee cards ar e r equi r ed t o speci f y t he
59.92 127.7 di s c ont i nui t y an$ cross sect i onal prea o f t he
60.0 127.7 end pl at e (12.75 )3.1416/4=127.7 i n .
6.101 HAMMER
.....
6.105
These f i v e cards ar e r equi r ed f o r open end
d i e s e l s . The i n p u t dat a was di scussed i n
Sect i on 4.4 and i s gi ven i n Form 7, and i n t he
Appendix C.
7.000 HAMMER OVERRIDE VALUES Nothi ng t o be speci f i ed.
8.000 SOIL PARAMETERS St andard wi t h ski nl t oe damping o f 0.05 and
0.15 s l f t .
8.401..SKIN FR. DISTRI. The ski n r esi st ance di s t r i but i on was based on
SPT val ues o f 2, between grade and 20-f eet
dept h, 4 between 30- and 40-f eet depth and
val ues i ncr easi ng t o 6 j u s t above t he dense
sand. Note, t hat , these SPT readi ngs coul d
have been i nser t ed d i r e c t l y i n t he percent
S o i l Res. column wi t h no di f f er ence i n t he
r es ul t i ng r esi st ance di st r i but i on.
9.000 ULT. CAPACITIES Sel ect ed t o produce a curve, f or t he desi red
value, i nt er pol at i ons can be made.
The i nput i s l i s t e d i n Form 7, The correspondi ng out put i s reproduced i n
Form 8.
7.4.4 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
The summary found on t he l a s t page o f t he ouput shows t hat f o r Ru = 200
k i ps t he bl ow count i s 63 b l l f t or 5.2 bl / i n. The st r oke reached 8.f f t a t
r ef usal wi t h a speed o f 41 bl l mi n and a t r ansf er r ed energy o f 12 k i p- f t . A
reasonabl e hammer r at i ng would be 2.75(8.0) = 22 ki p- f t . Thus t he t r ansf er
ef f i c i enc y o f t he hammer would be expected t o be as hi gh as 55 percent a t
r ef usal blow counts.
The maximum st r ess was 30 k s i a t 200 ki ps. It can be concluded t hat t h i s
hammer would be a reasonabl e.choi ce f o r dr i v i ng pi l e.
C:
2 5 - N m v
-
0
-
-
- - C C J C : N -
9 = 4 - - --....... -
-
-
~1 v w d d d d w
w
M' EAPR6 - Compl el e l npul For m
Page 3 o f 5
IIIAMR = 0 and I TYPt l = I or 2: IMPACT BLOCK INFORMATION
WEl Ol l T L E NOl l I DI AMETER ROIIND OUT
K X L C.O.R.
6.30I L ; ; Z L ~ ~ C I I ~ ~ & , U U L ~ S ~ I I 17a
IIIAMR = 0 and I TYPI I = I or 2: DIESEL IIAMMER INFORMATION
00MB1l Sl l ON
OEPlB
Fl l l Al . COMB
C U ! Y
I I I
IIIAMR = 0 and I TYPI I = 1 or 2: PRESSURES
Al INISPIIERIC 8El Tl l 4G 4
COEFF OF CONF
6.50 %
I I I
DEPBB
I N FEET
KI P8
6.601
. . a
IIIAMR = o rnb ITYPII = 2: CED HAMMER'INFORMATION I I I
a
N
IIIAMR=O end ITYP11=3: AI S 11AMMER INFORMATION I t I
I
I I I
I l l AMn = o and ITYP~,= 3 anb MA> a: ASSEMBLY INFORMATION tot". h p u t 10,
a.sambly .l .m.nt.l /
I
I
ASSEMat Y
ROUI~U OUT NO OF
I I I ~I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J
FEET-
8.70 I
I I
--------- LlTIFFNESS
ELEMENT I ELEMEII~ 2 . ELEMENT 3
2 2 S L l U , KlPS!!!j
8.60 1
I I I I I I I I L
I I
IIAMMER OVERRIDE VALUES
~ECONDS * * on DOUBLE ACTI NC I I AMMEns OI~LI
a* -01-
SI n OKE PnESBl t nE REACTION WElOIlT IONITION VOL' :
+ F On DIESELS Wl Tl l LIQUID FUEL
CU I N INJECTION ONLY
"FO" DIESELS WITl, ATOMIZED FUEL
INJECTION ONLY
I I
10 2 0 3 0 4 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 8
I I
* FOR DOUBLE ACTI NC A l e I I AL I ME~ S ONLY
I I
FORM 7, continued
-
-
- -
Page 6 oP 6
I ROU1ID OUT
I I
. . - . . . - . . . .- .. . . . . - . . - .. . . .
I I 1 . 1 1 I I I I I1 1. 1 I I I I I r . 1 . I
I I
IJJ = 1: PILE ELEMENT Nl l MBEn8
--- -- -, ... ,
I I I ~ I I 1. 1 1 . 1 I r I I I I ;I
I I
Il[zI.I.11b1Plil~lo(~~!I~lil4(~l~I;I"~I~I!IiRjl~lel 1lil~~~l~l~l~li~~lil~l~l~lil;(~~~i~~lil~l~~l~~i['~lil$~~i~il~l~l~~li~l~lil~l+lol;1i1~1t1~1o1a1i1o1~J
10 1 0 30
4 0 6 U 8 0
1 0 a 0 - ~
FORM 7, continued
- 7 -
- - 6
- ..--..-. ~
- - -
- C
YEAP86: YAUE EPUATlON ANALYSIS OF PI LE FOUNOATIONS
1986, VERSION 1.001
EXAMPLE 4. DIESEL HAHHER INPUT
PILE AN0 SOIL HOOEL FOR RULT * 100.0 KIPS
NO UElOHT STIFFN 0-NL SPLYCE COR SOIL-S SOIL-0 WAKE L 8 1 MEA
(KIPS1 l K/ I Nl ( FTI I FTI (KIPS1 (S/FTl I 1 Nl I F11 (IN..21
HAMHER HOOEL OF: EX 4 MADE 8Y: HYPOTHET
ELEMENT YEIOHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-NL.
(KIPS1 l K/ l Nl RESTITUTION- FT
0 3 ,
CAP OMPO
l K/ FTI Sl
.,..
2 .PI7 112384.3 1.000 .0100
3 .PI7 112384.3 1.000 .OIOO
IHP. ELK .a10 70240.2 .800 .0100
CAPIRAM ,950 10500.0 .a00 .0100 6.2 - - . .
HAMHER OPTIONS:
HAHMER NO. FUEL SETTO. STROKE OPT. HAHMER TYPE DAMPNO-HAMR
0 I 0 1 2
HAHMER PERFORnANCE DATA
RAH UElOHT RAM LENDTH MAX STROKE STROKE EFFICIENCY
(KIPS1 ( I N1 l FT1 I FTI
2.75 95.00 8.50 2.69 .800
THE HAHMER DATA INCLUDES ESIIHATED (NON-HEASUREOI QUANTITIES
HAHHER CUSHION AREA E-HOOULUS THICKNESS STIFFNESS
(I N21 (US1 I ( I N1 ( KI PSI I NI
.OO .O .OOO 10500.0
PI LE PROFILE:
LET AREA E-HOO SP.Y. WAVE SP EAIC
I F11 (I N21 (US11 (LBIFT31 lFT/S> (KI FTI S1
YAVE TRAVEL TIHE - 2LIC - = 7.140 HS
11 . I 68
12 .200
TOE
PI LE OPTIONS:
N/UNIFORM AUTO S.O. SPL~CES OAHPNO-P 0-P VALUE
l X/ FI / S 1
1 0 9 1 .351
SOIL OPTIONS:
X SKIN FR X EN0 80 01s. NO. S OAHPIND
I 0 90 0 SHITH-1
ANALISISIOUTPUT OPTIONS:
ITERATNS OTCR/OTIXI' RES STRESS IOU1 AUTO SOHNT OUTPT INCR HAX TIUS1
0 160 0 0 0 2 0
RULT = 100.0, RTOE = 90.0 KIPS.
NO. FHINIJMN FHAX-1HX STRHINIJSN STRHAX.JSX
OK1 (K1 OK911 (US11
1 .0s 0 199.2, 50 .00. 0 20.29. 50
2 .On 0 202.7. 53 ,001 0 20.65, 53
3 .0- 0 205.4. 57 .00> 0 20.91. 57
4 .0. 0 207.41 60 .OD# 0 21.12. M
5 .0- 0 208.4. 64 .00* 0 21.221 64
6 .0. 0 209.2. 67 .00- 0 21.30. 67
7 .PI 0 209.4. 71 .DO. 0 21.32, 71
8 .no 0 209.5. 74 . 0 0 ~ 0 21.34. 74
9 .01 0 209.6. 78 .00. 0 21.34, 78
10 .0# 0 210.58 8 1 .OO. 0 21.44. 81
I f .O. 0 210.51 85 .00a 0 21.44, 85
12 -0, 0 222.4, 88 .OD. 0 19.00. 88
STROKES ANALI2EO AN0 LAST RETURN I FTI :
2.69 5.58 4.94 5.05
OEL 1 = .091 HS
UHAX.JVX 0HAX.JOX
FORM 8: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 4
E
i
E
UEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 4. DIESEL HANHER INPUT UEAP OF 1986 EXAWLE 41 OIESEL MNNER INPUT
RULT = 150.0, RTOE = 135.0 KIPS. OEL T = .O91 MS
NO. FMlN.JflN FIIAXBJNX SlRMlNsJSN STRMAX.JSX VMAX.JVY OMAXsJOX
1x1 1K) 1KSI) 1KSfI 1FISI (IN)
STROKES ANbLYZED AN0 LAST RETURN 1FT):
6.06 5.82 5.85
RULT 200.01 RTOE = 180.0 KIPS. OEL T s .091 NS
NO. FNINsJNN FHAXaJIIX STRNINvJSN STRIIAXBJSX UMAYIJVY 0IIAX.JOX
I KI 00 1KSI) I KSI I lF/S) (I N)
1 .Do 0 280.5.130 .OOs 0 28.56.130 14.9- 49 .162.141
RULT = 250.0. RIOE = 225.0 KIPS. OEL T * .091 ME
NO. FHIN.JW FMAXIJMX STRnINnJSN STRMAX.JSX VHAXIJVX OIIAXaJOX
1K) 1Kl I USI I IKSI) lF/S) I I NI
1 .0, 0 328.28129 .001 0 33.111129 15.6. 48 .150,138
2 -10.9.261 300.5.127 -1.11~261 30.60.127 15.5. 52 .7000140
3 -19.58259 293.7.121 -1.99.259 29.90.121 15.41 55 .646.143
4 -26.0.258 297.6.119 -2.658258 30.29.119 15.2. 59 .589,145
5 -32.6.261 300.3,143 -3.328261 30.58~143 14.8. 62 .5341150
6 -36.5.261 290.50145 -3.72.261 29.58.145 14.5. 66 .483#154
7 -35.9.259 310.4.107 -3.66.259 31.61.107 14.1, 69 .432,157
8 -33.5.266 329.9.104 -3.41.266 33.592104 13.8. 73 .381+161
9 -30.9r263 316.8~103 -3.14.263 32.2A1103 13.4. 76 .331,164
10 -28.6r259 288.2~110 -2.91.259 29.35~110 12.9. 79 .282.167
11 -23.2.259 286.9.113 -2.36.259 29.221113 11.4. 82 .231.110
12 -13.4.260 363.6. 88 -1.14.260 31.06, 88 6.9. 83 .182.175
STROKES ANALYZED AN0 LhST RETURN lFT1:
6.97 7.23
RULT = 500.0- RTOE = 210.0 KIPS. DEL T = .082 ns
NO. FHINeJNN FMAX.JlIX STRMIN-JSN STRHAXsJSY WAXsJVX OMAY.JOY
1K) I K) I KSI I IKSI) lF/S) (I N)
I .o, 1) 365.3.142 .on. n 37.7n.147 $7 n. <r rrr.axr
STROKES ANALVZEO &NO LAST RETURN LFTl i
6.26 6.59 6.56
FORM 8, continued
STROKES ANALYZE0 AN0
7.16 7.69 7.77
RETURN
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 49 DIESEL HAMMER INPUT
NO.
RULT = 350.0, RTOE 315.0 KIPS, OEL T = .073 ns
FMINsJMN FMAX>JMX STRMIN9JSN STRMAXtJSX VMAXs J VX OMAX, JOX
(K) ( K) (KSI ) ( KSI ) (F/S) ( I N)
-0, 0 388-2,160 .OO, 0 39.538160 17.6. 59 .770,149
-16.7,307 360.9,158 -1.70,307 36. 75~158 17.5, 64 .713r145
-25.08307 344,31151 -2.543307 35.06n151 17.3, 69 . 655*141
-32.8*315 346. 8~147 -3.341315 35.328147 17.1, 73 .600,136
-38.2a313 346. 4~178 -3.893313 35. 27~178 16.8, 77 .546s132
-42.18309 340.09179 -4.293309 34.629179 16.49 82 .487*130
-41.91308 356.9*132 -4.279308 36+34,132 16.0, 86 .417#128
-34.58322 378.7t129 -3.511322 38.563129 15.5, 90 .345>122
-36.6t327 371.6.127 -3.73.327 37.84,127 15.1, 95 .292*116
-38.0*325 327.18121 -3.873325 33.313121 14.4, 99 .240.111
-33.68323 320.08139 -3.439323 32.582139 12.18101 . 179~111
-19.5t324 423. 4~109 -1.66t324 36.17*109 6.23102 .104,117
STROKES ANALYZE0 AN0 LAST RETURN (FT):
8.05 8.04
*** NO PERMANENT SET, ANhLYSIS I S DISCONTINUED *+r
NO.
RULT = 400.0% RTOE = 360.0 KIPS, DEL T = .065 ns
FMINtJMN FMAX*JMX STRMINBJSN STRtiAXjJSX VMAXBJVX DMhXsJDX
(K) (K) (KSI ) ( KSI ) (F/S) ( I N)
-0. 0 399.69179 .OO, 0 40.69j179 17-98 66 -7691166
-16.41341 372.0*177 -1. 68~341 37. 88~177 17.8, 71 .711*162
-26. 8~338 354.0e169 -2.73*338 36.05*169 17.6, 77 .6533157
-31.73335 356.0~164 -3.23,335 36.25t164 17.3, 82 . 598~151
-38.3*347 350.8*199 - 3. 90~347 35.729199 17.0, 86 . 543~147
-43.78345 345.89155 -4. 45~345 35.21>155 16.73 91 .483%145
-43.28343 367.08148 -4.408343 37.37*148 16.22 96 .413#142
-34.6*358 387.8*144 -3.538358 39.493144 15.79101 .341!134
-36.69364 380. 2~142 -3.739364 38.71*142 15.2>106 . 288~129
-39.09362 335.48135 -3. 97~362 34.159135 14.4>110 .236*124
-34.19361 326.88132 -3.481361 33.28*132 12.0t113 . 173~124
-19.29362 433.33121 -1.648362 37.02r121 5.89114 -094,129
STROKES ANALYZED AND LAST RETURN (FT):
8.23 8.13
R ULT BL CT
KIPS BPF
100.0 21.8
150.0 36.7
200.0 62.7
250.0 146.1
300.0 463.4
350.0 3337.9
400.0 9999.0
STROKE
DOWN
4.9
5.8
6.6
7.0
7.7
8.0
8.2
(FT) MINSTR I , J
UP KS I
5.1 .OO( 1, 0 )
5.9 -.11(12, 1)
6.6 -2.98( 7,270)
7.2 -3.72( 6,261)
7.8 ,-3.94( 7,274)
8.0 -4.29( 68309)
8.1 -4.45( 6,345)
MAXSTR 1, J ENTHRU BL RT
KSI FT-KIP BPM
21.44(10, 81) 9.2 52.6
25.06( 8,105) 9.7 48.7
30.29( 8,1051 10.5 46.0
33.59( 8,104) 10.7 44.3
37.20( 1,142) 11.5 42.5
39.53( 1.160) 12.0 41.7
40.69( 1,179) 12.2 41.3
FORM 8, cont i nued
7.5 P i l e Segment and Damping I nput
7.5.1 Si t uat i on
A t i mber p i l e ( see. al so Fi gur e 7 f o r det ai l s ) has t o be dr i ven through a
s o i l o f s t r a t i f i e d cl ay and sand t o a dense gravel l ayer . The t i mber p i l e has
a l engt h o f 36 f eet 2 inches. I t s cross sect i onal area var i es from 128.7 a t
t he t op t o 56.2 square i nches a t y e bottom. For t he t i mber an e l a s t i c modu-
l us E = 2000 k s i and w = 51 l b / f t was assumed. It w i l l be dr i ven by a Li nk
Bel t 440 hammer.
A s o i l s i nvest i gat i on r esul t ed i n t he f ol l owi ng data: A t a depth o f
25 f t and 8 i n t he p i l e poi nt w i l l have penet rat ed i n t o t he gravel such t hat a
t o t a l ul t i mat e beari ng o f 150 ki ps (90 percent a t t he t oe) i s obtai ned. The
Smith damping f act or s ar e 0.05 s / f t i n t he gravel ( t oe) and 0.20 s / f t i n t he
cl ay.
7.5.2 Problem
The hammer shoul d be run a t a l i mi t ed energy o f 14.44 k i p - f t t o avoi d
p i l e damage. To what blow count must t he p i l e be dr i ven t o i nsur e t he 75-ton
(150 k i p) ul t i mat e bear i ng capaci t y and what would be t he bounce chamber pres-
sure (gauge) correspondi ng t o t h i s energy l ev el ?
7.5.3 Sol ut i on
The Complete I nput Form must be used si nce t he damping f act or s vary al ong
t he p i l e ski n (al though of t en a const ant average val ue i s used i n such a s i t u-
at i on wi t h l i t t l e l oss o f accuracy). For t he purpose o f demonstrati on onl y,
t he element masses and st i f f nesses ar e al so cal cul at ed and i nput i n t he Com-
pl et e Form.
Form 9 l i s t s t he i nput parameters. Data i mpor t ant t o t he cur r ent demon-
s t r at i on are:
Card ID
2.000 I HAMR
IOSTR
IPEL
N
NCROSS
I BEDAM
I PERCS
ITYS
Data Descr i pt i on
133 LB 440.
-1 For constant st r oke anal ysi s.
2 For segment wei ght and s t i f f nes s i nput .
12 3 ft l engt h segments were chosen. N must be
i nput f o r IPEL > 0.
1 Nonuniform Pi l e.
5 Timber.
10 10 percent ski n f r i c t i o n assumed.
-2 For i nput o f damping, quakes and s t a t i c
r esi st ance val ues a t i ndi vi dual segments.
Not e t hat t h i s example coul d have been run
w i t h ITYS = -1 and a s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
s t a t i c s oi l r esi st ance i n Cards 8.401, ... .
2.101 PILE SGMNT STIFFNESSES See Fi g u r e 7 f o r a comput at i onal example.
Note t hat an average area and a modulus o f
2000 k s i was used. The symbol STP(6) stands
f o r t he s i x t h p i l e st i f f ness.
2.201 PILE SGMNT WEIGHTS See Fi g u r e 7 f o r a comput at i onal example.
Not e t h a t an a v e r y e ar ea and a s p e c i f i c
wei ght o f 51 l b / f t was used. The symbol
PM(6) stands f o r t he s i x t h p i l e "mass".
2.301 ,PILE SEGMENT LENGTHS See Fi gur e 7. I nst ead o f act ual l engt h val ues
i n ft, merel y r e l a t i v e val ues coul d have been
entered as we1 1.
3.000 HELMET AND H.C. INFO.
HELMET WEIGHT . 7 ( ki ps) assumed.
STIFFNESS 30000. ( k i ps l i n) assumed.
C.O.R. .8 Assumed.
5.000 PILE TOP INFO. Must be gi ven as though model would be auto-
mat i cal l y computed.
5.101. .NONUNIFORM PILE The data from Fi gur e 7 (DEPTH and A ) must be
gi ven even though segment pr oper t i espar e auto-
mat i cal l y determined. The cross sect i onal
ar ea i s needed by WEAP86 f o r st r ess computa-
t i o n . The r e p e t i t i o n o f E and w val ues was
unnecessary.
7.000 HAMMER OVERRIDE VALUES Hammer over r i de data.
STROKE Si nce i t i s i nt ended t o run t he hammer. a t a
1 i mi t ed energy, a st r oke must be i nput . For
cl osed end di esel s, t h i s st r oke i s an equi va-
l e n t val ue. The LB 440 has a ram wei ght o f 4
ki ps. Thus , f o r a pot ent i al ram energy o f
14.44 k i p - f t t h e s t r o k e shoul d be s e t t o
14.4414 = 3.61 ft.
There i s no need t o ent er any parameters on
t h i s l i ne. I n t he example probl em quakes and
t oe damping were, however, speci f i ed as 0.1 i n
and 0.05 s l f t , r espect i vel y.
8.000 SOIL PARAMETERS
8.101. .SOIL QUAKES 0.1 Was entered f o r each segment i ncl udi ng t he t oe
segment (No. 13). Af t er t he f i r s t quake, t he
r epet i t i on o f i nput val ues was unnecessary.
8.201..SOIL DAMPING 0.2.05 Are t he val ues speci f i ed, depending on s o i l
l a y e r s f o r t he 12 ski n pl us t he t oe segment
(No. 13). See al so Fi gur e 7.
8.301..ULT ST SOIL RES Relative numbers representing a uniform t ot al
f r i c t i o n of 10 per cent were modeled. The
f i r s t 3 segments were specified with 0, t he
4t h with 0.5, the 5th and a l l remaining ones
w i t h 1 such t hat t he sum of a l l values was
8.5. For soi l segment No. 13 a 76.5 value was
entered. The sum of a l l r el at i ve values was,
t herefore, 85 or 10 times t he sum of al l f r i c-
t i on values. WEAP86 apportioned a l l r el at i ve
numbers such t hat t he t ot al capacity equalled
t he 150-kip R of Card 9.000 (see al so PILE
AND SOIL MODEL"^).
9.000 ULT CAPACITIES 150. Only one value was specified. After a thor-
ough check of the resul t i ng analysis output,
i t is suggested t o rerun t he problem w i t h more
R values f or the generation of a complete
b h n g graph.
7.5.4 Discussion of Results
The r el at i vel y complicated input should be checked by comparing Figure 7
with the pi l e model t abl e on the second page of the output (Form l o). . The
summary output shows t hat a blow count of 127 blows per foot will dri ve the
pi l e t o a 150-kip ultimate capacity i f t he hammer runs a t 15.4-psi bounce
chamber pressure. The transferred energy in t he pi l e i s then 4.4 ki p-ft and
the hammer should run a t a speed of 91 bl/min. Note t hat t he hammer was kept
a t a r el at i vel y low energy set t i ng. In f act , the program had t o reduce the
f i l e specified combustion pressure of 1003 psi t o 707 psi. A t such an energy
level the atomized fuel injection LB 440 does not impact and the blow count
becomes extremely sensi t i ve t o small changes in hammer performance.
The summary l i s t s B.C.P. as 15.4 psi which was t he bounce chamber pres-
sure on t he l a s t return stroke. The corresponding "act ual " up-stroke was 2.67
f t which was within 2 percent of t he 2.64-ft i n p u t stroke (corresponding t o
the equivalent stroke of 3.61 f t ) . I t took 5 t r i a l analyses f or the stroke t o
converge.
The concentrated toe resistance was responsible for t he high pi l e st r es-
ses of 2.41 ksi. Actually, t hi s st r ess woulq be even higher i f calculate9
from t he t oe cross sectional area of 56.2 in rather than from the 70 in
value which t he program determined under t he IPEL = 2 option. Better r esul t s
would have been obtained w i t h automatically generated segment properties. The
reader i s encouraged t o t r y t hi s type of input and compare hi s r esul t s.
i
E..
94.92 + 88.87
= 2 ( 144) . 1000
51 (3.0) = .098 kips
Figure 7 . Details o f example 5.
5
-
-
- - N
- - -
(1 -
- - - N
(1 - N
- - - -
(1
-
- - " c =
-
-
-
- -.....-
. . N N.. ... N
r: z . . . . .
-
ei
. .
N N N N N N N N N
?
Page 3 o t 5
t l l AM~ = O and ITYPII= 1 or 2: IMPACT BLOCK INFORMATION
WEIO111 LElIO111 DIAME 1ER ROIIIID OU1 ~ ~. . . ~ ~ - .
-n!e- !N- !!!-I C.O.R. FEET
a.:ant L L L M' - ~ --. - - . I . I . . I J . L ~ . I J . L . L I . L . I . L L I . I - ~ 1 . 1 . 4
IIIAMR = 0 and I TYPI I = 1 or 2: DIESEL tIAMMEn INFOnMATION
r COL~BUI I I I ON CIIAMDEA --I- COURI I SI I ON A t VOLULIE
DEPIB AOEA DEL I Y DI I I I Al I ON sXp
0.111 1
-UUILIII.I-Ll L1~1~1_1_1. I
I I I
IIIAMR = 0 and ITYPII = 1 or 2: PnESSUnES
AILIOSPIIERIC
0.60 1
I 1 1
Y C TAI K VOLUME ~ C l t ~ t W E l ~ l l 0 C EXPAN8l ON
CV_!N COEFFI CI ENT
6 . 0 0 I
1 I K l P 8
4 . . l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l l l
N
P lllAMR=O nnd lTYFII=3: A19 IIAMMER INFORMATION (
--
ASSEMBLY
Err AnEA n A l E n FnESSUnEn RO~I~III OUT UO OF
I
FOn DOUBLE ACT IN^ A I ~ I I AL~ME~S ONLI
8 0 114
8. 70 I
I I I I I I
I
IIfAMR = 0 a n d ITYPII= 3 a n i MA> 0: ASS'EMBLY INFORMATION to#.. ;"put 10, MA a...mblr .I.msnt.) I
I
w ~ m ~ ~ r ~I CF~I ESS
ELEbI El l I I
0.1111 1
I
IlAMMEn OVEnnlDE VALUES BEC01l os * * FOR DOUBLE ACl Wl a I I AMUEns 011~1
** -0,-
SI I I OME PnES2Il IIE REACTIOII WEIOIII I(l((l!lOtl VOL' ; + r D n nl ESEL8 Wl l l l Ll QUl O FUEL
1 EFTI CI EI I CI KI PS
F S B T . e a ! CK~~C. INSECTION ONLY
7 . 0 1 ~ 1 I. I~I~LL&~~~I. JLI. I. . IILLLI~ILLLI-LI. I-I-LUI~-U~JI]
+t FOn D1E8EC8 Wl l l l AIOMIZED
I I I I I I
INJECTION Ol t LY
~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ j ~ + ] ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ j ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ [ j ~ ~ ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] j ~ j - $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~
1 0 10 3 0 4 0 6 0 B 0 I U 8 0
FORM 9, continued
YEAP86: UAVE EOUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUHOATIOHS
1986. VERSIOH 1.001
UEAP OF 1986
EXAMPLE 5: PILE LEOHEN1 + 04HPINO INPUT
HAHHER HOOEL OF: LB 440 HAM $7: LINKBELT
ELEMENT UElGHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-HL. CAP OAnPD
I KI PS) ( KI I N) RESTITUTION FT l K/FT/Sl
I 1.335
HAHRER OPTIONS:
HAHHER NO. FUEL SETlO. STROKE OPT. HAHUER TYPE OMPHO-HAHR
133 I -1 2 2
HAHUER PERFORHANCE OATA
RAH UEIOHT RAM LENGTH RAX STROKE STROKE EFFICIENCY
(KIPS) I I HJ l FT> ( F l >
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I 1
12
TOE
REACTN UGH1 RhX EHERGY HAX STR CPT SOU. SlROKE C TANK UOL
(KIPS) (KIP-FT) I FTI ( FTI ( I N3)
5.21 18.25 3.08 3.61 9185.0 '
THE HAHHER OATA INCLUOES ESlIHAfEO 1NON-HEASUREOJ 4UANTl l l ES
HAl(HER CUEHIOH AREA E-HOOULUS THICKNESS STIFFNESS
l I NZ1 ( KSI l ( I N) l KI PS/ f Nl
.DO .o .ooo 30000.0
PI LE PROFILE:
LET AREA E-HOO SP.Y. YAVE SP EAlC
1FT) 1IH21 (KSI ) (LBIFT3) (FTIS) l K/FT/Sl
PI LE AH0 SOIL HOOEL FOR RULT = 150.0 KI PS
SPLICE
( FTl
.OD0
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1.000
-1 .on0
COR
.so0
1.000
I .DO0
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1 .ooo
1.000
1.000
1.000
AREA
lIN..2l
128.7
128.7
128.7
112.7
122.7
97.3
97.3
83.1
83.1
83.1
70.0
70.0
PI LE OPTIONS:
H/UNIFORH AUTO S.G. SPLICES WHPNO-P 0-P VALUE
l Xl FTI S>
1 2 0 5 1.365
SOIL OPTIONS:
% SKIN FR 1 EN0 BG D1S. NO. S OARPINO
10 90 - 2 SHITH-1
AHALYSIS/OUTPUl OPTIONS:
IlERhTNS OlCR/OTISl RES STRESS IOU1 AUTO SLIHHT OUTPT lNCR UAX Tl USl
0 I 6 0 0 0 0 3 0
NO. FlllNsJHN FHAX.3HX STRHIH.1SN STSHAXIJSX UHAX.JUX ORAXIJOX
:SI) l F/ SI t I Y >
RETURN STROKES AN0 STROKE ANALYZE0 IFTJ:
3.08 2.93 2.50 2.70 2.67 2.64
MX. COH8USTIOH PRESSURE AT END:
707.2 PSI
r.. UPLIFT OCCURRED. PRESSURE UAS REOUCEO TO
707.2 PSI . . .
R ULT 8L CT STRKE BCP HlNSTR 1-1 HAXSlR I;J ENTHRU 8L RT
KIPS BPF F l PSI KSI
KSI Fl - KI P BPU
150.0 126.8 2.6 15.4 .00( 11 0 1 2.41112.1491 4.4 90.8
FORM 10: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 5
7.6 Comparison o f Damping Parameters
7.6.1 General Remarks
The c hoi c e o f damping parameters may have a r at her subst ant i al ef f ec t on
t he wave equat i on r esul t s. I n addi t i on, t he two d i f f e r e n t def i ni t i ons o f
damping, Smith and Case (vi scous), may add confusi on. The f ol l owi ng il l ust r a-
t i v e example was t her ef or e i ncl uded as a demonstrati on o f t he ef f ec t s o f
di f f er ent damping values.
The s i t u a t i o n assumed i s as f ol l ows: A 12-by 12-i nch pr est r essed con-
cr et e p i l e (E = 5000 ksi , L = 60 f t . ) i s dr i ven by a Kobe K-25 hammer i n t o
cl ay. Two stages o f t he dr i v i ng oper at i on ar e i nvest i gat ed. Fi r s t , easy
dr i vi ng, wi t h t he p o s s i b i l i t y o f t ensi on damage, and second, t he hard dr i v i ng
si t uat i on, when t he blow count f o r beari ng i s t o be found.
7.6.2 Data I nput
(a) Easy Dr i vi ng, CASE Oamping
An oak p i l e t op cushi on i s chosen (E = 50 k s i across t he gr ai n, A = 144
i n2, t = 4 i n) . The s o i l r esi st ance i s uni f or ml y di s t r i but ed over t he bottom
12 f eet (20 percent, t hus ITYS = 10) o f t he pi l e. The ski n r esi st ance i s
assumed t o be 50 ki ps and no t i p r esi st ance i s ant i ci pat ed. The vi scous ski n
and t oe damping f act or s were taken as .5 and .3.
Other i nput data consi st ed o f a helmet wei ght o f .95 ki ps, a hammer cush-
i on st i f f ness o f 10500 ki ps/ i n, a p i l e cushi on c oef f i c i ent o f r e f t i t u t i o n o f
0.6 f or t he p i l e cushion, 3 p i l e cross sect i onal area o f 144 i n and a p i l e
specf i c wei ght o f 153 l b / f t . Quakes were set t o 0.10 i n and several ul t i mat e
capaci t y val ues were analyzed always wi t h zero t oe r esi st ance (IPERCS = 100).
Form 11 shows t he complete i nput f o r t h i s case.
(b) Easy Dr i vi ng, Smith Damping
The onl y v ar i at i on from Case (a) was t he choi ce o f Smith damping (ISMITH
= 0) 0.20 and 0.01 s / f t . These val ues were chosen f o r agreement wi t h e a r l i e r
WEAP manuals, however, t he t oe damping val ue i s not essent i al , si nce t hat i s
no s t a t i c end r esi st ance f or ski n and toe, r espect i vel y. The i nput forms f o r
t h i s and t he next two cases were not reproduced i n t h i s manual.
( c) Hard Dr i vi ng, CASE Oamping
It i s assumed t h a t t he ski n f r i c t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y wel l known t o be 100 k i ps
and a constant f r i c t i o n anal ysi s i s performed. Thus, vari ous ul t i mat e capa-
c i t i e s are analyzed s t ar t i ng wi t h 100 ki ps (IPERCS = -100). Viscous damping
f act or s were agai n .5 and .3 f o r ski n and toe, r espect i vel y.
! (d) Hard Dr i vi ng, Smi th Damping
The s i t uat i on i s as i n ( c) except f o r ISMITH = 1, JS = 0.20 and Jt = 0.01
s / f t .
7.6.3 Resul t s
St r ess and ul t i mat e r esi st ance vs. bl ow count graphs were const r uct ed f o r
a l l f our cases anal yzed ( Fi gur e 8). The summary t abl es o f t he f our cases ar e
shown t oget her i n Form 12.
The r es ul t s were d i r e c t l y i nf l uenced by r esi st ance d i s t r i b u t i o n a t hi gh
r esi st ance val ues and damping type. There was an i n d i r e c t e f f e c t i n t hat t he
hammer st r oke was s l i g h t l y hi gher f o r t he r at her concent rat ed r esi st ance i n
t he easy d r i v i n g cases. Nat ur al l y, t he p i l e st r esses were al so l ar ger when
t he st r oke was hi gher and t he r esi st ance more concent rat ed.
Fi g u r e 8 shows f o r Smith, (Case 2) easi er d r i v i n g a t low capaci t i es and
hi gher blow counts i n harder d r i v i n g t han t he correspondi ng vi scous approach
(Case 1). O f course, t he reason was t h a t t he e f f e c t i v e parameter o f t he Smi th
d e f i n i t i o n i ncreased wi t h Rut. Case 4, however, shows always an easy d r i v i n g
condi t i on r e l a t i v e t o t he vl scous curve because o f t he r at her low damping wi t h
most r esi st ance act i ng a t t he t oe ( t oe damping was onl y 0.01 s / f t ) .
WEAPOB - Sl ~or t III~JII~ F o r f i r Pese :! of 2
NOTE: Tl l EnE 18 N O C A n D NUMBEn 8.000
I l A M M E n O V E n n l D E V A L U E S
OOMO DEIAV+ * FOn DOVOLE AOl l t l O 11AhIUEII8 0111.V
BECOIi u8
- 01-
BIIIOKE P ~ E ~ ~ I I I I ~ r r ~ c ~ ~ n ~ w e ~ o ~ t r * IOIWIIOI~ VOL++
+ roll 11tc8~1.n WI I I I LI QUI I I ~III:I.
BFFl Dl ENOV CU Ill
I11JEUllOll OIILV
. E s! -.. -- R I P ~ . . . . . .- - .. , . .
1 . ~ 0 ~ I I.I.I.I.I..I.I.I.I.I.I.U.I.I.I..I.I.I..I.III-L~I.I..I.I .I.~.IJ-I.LI..I.I.I_L.~.LI~I~L~~I.I_IJ.~
+* ton IIIEREI.~ WOII AIOMIZEII IIIEI
I
I I I JEOI I Uh OIILV
SOI L PAI I AME I EI I B
I
I I
* * I BM~~I = - I 1 DIUEW8IONLE88 (CASE)
''1 $1 8l FT (8l ANDA"D 8 Ul t l l )
'
41 SI FT i VI8COVB 8Ml 1IO
I I t
11 Y S m - 1 or 0: 81011 F l l l G r l O N U I 8 I I I I I I U I I O N
2
I
IIL I I M A T E O A P A C l I l E 8
. . - . . . . . . . . . - - . - . - . ... . . . . . - . . --
10.UUO 1 I 1 1.1 1.1.1.1.1.1.1..1..1..1.1.1.1..1.1.1
I
3,"1 ,-1-1-1-1-
- - - - - - - -
ll~~lil+lqg~l+l;ijilj~jlil~lg~l~ljq ~l~j1j1~1~l~1il+l~~3~l~il~(;l~li~l~~1; :
1 1 1 , 2 ~~~ly~~~~l!l~jElil~lil~Jilf;lil~l;lilil"lilj;(il
I 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 6 0 a 0 10 D ll
FORM 11, continued
C- I , EASY, CASE DAMPING
------- C- 2, EASY, SMI TH DAMPING
-.-.-.-.- C- 3, HARD, CASE DAMPING
. . . . . . . . . . . . C- 4,
HARD, SMI TH DAMPING
Figure 8. Blow count and stress results
from example 6, C- 1 to C- 4.
.
R ULT
KIPS
50.0
100.0
200. 0
400.0
500.0
600.0
R ULT
KIPS
50.0
100.0
200.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
WEAP OF 1986
STROKE
OOWN
4.9
5.1
5.7
6.5
7.0
7.2
WEAP OF 1986
8L CT STROKE (FT)
BPF OOWN UP
5.4 3.8 3.9
11.7 4.6 4.5
29.3 5.6 5.6
99.0 6.7 6.7
198.1 7.2 7.1
561.6 7.5 7.3
WEAP OF 1986
R ULT BL CT STROKE (FT)
KIPS BPF OOWN UP
50.0 14.9 4.9 4.8
100.0 20.8 5.1 5.1
200.0 32.8 5.7 5.7
400.0 73..2 6.6 6.6
500.0 113.8 7.0 6.9
600.0 197.9 7.2 7.2
EXAUPLE 62 C-1, EASY* CASE DAMPING
MINSTR 1, J MAXSTR I J ENTHRU 8L RT
KSI KSI FT-KIP BPU
.00( 1, 0) 2.62(10~ 81) 15.2 53.2
.DO( 1, 0) 2.87(101 811 14.1 51.9
-.12(101292) 3.34(10* 80) 13.7 49.2
-.61(10,242) 3.93(10* 80) 14.3 45.9
-.99(10$237) 4.15(101 80) 15.1 44.7
-1.27(10*230) 4.53(10*100) 15.5 44.2
EXAMPLE 6, C-2, EASY* SUITH OAUPING
MINSTR IrJ MAXSTR I * J ENTHRU BL RT
KSI KSI FT-KIP BPU
-.05( 3,289) 1.95( 1, 75) 18.6 59.9
.OO( 1 9 0) 2.39( 8, 73) 16.4 .54-7
-.36(10,314) 3.36(108 81) 14.1 49.5
-.83(10~232) 4.15(109 81) 14.7 45.4
-1.20(10~226) 4.66(109100) 15.7 44.1
-1.45(10,223) 4.99(10s 99) 16.2 43.3
EXAUPLE 6% C-3, HARD* CASE OAUPING
UINSTR I T J UAXSTR InJ ENTHRU 8L RT
KS I KS I FT-KIP BPM
.DO( 1 - 0) 2.62(101 81) 15.2 53.2
.OO( 1, 0) 2.86(103 81) 14.2 52.0
-.09(10~292) 3.26(10# 80) 13.9 49.3
-.50(10*250) 3.79(10* 99) 14.9 45.8
-.69( 9,232) 4.27(108100) 15.8 44.6
-.95(10*220) 4.64(11*102) 16.2 43.9
1
WEAP OF 1986 EXAUPLE 6, '2-4, HARD* SUITH DAUPING
R ULT BL CT STROKE
KIPS BPF OOWN
50.0 5.4 3.8
100.0 9.3 4.2
200.0 20.2 5.1
400.0 47.4 6.2
500.0 71.0 6.8
600.0 109.6 7.1
UINSTR
KSI
-.05(
I9J UAXSTR I,J ENTHRU BL RT
KSI FT-KIP BPM
3,289) 1.95( 1, 75) 18.6 59.9
1 4 4 1 1 Z.21( 6, 66) 16.6 56.4
-.44( 9,328) 3.03(10! 79) 14.6 51.9
-.61( 9,254) 3.53(10. 80) 15.1 47.1
-.69( 8,237) 3.69(111106) 15.8 45.2
-.65(10$220) 4.29(10,100) 16.4 44.3
FORF 12: OUTPUT, EXAFPLE 6
133
7.7 Reduced Di esel Fuel and Quake Var i at i on
7.7.1 Si t uat i on
Thi s exampl e seeks t o demonstrate t he use o f t he IFUEL opt i on f o r st r ess
cont r ol and t he ef f ec t o f a change o f quake on bl ow fount. I n t he hypot het i -
cal si t uat i on, a 75-foot l ong st eel p i l e wi t h 16.8 i n cross sect i onal area i s
dr i ven by a D-30 hammer through coarse grai ned s o i l (onl y 40-ki ps ski n f r i c -
t i on) t o rock. The ski n f r i c t i o n i s uni f or ml y di s t r i but ed except f o r a t r i -
angul ar por t i on over t he bottom seven f eet . Case damping was chosen wi t h .I
f o r bot h ski n and toe.
7.7.2 Data I nput
Four cases were run:
(a) F u l l f u e l (IFUEL = 0) and 0.1 and 0.15 i n s k i n and t o e quakes,
r espect i vel y.
( b)
Reduced f u e l t o IFUEL = 3. Si nce t he D-30 has a 10 step pump, ( set -
t i n g 10 equal s maximum) t h i s val ue corresponds approxi matel y t o t he
act ual No. 6 set t i ng.
( c) As i n (a) but wi t h quake val ues o f 0.05 i nches f or bot h ski n and toe.
(d) As i n (b) but wi t h t he l ow quakes o f (c).
Form 13 shows t he i nput f o r t he f i r s t case.
7.7.3 Resul t s
A1 1 f o u r summary t abl es were reproduced t oget her i n Form 14. They i ndi -
cat e p i l e stresses i n excess o f y i e l d f o r hi gh capaci t i es and f u l l f uel . The
f uel r educt i on d e f i n i t e l y decreases st r oke and stresses. For smal l quakes,
because o f t he hi gh s o i l st i f f ness, t he hi ghest st resses now occur a t t he
bottom (segment 15).
Loweri ng t he quake has a s i gni f i c ant e f f e c t on a hi gh blow count ( t he
reader i s encouraged t o t r y even hi gher capaci t i es al t hough st resses then
become i nt o1 er abl e) .
Page 2 o f 2
NOTE: TllEnE I S NO ' C A ~ D NUMBEn 0.000
I I A M M E R O V E n R l D E V A L U E 8
OOMO DELAv+ * FOn DOUDLE ACl I l I 0 ItALILlEIlO 011l Y
BECOIIUa
-a,.-
s l l t n n E ~ n e a a t ~ n ~ (EAOIIOIIWE~O~II* I~IIIIIOII VOL++
+ TO11 lllB8El.r1 WI I I I Ll 9Ul l l illlil.
EFFICIEIICY
Kl1.11 CU Ill
IIIJEC IIU11 Ul l LY
" Cl111 II1ERFI.R WI I I I AIOMIZEII 1 l l l i l .
I
I I
I I I JEC~I OI I UIILV
SOI L PAI I AME I EI I S I
**I ~M~I I OIMENBIONLE88 (CASE)
OIIAXE-SKI11 1 OUAXE-IOE OAMl'IllG-8K111 DAMPl110-TOE
118
. - - - - I ! ! - ..-aiic!~ I. t-. ... -.~EQ!EI-. **
amr ( 8 1 ~ ~ o ~ n n 8L(l rl l )
u.0"" I I I I I I I.I.I-III 1-1-1.1 I.I.EI~~.I-I-UI-I..I.I~II~.I..I.I.I..I.I.L.I~I/~ 1: Bt Fr ( vaacoua 8Ml rl t )
.I t I
l l Y 8 - - 1 or 0: 8l <l l l F l l l C l l O N D l S l i l l t l l l l l O N
l l El ' l l l REI.AlIVE
I
I
IIL I I M A I E C A P A C I I I E B
I : - i i ; o r n n ~ l *121:1 I . I ~ I : I ~ I ~ I I ~ U ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I I I ~ I ~ I t z 3 d n n 1 n n o :[S:I:I: 12346101 1 !IIl:l:l onr , ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j l ~ ~ l ~ [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l il+l~+{~j~{
1 0 2 0 3 0
4 0 8 0 8 0
1 0 n II
FORM 13, conti nued
-. -- . . ~ . - . . - -
I'
- - ,- - ,.
-
- .I
WEAP OF 1986 EXAUPLE 7A: FULL FUEL, HIGH QUAKES
R ULT BL CT STROKE (FT) MINSTR I n J UAXSTR 1 9 1 ENTHRU 8L RT
KIPS BPF DOWN UP KSI KSI FT-KIP 8Pn
100.0 6.4 3.4 3.6 .00( 1, 0) 20.64( 1, 33) 23.3 62.2
200.0 12.1 4.5 4.5 -.77( 3,266) 26.87( l r 32) 23.3 54.9
300.0 19.5 5.5 5.4 -1.91( 99245) 30.20( 39 36) 24.4 49.8
400.0 33.8 6.4 6.4 -3. 07(11~230) 32.88( 1, 31) 26.1 46.2
500.0 57.2 7.4 7.4 -2.48( 91222) 35.25( 48 38) 28.0 43.2
WEAP OF 1986 - EXAMPLE 78: REDUCED FUEL, HIGH QUAKES
R ULT BL CT STROKE (FT) UINSTR 1-J UAXSTR I * J ENTHRU BL RT
KIPS BPF DOWN UP KS I KSI FT-KIP 8PU
100.0 8.4 3.1 3.0 -. 03(15~355) 18.74( 2, 36) 17.5 65.5
200.0 18.5 3.9 3.9 -1.33( 6,259) 24.30( 1 s 32) 16.3 58.5
300.0 36.1 4.7 4.8 -2. 19(10*238) 28.13( 1 9 3 1 ) 17.3 53.4
400.0 65.4 5.5 5.5 -1.79(10t228) 30.57( 38 36) 18.6 49.8
500.0 99.0 5.8 5.9 -1.47( 4,211) 31.68( 3, 36) 19.5 48.2
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 7C: FULL FUEL, LOW QUAKES
R ULT 8L CT STROKE (FT) UINSTR 1 8 1 UAXSTR I t J ENTHRU 8L RT
KIPS BPF DOWN 'UP KS I KSI FT-KIP B P ~
100.0 6.2 3.4 3.5 .00( 1 s 0) 20.65( 3s 38) 23.6 62.4
200.0 12.2 4.4 4.4 - +87( 3,262) 26.86( 2s 34) 22.2 55.4
300.0 20.7 5.2 5.2 -1. 60(13~234) 30.89( 1, 31) 22.2 51.0
400.0 33.8 6.3 6.3 -2.52(111233) 33.98(159 64) 24.1 46.8
500.0 52.1 7.1 7.1 -1.55( 5,229) 40.00(15* 68) 26.8 44.0
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 7D: REDUCE0 FUEL, LOW QUAKES
R ULT 8L CT STROKE (FT) UINSTR I * J UAXSTR I * J ENTHRU EL RT
KIPS BPF DOWN UP KSI KS I FT-KIP BPM
100.0 8.1 3.1 3.0 . OO( 1, 01 18.44( 1, 34) 17.6 65.6
200.0 18.1 3.8 3.8 -.98( 7,254) 23.34( 3, 37) 15.6 59.6
300.0 35.0 4.6 4.6 -1. 68(11~229) 28.00( 1 , 3 1 1 16.1 54.4
400-0 59.5 5.2 5.2 -1.12( 5,219) 31.82(15s 64) 17.6 50.9
500.0 83.2 5.6 5.6 -.96( 5,217) 36.79(15* 69) 18.0 49.5
FORM 14: OUTPUT, EXAt*!PLE 7
7.8 Ef f ect s o f Spl i ceI Sl ack on P i l e St ress
7.8.1 Background
Concrete pi l es are, i n general , sensi t i ve t o t ensi on st r ess waves, i n
par t i c ul ar i f t he p i l e s ar e l ong. I n addi t i on, l ong p i l e s need t o be spl i ced
because of d i f f i c u l t i e s i n handl i ng. Many spl i ces consi st o f two matchi ng
st eel f i t t i n g s t hat ar e hel d t oget her by pi ns, bol t s, bars, keys o r ot her eas-
i l y i ns t al l abl e devices. Such connecti ons ar e of t en r ef er r ed t o as mechanical
spl i ces. Another t ype i s c al l ed a can s pl i c e and consi st s onl y o f a st eel
sl eeve t hat merely sl i des over t he t op o f t he l ower concr et e secti on. 'There
i s no t ensi on t r ansf er i n a can spl i ce. Thus, t ensi on st resses must be r el a-
t i v e l y low i n t he neighborhood o f t he spl i ce. A comparison between t he ef f ec t s
o f t he two spl i ce types w i l l be demonstrated.
7.8.2 I nput Data
Two cases are anal yzed wi t h a 160-foot p i l e (N = 32) spl i ced i n t he mi ddl e
a t N = 16. The hammer was a Vulcan l OOC (IHAMR = 226) a t a reduced pressure
o f 60 psi . For t y percent ski n f r i c t i o n was assumed t o ac t when. t he p i l e pene-
t r at ed 120 feet. A s i t uat i on wi t h upper and l ower hi gh f r i c t i o n was modeled
wi t h a compressible l ay er between 52 and 130 f eet below t he p i l e top. Other
det ai l s may be seen from Form 15 whi ch represents t he i nput data f o r t he mech-
ani cal spl i ce. The sl ack val ue f o r t he mechanical s pl i c e was set t o 0.0033 f t
( equi val ent t o 1 min). The c oef f i c i ent of r e s t i t u t i o n was 1.0 al t hough a 0.8 '
i s usual l y recommended. The round-out val ue was l e f t a t t he usual 0.01 ft.
For t he can spl i ce (see Appendix C f o r t he example' s echo p r i n t ) t he sl ack was
set t o 99 ft, i n ot her words t o an unl i mi t ed val ue.
7.8.3 Resul t s
Form 16 shows t he t abl es o f extrema f o r a 50-ki p ul t i mat e resi st ance.
The
minimum st r ess val ues c l ear l y show t he ef f ec t o f t he can s pl i c e as a reduced
t ensi on i n t he upper secti on. Thi s " f i l t e r i n g " ef f ec t becomes even more ap-
parent i f t he extreme t ensi on st r ess val ues ar e pl ot t ed al ong t he pi l e.
WEAP OF 1986
EXAMPLE 8: MECHANICAL SPLICE
RULT = 50.0, RTOE = 30.0 KIPS* DEL T = .250 ns
NO. FMINsJMN FMAX*JtlX STRMINeJSN STRMAXaJSX VMAXsJVX D M A X B J O X
(K) (K) (KSI) (KSI) (F/S) (IN)
1 .0* 0 252.1, 21 -009 0 1-75, 21 4.49131 1.3921418
2 -57.2t127 251.4, 22 -.40*127 1-75, 22 4.2, 22 1.3918417
3 -90.38126 250.5* 23 -.63*126 1.74, 23 4.3.136 1.3898417
4 -102.8*125 249.4, 25 -.7lrl25 1.73, 25 4.4~137 1.386t416
5 -112.1,123 248.1, 26 -.78*123 1.72, 26 4.39137 1.3833415
6 -122.8$122 247.5, 28 -.85*122 1-72, 28 4.1, 29 1.380~411
7 -129.1~120 246.5, 30 -.90*120 1.71% 30 4.1, 30 1.380,408
8 -128.89119 246.6, 31 8 9 1 1 1-71, 31 4.4, 48 1.379~407
9 -122.8*117 247.6, 33 -.85*117 1-72, 33 4.4, 48 1.377~407
10 -123.7>127 244.4, 34 m.86~127 1.70, 34 4.1, 48 1.3758431
11 -133.5~126 237.7, 36 -.938126 1-65, 36 4.1, 37 1.3758036
12 -135.1>125 228.43 37 -.94>125 1.59, 37 4.5, 40 1.377j438
13 -133.9~110 220.4, 55 -.93*110 1-53, 55 4.8, 40 1.379~439
14 -129.28109 215.2, 56 -.90*109 1-09, 56 4.7, 40 1.379~438
15 -121.2*119 220.8, 44 -+84~119 1.53, 44 4.3, 41 1.3799438
16 -125.0~117 232.4, 45 -.87r117 1.61, 45 5.59100 1.381~427
17 -120.18116 23Za6t 46 -.83#116 1.622 46 5-2,101 1.379n427
18 -119.0*114 232.62 48 -.839114 1.62, 48 4.8sl.02 1.3768428
19 -120.0~112 232.3, 49 -.83,112 1.61; 49 4.6~105 1.3721429
20 -110.79113 232.7, 51 -.771113 1.62, 51 4.88107 1.368*431
21 -84.6.114 232.68 53 -.59,114 1.629 53 4.9, 90 1.3668434
22 -78.9,252 232.2, 54 -.55*252 1.61, 54 5.1, 90 1.364*436
23 -81.19251 232.6, 56 -.56$251 1.62, 56 5.1, 89 1.363~438
24 -89.58248 232.6, 58 -.62*248 1.629 58 5.0, 87 1.362~440
25 -91.5*248 232.0, 60 -.64,248 1.61, 60 5-48 82 1.3611442
26 -79.1~249 232.5, 61 --55,249 1.618 61 6.0, 81 1.360*443
27 -68.1~137 232.4, 63 -.479137 1.619 63 6.3, 81 1.359~444
28 -64.4~135 229.6, 64 --45a135 1-59, 64 6.48 81 1.357t446
29 -61.6~133 220.8, 66 -.43#133 1-53, 66 6.1, 80 1.357~448
30 -70.0*131 198.8, 66 -.49,131 1.38, 66 6.0, 76 1.356~450
31 -60.3*132 158.1, 67 -.42t132 1.10, 67 6.5, 73 1.355>451
32 -22.78132 97.4, 68 -.16#132 .68*68 6.98 73 1.354r451
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 8: MECHANICAL SPLICE
R ULT BL CT STROKE(EQ.) MINSTR IsJ MAXSTR ItJ ENTHRU
KIPS 8PF FT KSI KSI FT-KIP
50.0 9.6 2-20 -.94112~125) 1.75( 1, 21) 8.3
FORM 16: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 8A
WMPS6: W A V E EOUATiON ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNOATIONS
1986. VERSION 1.001
EXAMPLE 8: CAN SPLICE
HAUMER MOOEL OF: VUL lOOC MADE BY: VULCAN
ELEXENT WEIGHT STIFFNESS COEFF. OF 0-NL. CAP OAMPG
(KIPS) (K/IN) RESTITUTION FT (K/FT/SI
1 10.000
CAP/f?AM 2.000 19752.5 .800 .0100 10.9
CUSHION 1200.0 .500 .0100
ASSEHBLY WEiGHT STIFFNESS COE??. OF 0-NL.
(KIPS) (K/IN) RESTITUTION FT
1 6.100 41777.1
2 6.100 41777.1 .800 .0100
PILE PROFILE:
LET AREA E-MOO SP.W. WAVE SP EA/C
(FT) (IN2) (KSII (LB/FT3) (FT/SI !K/FT/S)
WAVE TRAVEL TIME - ZL/C - 26.008 MS
PILE AN0 SOIL HOOEL FOR RULT = 50.0 KIPS
32
TOE
WEIGHT
(KIPS)
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
.765
STIFFH
(K/IN)
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
11000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
12000.
0-NL SPLICE
(FT) (FYI
.010 .ooo
.010 -1.000
.Dl0 -1.000
.010 -1.000
.010 -1.000
.010 -1.000
.010 99.000
-010 -1.000
.010 -1.000
.010 -1.000
.a10 -1.000
.OIO -1.ono
-010 -1.000
.010 -1.000
COR SOIL-S SOIL-0
(KIPS) (S/FT)
.a .loo
.O .loo
3.5 .I00
5.0 .I00
2.5 .loo
.1 ;loo
-1 .too
.I .loo
.7 .loo
.9 .loo
1.1 .I00
1.4 .I00
1.5 .I00
1.5 .I00
30.0 .I00
PILE OPTIONS:
H/UNIFORU AUTO S.G. SPLICES OAUPNG-P 0-P VALUE
(K/FT/SI
0 0 1 1 1.170
SOIL OPTIONS:
X SKIN FR X EN0 80 OIS. NO. S DAMPING
40 60 0 SNITH-1
QUAKE L BT AREA
(IN1 (FT) (INr*2)
.I00 5.00 144.0
.LOO 10.00 144.0
.lo0 45.00 144.0
.I00 50.00 144.0
.LOO 55.00 144.0
.I00 60.00 144.0
.I00 80.00 144.0
.I00 85.00 144.0
.LO0 135.00 144.0
-100 140.00 144.0
.I00 145.00 144.0
.I00 150.00 144.0
.I00 155.00 144.0
.lo0 160.00 144.0
.I00
FORM 17: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 86
145
WEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 8: CAN SPLICE I
NO.
RULT = 50.0, RTOE = 30.0 KIPS* OEL T = -250 US
FHINBJMN FMAXnJUX STRMINsJSN STRUAXiJSX VUAX*JVX OMAXrJDX
(K) (K) (KSI) (KSI) t F/S 1 (IN)
.0s 0 252.19 21 -00, 0 1.75, 21 4.2, 21 1.301~379
-12.99296 251.4, 22 -.09*296 1.751 22 4.2, 22 1.2979379
-21.9t296 250.5, 23 -.I58296 1-74, 23 4.2, 24 1.292a379
-25.6~296 249.4, 25 -.18*296 1-73, 25 4-18 26 1.2869380
-24.99115 248.1, 26 -.17,115 1-72, 26 4.1, 27 1.2803382
-23.3~117 247.5, 28 -a163117 1.72, 28 4.19 29 1.274~382
-21.69117 246.5, 30 -.15*117 1.71, 30 4.1, 30 1.2682382
-17.38118 246.6, 31 1 2 1 1 8 1-71, 31 4.4, 48 1.262t382
-18.3~305 247.68 33 -.13~305 1-72, 33 4.4, 48 1.2569382
-24.88305 244.48 34 -.17:305 1.70, 34 4.1, 48 1-251.382
-28.49305 237.7, 36 -.201305 1.653 36 6-13 37 1.247~382
-26.45304 228.4% 37 -a189304 1.59, 37 4.53 40 1.243,382
-28.98281 220.4, 55 -+20*281 1-53, 55 4.8, 40 1.241~382
-25.0~281 215.2, 56 -el71281 1.49t56 4.73 401.238t382
-14.6~282 220.8, 44 e.10~282 1-53, 44 4.3, 41 1.235.382
-08 0 232.49 45 -00, 0 1-61, 45 5.6~101 1.4249235
-47.8, 96 232.6, 46 -.33t 96 1.62, 46 5.38101 1.4238235
-74.28 96 232.6, 48 -.52> 96 1.62, 48 4.8~104 1.4208236
-83.5, 96 232.3, 49 -.588 96 1.61, 49 5.0~108 1.418#236
-79.9, 95 232.7, 51 -.55r 95 1.628 51 5.1,109 1.415~238
-66.21 94 232.6, 53 -a469 94 1.62s 53 5.1~109 1.411*239
-48.68 93 232.2, 54 -.349 93 1.61, 54 5.1, 90 1.408~23'7
-51.0*103 232.61 56 -.35r103 1.62, 56 5.1, 89 1.4053237
-57.6~104 232.6t58 -.401104 1.623 58 5.0~871.401~236
-53.73103 232.03 60 -.37r103 1.61, 60 5.4, 82 1.397r236
-40.3t102 232.5, 61 -.28slO2 1.61, 61 6.0, 81 1.3958253
-28.78369 232.4, 63 -.20*365 1.61, 63 6.3, 81 1.3951253
-23.2~366 229.6, 64 -.16r366 1.59, 64 6.4, 81 1.394~254
-24.1, 95 220a8s 66 -.17* 95 1.53, 66 6.1, 80 1.393~254
-24.1, 95 198.8. 66 -el78 95 1.38, 66 6-08 76 1.3909254
-14.5~318 158.18 67 -.lot318 1.10, 67 6.5, 73 1.3881255
-7.8t318 97.4, 68 -.053318 .68, 68 6.9, 73 1.385.257
R ULT 8L CT STROKE(EQ.) MINSTR IsJ MAXSTR ItJ ENTHRU
KIPS BPF Ff KS I KSI FT-KIP
50.0 9.3 2.20 -.58(19> 96) 1.75( 1s 21) 8.2
FORM 17, conti nued
7.9 Resi dual Force Anal ysi s Example
I n or der t o demonstrate t he r esi dual f or ce anal ysi s capabi l i t y, Problem
2 was reanal yzed' usi ng t he r esi dual st r ess opt i on. The onl y di f f er ence i n t he
i nput data i s on Card No. 2.000. The opt i on IRSA i s set t o 1 i nvoki ng t he
r esi dual st r ess analys' is. The summary t abl e t oget her wi t h t he 320 k i p extrema
and r esi dual f or ce t abl e i s r epr i nt ed i n Form 18.
7.9.1 Di scussi on o f Resul t s
A revi ew o f t he r esul t s shows t hat t he bl ow count f o r bot h RULT val ues i s
subst ant i al l y reduced. At 240-ki ps ul t i mat e capaci t y, t he blow count i s now
83 down from 265 blows per f oot . A t 320 k i ps t he r esi dual f or ce anal ysi s
shows a blow count o f 1467 blows per f oot i nst ead o f absol ut e r ef usal .
The p i l e r esi dual st resses ar e qui t e hi gh a t 14.5 k s i (see r esi dual
f or ce/ st r ess t abl e f ol l owi ng extremas), but t he dr i v i ng st resses onl y i n-
creased t o 34 k s i (240 ki ps) and 35 k s i (320 k i ps ul t i mat e) .
An i nt er es t i ng observat i on may be made when i nspect i ng t he p i l e t op f or ces vs
t i me curves ( Fi gur e 9 shows t he p i l e t op f or ce and v el oc i t y from bot h Examples
2 and 9. The vel oci t y curve was scal ed by mu l t i p l i c a t i o n wi t h t he p i l e t op
impedance, EA/C). I n t he normal anal ysi s a very rounded behavi or i s apparent
and, i n f act , no act ual impact happened si nce t he pi l e, due t o i t s e l a s t i c i t y ,
moved away f r om t he hammer dur i ng t he precompression phase. The r esi dual
stresses, on t he ot her hand, made t he p i l e s t i f f enough f o r impact, whi ch i s
apparent from t he s l i g h t steep f or ce/ vel oci t y r i s e i n t he ear l y r ecor d por-
t i on. The improvement i n blow count t her ef or e seems t o be not onl y t he r es ul t
o f a s t i f f e r p i l e but al so an improved hammer behavi or. However, t he ram
reached t he u p l i f t condi t i on o f t h i s cl osed end hammer and a f uel r educt i on
had t o be made. Thi s expl ai ns why t he t r ansf er r ed energi es were l ower i n
Example 9 than i n Example 2.
7.9.2 Cor r el at i on
1
Measurements were taken when s i mi l ar p i l e s were r edr i ven wi t h t he LB 520
hammer. Force records showed some evi dence o f ram impact, ot her records were
I
smooth. The measured curves were superimposed on t he computed ones i n Fi gur e
i 9. Note t hat a p i l e was l oad t est ed t o 270 k i ps ul t i mat e and t hat a blow
count o f 160 blows per f oot r esul t ed dur i ng r es t r i k i ng. The blow count dur i ng
I .
I
dr i v i ng was 47 blows per ft. The t r ansf er r ed energy dur i ng r e s t r i k i n g var i ed
between 7 and 12 k i p- f t .
I n t h i s case i t i s cl ear t hat a r esi dual st r ess anal ysi s i s produci ng
1
more r e a l i s t i c r esul t s than t he standard wave equat i on approach. The p i l e
type, bei ng s i mi l ar t o t he Monotube st or ed subst ant i al energi es between blows
because o f i t s f l e x i b i l i t y .
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
UEllP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 91 ORIVEA81LITY STUOT, LB-520 UEAP OF 1986 EXAWLE 9. ORIUEA81LITY STMY. LO-520
RUCT * 240.0. RTOE ?.
FllIH+JMN FHAXaJMX SlRMm.JSN
(K) (K) LKSI)
. O. 0 280.7.157 .00s 0
.0. 0 286.2.153 .OD. 0
.0. 0 285.4.155 .OD. 0
.0. 0 277.8.158 .00. 0
. On 0 268.7.158 .00. 0
.0# 0 258.7.161 .On. n
72.0 KIPS,
STRMAX.18X
(KSI)
31. 90~157
32.52.153
32.44.155
31.570158
34.05.158
33.33.161
31.92.163
30.42.167
29.661169
31.17.170
29. 02~172
26.71.174
24.34-178
21.831180
19.20~183
13. 57~185
UEAP OF 1986 EXAHPLE 9. ORIUEA8ILlTY
RULT = 240.0. kTOE = 54.2 KIPS
REEIOUAL VARIABLES AT EN0 OF ANALYSIS
ItO. P-FORCE P-STRESS S-RESIS OISPL.
(KIPS) I KSI ) IKIPS) I I N)
1 .OD .oo .oo ,145
2 .oO .OO -3.78 .I45
3 3.78 .43 -0.09 .la4
4 11.87 1.35 -1.65 . I 42
5 20.52 2.60 -9.21 ,136
6 29.73 3.83 -9.77 .I28
7 39.50 5.09 -10.33 .I18
8 49.83 6.42 -10.89 ,105
9 60.72 8.06 -8.53 .088
10 69.25 10.29 -4.83 .067
11 74.08 11.01 -1.52 ,045
12 75.60 11.23 1.40 .022
13 74.20 11.03 3.95 -.on1
14 70.25 10.44 6 . 7 -.a22
15 64.08 9.52 8.12 -.042
16 55.95 6.86 9.84 -.058
TOE 46.11
STROKES ANALY2EO AH0 LAST RETURN IFT):
2.66 3.32 3.64 3.77 3.79 3.79 3.74
... UPLIFT OCCURREO. PRESSURE WS REDUCED TO 819.5 PSI...
RULT 1 320.01 RTOE 96.0 KlPSs OEL T = .085 HS
NO. FHIH.JMN FHAX. JHX STRHlN.JSN STRHAXI JSX UtlAX. JUX OHAX.JOX
I K) I K) I KSI ) lKS1) I FI S) [I N)
1 .00 0 286.1.140 .OD. 0 32.51.140 9.2. 92 .663.161
2 .O, 0 293. 3~1U .DO. 0 33.33#144 9. 6. 96 .596.162
3 .0, 0 293.41151 .DO. 0 33.34.151 7.9.100 .529.164
4 . 0- 0 287.3,153 .00. 0 32.65.153 7.3.103 .463,165
5 .0. 0 279.6.157 .DO. 0 35.43a157 6.5.107 .3914166
6 .0. 0 270.70160 .OO. 0 34.88.160 5.7.110 .320.167
7 .0. 0 260.5~162 .OD. 0 33.56e162 5.0.114 .25L.169
O . 01 0 249.1.161 .00. 0 32.11.161 4.4.117 .186.170
9 .O. 0 236.61164 .00. 0 31.40.164 3.01121 .122.171
10 .0. 0 222.8.1661 .ODs 0 33.10.166 3.21124 .0540173
11 .O. 0 207.7.166 .00. 0 30. 87~166 2.78127 .000. 0
I 2 .Os 0 191.7.166 .DO# 0 28.481166 2.3.131 .000. 0
13 . 0 ~ 0 174.6~168 .00. 0 25.9r(.168 1. 9~134 .OOO. 0
14 .OL 0 156.6.172 .DO* 0 23.27~172 1.5.137 .OOO. 0
15 .0. 0 139.45142 .00s 0 20.71.142 1.21140 .000. 0
16 .0. 0 121.3.145 .00. 0 14.87.145 1.0.144 .000, 0
YEAP OF 1986 EXAHPLE 9. ORlUEABILITY SIUOY, LB-520
RULT = 320.0. RTDE 1 76.1 KIPS
RESIDUAL VARIABLES A 1 EN0 OF ANALYSIS
NO. P-FORCE P-STRESS S-RESIS OISPL.
(KIPS) IKSI) (KIPS) ( I N)
16 80.00
TOE
STROKES AMALYZEO AN0 LAST RETURN (FT):
3.79 3.79 3.79 3.72
1.. UPLIFT OCCURREO. PRESSURE Uh5 REWCEO TO 739.6 PSI...
R ULT BL CT STRKE BCP W1UITR 7 . l MArcro I,J ENTHRU RT - .... --...
KIPS 8PF FT PSI KSI KSl FT-RIP BPH
240.0 82.6 3.8 24.1 ,001 1, 0) 34.051 5.158) 11.9 11.2
320.0 1466.7 3.8 23.7 ,001 1. 0) 35.431 5.157) 11.0 81.5
FORM 18: OUTPUT, EXAMPLE 9
- - rr C
-- C -
---
1 -
WE.+? C F l S E B - RE32iTS
EXAbIFLC 2. CZI' JEAILITY SYt'CY. L5-522
26-FZ3-36 WE.* C4PAC:TY 240. KIPS
400. ,
KIPS i
1
- 2 0 ~ 1 -- EL. TCP
-.-.-.- FOR. MSO.
-
26-r39E WE4P CirP.kC:TY 240. KIPS
J
FIX. m
-ZS. V E L TV
-.-.-.
FOR. MSD.
Figure 9. Pile top force and velocity from examples 2 and 9.
7.10 Pi l e Damping, Long Pi l es, Di esel Hammer Performance
7.10.1 Background
Dashpots connecti ng t he p i l e segments usual l y have a damping parameter
assi gned t hat equal 2 percent o f t he p i l e segment's impedance ( or t he p i l e ' s
impedance i f t he p i l e i s uni f or m) a t t he mi ddl e o f t he pi l e. The impedance
equal s p i l e modulus, E, ti mes p i l e cr oss sect i onal area, A, di vi ded by p i l e
wave speed, c. Usi ng IBEOAM on Car d No. 2.000, t h e dashpot v al ue can be
changed i n i ncrements of 2 percent; a zero val ue i s i nput as a -1; a 2 percent
val ue i s i nput by ei t her IBEOAM = 1 o r 0.
The ef f ec t o f p i l e damping i s st udi ed i n t he present example o f a l ong
st eel pi l e; f i r s t f o r zero and second f o r 2 percent p i l e damping.
7.10.2 I nput
A 300-f t l ong p i l e was modeled (30 i nch di ameter, 1 i nch wal l t hi ckness) .
I t was assumed t o be d r i v e n by a Delmag 0-62-22 hammer. Two u l t i ma t e
capaci t y val ues of 1000 and 1500 k i ps (90 percent act i ng a t t he ski n) wi t h
Smith vi scous damping o f 0.05 and 0.15 s / f t f o r ski n and toe, r espect i vel y,
were i nvest i gat ed. The i nput i s f ur t her shown i n Form 19. For t he second
case, IBEOAM was l e f t bl ank on Card No. 2,000.
7.10.3 Resul t s
The extrema t abl es of t he 1000-ki p anal yses and t he summary t abl es o f
bot h cases ar e shown i n Form 20. Numeri cal l y, t he two cases do d i f f e r , how-
.ever, t he r esul t s ar e r at her cl ose t oget her. Thi s i s onl y t r ue f o r blow
counts l ess than 120 b l f f t . For gr eat er blow counts t he di f f er ences may be
more pronounced.
Another observat i on i s qui t e i nt er est i ng. The s t a t i c r esi st ance had been
di s t r i but ed over 60 percent o f t he p i l e l engt h, s t ar t i ng a t t he bottom. Thus.,
t he upper 36 segments were wi t hout resi st ance. It i s , t her ef or e, expected
t h a t t h e wave ( o r say t h e maxima o f f or ces and v e l o c i t i e s ) st ays n e a r l y
constant as t he waveprogresses down t he pi l e. For t he 0 percent ( 2 per cent )
p i l e damping case, t he maximum v el oc i t y i s 11.5 (11.4) f t / s. The v el oc i t y
val ue at segment 20 ( s uf f i c i ent l y hi gh above t he f r i c t i o n elements f o r no
maj or upwards st r ess wave ef f ec t s i nt er f er i ng wi t h t he downward wave) i s 11.5
(10.9) f t l s . Thi s i n d i c a t e s wave r educ t i ons o f 1 and 4 per cent f o r t h e
undampened and dampened pi l e, r espect i vel y. These r es ul t s suggest t hat a l ong
p i l e i s bet t er analyzed wi t h zero or smal l p i l e damping.
Bet t er numeri cal program performance can be achi eved by usi ng more p i l e
and/or ram segments and by decreasi ng t he t i me increment. Thi s may be, re-
spect i vel y, accomplished by usi ng a l ar ger N, a l ar ger M (hammer dat a f i l e ! )
o r a gr eat er IPHI.
I t i s al so i mport ant t o r eal i z e t hat t he hammer f i l e data may cont ai n
combustion pressure val ues which do not accur at el y reproduce t he f i e l d ob-
served stroke. The 6.8-ft st r oke i s somewhat l ower t han expected f o r a D-60-
22 hammer under normal circumstance. . On t he ot her hand, t r ansf er r ed energy
val ues (ENTHRU) between 50 and 60 k i p - f t ar e normal l y measured. Hi gher energy
val ues ar e unusual. Thus, it can be concluded t hat t he hammer model i s r eal -
i s t i c wi t h t he 1400 ps i pressure. Because o f these sometimes c o n f l i c t i n g
obser vat i ons, a l l of t h e d i e s e l hammer pr essur es i n t h e dat a f i l e were
adj ust ed f o r reasonabl e energy t r ansf er .
I n summary, i t i s recommended t o check
. The hammer perf ormance, bot h a c t u a l l y d e l i v e r e d ener gy and
stroke.
. . To run t he program wi t h zero p i l e damping (IBEDAM=-1) f o r l ong
p i l e s (say l onger than 150 f t o r 45 m).
YEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 10. PILE OAMPIND = 0 YEAP OF 1986 EXAIWLE 10. PlLE OAHPINP I 0
RULT 1 1000.0. RTOE 100.0 KIPS.
NO. FHIN.JHN FI(AXIJMX STRHIN.JSN STRHAX.JSX
RULT = 1000.0. RTOE = 1w.o KIPS, onT = . t ro as
NO. FHIN.3HN FHAXIIHX STRHlNnJSN STRHAX.JfX VHhX.JVX nHhX.JW
0 0 IK) I KSI ) IKSI) I FI S) ( I N)
52 -109.2.231 1598.5.184 -1. 20~231 17. 55~114 0.2.185 .359.257
53 -227.91229 1568.6t187 -2.50-229 17.22.187 7.91188 .351.254
54 -260.0.227 1528.1.190 -2.85.227 16.77.190 7.61190 .344-251
55 -396.1.224 1487.0.192 -4.35.224 I6.32.I92 7.4.193 .337.249
56 -409.7.221 1431.6~195 -4.50.224 15.71.195 7.2.196 -330,247
57 -195.4.224 1341.01197 -2.14.224 14.72.197 7.5.200 .324.243
58 -367.9~214 1178.3.198 -4.04a214 12.951198 E.7.204 .321-241
59 -450.0.215 919.7~200 -4.94.215 10.101200 10.212Ob .320*236
60 -244.8.216 573. 0~201 -2.69.216 6.29.201 11.2.207 . 322~235
STROKES ANALI2EO AN0 LASI RETURN I FI ) :
5.81 6.62 6.63
UEAP OF 1986 EXAMPLE 10. PILE OA~PI HO i 0
R ULT BL CT STROKE IFT) HINSlR I r J HAXSTR 1.J ENTHRU EL RT
KIPS 8PF OOUN UP KO1 KS1 FT-KIP BPH
1000.0 54.0 6.6 6.6 -5.03!40~496) 21.241 2. 43) 9 45.3
1500.0 109.5 6.8 6.8 -6.67139.488) 21.511 3. 47) 50.4 44.8
UEAP OF 1986 EXAPPLE 10. PILE OAHPIHO * 2%
RULT . 1000
FPlM.JHM WAXsJPX
LKI o(1
.Oa 0 1910.21 40
-141.3.363 1906.4. 43
-219.5.363 1899.9. 46
-245.5.362 1891.8. 49
-242.98360 1883.3, 52
-231.5.357 1874.5. 55
-216.3.354 1865.4. 58
.O. RTOE * 100.0 KIPS. OEL 1 = . l l O HS
UMXIJVX OHAX~JOX
NO.
UEAP OF 1986 EXAWLE 10. PILE o ~ n ~ i m, = n
RULT = 1000
FHIMIJHN FHAXIJHX
LKI ( X I
. 0# RTOE I 100.0 KIPS.
STRHIN.JSN STRHAX.JSX
LKSI I LKSI I
-.55.232 16.32.184
DEL T = .110 11s
VMAXofVX 0PAX.JOX
STROKES ANALYZED AND LAST RETURN lFT1:
5.81 6.62 6.63
UEAP OF 1986 EXAHPLE 100 PI LE OARPINO = 2 1
R ULT BL CT STROKE 1FTI HIMSIR 1.J PhXSTR 1.3 ENTHRU BL RT
KIPS BPF OOUN UP K51 KSI FT-KIP BPI(
1000.0 55.4 6.6 6.6 -4.40141.5001 20.971 1. 401 49.0 45.3
1500.0 129.4 6.3 6.3 -.61159~216> 19.761 2. 441 46.9 46.2
FORM 20, continued
APPENDIX .A
WEAP86 INPUT FORMS
WEAP86 - Sl ~or t input Form
NOTE: THERE 18 NO CARD NUMBER 8.000
H A M M E R OVERRI DE VALUES
COMB DELAY+
* FOR DOUBLE ACIINO IlAMMEnB OIILY
BECONOB
-01-
8TnOKE knE88URE REACIHXIWEIQITT* IONITION VOL" + FOR DIEBELR WIT14 LIQUID FUEL
FEET EFFI CI ENCY
KI PB
INJECTION ONLY
----
CU IN
--
*+ FOn DIESEL8 Wl l l l AIOMIZED FUEl
I
I I
INJECTION ONLY
I
SOI L PAI I AMETERS
**I~MTII P - t l DIMENBIONLEBB (CASE)
'3 8t FT IETANOARO 8UITtO
1:
nr e i F r (vlscoua 8Ml Tl l )
I
ITYS - - I or 0: SKIN FRIC~ION DI~TRIBUTION
DEPTI I RELATIVE
I
UL T I MA T E CAPACI T I ES
LT ,
--- --
I
LUU.UII.II~I~IIII
~ I ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ I ; T ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; I ; ~ / ; ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ; I @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
t o 2 0
3 0
4 0 6 W
0 0 r 0
8 n
WEAPBB - Compl el e I nput Form P a ~ e 2 01 6
tlELUET AND IIAMMER CUSHION INFORMATION
I U U U E R CUSHI ON
ROUND OUT STI FFNESS~
O.O.R. F E R
KlPSllN
I I
PILE CUStiION INFORMATION * OVERRII
AREA
AREA (E
C.O.R.
TOTAL LEN0111
NCR88 > 0: NON-UNIFORM PlLE PROFILE
DEPTII
I I
IllAMR = 0: tIAMMER INFORMATION
NOTE: TIIERE IS NO CARD NUMBER 3.000
I I
IllAMR = 0: flAMMER INFORMATION
I RAM STROKE-
** FOR DIESEL
WEl Ol l l LEHQI H DIAMETER
I
YAXIM""
1 k i d Y - F k E T 1 EFFICtEWcy I
EB
. MOD.) I 7lllOKN.
I AUUER8 ONLY
M1EAP86 - Compl el e Input Form
Page 3 of 5
I HAMR= 0 and l TYPH= I or 2: IMPACT BLOCK I N F OR MA T I ON
WEl Ol l T LENOTII DIAMETER ROUND OUT
I N I C.O.R. FEET
6 . 3 0 1 G ; S ! : : ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I I ~ I I I I ~ I I I I : I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I I I AMR = 0 and I T YPI l = l or 2: DI ESEL I I A MME R I NF ORMA T I ON
T COMBUSTION CIIAMBER 1 COMBUSTION- A 1 VOLUME - ,
.. .
VOLBLIB DELAY
EXP COEFP IOHIIION
I ! i S S C QB g P
8. 401
I I I
I I I A MR = 0 and ITYPI# - 1 or 2: PRESSURES
A IhIOSPIIEfl1c BETTINO a 8ETTIHO 4
COEFF OF CONF
I i I I I
I
I t I AMR = 0 and I TYPHC S and MA> 0: ASSEMBLY I NFORMATI ON IOlv. l npul t or MA aaaembly .t.n.naa)
I WEIOIIT aTIFFNEfl3
I I I I
I l l AMR - 0 and ITYPH = 2: C E D HAMMER INFORMATION
DEPBB
I
tN r 1 D : : T , cQN KIpB I COEFFICIENT
I
C TANK VOLUME REACTION WEI(Y(T B C EXPAN810N
ELEMENT 3
. .
I
BEOONDS
I
IiAMMER OVERRI DE VALUES
I DELAY+I **FOR DOUBLE AOTINO I t AuuEnS o u L v
+ FOR DIEBELB WI ; I # LIQUID FUEL
INJECTION ONLY
I I I I
FOR DIESEL8 WIT11 ATOMIZED FUEL
INJECIION OtdLV
1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 ; 7 1
I I
* FOR DOUBLE ACTINO A I ~ HAMMER. OI~LY
I
I
JJJI l ~I I l I I
m C U l l l t l l l l l l l l l l t l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
I I I AMR=O a n d lTYPtt=3: A19 H A MME
6. 70 1
PISTON
EFF AnEA RATED PnESSUn
B p l N
- PSI
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 - 0 1
0
(?
0 0 -
9
C C. . ...-
m s m ai
- N 0 - Lu
-
0
0 0
-
O. . . . . N
NO! 0 ?.""
ui
?
m m m m m
, 162
.. .
WEAPBB - Complete 111put 'Form
I TY8= - 1 or 0: SKIN FRICTION D18TRIBUTION
DEPTI I
_ e E g r
.I-I_l-IILl.IJ.
. l ~ l ~ l - l ~ u A L ~ .
.I. 1 - L . UI I I L
LI _I ~LLUI I .
.I-I-I-I~IILU
. 1 l . I - I - LLI I L
.I..U-IU-I.
..l.i 1. l_I_LL-l
. RELATIVE
DlSrRlBUllON
. - - -. . - .. -
- W-U.1-ILL
. UUUJIL
. LLLLU-U. I .
. . I - l ~- U- LLl - ~.
. I U~ L Ul - I L L
J-IILLUU-
II.UUI..I-I..
I I
18PL > 0: BLACK INFORMATION
BLACK 1 . ROUND OUT
C.O.R.
F ! E % " : f f f ~ f%T-
ULT~MATE CAPACITIES I
Eli?* I ta!v!_u~~lo!o s r e s . ! ! ! ? ~ ~ I -.
8.000 [ T ; ~ ~ ~ L . ~ u ~ L I . ~ . L L I ~ ~ - L I ~ u L u ~ ~ u I ~ I
10.000 ~~LI ~I . . UUU~J. ~~I J~I . . L. U~
1. I
fJJ = 1: PILE ELEMENT NUMBER8
1o.to1 LLLU- LLL~
I I I I I
U I L U JUIILLLU_LI..UIU-L. L U - 1 1 - U 1 . I .
APPENDIX B i
SI CONVERSION FACTORS
To Convert
pounds (lbm)
pounds (lbf)
kips (1000, lbf)
inches (in)
feet (ft)
foot-pounds (ft-1 bf)
pounds/foot2(l bm/ft)
pounds/in2h (psi)
kips/inch2 (ksi)
kipsjfoot jksf)
pounds/foot (pcf)
sec.onds/foot (s/ft)
Multiply By
kilograms (kg) 0.4536
Newtons (N) 4.448
kilo Newtons (kN) 4.448
0.0254
0.3048
joules (J)
1.356
kilogram/meter (kg/m)
1.488
Pascal (p)
6894
Mega Pascal (MP)
6.894
kilo Pascal (kg)
47.88
kilogramheter (kg/m ) 16.02
seconds/meter (s/m)
3.281
IMPORTANT CONSTANTS
Name Symbol English
Earth gravitational
acceleration
Water specific weight w
W
62.4 pcf
Steel specific weight w
S
492 pcf
Steel elastic modulus
S
3000 ksi
APPENDIX C: ECHO PRINTS FOR EXAMPLES
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT OATA (Boxed i nformati on frwa Hamner Data Fi l e1
EXAMPLE 1. 45 TON OESIOH. HP 10X53. 0-12
EXANPLE 3. TEHSlOH STRESS CHECK, 6-PLY
1 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0224 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.150 283.500 200.0 2.000 .800
.no0 .o .no0 .o 1.500 .no0 .o .no0
.no0
.800 .a10 10000.0
.OD0 .no0 .O 196.000 30.0 3.500
.010
.so0 .010 .o
40.000 15.500 30000.000 492.000 .800 50.000 196.000 5000.000 150.000 1.000
OELHAO 0 12 1 3 0
.Dl0
UULCIH UUL 8OC 3 1 0
2.7500 104.4100 11.8100 8.5800 5.3500 .8000
8.0000 50.0000 19.2900 3.0600 1.3800 .5000
.8100 21.2700 11.8100 .9000 .OIOO
81.510 120.000 .800 ,010 2
11.0700 109.6000 97.0000 .OD20 .no20 1.3500 .oooo .oooo
,
4.940 4.940 ,000 47835.3 47835.3
14.70 1408.00 . 00 . 00 .oo .no I .OD00 .no00 .on00 .oooo .on00 .o
.on00 .OD00 .oooo .oooo .OOOO
,100 .lo0 .050 ,100 .I00 .ZOO ,000
.I50 30.000 .on0
60.0 120.0 180.0 240.0
.O .O .o 30.000 1.000
.o . O .O 50.000 1.000
EXAHPLE 21 ORIMABIL11). STUOY. LQ-520
1 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 1 4 0 1 0 7 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
.a50 ,000 . O
.on0
.OD0
.850 .on0 10000.0
. O .on0 1.000 .Of0 .o
79.080 8.000 29000.000 492.000 .850
.no0
20.400 8.800 29000.000 492.000
20.400 7.760 29000.000 492.000
43.400 7.760 29000.000 492.000
4 43.400 6.730 29000.000 492.000
01 79.000 6.730 29000.000 492.000
' 79.000 95.000 29000.000 492.000
. 79.080 95.000 29000.000 492.000
LIHUQELTLB 520 z 3 0
5.0700 80.50110 16.7900 3.8000 2.6600 ,8000
1.4800 20-5000 17.9700 .PO00 .0100
10.0600 254.4700 165.0000 . OOM .OOOO 1.3500 242.0000 200.0000
14.70 908.00
. 00 .no .no .no 1
48.5600 254.5000 50.0600 2.0000 8732.0000 6.3000 1.3100
.OOOO .moo .oooo .OD00 .DO00
.I00 . 1M 2.000 .800
5.000 .OD0
10.000 1 . m
EXAHPLE 3. TENSION STRESS CHECK. 3-PLY
0 0224 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3100 0 0
1.500 .OD0 .O
.OD0 .800
196.000 30.0 1.750
81.510 120.000
. I 00 . l oo .ZOO
.on0
30.000 ,000
JO.OOO t .nnn
ECHO PRINT OF XHPUT DATA ECHO PRINT OF INPUT OAlA
EXAMPLE 61 C-2. EASY, SMITH OAMPINO
0 0104 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
.950 .OOO .O .On0 .a50
.Of0 10500.0
144.000 50.0 4.000 .600 .OlO .O
60.000 144.000 5000.000 153.000 .85G
.Dl0
KOBE K 25 1 3 0
5.5100 114.2000 15.3500 9.3500 4.2600 .a000
1.6000 26.9000 15.3500 .9OM .OlOO
14.1000 185.2000 160.0000 .a020 .0020 1.2700 .GUM .@no
14.70 1580.00 1422.00 1280.00 llS2.00 1037.00 1
.oooo .OOOO .0000 .0000 .no00
.roo .loo .200 .010
50.0 100.0 . 200.0 400.0 500.0 6M.O
.o
.o .o .o
EXAMPLE 6s C-3s HARD* CASE OAMPINO
EXAWLE 6- C-4, HARO. SHI M OAMPINO
0 0 1 0 4 0 D 0 1 2 0 0 0-100 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
.950 .OD0 .O .DO0 3 5 0 .010 10500.0
144.000 50.0 4.000 .600 .OX0 .O
60.000 144.000 5000.000 153.000 .850 .OlO
1 KOBE K 25 1 3 0 1
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT DATA ECHO PRINT OF INPUT DATA
EXAWLE 7A: FULL FUEL. HIOH QUAKES EXAWLE 7 ~ : FULL FUEL. LOU PUAKES
-100 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 - 4 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 - 4 0 - 1 0 D 0 0 0 0
.?SO .MI0 .O .OW .SO0 .010 10500.0 -950 .OD0 .O .OM .800 .010 105W.O
.on0 .o ,000 .ooo .ooo .0 .on0 .o .mo .on0 .OOO .O
75.000 16.800 30000.000 492.000 .850 .010 75.000 16.800 30000.000 492.000 .850
1 3 0
.Dl0
DELHIO 0 30 -DLmo o 30 1 3 0
6.6000 139.2700 15.3300 9.0300 4.0300 .BOW 6.6000 139.2700 15.3300 9.0300 4.0300 .8OOO
1.6000 24.7000 15.3300 .9000 .0100 1.6000 24.7000 15.3300 .9000 .0100
15.0500 184.5800 239.9000 .0020 .0020 1.3500 .OOOO .OOOO 15.0500 184.5800 239.9000 .0020 .0020 1.3500 .OOOO .OW0
1 14.70 1360.00 1224.00 1102.00 991.00 892.00 0 14.70 1360.00 1224.00 1102.00 991.00 892.00 0
.0000 .no00 .oooo .OOOO .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .PO00
. I 00 .150 . I 00 . I 00 .oso .050 . I 00 . I 00
.OD0 .OD0 .no0
13.000
.000
. M O 13.000 .no0
13.000 .063 13.000
68.000
.063
.063 68.000 .063
75.000 1.000 75.000 1.000
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 .O .O 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 SW. 0
.o .o .O . n .O .o .o .o
EXAMPLE 75: REDUCED FUEL,
-100 0 11 0 3 0 15
,950 ,000 .O
LOU OUIKES
0 0 0 - 4 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
.DO0 .m .a10 105W.O
.ooo .on0 .o
492.000 .850 .OIO
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT OAT&
ECHO PRlHT OF lNPUI DATA
EXAWLE 8: )IECHLMlCAL SPLICE
3 0 2 2 6 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0
2.000 .DO0 .o .OD0
.OD0 .o .OOO .SO0
99.400 140.000
,100 ,100 .I00 .ton
EXhHPLE 8: CAN SPLICE
3 0 226 0 0 0 32
-4 2.000 .ooo .o
,000 .o ,000
160.000 164.000 5000.000
VULCAH .YUL lOOC
10.0000 59.OOW 20.4700
r
99.400
140z : 1
6.100 6.100
.OOOO 6 .O 00
.loo .too . l oo
.on0 .ooo
40.000 .OW
10.000 AO.OOr?
EXANPLE 9s DRlUEA8ILlTT Sl U07~ LB-520
1 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 1 6 0 1 0
.450 .OOO . O .OOO
EXANPLE 101 PILE OhilPINO S 21
1 0 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0.
5.000 .ooo .o .MO .BOO .ole 3oom.o
.DO0 .o .OD0 .so0 .Dl0 .o
300.000 91.100 3OOLID.000 492.000 .850 .010
OELHAO 0 62-22 1 4 0
-
13.6600 149.2000 21.6300 11.1600 5.8100, .BOO0
2.8300 32.3600 21.6400 .9000 .0100
22.7900 368.3000 677.0000 .0005 .0010 1.3500 -0000 .OW0
14.70 1260.00 1134.00 1021.M 919.00 .OO 0
.DO00 .ooOO .woo .no00 .oooO
,100 ,100 .050 .I50
I WAVE
I EQUATION
ANALYSIS OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
INSTALLATION MANUAL
4535 EMERY INDUSTRIAL PARKWAY
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44128
Prepared For US DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
FINAL REPORT
MAY 1986
Techni cal Report 2ocumentation Page
I. NO. 2. Gorsrnmsnr Acco.,,on No. 5. arcl ol snt I Cot.,.,. No.
r
WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
WEAP86 PROGRAM
Volume 111. Program I n s t a l l a t i o n Manual
March 1986
6 . Psrrormong ~ r g ~ ~ ~ r m ~ o n i oa.
Gobl e ~a u s c h e L i k i n s and Associ at es, I nc.
4535 Emery I n d u s t r i a1 Parkway
El evel and, OH 44128
12. Sponsortng Agmncy Nam. md Address
Of f i c e o f I m~l ement at i on
1 FHWA c ont r ac t manager: Chien-Tan Chang (HDV-10)
I
I I. Contract or Cront NQ.
I I
OTFH61-84-C-00100
13. Type m i Report and P.rlod COV. ~ . ~
F i n a l Report
Federal ~ i ~ h b a ~ Admi ni st r at i on
! 6300 Georgetown Pi ke
McLean, Vi r g i n i a 22101-2296
a. P..rorm,ng Orpont.ot,on ,?..ort N..
7 Aurnor sr
G.G. Gobl e and F. Rausche
I
4 . SP~~. . , , . ~ A ~ . ~ ~ ~ Coaa
Separat e models f o r l i q u i d and at omi zed f u e l i n j e c t i o n o f di es el hammers.
Resi dual st r ess anal ysi s.
Re a l i s t i c s p l i c e model.
r
15. Suop~*rnentory Nares
i l
6 Abstrost
The WEAP Program, wr i t t e n and documented under a pr evi ous FHWA c ont r ac t i n 1976
and updated i n 1981, was f u r t h e r devel oped. The document at i on was compl et el y
r e wr i t t e n f o r addi t i onal o r r ev i s ed i nf or mat i on. The new program r e f e r r e d t o as
WEAP86, i ncl udes a l l o f t h e WEAP f eat ur es pl us t h e f o l l o wi n g new models:
An i mpor t ant addi t i on was an.updated and/ or r evi sed hammer dat a f i l e wi t h new
e f f i c i e n c y val ues based on r esear ch perf ormed under anot her c o n t r a c t f o r t he FHWA.
Furt hermore, ext ensi ve t abl es cover i ng hel met s, cushi ons, and p i l e s were compi l ed
and i ncl uded i n t h i s document at i on. Anot her i mpor t ant f a c e t o f t h e WEAP86 work was
t he development o f a program ver si on f o r personal comput ers. t h e mai n e f f o r t
consi st ed o f pr ovi di ng f o r a user-friendlylmenu-driven i n p u t program and a gr aphi cs
out put opt i on.
Thi s i s t he t h i r d volume amona f o u r . The ot her s ar e
9. Perrormtnq Or gmt r at ?on Name ma Ador.$$ 1 10. '#a& Unn, No. ( TRAI SI 7 r
I
I
i
"
FHWA No. Vol . No. T i t l e
I
-
Background
I I General Users Manual
I V Users Manual f o r PC Ap p l i c a t i o n
I I
19. S.wmry Ciassai. ( 0 ; tnts t.ooc?, I 20. S . ~ t t t y Ciosssf. i oi , hi s p0g.4 I il. No. oi ?ogas 1 22. ?rase I I
I
1
I
' I
1 Uncl assi f i ed 1 Unc l as s i f i ed
1 . 48 1 I !
I I
Form DOT F 1700.7 i8-721
Rcoroductzon o f c~mpi si ed page authorized
I
I
17. K.7 *oror
Combustion, Computers, Desi gn, Di esel ,
Dynamics, Foundat i ons, Hammers, I mpact ,
P i l e d r i v i n g , Resi dual st r ess, So i l
mechanics, Wave equat i on.
18. Otstrvbutvon St arnnmr
No r e s t r i c t i o n s . Thi s document i s
av ai l abl e t o t h e p u b l i c t hr ough t he
Nat i onal Techni cal I nf or mat i on Servi ce.
Spr i ngf i el d, Vi r g i n i a 22161.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 111 : WEAP86: PROGRAM INSTALLATION
Chapt er &
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n ...................................................... 1
2 . WEAP86 Program I n s t a l l a t i o n .......................................... 3
2.1 Mai nf rame Ap p l i c a t i o n ........................................... 3
....................................... 2.1.1 The WEAP86 Program 3
....................................... 2.1.2 The HAMRMA Program 3
.................................................. 2.2 PC Appl i c at i on 4
.....................................
2.2.1 Hardware Requi rement s 4
............................................ 2.2.2 Di sk Cont ent s 4
....................... 2.2.3 I n s t a l l a t i o n on Dual Dr i v e Systems 5
.......................
2.2.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n on Har d Dr i v e Systems 5
3 . Des c r i pt i on o f F i l e s .................................................. 6
3.1 Mai nf rame Ap p l i c a t i o n 6 . ...........................................
..........................................
3.1.1 I nput Dat a F i l e 6
............................
3.1.2 Out put F i l e : Pr i n t e d Resul t s 6
3.1.3 Hammer Dat a F i l e : HAMRDAT and ASCIHM ................... 6
.................................................. 3.2 PC Appl i c at i on 6
.......................
3.2.1 F i l e Name Dec l ar at i ons - FILES.DAT 6
3.2.2 I nput Dat a F i l e ........................................ 7
............................ 3.2.3 Out put F i l e : Pr i n t e d Resul t s 8
............................ 3.2.4 Hammer Dat a F i l e : HAMMER.DAT 8
................... 3.2.5 Bear i ng Graph Out put F i l e : FILE21.DAT 8
3.2.6 Var i abl es vs . Ti me Out put : FILE22.DAT ................... 9
................................ 3.2.7 Headi ngs F i l e : HEADNG-OAT 9
3.2.8 Gr aphi cs F i l e s ........................................ 9
4 . Des c r i pt i on o f Subr out i nes ........................................... 10
..............................................
4.1 The WEAP86 Program 10
4.1.1 WEAP86 Anal ysi s Subr out i nes ............................... 10
4.1.2 Gr aphi cs Subr out i nes ..................................... 19
..............................................
4.2 The HAMRMA Program 21
............................................... 4.3 The W86IN Program 23
5 . L i s t o f Common Var i abl es ............................................ 25
5.1 The WEAP86 Program .............................................. 25
5.1.1 WEAP86 Anal ysi s Subr out i nes .............................. 25
5.1.2 Gr aphi cs Subr out i nes ..................................... 34
..............................................
5.2 The HAMRMA Program 35
5.3 The W86IN Program ................................................ 35
6 . General Oper at i ng I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r a Wave Equat i on Anal ysi s .......... 40
...........................................
6.1 Mai nf rame Ap p l i c a t i o n 40
6.2 PC Appl i c at i on .................................................. 40
7 . Hammer Dat a F i l e and Mai nt enance ..................................... 42
7.1 Mai nf rame Appl i c at i on ........................................... 42
7.1.1 ITASK = 1 . Tr ans f er r i ng ASCIHM ( ASCI I )
......................................
t o HAMRDAT ( Bi nar y) 43
7.1.2 ITASK = 2 . Loadi ng New Hammers .......................... 43
............ 7.1.3 ITASK = 3 . L i s t i n g Hammers Cur r ent l y on F i l e
45
7.1.4
ITASK = 4 . Tr ans f er r i ng HAMRDAT ( Bi nar y)
t o ASCIHM ( ASCI I ) ........................................ 45
7.2 PC Appl i c at i on ................................................. 45
8.
I
I
LI ST OF FIGURES
.................................. 4.la. WEAP86 Subr out i ne Ca l l Di agram 15
.................................. 4.lb. Di esel Subr out i ne Ca l l Di agram 16
............................... 4. 1~. Ai r / St eam Subr out i ne Ca l l Di agram 18
................................ 4.1d. Gr aphi cs Subr out i ne Ca l l Di agram 20
4.2. HAMRMA Subr out i ne Ca l l Di agram .................................. 22
1
4.3. W861N Subr out i ne Cal l Di agram ................................... 24
7.1. Hammer Dat a Loadi ng Form ........................................ 44
(
1. INTRODUCTION
T h i s vol ume descr i bes how t o i n s t a l l t h e WEAP86 programs on any t y p e of
gener al computer (mai nf rames), i n c l u d i n g Per sonal Computers (PC). It de-
scr i bes t h e f i l e s needed and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , how t o i n s t a l l t h e hammer dat a
f i l e .
Mai nt enance o f t h e programs and dat a f i l e s may be r equi r ed a t r e g u l a r
i nt er v al s . O f cour se, updat i ng of t h e programs i s done by t h e usual e d i t i n g -
c ompi l i ng- l i nk i ng process. Mai nt enance o f t h e hammer dat a f i l e i s accom-
p l i s h e d wi t h t h e use o f a s pec i al Fo r t r a n program, HAMRMA'for mai nf rames, and
t hr ough t he W86IN program f o r PC' s.
I n gener al , t he WEAP86 package i nc l udes t h e f o l l o wi n g programs:
1. WEAP86 The ac t ual wave equat i on program whi ch r eads t h e i n p u t dat a
f r o m ( a ) e i t h e r a s h o r t ASCI I f i l e o r f r o m d a t a c a r d s
pr epar ed f o r a p a r t i c u l a r probl em, pl us ( b ) t h e hammer dat a
f i l e s .
2. HAMRMA A program whi ch pr ovi des f o r mai nt enance o f t h e hammer dat a
f i l e ( conver si on f r om ASCI I f or mat , l i s t i n g and l o a d i n g o f
hammer dat a) .
3. W86IN A program t h a t pr epar es t h e i n p u t f i l e i n an i n t e r a c t i v e
mode. Thi s program i s opt i onal si nce t h e i nput f i l e may
al s o be pr epar ed on car ds o r us i ng t e x t / l i n e e d i t o r . The
pr ogr am al s o pr ovi des f o r mai nt enance o f t h e hammer dat a
f i l e . The w86i n program was wr i t t e n w i t h t h e i n t e n t o f
usi ng i t on a pc.
WEAP86 r e q u i r e s a t l e a s t 320 k b y t e s o f space i n memory. T h e o t h e r
programs r equi r e l ess. Al so, f o r PCs, t h e program may be used t o pr oduce
gr aphi cs out put (monochrome moni t or , ibm-pc enhanced gr aphi cs boar d) whi ch
t hen may be p r i n t e d on an epson f x- 100 p r i n t e r . Di f f e r e n t hardware w i l l
r equi r e reprogrammi ng.
N o t e t h a t t h e WEAP86 pr ogr am i s a "number c r unc her . " Thus, h a r d -
war e/ sof t war e swi t ches shoul d be chosen f o r maximum a r i t h me t i c ef f i enc y . I n
t he f ol l owi ng, an A S C I I f i l e means a f or mat t ed, s equent i al l y wr i t t e n f i l e .
I n summary, t o get s t ar t ed, t h e f ol l owi ng i t ems must be av ai l abl e:
( a) General Computer Card o r ASCI I f i l e dat a i n p u t
WEAP86 Program sour ce i n FORTRAN F77
HAMRMA Program sour ce i n FORTRAN F77
A S C I I Hammer Dat a F i l e
( b) General Computer F i l e dat a i nput
WEAP86 Program source i n FORTRAN F77
HAMRMA Program source i n FORTRAN F77
A S C I I Hammer Data F i l e
or opt i onal l y WEAP86 Program source i n FORTRAN F77
W861N Program source i n FORTRAN F77
Hammer Data F i l e ( Fi l e HAMMER.OAT)
( c) I BM- PC or WEAP86.EXE: Executabl e wave equat i on program
Compatible W86IN.EXE: Executabl e data i nput program
FILES.DAT: Data f i l e wi t h names and dr i v e
desi gnators o f a1 1 temporary and
permanent di sk f i l e s needed by
WEAP86.EXE and W86IN.EXE.
HAMMER.DAT: Di rect-access bi nar y hammer data
f i l e .
GRAPHIC.DEV: Needed onl y f o r graphi cs di spl ay.
PRINTER.DEV: Needed onl y f o r graphi cs pr i nt .
2. WEAP86 PROGRAM INSTALLATION
Thi s chapt er deal s w i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e WEAP86 pr ogr am package
whi ch i nc l udes t h e dat a f i l e and a dat a f i l e mai nt enance program. I t i s
assumed t h a t t he user i s f a mi l i a r w i t h h i s machi ne and oper at i ng system.
2.1 Mai nf rame Appl i c at i on
2.1.1 The WEAP86 Program
Thi s i s t he mai n wave equat i on program. A few changes u s u a l l y have t o be
made i n WEAP86 bef or e i t can be compi l ed and l oaded ont o a mai nf r ame machi ne.
The changes mai nl y p e r t a i n t o t h e i nput / out put devi ce decl ar at i ons. Due t o
t he v ar i ed nat ur e o f machi nes, compi l er s and oper at i ng systems, onl y a few
suggest i ons r egar di ng t h e i n p u t and out put u n i t s w i l l be made.
F o r I / O, c e r t a i n u n i t numbers have been assumed. The user may need t o
change t he assi gnment s i n c l u d i n g t he open f i l e st at ement s t o conf or m t o h i s
syst em' s needs.
1. INPUT Un i t : S e t V a r i a b l e I R ( assumed t o b e u n i t number 5) i n
SUBROUTINE I NI T i n F i l e MF1 as t he i n p u t u n i t . The
i n p u t f i l e must be f or mat t ed and s equent i al l y -
accessed.
2. OUTPUT Un i t : S e t V a r i a b l e I W ( assumed t o be u n i t number 6) i n
SUBROUTINE I Nl T i n F i l e MF1 as t h e out put u n i t . The
o u t p u t u n i t may b e e i t h e r a l i n e p r i n t e r , c o n s o l e
scr een o r a f or mat t ed, , sequent i al l y- accessed ASCII
f i l e .
3. HAMMER F i l e : Se t V a r i a b l e I HF ( assumed t o be u n i t number 7 ) i n
SUBROUTINE HACCPT i n F i l e MF1 as t h e bi nar y , d i r e c t -
access Hammer dat a f i l e whi ch has a r ec or d l e n g t h o f
300 byt es each.
4. ICOL Opt i on: Set Var i abl e ICOL i n SUBROUTINE I Nl T t o
0 f o r 80 col umn c har ac t er / l i ne p r i n t e r s or
1 f o r 132 column c har ac t er / l i ne p r i n t e r s
See Chapt er 3 f o r a compl et e des c r i pt i on o f t he f i l e s .
2.1.2 The HAMRMA Program
The HAMRMA Program i s t he hammer mai nt enance program. It al l ows ( a ) f o r
t he conver si ons o f t h e f or mat t ed, sequent i al l y- accessed A S C l I hammer dat a
f i l e , ASCIHM, t o a di r ect - access bi nar y f i l e HAMRDAT; ( b ) l oadi ng o f
i n d i v i d u a l hammer r ecor ds; and ( c ) l i s t i n g o f hammer dat a.
Agai n, a few changes may have t o be made bef or e us i ng t h e program:
1. INPUT Uni t : Set Var i abl e INPT (assumed t o be u n i t 5 ) i n MAIN
as t h e i n p u t f i l e o r consol e u n i t number.
2. OUTPUT Uni t : Set Var i abl e IOUT (assumed t o be u n i t 6 ) i n MAIN
as t he out put f i l e o r consol e u n i t number.
3, ASCII Hammer F i l e : Se t V a r i a b l e I SEQ ( assumed t o b e u n i t 7) i n
SUBROUTINES TODIR and TOSEQT as t h e u n i t number
o f t he f or mat t ed, sequent i al l y- accessed ASCI I
hammer dat a f i l e , ASCIHM.
4. Bi nar y Hammer F i l e : Se t V a r i a b l e I DI R ( assumed t o b e u n i t 8 ) i n
SUBROUTINES TODIR, MDFDIR, LSTDIR and TOSEQT as
t h e u n i t number o f t h e d i r e c t - a c c e s s b i n a r y
hammer dat a f i l e , HAMRDAT.
See Chapt er 3 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f i i e s and Chapt er 4 f o r a
di scussi on o f t h e HAMRMA Program.
2.2 PC Appl i c at i on
2.2.1 Hardware Requi rement s
The WEAP86-PC ver si on has been desi gned t o r un on an IBM-PC (IBM-PC-AT)
o r compat i bl e machi ne t h a t cont ai ns:
. A t l e a s t two 360K di s k dr i v es o r one 360K d i s k d r i v e and a har d
dr i ve.
. A t l e a s t 320K RAM memory,
. A l i n e p r i n t e r f o r out put .
Opt i onal f eat ur es i ncl ude:
. An 8087 (80287) Math Co-processor. Thi s w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y speed up
comput at i on t i me i f pr esent but i t i s not necessar y f o r program oper -
. -
at i on.
. An IBM Enhanced Gr aphi cs Board i f gr aphi cs i s desi r ed.
. An EPSON FX-100 Gr aphi cs P r i n t e r f o r gr aphi cs scr een t o p r i n t e r
dumps. O f course, t h i s u n i t w i l l a l s o ser ve as an or di nar y p r i n t e r
f o r out put .
2.2.2 Oi sk Cont ent s
The WEAP86 Programs ( execut abl e ver si ons onl y ) and t he dat a f i l e s a r e
d i s t r i b u t e d on t hr ee di s k et t es . The d i s k s ' cont ent s ar e as f ol l ows :
Di sk 1: W861N.EXE I n t e r a c t i v e i n p u t program
FILES.DAT F i l e s p e c i f i e r
HEADNGJAT Headi ngs and menu names f o r W861N
Di sk 2: WEAP86.EXE Wave equat i on anal y s i s program
FILES.DAT F i l e s p e c i f i e r
GRAPHIC.DEV IBM Enhanced Gr aphi cs Board c o n f i g u r a t i o n f i l e
PRINTER.DEV Epson FX-100 Gr aphi cs P r i n t e r c onf i gur at i on f i l e
Di sk 3: HAMMER.DAT Hammer dat a f i l e
EXAMPL:.??? Tes t Examples
F o r an expl anat i on o f t h e f i l e s , see Chapt er 3, " Des c r i pt i on o f F i l e s .
It i s i mpor t ant t o under st and t h a t FILES.DAT i s r ead by bot h t h e WEAP86 and
W86IN programs and t h a t i t c ont ai ns t h e f i l e names and d r i v e s p e c i f i e r s f o r a
program execut i on.
2.2.3 I n s t a l l a t i o n on Dual Dr i v e Systems
Programs and dat a f i l e s a r e bei ng s uppl i ed on IBM-PC compat i bl e 360K
di sks. The di s k s do not c o n t a i n oper at i ng systems.
I n o r d e r t o execut e t h e programs, t h e us er must f i r s t boot t h e syst em on
a v a l i d oper at i ng system d i s k bef or e r unni ng t h e programs.
To r un a program, make s ur e Dr i v e A i s t h e d e f a u l t d r i v e ( A> shoul d be
prompted). Then, si mpl y i n s e r t t h e des i r ed program di s k (e.g., W86IN.EXE o r
WEAP86.EXE) i n Dr i v e A, t h e dat a f i l e d i s k i n Dr i v e B and t y p e t he pr oqr am
name. ~ o t e FILES.DAT must r e s i d e on t he d e f a u l t d r i v e and F ~ E S . D A T musi be
av ai l abl e t o a l l t h e programs o t t he WtAP86 package. bor t wo d i s k e t t e dr i v es ,
t he FILES.DAT names mav be used wi t hout chanue. For ot her svstems i t mav be
des i r abl e t o change d r h e numbers on FILES.DA~.
The user may c r eat e t wo syst em di s k s ( see t h e DOS manual f o r t h e FORMAT/S
command) c ont ai ni ng onl y t h e minimum r out i nes necessar y f o r program oper at i on
(COMMAND.COM and PRINT.COM) and copy Di sks 1 and 2 cont ent s t o t he syst em
di sks, r es pec t i v el y .
2.2.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n on a Har d Di sk System
I f t h e user works w i t h a har d di sk, t hen i t i s suggest ed t o c r eat e a
d i r e c t o r y f o r t h e WEAP86 program package. Copy t he cont ent s o f t h e t h r e e
di s k s i n t o t he desi gnat ed area. E d i t t he FILES.DAT f i l e and e d i t t he d r i v e
desi gnat or s o f t h e f i l e names t o t he c o r r e c t d r i v e l e t t e r (e.g., C: o r D: ) .
Thi s pr ocess i s f u r t h e r ex pl ai ned i n Chapt er 3. When ex ec ut i ng t h e programs,
t he d e f a u l t d r i v e must be t h e desi gnat ed area.
Agai n, remember FILES.OAT must r es i de on t he d e f a u l t dr i v e.
3. DESCRIPTION OF FI LE
3.1 Mai nf rame Appl i c at i on
3.1.1 I n p u t F i l e (
The i n p u t f i l e may e i t h e r c o n s i s t of car ds o r i t may be a f or mat t ed,
sequent i al ASCI I f i l e whi ch c ont ai ns i n p u t dat a f o r t h e HEAP86 program. Ref er
't ,
t o Volume 11: General User s Manual f o r t he cont ent s o f t h e i n p u t f i l e .
F o r a l i s t o f t he hammers on f i l e and d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i r cont ent s see
Volume 11: The Users Manual , Tabl e 1. I f t h e user adds dat a t o t h i s f i l e , a I
new l i s t i n g shoul d be c r eat ed (See Chapt er 7, HAMMER FI LE MAINTENANCE).
3.1.2 Out put F i l e - Pr i n t e d Resul t s ' 1
The des t i nat i on f o r p r i n t e d Out put may e i t h e r be s e t t o t h e l i n e p r i n t e r ,
a t er mi nal consol e o r a dat a f i l e .
L.
3.1.3 Hammer Dat a F i l e : HAMROAT and ASCIHM
;i
The hammer dat a f i l e , HAMROAT, i s a di r ect - access bi nar y f i l e w i t h r ec or d
l engt hs o f 300 byt es each f o r each hammer. ASCIHM i s t he f or mat t ed, sequen-
t i al l y - adc es s ed ASCII hammer dat a f i l e .
4
3.2 PC Appl i c at i on
3.2.1 F i l e Name Dec l ar at i ons - FILES.DAT
F1LES.DAT i s a s hor t f or mat t ed, s equent i al l y - wr i t t en, ASCII f i l e whi ch
cont ai ns t h e ICOL opt i on and t h e i nput / out put f i l enames. ' Bot h WEAP86 and
W86IN r ead t h i s i nf or mat i on.
The f i l e cont ent s ar e as f ol l ows :
Li ne 1: ICOL Opt i on - i f s e t t o 0 ( d e f a u l t ) , 80-column, o r i f set t o 1,
132-column. out out i s made t o t he o r i n t e r f i l e . ICOL i s r ead on a I 4 ~~~ . ~ . .. .
f or mat , i..e., t he val ue must be ' i n t he f our t h column on t he f i r s t
l i n e o f FILES.OAT.
Li ne 2: INPUT DATA FI LE - name o f t he f i l e whi ch ser ves as bot h t he c u r r e n t
i nput f o r WEAP86 and t he d e f a u l t f i l ename f o r W861N.
Li ne 3: OUTPUT FI LE - name o f t h e f i l e where t h e " pr i nt ed" r e s u l t s w i l l be
d i r e c t e d t o, i.e., l i n e p r i n t e r , consol e, o r f i l ename.
Li ne 4: HAMMER DATA FI LE - name o f hammer dat a f i l e t o be used ( us ual l y
HAMMER.DAT)
Li ne 5: BEARING GRAPH OUTPUT FI LE - f i l ename f or st or age of Summary t a b l e
r es ul t s .
Li ne 6: VARIABLES VS. TIME OUTPUT FI LE - f i l ename f o r s t or age o f t h e v a r i -
abl es, as chosen by IOUT, as a f u n c t i o n o f t i me.
IMPORTANT: The c o r r e c t f i l e names must occur on t h e pr oper l i n e o r dat a
may be dest r oyed. For i nst ance, i f l i n e s 3 and 4 were r ever sed, t h e ac t ual
hammer dat a c oul d not be r ead f r om out put devi ce (such as t h e l i n e p r i n t e r )
and t he " pr i nt ed" r e s u l t s woul d be sent t o t h e hammer dat a f i l e r e s u l t i n g i n
an oper at i on er r or .
Example: The FILES.DAT cont ent s may be as f ol l ows
0 (----------- USE I 4 FORMAT TO ENTER ICOL I N THIS PLACE
B:W86.DAT <-- NAME OF INPUT DATA FI LE
A:PRN <-- NAME OF OUTPUT FI LE
B :HAMMER .DAT <-- NAME OF HAMMER DATA FI LE
B:FILEZl.DAT <-- NAME OF BEARING GRAPH OUTPUT FI LE
B:FILE22.DAT <-- NAME OF VARIABLES VS. TIME OUTPUT FI LE
Thi s f i l e woul d cause t h e f ol l owi ng ac t i on:
1. 80-column p r i n t e r out put woul d be generat ed.
2. The i n p u t dat a woul d be r ead from W86.DAT l oc at ed on Dr i v e B.
3. The p r i n t e r out put woul d be made on a l i n e p r i n t e r .
4. The hammer dat a f i l e woul d r es i de on Dr i v e B.
5. Bear i ng gr aph dat a woul d be d i r e c t e d t o Dr i v e 0 .
6. Var i abl es vs. Time woul d be d i r e c t e d t o Dr i v e B.
3.2.2 I nput Dat a F i l e
The i n p u t dat a f i l e i s a f ormat t ed, sequent i al l y- accessed ASCI I f i l e
whi ch cont ai ns i nput dat a f o r t h e WEAP86 program. The f i l e may be c r eat ed
wi t h t he use o f an edi t or . Ref er t o Volume I 1 f o r t he cont ent s of t h e i n p u t
f i l e .
The f i l e may al so' be cr eat ed us i ng t he W86IN program. The name of t h e
i nput dat a f i l e i s def i ned by l i n e 2 of FILES.DAT.
3.2.3 Out put F i l e : Pr i n t e d Res ul t s
The out put f i l e o r out put d e s t i n a t i o n i s desi gnat ed on l i n e 3 o f t h e I
FILES.DAT f i l e . The out put may be sent t o e i t h e r t h e l i n e p r i n t e r (A:PRN),
t h e consol e scr een (A:CON) o r a f or mat t ed, sequent i al , ASCI I f i l e f o r st or age.
<
Unl es s p r i n t e r o r consol e a r e used f o r out put s, t h e program assumes t h a t
t h e out put f i l e al r eady e x i s t s i n t h e c u r r e n t d i r e c t o r y and t h e r e f o r e must be
cr eat ed p r i o r t o execut i ng t h e WEAP86 program. The f i l e can be c r eat ed us i ng
an e d i t o r but need n o t c ont ai n any dat a.
3.2.4 Hammer Dat a F i l e : HAMMER.DAT
The hammer dat a f i l e , HAMMERJAT, i s a di r ect - access b i n a r y f i l e wi t h
r ecor d l engt hs o f 300 byt es each f o r each hammer. The hammer dat a f i l ename
must appear on l i n e 4 o f t h e FILES.0AT f i l e . Agai n, t h e name i n i t s e l f i s not
r e s t r i c t e d t o HAMMER.DAT but t h e f i l e named on l i n e 4 o f t h e FILES.DAT f i l e
must c ont ai n t h e hammer data.
Hammer dat a may be added, l i s t e d o r c or r ec t ed us i ng t h e W86IN program.
For f u r t h e r i nf or mat i on on t h e mai nt enance o f t h e hammer dat a f i l e , see Volume
I V .
3.2.5 Bear i ng Graph Out put F i l e : FILE21.DAT
The bear i ng graph out put f i l e , FILE21-OAT, i s a f or mat t ed, sequent i al
ASCII f i l e . It b a s i c a l l y c ont ai ns t he t i t l e o f t he c ur r ent anal y s i s and a
summary o f t h e r e s u l t s ( st r esses, st r oke, . bl ow count and t r ans f er r ed ener gy
f o r each Rut anal yzed) .
The bear i ng graph out put f i l ename i s not r e s t r i c t e d t o FILE21.DAT and may
be renamed on l i n e 5 o f FILES.DAT.
The bear i ng gr aph out put f i l e i s newl y cr eat ed f o r each anal y s i s by
WEAP86. Si nce UEAP86 al l ows f o r c hai ni ng o f more t han one pr obl em ( copyi ng
t he i nput f i l e s o f sever al pr obl ems t oget her i n t o one f i l e ) p r o v i s i o n had t o
be made f o r pr eser vi ng sever al out put f i l e s . Thus, t h e f o l l o wi n g f i l e s w i l l
be cr eat ed.
The r e s u l t s o f t he f i r s t pr obl em w i l l be wr i t t e n t o FILE21.OAT.
The r e s u l t s of t h e second pr obl em w i l l be wr i t t e n t o FIL121.OAT.
The r e s u l t s o f t he t h i r d pr obl em w i l l be wr i t t e n t o FIL221.DAT.
The r e s u l t s of ' t he t e n t h pr obl em w i l l be wr i t t e n Co FIL921.DAT.
If t he WEAP86 program i s s t a r t e d agai n, t h e pr ocess w i l l be r epeat ed s t a r t i n g
wi t h t he name on l i n e 5 o f FILES.DAT. Thus, i f. t he r e s u l t s ar e t o be pr e-
served, a new name shoul d be gi ven on l i n e 5 of t h e FILES.DAT f o r subsequent
runs. There cannot be more t han 10 consecut i ve r uns i n PC appl i c at i ons .
3.2.6 Var i abl es vs.Time Out put : FILE22.OAT
The Var i abl es vs. Time out put f i l e , FILE22.DAT, i s a di r ect - access bi nar y
f i l e w i t h r ec or d l engt hs o f 13000 byt es each. I t cont ai ns d i g i t a l r epr esent a-
t i o n o f t h e cur ves s el ec t ed by IOUT f o r t h e c u r r e n t anal y s i s f o r each c apac i t y
anal yzed. It i s onl y w r i t t e n f o r IOUT>9.
The f i l ename i s not r e s t r i c t e d t o FILE22.DAT and may be changed on l i n e 6
o f t he FILES.OAT f i l e .
The " Var i abl es vs. Ti me" out put f i l e i s cr eat ed as new f o r each anal y s i s
by WEAP86. I f t h e i n p u t f i l e has more t han one pr obl em t o anal yze ( not t o be
conf used wi t h more t han one c apac i t y ) , t hen a d d i t i o n a l f i l e s ar e cr eat ed.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e f i r s t pr obl em w i l l be w r i t t e n t o FILE22.OAT.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e second pr obl em w i l l be w r i t t e n t o FIL122.DAT.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e t h i r d pr obl em w i l l be w r i t t e n t o FIL222.DAT.
The. r e s u l t s o f ' t h e t e n t h pr obl em w i l l be w r i t t e n t o FIL922.OAT.
I f t h e WEAP86 program i s s t a r t e d agai n, t h e pr ocess w i l l be r epeat ed
s t a r t i n g a t FILE22.DAT, t h e name on l i n e 6 o f FILES-.OAT. Not e t h a t t h e
FILEZZ.OAT,... f i l e s ar e r a t h e r l a r g e and t h a t a d i s k e t t e i s q u i c k l y f i l l e d .
3.2.7 Headi ngs F i l e : HEAONG.DAT
HEA0NG.DAT i s accessed by t he W86IN program onl y.
The headi ngs f i l e , HEAONG.DAT, i s a f or mat t ed, sequent i al , ASCI I f i l e
whi ch i s accessed onl y by t h e W86IN i n p u t program. The f i l e c ont ai ns t he
v ar i abl e names, 2 - l e t t e r menu names and des c r i pt i ons f o r t h e i n p u t r equest s i n
W86IN program. The f i l e name cannot be changed by t he user .
3.2.8 Gr aphi cs F i l e s
GRAPHIC.OEV and PRINTER.DEV ar e t he IBM Enhanced Gr aphi cs Boar d and t h e
EPSON FX-100 c onf i gur at i on f i l e s , r es pec t i v el y . These f i l e s cannot be e d i t e d
and must be a v a i l b l e t o t h e WEAP86 program dur i ng execut i on i f gr aphi c s i s
desi red.
Ttie gr aphi c s r out i nes ar e set up f o r t hese devi ces onl y and a d d i t i o n a l
reprogrammi ng w i l l be necessar y i f ot her hardware i s t o be used.
4. DESCRIPTION OF SUBROUTINES
T h i s c hapt er gi ves a s hor t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e subr out i nes used i n t he
WEAP86 programs.
For each subr out i ne, t h e f o l l o wi n g w i l l be l i s t e d :
NAME: t he subr out i ne name.
DESCRIPTION: a s hor t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e subr out i ne f unc t i on.
CALL: subr out i nes c a l l e d wi t h i n t h e r o u t i n e bei ng descr i bed,
FI LE: t he f i l e i n whi ch t h e subr out i ne sour ce code r esi des.
A t t h e end o f each sect i on, t he s ubr out i ne c a l l s k i l l be g r a p h i c a l l y
present ed. Thi s bl ock di agr am i s a s i mp l i f i e d r epr es ent at i on o f t h e o v e r a l l
program f l ow.
4.1 The WEAP86 Program
The WEAP86 subr out i ne d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i v i d e d i n t o t wo sect i ons:
. WEAP86 Anal ysi s Subr out i nes whi ch r epr esent s t h e r out i nes needed t o c r eat e
t he st andar d WEAP86 program.
. Gr aphi cs r out i nes t h a t may o p t i o n a l l y be i ncor por at ed i n t o t h e WEAP86
program. They can onl y be used on a PC w i t h gr aphi cs c a p a b i l i t i e s .
4.1.1 WEAP86 Anal ysi s Subr out i nes (*See Sec t i on 4.1.2 Gr aphi cs>
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FILE
ADIA Computes di es el hammer pr essur e i n adi abat i c com- ------ MF4
pr essi on o r expansi on
CAPCUS Cal cul at es hammer and p i l e cushi on pr oper t i es ------ MF2
CHECK Checks opt i ons ------ MF2
CHTIME Checks t i me i ncr ement and combines hammer/ pi l e ------ MF 2
model
DATINI Dat a i n p u t r out i ne
CHECK MF 1
HACCPT
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
DIANAL Di es el hammer mai n anal y s i s r o u t i n e
DIANHM Di esel hammer anal y s i s
DIESL Di es el mai n r o u t i n e
DIANHM MF4AB
DSTOUT
EXTREM
FI LLA
PILEAN
SPLEEN
SRESN
STOREN
FTR MF4AB
INTEGR
PRSSRE
STIFF
DIANAL MF3
D I STAR
DOWN
NEWPRS
NEWSTR
REINIT
RETRV
STRCNV
UP
DIMEN Det er mi ne u n i t s o f out put q u a n t i t i e s
------ MF6
DISTAR Di esel s t a r t anal y s i s (compressi on c y c l e ) DSTOUT MF4A
FTR
PRSSRE
STIFF
TEST
DOWN Di esel anal y s i s o f ram f a l l above p o r t s FTR MF48
DSTOUT Di esel ext ensi ve out put ( negat i ve opt i on)
------ MF4A8
EXOUT Ext er nal combust i on hammer ex t ens i v e out put
------ MF3
( negat i ve opt i on)
EXTCOM Mai n r o u t i n e f o r ex t er nal combust i on hammers EXOUT MF3
E XTHAM
EXTREM
FI LLA
PILEAN
SPLEEN
SRESN
STOREN
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
EXTHAM
EXTIT
EXTREM
FIR
HACCPT
HCARDR
I NI T
IN'TEGR
I P ARAS
JJNP
WEAP86
NEWPRS
NEWSTR
Anal y s i s o f ex t er nal combust i on hammers I NTEGR
STIFF
P r i n t t i t l e on ext r ema p r i n t o u t
------
Det er mi ne st r ess, f or c e, v e l o c i t y , di spl acement ------
e x t rema
F i l l b u f f e r wi t h anal y s i s r e s u l t s f o r l a t e r GMAIN*
p r i n t i n g GCURVE*
Cal cul at es f or ce on t o p of cl osed end di es el rams ------
Set s up hammer model a f t e r r eadi ng hammer dat a CAPCUS
f i l e HCARDR
Reads hammer dat a f r om car ds OVRRDE
I n i t i a l i z e s , reads FILES.DAT, and s et s up 1/0
------
u n i t numbers
I nt egr at es ac c el er at i on, v e l o c i t y ------
P r i n t s b u f f e r ------
Assi gns segment numbers f o r out put ------
WEAP86 main- program CHTIME
DATINI
DIESL
EXTCOM
GHEAD*
GRFOFF*
PRTSC*
I NI T
JJNP
OUTSUM
PI EL
PRNTHM
PRNTPL
SETSOL
STROUT
SUMOUT
Computes new pr essur e f o r nex t t r i a l anal y s i s ------
( di es el s )
Computes a new s t r ok e i n v ar i abl e s t r ok e anal y s i s
------
( di es el s )
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
OUT2 P r i n t s v ar i abl es vs. t i me EXTIT MF6
IPARAS
PRTIT
OUTSUM P r i n t s ext rema
REINIT
RSOUTl
OVRRDE Accept s hammer ov er r i de dat a SACSEQ MF2
PIEL Set s up p i l e model ------ MF2
PILEAN Per f or ms p i l e wave anal y s i s
INTEGR MF5
STIFF
PRNTHM P r i n t s hammer model ------ MF1
PRNTPL P r i n t s p i l e model ------ MF 1
PRSSRE
PRTIT
REINIT
RETRV
RSOLVE
RSOUTl
SACSEQ
SETSOL
SOLVE
SPLEEN
SRESN
STIFF
STOREN
STRCNV
Computes combust i on pr essur e i n chamber o f di es el
hammers
Pr i n t s t i t l e on t op of page
Re i n i t i a l i z e s ext rema ar r ay s
Ret r i eves di es el s t a r t up dat a
Resi dual s t r es s anal y s i s
Resi dual s t r es s out put
'Computes ac t ual f r om equi v al ent s t r o k e o f cl osed-
end di es el s
Set s up s o i l model
Resi dual s t r es s equat i on s ol v er
Resi dual s t r es s mai n r o u t i n e
Computes s t a t i c s o i l r es i s t anc e i n wave anal y s i s
Computes f or c e i n s pr i ng wi t h sl ack and r oundout
St or es di spl acement s f o r r es i dual s t r es s
Checks convergence o f di es el s t r ok es
ADIA
------
SOLVE
------
------
RSOLVE
------
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
SUMOUT Summary out put
------ MF6
TEST Test ram c ondi t i on i n d i e s e l s t a r t u p r o u t i n e ------ MF4AB
UP Anal yzes r am' s upwards mot i on
------ MF4B
WEA? 86
SUBROUTINE CALL Dl AGi i AM
Fi gur e 4. l a .
WEAP36 subr out i ne. c a l l di agr am.
15
DIESEL SUBROUTINE CALL Dl AGi i AM
Fi gur e 4. 15. Di esel s ubr out i ne c a l l di agram.
DIESEL SUBROUTINE CALL DlAGilAlM
(CONTINUED)
Fi gur e 4. l b. Di esel subr out i ne c a l l di agram ( cont i nued) .
AIR/STEAM SUBROUTINE CALL Dl AGFl AM
Fi gur e 4. l c. Air/steam subr out i ne c a l l diagram.
4.1.2 Gr aphi cs Subr out i nes
( Not e: - P l o t r e f e r s t o gr aphi cs on t he t er mi nal screen. )
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS
CONV Conver t s an i n t e g e r t o a c har ac t er s t r i n g ------
GCHAR Pl ot s c har ac t er s t r i n g ------
GCURVE Cont r ol s p l o t t i n g o f dat a poi nt s f o r x-number CONV
o f cur ves GCHAR
GLINE
GMOVE
GPLOT
OVRWRT
GHEAO Pl o t s t i t l e , cur ve, segment l abel i ng, and base CONV
1 i nes GCHAR
GMOVE
GPLOT
GROTN
GLINE Enabl es 1 i n e st yl es- - sol i d/ dashed/ dot t ed ------
GMAIN Mai n c o n t r o l f o r gr aphi cs r out i nes GHEAO
GRFON
GSCALE
GMAGN Set s c har ac t er magni t ude- - hei ght and wi dt h ------
GMOVE Moves gr aphi cs c ur s or t o new coor di nat es LIMXY
GPLOT Draws a l i n e f r om pr evi ous coor di nat es t o new LIMXY
coor di nat es
GRFOFF Cl ear s t h e t er mi nal screen, di s abl es gr aphi cs ------
and r es t or es scr een t o 80-column bl ac k and
wh i t e mode (Monochrome)
GRFON Enabl es gr aphi cs mode and s et s up t er mi nal GRFOFF
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s GMAGN
GROTN Rot at es t h e t e x t ( c har ac t er ) a x i s w i t h r espect ------
t o t he X- axi s
GSCALE Computes scal es and spaci ng f o r p l o t t i n g o f cur ves ------
LIMXY L i mi t s X and Y coor di nat es t o ext rema ------
FI LE
MF7
MF7
MF7
OVRWRT Enabl es/ di . sabl es d e s t r u c t i v e o v e r wr i t i n g ------
GXAPHICS SUBZOUTINE CALL DIAGZAIV
Fi gur e 4 . l d . Gr aphi cs s ubr out i ne c a l l di agr am.
4.2 The HAMRMA Program
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
HAMRMA Mai n c o n t r o l
LSTD I R HAMRMA
MDFDIR
TODIR
TOSEQT
LSTDIR L i s t s us er - s pec i f i ed hammer dat a f r om HAMRDAT ------ HAMRMA
MDFDIR Used f o r updat i ng HAMRDAT hammer dat a f i l e . ------ HAMRMA
Reads ASCII hammer dat a and wr i t e s hammer dat a
t o HAMRDAT f i l e
TODIR Tr ansf er s ASCI I hammer dat a t o bi nar y f i l e ZERO HAMRMA
(ASCIHM --> HAMRDAT)
TOSEQT Tr ansf er s bi nar y hammer dat a f i l e t o ASCII f i l e ------ HAMRMA
(HAMRDAT --> ASCIHM)
ZERO Cr eat es new HAMRDAT f i l e ---- HAMRMA
HAMRMA SUBROUTINE CALL Dl AGi i Al M
Fi gur e 4. 2. HAXR?!A s ubr out i ne c a l l di agram.
4.3 The W86IN Program
NAME DESCRIPTION CALLS FI LE
ARRI N I nput and c o r r e c t i o n o f dat a ar r ay s ------ WEAP I N
DATINF Read i n p u t dat a f i l e ------ DATIOF
DATINP I n t e r a c t i v e dat a i nput / modi f i c at i on
DATOUF Wr i t es i n p u t dat a f i l e
ARRIN WEAPIN
DSPHAM
HAMDAT
HAMFIL
HAMINP
WZMENU
INQFIL DATIOF
DSPDAT Di spl ays c ur r ent i n p u t dat a ------ !4EAP I N
. DSPHAM Di spl ays c ur r ent hammer dat a DATIOF
HAMDAT Mai n c o n t r o l f o r Hammer Mai nt enance' r out i nes H'AMFIL DATIOF
HMLIST
HAMFIL Reads o r wr i t e s hammer dat a t o f i l e ------ DATIOF
HAMINP Al l ows f or hammer dat a i nput J modi f i c at i ons DSPHAM DATIOF
HEADFL Reads "HEADNG.DATfl f o r f or mat s ------ WEAPIN
HMLIST L i s t s s el ec t ed hammer dat a r ecor ds ------ DATIOF
I I NI T Reads "FILES.DAT" f o r f i l enames and i n i t i a l i z e s ------ WEAPIN
a l l i n p u t v ar i abl es
INQFIL I nqui r es dr i v es . f o r exi st ance o f dat a f i l e s ------ DATIOF
WZMENU Menu i n p u t r o u t i n e ------ WEAPIN
W86IN Mai n program f o r gener al c ont r ol DATINF WEAPIN
DATINP
DATOUF
DSPDAT
HAMINP
W861N SUBROUTINE CALL DIAGFIAM
Fi gur e 4. 3. WeSI N s ubr out i ne cal l diagram.
5. LIST OF COMMON VARIABLES
The f ol l owi ng i s a l i s t o f var i abl es which r esi de i n l abel ed COMMON.
Each var i abl e i s descri bed as fol l ows' :
NAME: I nt er nal var i abl e name.
TYPE: Var i abl e t ype where:
I - desi gnates I nt eger t ype
R - desi gnates Real t ype
C - desi gnates Character t ype
( x ) - desi gnates an Array o f x l engt h
DESCRIPTION: Main purpose f o r var i abl e.
5.1 The WEAP86 Program
The WEAP86 common var i abl es have been di vi ded i n t o two sect i ons:
. WEAP86 var i abl es whi ch represents t he var i abl es cont ai ned onl y ;n those
r out i nes needed f o r t he standard WEAP86 program and
. Graphi cs var i abl es contai ned i n t he r out i nes t hat may be i ncor por at ed
i n t o t h e WEAP86 program whi ch ar e t o be used on a PC comput er w i t h
graphi cs capabi l i t i es.
5.1.1 WEAP86 Anal ysi s Common Vari abl es
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON ASSMBL
MA I Number o f assembly segments
AW R(3) Weights o f assembly segments
STAI R(3) St i f f nesses o f assembly segments
CORAS R Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f assembly
ORRAS R Round out o f assembly
WASS R Tot al wei ght o f t he assembly
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON C
VINH R( 10) Unused
OINH R(LOI Unused
AOH R(10 Hammer ac c el er at i on a t end of t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
VOH
R(10)
Hammer v e l o c i t y a t end of t h e pr ev i ous t i me i ncr ement
DOH
R( 10)
Hammer di spl acement a t end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
ANH
R(10)
Hammer ac c el er at i on a t end o f t h e c ur r ent t i me i ncr ement
VNH
R(10)
Hammer v e l o c i t y a t end o f t h e c u r r e n t t i me i ncr ement
ONH
R( 10)
Hammer di spl acement a t end o f t h e c ur r ent t i me i ncr ement
STH R(10) Hammer segment s t i f f nes s es
HM R(10) Hammer segment masses
AM R(10) Assembly segment masses
STA R( 10) Assembly segment s t i f f n e s s e s
OROU R( 10) Round out def or mat i on o f hammer s pr i ngs
CORH R( 10) Co e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n f o r hammer spr i ngs
AOP
R(99)
P i l e ac c el er at i on a t end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
ANP
R( 99)
P i l e ac c el er at i on a t end o f t h e c ur r ent t i me i ncr ement
OOP
R( 99)
P i l e di spl acement a t end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
ONP
R(99)
P i l e di spl acement a t end o f t h e c u r r e n t t i me i ncr ement
VOP
R(99)
P i l e v e l o c i t y a t end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
VNP
R( 99)
P i l e v e l o c i t y a t end o f t h e c u r r e n t t i me i ncr ement
STP R(99) P i l e segment s t i f f n e s s e s
PM R(99) P i l e segment masses
RSPO R(99) Sum o f s t a t i c and dynamic r es i s t anc e
RES R(99) S t a t i c s o i l r es i s t anc e f o r end o f c u r r e n t t i me i ncr ement
S t a t i c s o i l r es i s t anc e f o r end o f pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
[
So i l damping paramet ers f o r a l l p i l e segments pl us t h e p i l e t o e SJ
SOK R[99) S t a t i c s o i l s t i f f nes s es
QSR R 99) So i l quakes f o r a l l p i l e segments pl us t he p i l e t oe
SU R(99) Ul t i mat e s t a t i c s o i l r es i s t anc e val ues f o r a l l el ment s pl us t h e
p i 1 e t o e
SPLICE R(99) Spl i c el s l ac k val ues f o r p i l e segments
DSACP R( 99) Roundout val ues f o r a l l p i l e segments
AREA R(99) Cross s ec t i onal ar ea f o r a l l p i l e segments
CORP R(99) Co e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n f o r a l l p i l e segments
EX R( 600) Extrema obt ai ned dur i ng anal y s i s
IEX I ( 40) Segment number o f ext rema
JEX I ( 600) Time count er val ues cor r espondi ng t o EX ar r ay
OUT R(3200) Out put ar r ay c ont ai ni ng v ar i abl es vs t i me
RESULT R(100) Summary Tabl e Val ues
FOH
R( 10)
Hammer f or c es a t end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
FNH
R(10)
Hammer f or ces a t end o f t h e c ur r ent t i me i ncr ement
FOA
R(10)
Assembly f or ces a t t h e end o f t he pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
FNA
R( 10)
Assembly f or ces a t t he end o f t he c ur r ent t i me t i me i ncr ement
FOP
R(99)
P i l e f or ces a t t he end o f t h e pr evi ous t i me i ncr ement
NAME
FNP
AOA
ANA
VOA
VNA
DOA
DNA
TYPE
R(99)
R(10)
DESCRIPTION
P i l e f or ces a t t he end o f t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
Assembly accel er at i ons a t t he end o f t he pr evi ous t i me
i ncrement
Assembly accel er at i ons a t t he end of t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
Assembly v e l o c i t i e s a t t he end of t he pr evi ous t i me i ncrement
Assembly v e l o c i t i e s a t t he end of t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
Assembly di spl acement s a t t he end of t he pr evi ous t i me
i ncrement
Assembly di spl acement s a t t he end of t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
COMMON CEDSTR
SEOU R Eoui val ent st r oke
SACT R ~ C t u a l st r oke
CEDSMX R Maximum st r oke f o r cl osed end di esel
CEOEMX R Maximum endi ng st r oke f o r cl osed end di esel
COMMON CLOSED
DEPBB R Bounce chamber compressive st r oke
ART R Bounce chamber t op ram cross sect i onal area
DEBT R Maximum i nt er nal ram t r av el di st ance--di st ance between anv i l
and cyl i nder t op minus t he ram l engt h.
OSF R Saf et y chamber di st ance--di st ance between compression t ank
por t s and cyl i nder top.
VCT R Pressure t ank volume
RWH R React i on wei ght
EXPB R Exponent f o r bounce chamber expansion/compression
PRT R Manuf act urer' s hammer pressure r a t i n g f o r . doubl e act i ng
ext er nal combustion hammers
AEFFB R Ef f ec t i v e pi st on area as . f or PRT
COMMON CONSTS
G
CONVS
PELE
AREAF
RKIPLB
NLIM
R Gr avi t at i onal accel er at i on
R Conversion f act or f o r i nches t o f t
R P i l e segment l engt h
R Area f ac t or
R Conversion f ac t or f o r k t o t ons
I Maximum number o f p i l e segments (98) [298]
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON COUNTER
KK I Counter f o r st orage i n OUT
KLIM I Li mi t counter
JMAX I Maximum number o f out put segments
JOUT I Output ti me i ncrement
DTP R Time i ncrement
TEMAX R Maximum anal ysi s t i me
NT I Maximum number o f ti me i ncrements anal yzed
I T I I t e r a t i o n count er
COMMON CURSS
STRNOW R
IPREA I
I nput st r oke
Absol ute pressure r educt i on count er
COMMON DIESEL
" ANVW R Weight o f t he impact bl ock
ANVC R Length of t he i mpact bl ock
ANVD R Diameter o f t he impact bl ock
CORRA R Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t he i mpact bl ock spr i ng
DRRA R Roundout o f t he impact bl ock spr i ng
DEPIB R Compressive st roke--di st ance between exhaust por t s and anv i l
ACH R
VFIN R
TDEL R
DTIGN R
PATM R
P 1 R
P2 R
P 3 R
P4 R
P5 R
I GUESS I
VSTI R
VENDC R
EXPP R
COMMON DISTAT
top.
Bounce chamber cross sect i onal area
Fi nal combusti on chamber volume
Combustion del ay
Combustion dur at i on
Atmospheric pressure
Hammer pressure - Set t i ng 1 (maximum pressure)
Hammer pressure - Set t i ng 2
Hammer pressure - Set t i ng 3
Hammer pressure - Set t i ng 4
Hammer pressure - Set t i ng 5
Cer t ai nt y parameter
I g n i t i o n volume (atomized f uel i nj ec t i on)
Fi nal combustion volume (atomi zed f uel i nj ec t i on)
Expansion c oef f i c i ent of combustion gases
VO R Chamber volume a t t he end o f previ ous t i me i ncrement
PO R Chamber pressure at t he end o f t he previ ous t i me i ncrement
I
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
I VN
R
Chamber volume a t t he end o f t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
a t t he end o f t he cur r ent t i me i ncrement
DSTROK R St r oke di f f er ence between i t e r a t i o n s
I EPSTR R St r oke convergence c r i t e r i a
ISTR I Tr i a l anal ysi s count er
STRAR R(10) Tr i a l st r oke r es ul t s
IWT I U p l i f t i ndi c at or
PSI R Bounce chamber pressure
TDOWN R Time o f f a l l t o exhaust por t s
TSTART R Time o f compression cycl e
TDIES R Time o f di esel anal ysi s
TUP R Time o f expansion
VFR R Unused
IADlA I Adi abat i c expansion/compression i ndi c at or
IIGN I I g n i t i o n f l a g
IBLOW I Exhaust f l a g
ISTART I Di esel s t a r t f l a g
STINH R 4,12) St orage of i n i t i a l val ues from di esel s t a r t anal ysi s
STINP R 5,99) As f o r STINH
IRA I
I
Unused
TIGN R Time o f i g n i t i o n
TCOM R Time o f combustion
TNOW R Current t i me .... ~.
DELP R unused
DCYL R Di spl acement o f t he di esel c y l i nder
VCYL R Vel oci t y o f t he di esel cyl i nder
ACYL R Accel er at i on o f t he di esel cyl i nder
ISTST I ( 5 ) St ar t up f l ags
COMMON DRI SYS
CAPW R
CAPST R
CUST R
CORCAP R
CORCUS R
CORPTP R
CHADA R
DRCP R
DRCU R
DRPT R
PTST R
ACAP R
ECAP R
TCAP R
' ACUS R
ECUS R
TCUS R
Wei ght o f t he helmet
St i f f ness o f t he hammer cushi on
St i f f ness o f t he p i l e cushi on
Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t he hammer cushi on
Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n of t he p i l e cushi on
Coef f i ci ent o f r e s t i t u t i o n o f t he p i l e t op
Coef f i ci ent o f hammer damping
Round out o f t he hammer cushi on
Round out o f t he p i l e cushi on
Round out o f t he p i l e t op
P i l e t op s t i f f n e s s
Area o f t he hammer cushi on
El as t i c modulus o f t he hammer cushi on
St i f f ness o f t he hammer cushi on
Area o f t he p i l e cushi on
El as t i c modulus o f t he p i l e cushi on
Thickness o f t he p i l e cushi on
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON FI2122
HAMFIL C Hammer data f i l e name
OWNFIL C Not used
FILE21 C F i l e name f or summary o f r esul t s out put ( bear i ng graph)
FILE22 C Filename f o r storage o f sel ect ed curves data. Used i n p l o t t i n g
COMMON FILLQU
RSUM R Si mul taneousl v occuri nq s t a t i c r esi st ance
DSUM
RTOE
TT
MAXJP
PO
EMAX
FIN
BCT
DFIN
9 AV
RULT
NULT
IULT
~i mul t aneousl y occur i ng dynamic r esi st ance
Toe r esi st ance
Time
Time counter
Pi l e mi dl engt h segment number
Maximum number o f out put t i me steps
Unused
Maximum t r ansf er r ed energy
Fi nal t r ansf er r ed energy
Blow count
Fi nal di spl acement
Average quake
Ul t i mat e capaci t y f o r cur r ent anal ysi s
Tot al number o f capaci t i es t o be analyzed
Anal ysi s count er
COMMON FRCTIN
D I S R(11,2,20) Ski n f r i c t i o n di st r i but i on. DIS(yy,l,XX) cont ai ns t he depth
and DIS(yy ,2,XX) cont ai ns t he correspondi ng s o i l r esi st ance
values f or t he yy di s t r i but i on
COMMON GENHAM
ITYPH I
IHAMR I
I VAC I
MH I
M I
RAMW R
RAML R
RAM0 R
STRM R
STRMN R
PRR R
EFFICY R
Hammer t ype l=Open-end Di esel , 2=Closed-end di esel , 3=Ai r/steam
Hammer ID--Storage l ocat i on o f hammer data on f i l e .
Unused
Helmet segment number
Number o f ram segments
Weight of t he ram
Length o f t he ram i ncl udi ng poi nt o f appl i cat i on
Diameter o f t he ram
Maximum st r oke or st r oke t o be used i n t he anal ysi s
Minimum st r oke
Rated pressure
Hammer ef f i ci ency
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
STROKE R Cur r ent s t r ok e
STROKO R St r oke f r om pr ev i ous i t e r a t i o n
VFALL R Ram v e l o c i t y a t t i me o f p o r t c l o s u r e ( d i e s e l ) o r i mp a c t
( ai r l s t eam) -
VFALLM R Maximum ram v e l o c i t y a t p o r t s f o r no u p l i f t
COMMON GRAPHS
IGRAPH I Gr aphi cs o p t i o n ( enabl e/ di sab' l e)
COMMON HAMNAM
NAMMAN C(2) Name o f hammer manuf act ur er
NAMHAM C( 2) Name o r model o r hammer
COMMON IOU
IHF I Hammer dat a f i l e number
I W I Logi c al u n i t f o r f i l e w r i t i n g
I R I Logi cal u n i t f o r f i l e r eadi ng
IRESF I Res ul t f i l e number
IVARF I F i l e number f o r v a r i a b l e vs. t i me st or age
ITR I Logi cal u n i t number f o r Ter mi nal I nput
ITW I Logi c al u n i t number f o r Ter mi nal di s pl ay
COMMON OPTION
IOUT I Out put opt i on. Cont r ol s amount and t y pe o f out put
I J J I Out put segment number opt i on
IOSTR I St r oke opt i on f o r d i e s e l s
IFUEL I Fuel opt i on cor r espondi ng t o r es pec t i v e pr essur es
IPEL I P i l e segment i n p u t o p t i o n
N I Number o f p i l e segments
ISPL I Number o f s pl i c es / s l ac k s
NCROSS I Uni f or m/ Nonuni f or m ( 0/ 1) p i l e i ndi c at or .
IBEDAM I P i l e i n t e r n a l dampi ng i n per cent
IPERCS I Per cent s k i n f r i c t i o n
ISMITH I Damping par amet er t y pe
ITYS I Sk i n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n t y p e
I PHI I R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t i me i ncr ement t o comput at i onal t i me
i ncr ement
IRSAO I Resi dual s t r es s anal y s i s i n d i c a t o r
ITER I Maximum number o f i n t e g r a t i o n s i t e r a t i o n s
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION'
IDAHA
ICOL
INP
JDOUT
I Hammer damping i n per cent
I
Wi dt h o f out put ( 80 o r 132 col umns)
I ( 1 3 )
P i l e segment numbers f o r pc i nt ed out put
I Number o f t i me i ncr ement s whi ch a r e ski pped between out put
val ues mi nus 1
JPMAX I
Maximum t i me count er o f val ues s t or ed i n OUT ar r ay
IOUTE I Extreme l ow aut out oot i on f l a g -~~ - . -
ITOE I Unused
IIOUT I Absol ut e val ue o f out put opt i on
COMMON PILEPR
ALPH R( 99)
PROP R
T2LC R
WSPD R
PLEN ' R
COP R
XP
AP
R (20
EP
R(20)
W P
R(2O)
R( 20)
XPT R
COMMON QUKCOM
AM1 R( 10)
HMI R(10)
STHU R(10)
STPU R( 10)
DT2 R
DT6 R
PATMKF R
ACHF R
DEPIBF R
DEPBBF R
ARTF R
DBBTF R
DSFF R
VCTF R
PRTKF R
Re l a t i v e segment l engt hs o f p i l e segments
Pr o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r F/V
Time f o r wa v e t o t r a v e l t wi c e t h e p i l e l e n g t h
Pi 1 e wavespeed
Lengt h o f t h e p i l e
P i l e damping
P i l e dept hs a t whi ch p i l e p r o f i l e changes
P i l e cr oss s ec t i onal ar ea
P i l e e l a s t i c modulus
P i l e s p e c i f i c wei ght
Tot al p i l e l e n g t h
I nver se o f assembl y masses
I nver se o f hammer masses
I nver se o f p i l e masses
Unl oadi ng s t i f f n e s s e s o f assembl y
Unl oadi ng s t i f f n e s s e s o f hammer
Unl oadi ng s t i f f n e s s e s o f p i l e
One-ha1 f t i me i ncr ement
One- si xt h o f square o f t i me i ncr ement
At mospheri c pr essur e
Chamber ar ea
Compressi ve s t r ok e
Compressi ve s t r ok e o f bounce chamber
Area o f t op o f ram
Ram t r a v e l
Saf et y chamber di st ance
Volume o f compressi on t ank
Rat ed pr essur e
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
AEFFPF R
PRRKF R
VFINF R
VSTIF R
DSTIF R
VENDCF R
RAMWI R
RAM1 R
CYLMI R
Ef f e c t i v e ar ea
Act ual pr essur e
Fi n a l volume
I g n i t i o n s t a r t vol ume
I g n i t i o n s t a r t di s t anc e
I g n i t i o n end vol ume
I nver se o f ram wei ght
I nver se o f ram mass
I nver se o f c y l i n d e r mass
COMMON RESOUT
RSMAX R( 10) Maxima o f r es i dual st r esses
IEXRS I ( 1 0 ) Segment number o f r es i dual s t r e s s maxima
COMMON RESSTR
80 R( 99) Di spl acement s f r om pr evi ous anal y s i s
BS R ( 99) Di spl acement s a f t e r s t a t i c anal y s i s
1 EST R(99) Di f f er enc e between o l d and new di spl acement s
CRITER R Convergence c r i t e r i a
I
DPMAX R ( 99) Dynamic maximum di spl acement s
ICARE I Resi dual s t r es s c ont i nuat i on f l a g
I N I Resi dual anal y s i s count er
IRESID I Resi dual anal y s i s absol ut e c ount er
IRESTR I Not used
IRSA I Resi dual anal y s i s opt i on
ISTROK I St r oke convergence f l a g
NNN I Maximum number o f t r i a l s
Resi dual s t r es s es i n s o i l
RESSN R 99) Resi dual st r esses i n s o i l a f t e r s t a t i c anal y s i s
REIS
T R(99) Resi dual f or c es i n p i l e
XERES R P i l e compressi on di f f er enc es
COMMON TI T
TITLE C( 10) T i t l e o f c u r r e n t anal y s i s
SUTI C(40) Su p e r t i t l e
5.1.2 Gr aphi cs Rout i nes
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON COORDS
I Y O I ( 1 6 ) Y- coor di nat e cor r espondi ng t o zer o f o r 16 cur ves
1x0 I ( 1 6 ) Cur r ent X- coor di nat e f o r each cur ve
I Y O I ( 16) Cur r ent Y- coor di nat e f o r each cur ve
COMMON GRFVAR
IRES I
IMAG I
IROT I
COL R
XMAX R
YMAX R
XINC R
YI NC R
I X X I
I Y Y I
Gr aphi cs r e s o l u t i o n i d e n t i f i e r
Char act er magni t ude
Text a x i s r o t a t i o n f a c t o r
Number o f gr aphi cs columns
Maximum number o f p i x e l s on X-axi s
Maximum number o f p i x e l s on Y- axi s
Number o f p i x e l s per column
Number o f p i s e l s per row
Cur r ent X- coor di nat e
Cur r ent Y- coor di nat e
COMMON TIME
OTIME R Pr evi ous anal y s i s t i me i n ms
COMMON TI T
TITLE C(10) - T i t l e o f c u r r e n t anal y s i s
SUTI C( 40) Pr opr i et or y header used f o r out put
COMMON WEGRAF
I G R I Out put cur ve i d e n t i f i e r
NCRVS I Number o f cur ves t o be p l o t t e d
YSCL R Y- axi s s c al i ng f a c t o r f o r f or c e and when p l o t t i n g p i l e segments
DSCL R Y- axi s s c al i ng f a c t o r f o r di spl acement cur ve
YSCL R Y-axi s s c al i ng f a c t o r f o r v e l o c i t y cur ve
YSP R Y- axi s spaci ng f a c t o r
XSP R X- axi s spaci ng f a c t o r
5.2 The HAMRMA Program
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
COMMON IOU
ISEQ I Logi cal u n i t f o r ASCII hammer data f i l e , ASCIHM
I D I R I Logi cal u n i t f o r bi nar y hammer data f i l e , HAMRDAT
IOUT I Logi cal u n i t f o r out put ( f i l e o r consol e)
INPT I Logi cal u n i t f o r i nput ( f i l e o r consol e)
IRECMX I Maximum number o f hammer records
IRECSZ I Record s i z e f o r HAMRDAT
5.3 The W86IN Program
COMMON FILES
FILNAM c F i l e name f o r i nput f i l e
COMMON HAMMER
NAMMAN C(2) Name o f hammer manufacturer
NAMMAN C(2) Name or model o f hammer
MHAM C(46) Menu names correspondi ng t o hammer i nput var i abl es, HAM
HHAM C(46) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o hammer i nput var i abl es, HAM
HMHD C(2) Label s f o r . NAMMAN and NAMHAM
HAM R(46) Hammer i nput var i abl es
1- Hammer t ype
2- Number o f ram segments
3- Ram wei ght
4- Length o f ram
5- Diameter o f ram
6- Maximum st r oke
7- Minimum st r oke
8- Hamer ef f i c i enc y
9- Weight o f t he impact bl ock
10- Length of t he impact bl ock
11- Diameter o f t he impact bl ock
12- Coef f i ci ent o f r es t i t ut i on o f t e impact bl ock
13- Round out val ue o f t he i mpact bl ock
14- Compressive st r oke
15- Area of combustion chamber
16- Volume o f combustion chamber
17- LI Combustion del ay
18- L I Combustion i g n i t i o n dur at i on
19- Expansion c oef f i c i ent
20- A1 volume at i g n i t i o n
21- A1 Volume at f i n a l combustion
22- At mospher i c pr essur e
23- Hammer pr essur e a t s e t t i n g 1
24- Hammer pr essur e a t s e t t i n g 2
25- Hammer pr essur e a t s e t t i n g 3
26- Hammer pr essur e a t s e t t i n g 4
27- Hammer pr essur e a t s e t t i n g 5
28- Cer t ai nt y c onf i r mat i on
29- Di st ance B.C. p o r t t o t o p
30- Bounce chamber ar ea
31- Maximum ram t r a v e l
32- Saf et y di s t anc e
33- Compressi on t ank volume
34- React i on wei ght
35- Bounce chamber combust i on exponent
36- Ef f e c t i v e ar ea
37- Rat ed pr essur e
38- Assembly c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s t i t u t i o n
39- Assembly r ound out val ue
40- Number o f assembl y segments
41- Wei ght o f assembl y segment no. 1
42- Wei ght o f assembl y segment no. 2
43- Wei ght o f assembl y segment no. 3
44- St i f f n e s s o f assembl y segment no. 1
45- St i f f n e s s o f assembl y segment no. 2
46- St i f f n e s s o f assembl y segment no. 3
DATE C(8) Hammer e n t r y dat e
COMMON IOU
IHF I Hammer dat a f i l e number
IW I Logi c al u n i t f o r f i l e w r i t i n g
I R I Logi c al u n i t f o r f i l e r eadi ng
IRESF I Not used
IVARF I Not used
ITR I Logi cal u n i t number f o r Ter mi nal I n p u t
ITW I Logi cal u n i t number f o r Ter mi nal d i s p l a y
IPW I Logi c al u n i t f o r p r i n t e r out put
COMMON NAMES
(See COMMON W861N f o r cor r espondi ng val ues)
MOPT C(20) Menu names f o r sel ect ed opt i ons
MCAP C( 8) Menu names f o r CAP i n p u t
MCUS C( 6) Menu names f o r CUS i n p u t
MPTP C( 6) Menu names f o r PTP i n p u t
MHOV ' C( 8) Menu names f o r HOV i n p u t
MDMP C( 4) Menu names f o r DMP i n p u t
NOPT C Headi ng f o r s el ec t ed opt i ons i n p u t
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
NCAP C Heading f o r CAP i nput sect i on
NCUS C Heading f o r CUS i nput sect i on
NPTP C Heading f o r PTP i nput sect i on
NHOV C Heading f o r HOV i nput sect i on
NDMP C Heading f o r OMP i nput sect i on
HOPT C(20) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o sel ect ed opt i on var i abl es
HCAP C(8) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o CAP i nput
HCUS C(6) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o CUS i nput
HPTP C(6) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o PTP i nput
HOMP C(4) Descr i pt i ons correspondi ng t o DMP i nput
NUP C Heading f o r nonuni f orm p i l e i nput
NSTP C Heading f o r STP i nput
NPM C Heading f o r PM i nput
NALPH C Heading f o r ALPH i nput
NQS C Heading f o r QS i nput
NSJ C Heading f o r SJ i nput
NSU C Heading f o r SU i nput
NOI S C Heading f o r D I S i nput
NSPLC C Heading f o r SPLC i nput
NCORP C Heading f o r CORP i nput
NDSACP C Heading f o r DSACP i nput
NRSLT C Heading f o r RSULT i nput
NINP C Heading f o r INP i nput
NHAMR C Heading f o r hammer i nput sect i on
NPS C Heading f o r p i l e segment opt i on (See IPEL)
DAEY C(2) Tabl e headi ng and dimensions f o r non-uni form p i l e i nput (See
XP, AP, EP, WP)
ORES C(2) Tabl e headi ng and dimensions f o r ski n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
(See DIS)
COMMON W86IN
TITLE C(10)
SUTI C(40)
IOUT I
I J J I
IHAMR I
IOSTR I
IFUEL I
IPEL I
N I
ISPL I
NCROSS I
IBEDAN I
I PERCS I
ISMITH I
ITYS I
I P H I I
Problem t i t l e
Super t i t l e
Output opt i on. Cont r ol s amount and t ype o f out put .
Opt i on c o n t r o l l i n g det er mi nat i on o f out put segments numbers
Hammer I D number
St roke opt i on
Fuel opt i on correspondi ng t o r espect i ve pressures
Pi l e segment opt i on
Number o f p i l e segments
Number o f sl acks/ spl i ces
Uni form/Nonuniform ( 0/ 1) p i l e i ndi c at or
P i l e i nt er nal damping i n percent o f p i l e c r i t i c a l damping
Percent ski n f r i c t i o n
Soi l damping parameter t ype
Type o f ski n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
Rat i o of c r i t i c a l t i me i ncrement t o com~ut i onal t i me i ncrement
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
IRSA I Residual st r ess analysis option
ITER I Maximum number of i t er at i ons
IDAHA I Hammer damping
IMAXT I Maximum analysis time
CAP R(8) Helmet/Hammer cushion information
1- Weight of the helmet
2- Area of the hammer cushion
3- El ast i c modulus of the hammer cushion
4- Thickness of t he hammer cusion
5- Coefficient of r est i t ut i on for hammer cushion
6- Roundout valve f or hammer cushion
7- St i f f ness of t he hammer cushion
CUS
PTP
HOV
DMP
XP
AP
EP
W P
STP
PM
ALPH
8- Unused
R(6) Pile cushion information
1- Area of the pi l e cushion
2- El ast i c modulus of the pi l e cushion
3- Thickness of the pi l e cushion
4- Coefficient of r est i t ut i on of pi l e cushion
5- Roundout deformation of t he pi l e cushion
6- St i f f ness of the pi l e cushion
R(6) Pi l e t o p information
1- Total pi l e length
2- Area a t the pi l e t o p
3- El ast i c modulus a t the pi l e t o p
4- Specific weight a t the pi l e top
5- Coefficient of r est i t ut i on f or pi l e t o p
6- Round out value for the pi l e t o p
R(8) Hammer override values
(overrides corresponding data in COMMON HAMMER-HAM)
1- Stroke option (see IOSTR)
2- Hammer stroke
3- Hammer efficiency
4- Hammer pressure
5- Hammer fuel set t i ng (see IFUEL)
6- Reaction weight
7- A1 St ar t i gni t i on volume
8- Hammer damping
R (4) Soil parameters
1- Quake of the skin
2- Quake of t he toe
3- Damping of the skin
4- Damping of the t oe
R(20)
Pi l e depths a t which pi l e pr of i l e changes
R(20) Pi l e cross-sectional area
R(20) Pi l e el as t i c modulus
R(20) Pi l e speci fi c weight
R(99) Pi l e segment st i f f nesses
R(99) Pi l e segment weights
R(99) Pi l e segment lengths ( r el at i ve)
NAME TYPE ,a DESCRIPTION
Qs R(99) Soi l quakes f o r a l l p i l e segments pl us t he p i l e poi nt
SJ R(99) Soi l damping f o r a l l p i l e segments pl us t he p i l e poi nt
SU R(99) Re l a t i v e magnitudes of ul t i mat e s t a t i c s oi l r esi st ance val ues
f o r a l l p i l e segments pl us t he p i l e poi nt
OI S R(2,20) Sk i n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on. O I S (1,xx) cont ai ns t he dept h and
O I S (2,xx) cont ai ns t he correspondi ng s o i l r esi st ance val ues
SPLICE R(99) Spl i ce/ sl ack f o r a l l p i l e segments
CORP R(99) Coef f i ci ent , o f r e s t i t u t i o n f o r a1 1 p i l e segments
OSACP R(99) Roundout def ormat i on f o r a l l p i l e segments
RESULT R(10) Ul t i mat e capaci t i es f o r anal ysi s
INP R(13) P i l e segment numbers f o r pr i nt ed out put
6. GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR A WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS
6.1 Mainframe Appl i cat i on
A. Prepare Program and Fi l e s
1. The WEAP86-MF program must be compi l ed i n t o an execut abl e program.
2. The hanker dat a f i l e must be converted from ASCII form t o a bi nar y
di rect -access f i l e (see Chapter 7, HAMMER FILE MAINTENANCE).
3. The i nput data f i l e must be prepared (see Volume 11, Chapter 3) .
0. Execute t he WEAP86 Program
1. The i nput f i l e i s read f o r t he case t o be analyzed.
2. The hammer data f i l e i s read f or t he r equi r ed hammer.
3. The wave equat i on anal ysi s i s performed f o r as many ul t i mat e capaci t y
val ues as chosen by t he user.
4. Output i s made t o t he desi gnated out put uni t .
5. The program i s termi nated.
C. Addi t i onal Problems
1. I f more t han one data set exi st s i n t he i nput datas f i l e , then steps
1 t hr ough 4 i n Sect i on 8 are repeated u n t i l a l l problems have been
analyzed. An unl i mi t ed number of problems may be sol ved i n one run.
6.2 PC Appl i cat i on
A. Prepare I nput F i l e
P. Usi ng ei t her t he W86IN program (.see The Users Manual, Volume I V) or a
t e x t / l i n e edi t or (see Volume I ) , cr eat e t he i nput data f i l e
accordi ng t o t he r equi r ed format.
2. Ed i t ( i f ' necessary) t he FILES.DAT t o cor r ect t he f i l e names t o be
used i n t he WEAP86 run. I f you have changed t he FILES.DAT f i l e , copy
t he new FILES.OAT t o t he HEAP86 di sk, o v e wr i t i n g t he ol d.
0. Execute t he WEAP86 Program
1. FILES.OAT i s read and ot her 1/0 f i l e s ar e assigned.
2. The i nput data f i l e i s read f or t he case t o be analyzed.
3. The hanuner data f i l e i s read f o r t he r equi r ed hammer.
4. The wave equati on anal ysi s i s performed.
5. Output i s made t o t he desi gnated out put uni t .
6. The program i s termi nated.
C. Additional Problems
1. I f t h e input file contains more than one problem, then steps 1
through 5 in Section B are repeated until all oroblems in the inout
file have been analyzed. Up to 10 cases may be '"chained" together' in
the input file.
7. HAMMER DATA FILE AND MAINTENANCE
7.1 Mainframe Appl i cat i on
The hammer data f i l e i s di s t r i but ed as a formatted, sequenti al l y-accessed
ASCII f i l e c al l ed ASCIHM. To pr ovi de f or qui cker data access dur i ng program
executi on, t he ASCII f i l e , ASCIHM, i s converted t o a di rect -access bi nar y f i l e
cal l ed HAMRDAT.
The HAMRMA program provi des f or t he maintenance o f t he hammer data f i l e .
It provi des t he f ol l owi ng f unct i ons or tasks:
ITASK = 1: Tr ansf er data from t he f ormat t ed s&quent i al l y-accesi ed f i l e
ASCIHM t o a newly creat ed and i n i t i a l i z e d di rect -access bi nar y
f i 1 e , HAMRDAT .
ITASK = 2: Load new hammer data (ASCII f ormat ) t o speci f i ed I 0 numbers i n
HAMRDAT ( bi nar y format).
'ITASK = 3: L i s t sel ect ed hammer data from HAMRDAT.
ITASK = 4: Tr ansf er hammer data from HAMROAT ( bi nar y f or mat ) t o ASCI HM
(ASCII form).
ITASK = 5: Program t ermi nat i on.
A t ask i s i nvoked by pr ovi di ng a opt i on card ( or l i n e ) f o r each task t o
be performed. The opt i on card reads as f ol l ows:
Columns
1- 4 ITASK See above.
5- 8 ISTART For ITASK = 3 onl y; s t ar t i ng ID t o be l i s t e d , ot hewi s e
ignored.
9-12 ISTOP F o r ITASK = 3 onl y ; endi ng I D t o be l i s t e d , ot her wi se
i gnored.
13-15 LEVEL For ITASK = 3 onl y; l evel o f hammer data out put , ot herwi se
i gnored .
= I - I D number, hammer manufacturer and name.
= 2 - As i n 1 and al so r a m wei ght and st r oke and ent r y
date.
= 3 - Complete data l i s t i n g .
16-18 N For ITASK = 2 onl y; number of data set s t o be read from t he
i nput f i l e and wr i t t en i n t o HAMRDAT, ot herwi se i gnored.
A l l opt i on l i n e car d i nput s ar e read on I4 formats, i.e., t he f i r s t
1
i nt eger shoul d r esi de i n columns 1 through 4, second 5 through 8, t h i r d 9
throuqh 12 and so on. The i nt es er val ues shoul d al so be r i o h t - j u s t i f i e d i n
I
t hei r - r espect i ve f i el d. Al so not e t hat t he opt i on l i n e card; mt st s t a r t on
I
t he f i r s t i nput l i n e and t hat more than one opt i on l i n e card may be i nput .
\
The i ndi vi dual t asks and t h e i r addi t i onal i nput s ar e descri bed below.
1
7.1.1 ITASK = 1 - Tr ansf er r i ng ASCIHM (ASCII) t o HAMRDAT ( Bi nar y)
To t r ansf er o r convert t he formatted, sequenti al l y-accessed, A S C I I ASCIHM
hammer data f i l e t o t he di rect -access, bi nar y f i l e HAMRDAT (whi ch i s used i n
WEAP86), t he opt i on l i n e card would read
1 1
... ... Column : 4...8 2...6...........
. Opt i on Card: 1
Opti on Card: 5
"1" performs t he conversi on (readi ng ASCIHM and wr i t i n g t o HAMRDAT) and "5"
t ermi nat es t he program properl y.
7.1.2 ITASK = 2 - Loadi ng New Hammers
The opt i on l i n e card f o r l oadi ng new hammers would cont ai n a
1 1
Column : ... 4...8 ... 2...6...........
Opti on Card: 2 0 0 nn
nn-Hammer Data ( i ns er t hammer data here f o r nn set s)
Opti on Card: 5
where "2" i nvokes t he l oadi ng subrout i ne and nn represent s t he number o f ham-
mers t hat are t o be read and wr i t t en t o HAMROAT. " 5" t ermi nat es t he program.
The hammer data i s i nser t ed as shown above. See Fi gur e 7.1 f o r t he
c or r ec t f or mat , r e f e r t o Volume 11, Chapt er 3 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e
quant i t i es.
tl ammer Dat a Loadi ng Input Form
1)
UANUFACT NAME TYPE U
LUuLLULLLLLULLLUJ
RAM WQllT RAM LQT$$ R A h QI AU
KI PS
n
FT I N
2.
'a c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l _ I I VI I I I ~~I I I I I I I I I ~
I S W(LI1T
m 18 LOTI I IS DI AU COR IB DR 18
V
KI P8 I N IN FT
,-. L I ~ _ L L L L L U _ L U _ I U ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ I ~ I I ~ I ~ I I I I I I
DEPIB CIIMBR. A CIIMOR. V
:r
CUB DELAY CUB DRTN
w I N 8 0 I N CU IN SECONDS
3
8ECONOS
jif 7 L I ~ L ~ I I I I I I I I ~ ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ ~ I ~ I I I I I I I I
e
PATU P I P 2 P3 P4 P6
P
w
PSI PSI PSI PSI Pas PSI
?+
- ~ . ~ u u I I I I 1 I ~ U J I I I ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I ~ ~ I ~
O A1 OTRT V
K
A1 END V MAX STRK MIN 8TRK EFFIGY
-2. CU I N CU I N FT
3
FT
'a
-h 0 LLLI _I _UI J~I I I I U_I I ~I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~I I I I I I I I ~I I ~I ~
CO EXP DEPBB B C AREA DOST
2
0 SAFE C TANK V
REACTN WT CO EXP 8 0
IN 8 0 11) I N
I H CU I N KI P8
I - I U . U L ~ . L U U I ~ I U ~ I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I ( I I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ L )
E.C. R I D P EFF AREA AS8M W 1 A88M W 2 A8 8 M W 3 ASSM 8 7 1 A8SM 8 T 2 A s s M ST 3
PSI CU I N LBSl CU FT LOBl CU FT LBSl CU FT KI PSl I N KI PBI I N Kl PSl f N
~-IVUI~~~.LLUU~VI_I_IIU~~~LU~LUIL~~I~IIIIII~IIIIIIIII~~IIII~III~III~IIIIII
COR AS DR A8
FT
co
MA CONF. DATE
7.1.3 ITASK = 3 Listing ~ a h e r s Currently o n ' ~ i 1 e
For hammer data l i s t i ng, the option l i ne cards would read
1 1
Col umn: ... 4...8...2...6 ...........
Option Card: 3 xx yy zz
Option Card: 5
where "3" invokes the l i s t i ng subroutine, xx and yy are the inclusive s t ar t i ng
and ending hammer ID .numbers, respectively and zz i s the o u t p u t level (1 t o
3). Option "5" terminates the program.
7. 1. 4 ITASK = 4 Transferring HAMRDAT (Binary) t o ASCIHM (ASCII)
To t r a ns f e r the contents of the binary hammer data f i l e , HAMRDAT, t o t he
ASCII f i l e , ASCIHM, t he option l i ne cards would read
-
Column : .... 4...8...2...6 ............
Option Card: 4
Option Card: 5
NOTE: ACHIHM i s created as a new f i l e.
7.2 PC Application
The hammer data f i l e (HAMMERJAT) i s di st ri but ed as a direct-access
binary f i l e with record lengths of 300 bytes each.
Li s t i ng, loading and the correction of the hammer data f i l e can be made
using the W86IN program - Main Branch Option 4 - Hammer Maintenance (see PC
-
Users Manual, Volume IV).
WAVE
EQUATION
FINAL REPORT
MAY 1986
Technical Report Docurnentotion Page 1 '
I . i2voort No. 2. Govsmmenr Acsasxnon No. 3. 2eclonant I Cototog No.
I
J. Ttrl. ona Suotrtl* 2.0.,,, aar. ,
WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
March 1986
WEAP86 PROGRAM 6. Perto~monq Org~n~zornon COG. I
Volume IV. Users Manual f o r PC Application
8. Parrormln9 Orgon~zaroon Rsport No.
7 Author. sr
G. G. Goble and F. Rausche
McLean, vi r gi ni a 22101-2296
15. Suppiemantory Nor-s
FHWA cont r act manager: Chien-Tan Chang (HOV-10)
9. Pariorming Orglalration Nom. end Address
Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Inc.
4535 Emery Industri a1 Parkway
Cleveland, OH 44128
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Implementation
Federal Highway Administration
6300 Georqetown Pike
,". nu- , , "- .
The WEAP Program, wr i t t en and documented under a previous FHWA cont r act i n 1976
and updated in 1981, was f ur t her developed. The documentation was completely
rewri t t en f or addi t i onal or revised information. The new program r ef er r ed t o as
WEAP86, includes a l l of t he WEAP f eat ur es plus t he following new models:
Separate models f or l i qui d and atomized fuel i nj ect i on of di esel h a n e r s
Residual s t r e s s anal ysi s.
Real i s t i c s pl i ce model.
10. Wotk Unit No. (TRAI S)
1 1 . cant,oct or Grant N-.
DTFH61-84-C-00100
13. Type oi Roporr and Period Cov.r.d
Final Report
14. Sponsoring Agency Coda
An important addition was an updated and/or revised hammer dat a f i l e w i t h new
ef f i ci ency values based on research performed under another cont r act f or FHWA.
Furthermore, extensive t abl es covering helmets, cushions, and pi l es were compiled
and included in t he documentation. Another important f acet of t he WEAP86 work was
t he development of a program version f o r personal computers. The main e f f or t
consi st ed of providing f or a user-friendlylmenu-driven i n p u t program and a graphics
output option.
This i s t he f our t h volume amona four. The ot her s ar e
r
\
i :
I '
I
"
FHWA No. Vol. No. Ti t l e
I Bdckground
I I General Users Manual
I I I Program I ns t al l at i on Manual
I
17. Key Words
Combustion, Computers, Design, Diesel,
Dynamics, Foundations, Hammers, Impact,
Pi l e dr i vi ng, Residual s t r e s s , Soil
mechanics, Wave equation.
I
18. Distribution Stovamat
No r es t r i ct i ons . This document i s
avai l abl e t o t he public through t he
National Technical Information Service.
Spri ngfi el d, Virginia 22161.
22. Pri sa
Form DOT F 1700.7 i8-721
Reprodustion of compl et ed poge aut hori zed
21. No. o i Pogss
64
19. Sesunty Cl.sril. (ot this reoortl
Unclassified
20. S.curlry CI ~I I I ~. ( oi this page1
Unclassified
VOLUME I V : USERS MANUAL FOR PC APPLICATION
Chapter .
............................... 1 . General Descr i pt i on o f PC Appl i cat i on 1
1.1 I nt r oduct i on ............................................... 1
1.2 Det ai l s o f PC Appl i cat i on ............................. 1
.................... 1.2.1 Hardware Requirements f o r WEAP86 1
1.2.2 Di sk Contents ................................ 2
............ 1.2.3 Execut i on o f W86IN on Dual Dr i ve Systems 2
1.2.4 Execut i on on a Hard Dr i ve System Only ............... 3
1.3 F i l e Name Decl ar at i ons . FILES.DAT ......................... 3
1.3.1 I nput F i l e ......................................... 4
....................... 1.3.2 Hammer Data F i l e . HAMMER.DAT 4
.................................................... 1.4 Summary 4
2 . Program Descr i pt i on ................................................. 6
2.1 Get t i ng St ar t ed ............................................ 6
2.2 Notes on Menu I nput ........................................ 6
2.3 Nonuni form P i l e Pr o f i l e .................................... 7
2.4 P i l e Segment Opt i on .................................. 8
............................... 2.4.1 P i l e Segment Opt i on 0 9
2.4.2 P i l e Segment Opt i on 1 ............................... 9
2.4.3 P i l e Segment Opt i on 2 ............................... 10
......... 2.5 Ski n Fr i c t i o n Di s t r i b u t i o n and Sel ect ed Parameters 11
2.5.1 User Speci f i ed Parameters ........................... 11
2.5.1.1 Branch Opt i on 0 ............................ 11
2.5.1.2 Branch Opt i on '.I1.. ....................... 12
2.5.1.3 Branch Opt i on ' . Z 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 P i l e Segment . Sl ack/ Spl i ce ............................ 13
3 . Main Menu (Branchi ng)
3.1 Branch Opt i on ' 0' . Begi n Termi nal I nput / Modi f i cat i on ...... 15
3.1.1 Example 1 same as Example 1 i n Volume 11) .......... 16
3.1.2 Example 2 i Hypot het i cal Hammer I nput (Same
as Example 4 i n Volume 11) .......................... 23
3.1.3 Example 3 . P i l e Segment and Damping I nput
(Same as Example 5 i n Volume 11) .................... 36
3.2 Main Menu Opt i on 1 . Read Pr evi ousl y St ored I nput
( Modi f i cat i on/ Anal ysi s) ................................... 50
3.3 Main Menu Opt i on 2 . Di spl ay Current I nput ................. 50
3.4 Main Menu Opt i on 3 . St or e Current I nput ................... 52
3.5 Main Menu Opt i on 4 . Hammer Data F i l e Maintenance .......... 53
3.5.1 Opt i on -1 . Ret urn t o Main Branchi ng ................ 53
3.5.2 Opt i on 0 . Hammer Data F i l e L i s t i n g ................. 53
3.5.3 Opt i on 1 . I nput Hammer Data ........................ 56
3.5.4 Opt i on 2 . Cor r ect i on t o Ex i s t i ng Hammer ............ 57
3.6 Main Menu Opt i on '-2' . Re i n i t i a l i z e ....................... 57
3.7 Main Menu Opt i on ' -1' . Termi nal Program ................... 57
4 . Graphics Output
4.1 Graphi cs Opt i on ............................................ 58
................................................ 4.2 Data Fi l es. 60
.............................. 4.3 Output Examples wi t h Graphi cs 60
4.4 Scal es ..................................................... 61
iii
CHAPTER I
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PC APPLICATION
1.1 I nt r oduct i on
Thi s manual expl ai ns t he use o f t he W86IN program whi ch was wr i t t e n f o r a
menu t ype t er mi nal i nput o f t he dat a necessary f or a WEAP86 program execut i on.
Thi s volume does not expl ai n t he rel evance o f t he i ndi vi dual quant i t i es, t h e i r
def aul t s o r t h e i r physi cal meaning. However, W86IN was wr i t t e n such t h a t a
cross r ef er ence t o Volume I 1 ( i n par t i cul ai - Chapter 111) i s very si mpl e.
Also, Volume I background shoul d be read bef or e proceedi ng wi t h an anal ysi s.
Thi s manual does not repeat t he program i n s t a l l a t i o n recommendations whi ch
were di scussed i n Volume 111. or qui ck ref erence, however, a b r i e f summary
f ol l ows f o r a complete new cycl e o f anal ysi s.
A. Prepare I nput Data
1. Obt ai n physi cal dat a as descr i bed i n Volume I, Chapter I V .
2. Obt ai n hammer data. I f desi r ed hammer dat a i s not r ef er enced i n
Tabl e 1, Vol 11, cont act manuf act urer and obt ai n dat a as descr i bed
i n Vol I, Ch I V .
B. Creat e I nput Data F i l e
1. Usi ng W86IN, prepare dat a i nput f i l e WEAP.DAT. Any ot her f i l e
name maybe used as l ong as t he same dat a i nput f i l e name appears
i n FILES.DAT
2. St or e dat a i nput f i l e under a descr i pt i ve f i l e name f o r ' f ut ur e
reuse bef or e WEAP.DAT i s over wr i t t en by anot her problem set .
C. Run WEAP86
Not e t h a t st ep B can al so be repl aced by d i r e c t l y pr epar i ng WEAP.DAT
usi ng an edi t or and f ol l owi ng t he i nput i ns t r uc t i ons o f Volume 11, Chapter
111.
For hammer dat a f i l e maintenance, i ncl udi ng t he l i s t i n g o f avai l abl e dat a
sets, t he W86IN program may al so be used. Just f ol l ow t he i ns t r uc t i ons and
answer a l l quest i ons st ep by step.
1.2 Det ai l s o f PC Appl i cat i on
1.2.1 Hardware Requirements f o r WEAP86
The W86IN has been desi gned t o run on an IBM-PC or compat i bl e machine
t hat cont ai ns
A. Two 360k di s k dr i v es o r one 360k d i s k d r i v e and one har d dr i ve.
0. A p r i n t e r f o r out put .
I n or der t o d i r e c t t h e comput er t o t h e pr oper dr i v es , a f i l e FILES.DAT
has been pr ovi ded whi ch cont ai ns names and d r i v e s p e c i f i e r s f o r a l l f i l e s
c a l l e d by WEAP86 and W86IN.
1.2.2 Di sk Cont ent s
The WEAP86 Programs ( execut abl e ver si ons onl y ) and t h e dat a f i l e s ar e
d i s t r i b u t e d on t hr ee di s k et t s . The di s k s ' cont ent s ar e as f ol l ows:
Di sk 1: W86IN.EXE - I n t e r a c t i v e i n p u t program
FILES.DAT - F i l e s p e c i f i e r
HEADNG.DAT - Headi ngs and menu names f o r W86IN
Di sk 2: WEAP86.EXE - Wave equat i on anal y s i s program
FILES.DAT - F i l e s p e c i f i e r
Di sk 3: HAMMER.DAT - Hammer dat a f i l e
EXA??.DAT - Tes t examples
Be f o r e . pr oceedi ng wi t h program execut i on, t h e user i s ur ged t o make a
backup s e t o f di sks.
For an expl anat i on o f t h e f i l e s , see VOLUME 111, CHAPTER I 11 -
DESCRIPTION OF. FILES. It i s i mpor t ant t o under st and t h a t FILES.DAT i s r ead by
bot h t h e WEAP86 and W86IN programs and b a s i c a l l a y l e t s t he programs know on
whi ch d r i v e t h e needed f i l e s r esi de.
The W86IN t er mi nal i n p u t r o u t i n e i s execut ed wi t h t h e use o f Di sk 1 and
Di sk 3 and one o f t h e PC dr i ve- combi nat i on descr i bed i n Sect i on 1.2.1.
1.2.3 Execut i on o f W86IN on Dual Dr i v e Systems
The W86IN program and dat a f i l e s a r e bei ng s uppl i ed on IBM-PC compat i bl e
360k di sks. The di s k s do not c ont ai n oper at i ng systems.
I n or der t o execut e t he programs, you must f i r s t - boot y o u r syst em on a
v a l i d oper at i ng system di s k bef or e r unni ng t h e program.
To r un a program, make sur e Dr i v e A i s t h e d e f a u l t d r i v e (A> shoul d be
prompted). Then si mpl y i n s e r t t h e des i r ed program d i s k (e.g. W86IN.EXE o r
WEAP86.EXE) i n Dr i v e A, t h e dat a f i l e di s k i n Dr i v e B, and t ype t he program
name. Not e FILES.DAT must r es i de on t h e d e f a u l t d r i v e and FILES.DAT must be
av ai l abl e t o a l l t h e programs o f t h e WEAP86 package. For t wo d i s k e t t e dr i v es ,
t h e FILES.DAT names can be used unedi t ed.
1.2.4 Execut i on on a Hard Dr i ve system Only
I f t h e user works wi t h a hard di sk, t hen i t i s suggested t o cr eat e a
di r ect or y f o r t he WEAP86 program package. Copy t he cont ent s o f t he t hr ee
di sks i n t o t he desi gnat ed area. Ed i t t he FILES.DAT f i l e and e d i t t he d r i v e
desi gnat ors o f t he f i l e names t o t he cor r ect d r i v e l e t t e r ( i n ot her words, t o
t he dr i v e where t he f i l e s resi de). Thi s process i s f u r t h e r expl ai ned i n
VOLUME 111, CHAPTER 111. When execut i ng t he program, t he def aul t d r i v e must
be t he desi gnat ed area.
Again, remember FILES.OAT must r esi de on t he def aul t dr i ve.
1.3 F i l e Name Decl ar at i ons - F1LES.DAT
FILES.DAT i s a shor t f ormat t ed, sequent i al , ASCII f i l e whi ch cont ai ns t he
ICOL opt i on and t he i nput / out put f i l enames whi ch w i l l be read aut omat i cal l y
upon ent er i ng e i t h e r WEAP86 o r W86IN program.
The f i l e s cont ent s are as f ol l ows:
Li ne 1: I COL Op t i o n - i f s e t t o 0 ( d e f a u l t ) , 80-col umn o r i f s e t t o 1,
132-col umn out put i s made t o t he p r i n t e r f i l e . ICOL i s read on a 14
format, i.e. t he val ue must be i n t h e f o u r t h column on t he f i r s t l i n e
o f FILES.DAT.
Li ne 2: DATA INPUT FILE - name o f t he f i l e whi ch serves as bot h t he cur r ent
i nput f o r WEAP8cand t he def aul t f i l ename f o r W86IN.
Li ne 3: OUTPUT FILE - name o f t he f i l e where t h e " pr i nt ed" r es ul t s w i l l be
\
di r ect ed t o, i .e. l i n e pr i nt er , . consol e, or f i l ename.
I
Li ne 4: HAMMER DATA FILE - name o f hammer dat a f i l e t o be used (HAMMER.DAT).
Li ne 5: BEARI NG GRAPH OUTPUT FILE - f i l ename f o r st orage o f Summary Tabl e
r esul t s.
1
Li ne 6: VARIABLES VS TIME OUTPUT FILE - f i l ename f o r st orage o f t he var i abl es
(desi gnat ed by IOUT) vs t i me ( f o r every t i me i ncrement dur i ng t he
anal ysi s) .
IMPORTANT: The cor r ect f i l e names must occur on t he proper l i n e o r dat a
may be destroyed. For i nst ance, i f Li nes 3 and 4 were reversed, t he act ual
hammer data coul d not be read from out put devi ce (such as t he l i n e p r i n t e r )
I and t h e " p r i n t e d " r e s u l t s woul d be sent t o t h e hammer dat a f i l e t hus
dest r oyi ng i t s cont ent s,
Example: The FILES.DAT cont ent s are as f ol l ows:
<--------- USE 14 FORMAT TO ENTER ICOL I N THIS PLACE
<-- NAME OF DATA INPUT FILE
A:PRN <-- NAME OF OUTPUT FI LE .. .
B:HAMMER.DAT <-- NAME OF HAMMER DATA FILE
B:FILEZl.DAT <-- NAME OF BEARING GRAPH OUTPUT FI LE
B.FILE22.DAT <-- NAME OF VARIABLES VS TIME OUTPUT FI LE
The above example causes t h e f o l l o wi n g ac t i on.
The i n p u t dat a woul d be r ead f r om WEAP.DAT l oc at ed on Dr i v e B, 80-column
p r i n t e r out put woul d be gener at ed and woul d go t o a l i n e p r i n t e r (does not
appl y t o W86IN). The hammer dat a f i l e on Dr i v e B woul d be used. The bear i ng
graph out put and t h e v ar i abl es vs t i me dat a, bot h' us ed i n t h e WEAP86 execut -
abl e program, not i n W86IN, woul d be d i r e c t e d t o FILE21.DAT and FILE22.DAT on
Dr i v e B, r espect i vel y.
F i l e s PRN, FILE21.DAT and FILE22.DAT ar e not used w i t h W86IN b u t onl y i n
t h e WEAP86 e x e c u t a b l e pr ogr am. Re f e r t o Vol ume 111, Ch a p t e r I 11 f o r an
expl anat i on o f t hese f i l e s .
1.3.1 I nput F i l e
The i n p u t f i l e c a l l e d WEAP.DAT i n t h e above example, i s a f or mat t ed,
sequent i al l y- accessed ASCII f i l e whi ch c ont ai ns i n p u t dat a f o r t h e WEAP86
program. The f i l e may be cr eat ed w i t h t h e execut i on o f t h e W86IN program br
wi t h t h e use o f an edi t or . Ref er t o VOLUME I 1 f or t h e cont ent s o f t he i n p u t
f i l e .
The name o f t h e i f l put f i l e i s desi gnat ed by L i n e 2 o f t he FILES.DAT.
1.3.2 Hammer Data F i l e - HAMMER.DAT
The hammer dat a f i l e , HAMMER.DAT, i s a di r ect - access bi nar y f i l e w i t h
r ecor d l engt hs o f 300 byt es each f o r each hammer. The hammer dat a f i l e t o be
used i s desi gnat ed on L i n e 4 o f t h e FILES.DAT f i l e . Agai n, t h e name i n i t s e l f
i s not r e s t r i c t e d t o HAMMER.DAT b u t t h e f i l e named on L i n e 4 o f t he FILES.DAT
f i l e must c ont ai n t h e hammer dat a.
Hammer dat a may be added, l i s t e d o r c or r ec t ed by means o f t h e W86IN
program. For f u r t h e r i nf or mat i on on t h e mai nt enance o f t h e hammer dat a f i l e ,
see Sect i on 3.4.
i
1.4 Summary i
F u r t h e r d e t a i l s a r e g i v e n i n VOLUME 111, however , a summary o f t h e
programs necessary and s u f f i c i e n t f o r wave equat i on anal y s i s f ol l ows:
A. W86IN Rout i ne
1. Crebtes new WEAP.DAT ( or ot her name) f o r WEAP86.
2. Reads and modi f i es ol d WEAP.DAT ( or ot her name) f o r WEAP86
executi on.
3. St o r e s new or updated WEAP.DAT f i l e .
4. Uses, updates and/or l i s t s HAMMER.DAT.
B. WEAP86 Program
1. Reads Fi l es.DAT and t hen r eads WEAP.DAT o r o t h e r i n p u t dat a
f i l ename as per FILES.DAT.
2. Reads HAMMER.DAT i f so r equi r ed by t he I HAMR opt i on.
3. Wri t es t o a pr i nt er f i l e (see FILES.DAT).
4. Wri t es t o FILEZl.DAT, FILlZl.DAT, FILEZZl.DAT, ... i f more than one
data set was present i n WEAP.DAT. FILE21.DAT cont ai ns t he f i n a l
summary, i.e. t he beari ng graph data.
5. Wr i t es t o FILE22.DAT ( al so FIL122.DAT,... i f more t han one data
set). FILE22.DAT cont ai ns sel ect ed var i abl es (depending on t he
IOUT opt i on) as a f unct i on o f ti me.
Regar di ng t he chai ni ng o f problems: up t o 10 problems may succeed each
other. However, W86IN i s not capable o f wr i t i n g more than one problem t o a
f i l e . The user would need t o use an edi t or f or copyi ng one f i l e behi nd each
ot her i f he wants t o execute more than one problem a t one ti me.
CHAPTER 2
PROGRAM OESCRlPTION
2.1 Get t i ng St ar t ed
I
I
F i r s t , make sure t hat W86IN.EXE and F1.LES.DAT ar e present on t he def aul t
dri ve. A l l ot her f i l e s shoul d be an t he same (hard di sk) o r anot her dr i v e
( di sket t e) . To l oad t he program t ype W86IN and press RETURN. Upon ent er i ng
t he program t he f ol l owi ng message i s di spl ayed:
I
I
UERP86 Terminal Inout Routine - Verlion 1.0
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 ... Terminate Prngran
0 ... Beqin Terminal Inout/Modifications
1 ... Read Previ0us:y Stored Inout (Modifications/!4nalysis)
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 . . . Store Current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
.
Thi s i s t he main branchi ng poi nt i n t he program. From t h i s menu, t he user
may undergo any opt i on -2 t hrough 4. Chapter 3 o f t h i s volume ( I V) expl ai ns
each opt i on i n det ai l and shows examples when appl i cabl e.
Duri ng t he s t a r t up o f W86IN. t he FILES.DAT f i l e i s opened and read. Re-
f e r t o Volume 111, Chapter 3, f o r a det ai l ed descr i pt i on o f t h i s f i l e . I n
short , f i l e FILES.DAT i s a short , sequent i al f i l e which cont ai ns t he i nput -
out put f i l e names ref erenced by W861N and WEAP86. Def aul t names are those
f i l e names read from FILES.DAT. The f i l e names shoul d al so i ncl ude t he dr i v e
desi gnat i on f o r t he respect i ve f i l e .
Notes on Menu I nput
Most o f t he Branch Opti ons have been set up i n a menu t ype format. An
example o f a menu format i s di spl ayed as f ol l ows:
Helrnet/Hamm.r Cushion Information
UTn .OO Ueipht of the Helmer (kios) CRPU
OR= .OO area of the Hammer Cu?hion (H. C. ) , (in21 RCRP
EM- .OM Elastic Modulus uf the H. C. (ksi) ECRP
TH- .0000 Thickness of the H. C. (in) TCRP
CR- .a000 Coefficient of Restitution for H. C. CORCRP
RO- .ID100 Rouna Out Deformation of H. C. (0 --> 0.010) (ft) DRC?
ST= 0. Stifrness of the H. C. (Overridest nR(EM) /TH) (klin) STC?
Enter NOME-urxx. x x ** RETURN To End Inout H
The W861N menu i n p u t name (WT, AR, EM, etc.), t h e WEAP86 i n t e r n a l v a r i -
abl e names (CAPW, ACAP, ECAP, TCAP, etc.) and a s hor t des c r i pt i on o f t he v a r i -
abl es ar e gi ven.
To change an opt i on, t h e user i s r equi r ed t o ent er t he t wo - l e t t e r menu
name (WT, AR, EM, etc.), an ' equal si gn' , t hen t h e numer i cal val ue and a
RETURN. The r equi r ed f or mat i s di spl ayed by t h e
Ent er NAME=xxxx.xx
where NAME r epr esent s t h e t wo- l et t er menu name, t h e 'a' and t h e numer i cal
val ue xxxx.xx. Example:
Bot h exampl es ar e consi der ed i dent i c al . The t wo- l et t er menu name may be
e i t h e r l ower - o r uppercase l e t t e r s and spaces ar e not al l owed. I f t h e i n p u t
does not conf orm t o t he r equi r ed f or mat o r i s n o t a v a l i d i nput , t he f o l l o wi n g
message i s di spl ayed
**** INVALID NAME OR FORMAT - TRY AGAIN! *****
and t he i nput i s i gnored. Onl y t hose v ar i abl es t h a t ar e di spl ayed may be
modi f i ed.
I n p u t f o r t he menu cont t nues u n t i l a doubl e RETURN a f t e r an i nput o r a
s i ngl e RETURN i s gi ven i mmedi at el y f o l l o wi n g di spl ay. I f changes were made on
t he c ur r ent pass, t he menu w i l l be r edi spl ayed wi t h t he updat ed val ues. I f no
changes were made, t he program w i l l br anch t o t h e nex t menu.
2.3 Nonuni form P i l e P r o f i l e
I f t h e p i l e i n quest i on i s not uni f or m, t hen a p i l e p r o f i l e must be
speci f i ed. Thi s i s done by s e t t i n g 'NC' = 1 i n t h e menu shown bel ow:
NN- 18. Numoer of P i l s Seqments (N) N
NC- 1. Uni f or m P i l e Ontion (%/I: UniCorm/Non-Uniform) NCROSB
PO- 3. P i l e Damning ( 0 -) Normal) IBEDPM
Enter NflME-rurx. xu
u RETURN To End Innut w
Once "NC" has been s et t o ' l ' , t he f o l l o wi n g message w i l l be di spl ayed:
Noni l ni f or m P i l e Pr opi l e
H Star+ at Fi r st Cross-Secti onal Change w
Deot h Orea E-Wod So. Wqht
( XPI (OP) ( EP ) (UP)
ft i n2 ksl l bs/ ?t 3
NCROSS
where
DEPTH (XP) f s t h e p i l e dept h bel ow t op where2t he p i l e s ec t i on changes
f s t he cr oss- sect i onal ar ea i n i n a t Dept h
i s t he e l a s t i c modul us i n k s i at j Dept h
S.W. (WP) i s t he s p e c i f i c wei ght i n l b s / f t a t Dept h
The us er shoul d not i n p u t p i l e t op p r o f i l e because i t had al r eady been
ent er ed i n t he P i l e Top Pr oper t i es Menu.
The program i nt er pol at es p r o p e r i t i e s l i n e r a l y between consecut i ve XP(1)
val ues. St epwi se changes o f cr oss- sect i on ( o r changes o f mat er i al ) have t o be
i d e n t i f i e d by two i nput wi t h i d e n t i c a l DEPTH values., f i r s t g i v i n g t h e p i l e
pr oper i t i es j u s t above t h e change and second j u s t bel ow t h a t sect i on. Any
combi nat i on o f l i n e a r wi t h s t r a i g h t s ec t i on and w i t h any t y pe o f mat er i al i s
possi bl e. The program r ecogni zed t h e l a s t s et o f i nput val ues by compari ng
DEPTH wi t h t he t o t a l l engt h o f t h e p i l e . It i s t her ef or e, i mper at i ve t h a t t he
l a s t s et o f 'DEPTH, AREA, EMOD, S.W.' s pec i f i c at i ons s t a r t wi t h a DEPTH val ue
gr eat er t han o r equal t o t he t o t a l p i l e l engt h.
The p i l e E-Mod ( El as t i c Modul us) and Sp. Wght ( Spec i f i c Wei ght ) do not
have t o be ent er ed i f t hey ar e t h e same as t h e val ues ent er ed i n t he P i l e Top
Pr oper t i es Menu o r if t hey ar e t h e same as ent er ed i n t he pr evi ous l i n e .
Af t e r i nput i s compl eted, t h e nonuni f or m p i l e model i s r edi spl ayed.
Non-Unlforrn Pile Profile
I Deoth area -Moo SO. ~ g h t
( XP) (RP) (EP) (UP)
. ft in2 k lbs/ftZ
X XX,XX XX.XX XX.XX XX. XX
X XX.XX XX.XX XX.XX XX.XX
Correct~onsq
B ... Continua Uath Current Default
1 ... Corracolons to OR ?lade
where xx.xx r epr esent i nput data.
The us er i s now gi ven t h e oppor t uni t y t o modi f y any dat a t h a t was i nput
i n c o r r e c t l y by ent er i ng a '1' and a 'RETURN'. To modi f y sel ect ed 1 i nes o f t he
p i l e model, t he user must ent er t h e l i n e number 'Io, and t he cor r espondi ng
cor r ect ed p i 1 e data.
I nput cont i nues u n t i l 'I' f s equal t o zer o o r j u s t a 'RETURN' i s ent er ed.
The model i s t hen r edi spl ayed wi t h t he modi f i ed val ues and t he user agai n has
t he oppor t uni t y t o make addi t i onal changes i f necessary.
2.4 P i l e Segment Opt i on
Fo l l o wi n g t he p i l e p r o f i l e dat a i nput , t he user i s prompted t o ent er a
p i l e segment opt i on as shown below.
Ent er:
P i l e Seqmene Ootxon I PEL
0 ... PUTOMPTIC OETERMI NRTI ON of Flaramerers
1 . .. I nout LENGTHS ( P ~ ~ r ~ ~ ma r l c St l ffnesses and Masses)
8 ... I nout LENGTHS. STIFFNESSEB and MaSSE;
This menu allows t he user t o input pi l e segment char act er i st i cs as described
above.
2.4.1 Pi l e Segment Op t i o n 0: AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION of Parameters
Enter option ' 0' i f pi l e segment lengths, st i f f nesses and masses are t o
be computed automatically (segments of equal length will be generated).
2.4.2 Pi l e Segment Option 1: input LENGTHS (Automatic St i ffnesses and Masses)
Option '1' should be entered i f the user chooses t o input the segment
lengths but not the pi l e segment st i f f nesses and masses (determined automati-
cal l y) . The pi l e segment lengths are entered as shown below.
An input of '1' with a t ot al pi l e length of 35 f t and dividing the pi l e
into 7 segments, r esul t s in the following message t o be displayed.
P i l e Segment Langt ns (relative). PLPH w N = 7 *-
8 ... Cont i nue Wi t h Cur r e nt Va l ue s
1 . . . Correct xons To Be Maac
where N: i s the pi l e segment number
D: depth a t which pi l e segment ends.,
V: the actual length of pi l e segment N.
I f t he values are correct ent er a ' 0' or simply give a ' RETURN' and the
program will continue.
An i n p u t of ' 1' allows the user t o change any pi l e segment length. The
following message i s displayed:
/ Enrer N:STRRT N:STOP VALUE
++ RETURN To End I nout w
i
where N:START is t he pi l e segment number st ar t i ng value
N:STOP i s the pi l e segment stopping value
VALUE i s the corrected pi l e segment length
The f ol l owi ng i nput set s segment number 1 equal t o 4.0 ft, segments 2
t hr u 6 t o 5.0 ft, and segment number 7 t o 6.0 ft (sum of segment l engt hs must
equal t o t a l p i l e l engt h).
Se t t i n g N:START equal t o N:STOP al l ows t he user t o change one p i l e seg-
ment a t a time. I nput ends when N:START i s equal t o zero or j u s t a 'RETURN'
i s given. Af t er changes have been made, t he p i l e segment l engt hs w i l l be re-
di spl ayed as shown below.
Pi l e Segmnnt Lengths ( r el at i ve) PLPH u N * 7 H
0 . . . Cuntinue With Current Val ues
I ... Cor r ect i ons To Be Made
Not i c e t h a t t he 0: values, 'whi'ch represent t he depth a t which t he cor r e-
sponding segment ends, d i d not change from t he previ ous menu. The segment
depths w i l l be recomputed when a l l modi f i cat i ons o f t he segment l engt hs have
.been made and a f i n a l 'RETURN' i s entered. When t h i s occurs t he f ol l owi ng
message w i l l be di spl ayed.
Af t er a few seconds t he menu wi t h t he cor r ect ed depths w i l l be di spl ayed.
P i l e Seqmsnt Lengfhs ( r el at i ve) PLPH H N = ' 7 +c
0 ... Contlnue Wi th Cur r ent Val ue$
1 ... Cor r ec~i ons To Be made
Not e t h a t onl y p i l e segment l e n g t h val ues can be i n p u t o r mo d i f i e d
( V: . The p i l e segment numbers and dept hs ar e computed w i t h i n t h e
program. A t t h i s poi nt gi ve a 'RETURN' t o cont i nue wi t h t he program.
2.4.3 Pi l e Segment Opti on 2: I nput LENGTHS, STIFFNESSES, and MASSES
Branch Opt i on 2 should be entered i f i t i s necessary f o r t he user t o i n-
put t he P i 1 e Segment Length a1 ong wi t h t h e i r correspondi ng segment s t i f f nesses
and masses. The i nput format f o r t he segment st i f f nesses and masses i s si mi -
l a r t o t hat o f t he p i l e segment l engt h i nput as descri bed i n Sect i on 2.4.2.
The onl y di f f er ence bei ng t hat t he segment depths w i l l not be r ef i gur ed si nce
they were al ready r ef i gur ed a f t e r t he segment l engt hs i nput .
2. 5
Ski n Fr i c t i on Di st r i but i on and Sel ected Parameters
The f ol l owi ng menu appears af t er t he ski n f r i c t i o n percentage i s entered
(IPERCS ) :
Enter Tynmr
Skin Friction Distribution
USER-SPECIFiED DISTRIBUTION and SELECTED PFIRGME;ERS8
-2 ... DRNPING. QUFIKES and STFITIC RESISTRNCES
-1 ... DSTRBN and DRMPING
0 ... DSTRBN Only
TRIRNGULRR DISTRIBUTION Starting Rtr
1 ... Pile Too
2 ... 20% Below Dile Too
3 ... 40% Below Pile Too
4 ... 60% Beiow Pile Too
S ... 80% Below Pila Too
I N S
UNIFORN DISTRIBUTION Starting at :
6 ... Pile Too
7 ... 20% Below Pile Too
8 ... 4W Below Pile Too
9 ... 60% Below Pile Too
1s .. . 80% Below Pile Too
Thi s menu al l ows t he user t o choose ei t her a ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on
which i s al ready programed i n t he W86IN r out i ne as descri bed i n Fi gure 1 of
Volume I 1 (opt i ons 1 t hr u 10) or t he user may choose branch opt i ons -2 t hr u 0
f o r user speci f i ed parameters.
2.5.1 User Speci f i ed Parameters
2.5.1.1 Branch Opti on 0: DSTRBN Only
Thi s branch opt i on r equi r es t he user t o ent er a depth vs. s o i l r esi st ance
di s t r i but i on i n a manner descri bed below. Af t er ent er i ng opt i on 0, t he f o l -
l owi ng message i s di spl ayed:
Enter*
Deoth Resistance
(DIS(1. X) I (DIS(2, X ) )
ft Relative
Here, t he user would i nput the Depth, DIS(1,X). and t he correspondi ng
r el at i v e resi stance, DIS(2,Z) (see al so Volume 11, Chapter 3 Cards 8.401,
...). The dept h i s i n f e e t and r es i s t anc e i s a r e l a t i v e di mensi onl ess
quant i t y. Up t o 20 speci f i cat i on o f Depth vs. Soi l Resi stance can be i nput .
The l a s t depth val ue i nput must be gr eat er than or equal t o the t ot al p i l e
length. I f data i s read from f i l e , t he program ski ps t o t he di spl ay o f the
ski n f r i c t i o n di st r i , but i on.
Onl y t he ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on i s ef f ect ed by t he branch opt i on 0 -
DSTRBN Only. The amount of ski n f r i c t i o n i s a cer t ai n percentage o f t he t o t a l
ul t i mat e resi st ance RULT and was speci f i ed by ent er i ng a val ue f o r IPERCS.
The i nput ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on i s then di spl ayed and t he user has
t he oppor t uni t y t o modi f y t he dat a i f he so chooses as descr i bed i n t he
example below. The i nput ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on i s di spl ayed:
Sk i n Fr i ct i on Di st r i but i on
T Deoth Resistance
(DIS(1, X ) ) (DIS(2, X) )
ft Rml ati ve
1 .a00 .a000
2 40.000 1.0000
. . . . . - - . . . -
Correct iXns?
0 ... Continue Ui t h Cur r ent Def aul t
1 . .. Correcti ons t o be Nade
I f no modi f i cat i on i s needed, ent er a ' 0' or a 'RETURN' and t he program
w i l l continue.
To modi f y cur r ent ski n f r i c t i o n model, ent er a '1' and 'RETURN' and t he
f ol l owi ng message w i l l appear:
' I ' r e f e r s t o t h e l i n e number i n t h e pr ev i ous di spl ay. I nput w i l l
conti nue u n t i l I i s equal t o zero o r j u s t a 'RETURN' i s given. The model i s
then redi spl ayed i ncl udi ng modi f i cat i ons and t he user i s agai n gi ven t he
opport uni t y t o modify t he ski n f r i c t i o n di st r i but i on.
2.5.1.2 Branch Opti on '-1' DSTRBN and DAMPING
Thi s opt i on al l ows the user t o i nput t he ski n f r i c t i o n di s t r i but i on as
descri bed i n Secti on 3.1.1 and al so al l ows t he user t o i nput Soi l Damping
Parameters. The i ndi vi dual segment damping val ues are i nput ed i n t he same
format as descri bed i n t he Pi l e Segment Length i nput i n Secti on 2.4.2. See
al so Volume 11, Chapter 3, cards 8.201, ... .
2.5.1.3 Branch Option ' - 2' DAMPING. QUAKES, and STATIC RESISTANCES
Thi s opt i on al l ows t he user t o i nput i ndi vi dual p i l e segment damping,
quakes, and s t at i c resi st ance values. A l l t hr ee parameters ar e i nput i n t he
same format as descri bed i n Secti on 2.4.2. The user i s reminded t hat onl y t he
actual numerical values f or damping, quakes, and s t a t i c resi st ance are t o be
entered or modi f i ed (V: ... ). The segment numbers (N: ...) and t he segment
depths (D: ...) are computed i nt er nal l y and di spl ayed f o r ref erence purposes
onl y. See al so Volume 11, Chapter 3, Cards 8.101, ... .
I n t h i s opti on, the s t at i c resi st ances are i nput i n t he same format as
damping and quake values (array format). Note t hat t he ul t i mat e s t at i c s oi l
'.
l
a..
1.
! !
$.
i
',
I
i '\
I
r esi st ance val ues ar e t o be i nput i n r e l a t i v e magnitudes. The WEAP86 program
w i l l nor mal i ze t h e val ues. See Sect i on 2.4.2 f o r mode o f i n p u t and Volume 11,
Chapt er 3, Cards 8.301, ... f o r f u r t h e r i nf or mat i on.
Not e t h a t i n t h i s opt i on, t he damping, quake, and s o i l r es i s t anc e ar r ay
i nput cont ai ns an addi t i onal p i l e segment number (N: ...) equal t o N+l. Thi s
addi t i onal segment number r epr esent s t he toe.
2.6 P i l e Segment: Sl ack/ Spl i ce
Sl ack/ spl i c e val ues, s p l i c e c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n and r oundout de-
f or mat i on val ues may be ent er ed f o r t h e gi ven p i l e segments.
The s p l i c e val ues ar e t he t ensi on def or mat i on t h a t a s pr i ng ( N) can
under go w i t h o u t f or c e. A s p l i c e v a l u e a t 0.003 f t i s recommended f o r
mechani cal spl i ces. An i n p u t o f 99 ft desi gnat es a s p l i c e whi ch does not
l i m i t t he p i l e ext ensi on a t t he N- l ocat i on (e.g., t h e p i l e t o p al l ows such an
unl Ymi t ed ext ensi on) . A val ue o f '-1.0' denot es no s p l i c e and, t her ef or e, no
sl ack.
The s p l i c e / s l a c k i n p u t i s demons t r at ed i n t h e f o l l o w i n g exampl e by
ent er i ng t wo spl i ces.
So:iso/Slack S-gmmt Option
0 ... Not nppllcable - Ok. to Cent inuo
I ... Enable Option to 4110- Inpuf
"User ' s Response: Enabl e Opt i on"
E n t w r
Sogmnt Sllck LO. R. Rnc Out
NO ft ft
"User ' s Response: I nput segment number
and cor r espondi ng sl acks and COR val ues."
Solim/Slrck Srgm'mt Ontion ISPL
I Segnmt Siack Cd R. Rnd Out
No rt ft
1 2 -0020 .a008 . BIB8
2 4 .80tB .a888 .El88
ComrrCiom?
0 ... brrti nw Uith Cumnt Lkfault
1 ... b n r a i a n to be nrae
13
"Data i s displayed - check for accuracy -
User's Response."
1
E o ma i o n ma.
Enter: I Segmnt Sl ack LO. R. Rnd Out
"User's Response: Eliminate segment
4 - 1 = 2"
Spl i ce/ Sl . ck Seprnmt Option ISPL
I Segmnt Sl ack C.D.R. Rnd Out
NO ft .ct ~ ~ ~ . . . .
i 2 .0=0 .BBBB " ,0100
C o m e ions?
0 ... Continue Uith Cu mn t Default
1 ... brrrctios to be ~ a d e
"Al l input data i s checked; give a
RETURN to continue."
A check i s made on the number of splice values given and i s assigned to
the ISPL variable. $ 1
. .
i
CHAPTER 3
MAIN MENU
(BRANCHING)
!
Thi s chapt er i s devoted t o t he descr i pt i on o f each branch opt i on l i s t e d
i n t he main menu. A br i ef example and expl anat i on w i l l be gi ven when possi bl e
wi t h t he except i on o f Branch Opt i on ' 0' : Begi n Terminal I nput , f o r whi ch
t hree det ai l ed examples w i l l be reviewed.
A f t e r st ar t i ngW86I N, t he f ol l owi ng main menu i s di spl ayed on t he t er mi -
nal :
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 . . . Terminate Program
B ... Begin Terminal Inout/Modifications
1 ... Read Previouly Stored inout (Modifications/Analy.i.)
3 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 ... Store Current Inout
4 . .. Hammmr Data FILE maintenance
Thi s menu may al so appear a t ot her ' t i mes, however, when s t a r t i n g up
W86IN, t he user i s most l i k e l y t o choose ei t her Branch Opti on' ' 0' o r ' 1 f o r
t ermi nal i n p u t a n d l o r modi f i cat i ons o r t he user may choose Branch Opt i on 4 f o r
Hammer Data F i l e Maintenance. The ot her branch opt i ons must not be employed
before data has been entered. For t h i s reason, t he branch opt i on w i l l be ex-
pl ai ned s t a r t i n g wi t h Branch Opt i on '0' - Begi n Terminal I nput I Modi f i cat i ons.
3.1 Branch Opti on ' 0' : Begin Terminal I nput I Modi f i c a t i o n
Branch Opt i on ' 0' i s used f o r speci f yi ng new and complete dat a f o r a Wave
Equation Anal ysi s. Throughout t he i nput procedure, t he usei* i s gi ven an op-
por t uni t y t o modi fy any i ncor r ect data i nput .
To bet t er f ami l i ar i ze t he user wi t h t he Begi n Terminal I nput Opti on,
t hr ee det ai l ed examples w i l l be reviewed. The onl y purpose o f t he examples i s
t o demonstrate t he process o f i nput i ng necessary dat a t o run t he WEAP86 pro-
gram. No WEAP86 r esul t s w i l l be gi ven or discussed. The r esul t s o f t he ex-
amples are gi ven i n Volume 11, General Users Manual.
-
I n t he f ol l owi ng t hr ee examples, a l l bl ocked dat a represent s dat a t h a t
was ent ered by t he user vi a t he keyboard. A l l statements i n quotes are com-
ments which descri be t he data i nput . A l l ot her i nf ormat i on i s produced by t he
program.
The v ar i abl es l i s t e d a t the f ar r i g h t ar e t he i nt er nal var i abl es used i n
the WEAP86 program. They ar e al so referenced i n Volume I 1 and thus make a
cross-reference possi bl e. Volume 11 cont ai ns a more complete expl anat i on of
vari abl es than t h i s i nput descr i pt i on. Furt her cross references t o l i n e num-
bers of i nput forms w i l l al so be gi ven i n t he form o f "Card x.xxx."
For general menu i nput t he f ol l owi ng shoul d be noted:
The f i r s t two i dent i f i c at i on l e t t e r s must be capi t al i zed. They
must be f ol l owed by an equal si gn (=). Af t er each ent r y, a RE-
TURN must be given. To end t he i nput i n a menu, a second RETURN
i s t o be entered. A zero number may be gi ven by a "blank," or
j u s t RETURN. I ncor r ect ent r i es may be repeated af t er t he RETURN
i s gi ven. Bef or e t he RETURN, "backspace" w i l l r ub out an
ear l i er entry.
A l l t hr ee examples were executed usi ng a 360k di sk dr i ve on A and one
hard dr i ve, C.
3.1.1 Example 1 (same as example 1 i n Volume 11)
A 45- t on (desi gn) p i l e i s t o be dr i ven through a s of t compressi bl e l ayer
i nt o a dense, coarse sand wi t h gravel . The cont r act or wants t o use 10 HP 53
pr of i l es and a 0-12 hammer. He uses a standard 12-by 12-i nch cap wi t h 4 112
inches o f Conbest. The p i l e has t o be dr i ven t o an ul t i mat e capaci t y o f 180
ki ps. A curve can be constructed f o r t he desi r ed range i f capaci t i es o f 60,
120, 180 and 240 ki ps are analyzed.
F i r s t s t a r t up program as speci f i ed i n Chapter 2, Sect i on 1: Get t i ng
Started. The f o l l owing di spl ay shoul d appear:
WEdP86 ierminal Inout Aoutane - Version 1.B
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 ... Terminate Pvo~ran
0 ... Begin Tarminal Inout/Mcdifications
1 ... Reaa Previously Stored Input (Modlficationa/Analy.~is)
2 . . . Oisolav Current Inout
3 ... Store Current Inout
4 . . . Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
El
"I nput a 0 t o begi n t ermi nal i nput.' '
Ent er : TITLE
XXXXXXXXXXXXxXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx
EXAHPLE 1, A5 TON OESIGN, HP 10x53, 0-12
"Input a descr i pt i ve t i t l e and RETURN
(Card 1.000)."
Anal ysi s ODt i onl
10- 0. Output O ~ t i o n IOUT
RS= 0. Resi dual St r ess Anal ysi s (0/1: Normal/RSA) IRSAO
HT= 0. Haximum Anal ysi s Time ( 0 -> Normal ) ItihXT
I T- 0. Number Of I t e r a t i o n s ( 0 --> Normal I ITEa
CT= 0. Cc i t c l Time Increment Rat i o ( 0 -> 1601 I PHI
Ent er NAHE=xxxx.xx ** RETURN To End I nput **
"I nput Anal ysi s Opt i ons (Card 2.000).
Si nce a l l def aul t val ues ar e cor r ect ,
j us t RETURN."
Helmet/Hammer Cushion I nf or mat i on
UT= .OO Weight of t he Helmet ( k i ~ s l CAPW
AR= .00 Area o f t he Hammer Cushion (H. C.1 ( i d ) ACAP
En= .OO El a s t i c Hodulus of t he H. C. ( k s i ) ECAP
THE .0000 Thi ckness of t he H. C. ( i n 1 TCAP
CR= .SO00 Coef f i ci ent o f Res t i t ut i on f or H. C. CORCAP
RO= .0100 Round Out Oaformatton of H. C. ( 0 --> 0.0101 ( f t l ORCP
ST= 0. St i f f ness of t he H. C. ( Over r i des: AR(Eiil/THl ( k / i n) STCP
Ent er NAtlE=xxxx.xx !* RETURN To End I nput r+
" User ' s Response, Card 3.000."
" Af t er a l l dat a i s entered gi v e an
addi t i onal RETURN."
Helnet/Hammer Cushion I nf or mat i on
UT= 2.15'Weight o f t he Helmet ( k i os ) CAPW
ARr 283.50 Area of t he Hammer Cushion (H. C.1 ( i n21 ACAP
EH= 280.00 El as t i c ti odul us of t he H. C. ( k s i I ECAP
THE 2.0000 Thi ckness of t he H. C. ( i n 1
TCAP
CRs .8000 Coef f i ci ent of Res t i t ut i on f or H. C.
CORCAP
RO- .0100 Round Out Deformati on of H. C. ( 0 --> 0.010! ( f t ) ORCP
ST= 0. St i f f ness of t he H. C. ( Over r i des: AR(EHl/TH) ( k / i n l STCP
" A l l i nput dat a i s checked and found t o
be cor r ect ; En t e r RETURN t o cont i nue. "
Pi l e Cusnlon Informac~on
RR- .OO area of t he Pi l e Cushlon (P. C.1 (in21 ' FICUS
EM- .OO El ast i c ~oaul us o f t he P. C. ( k s i l ECUS
TH- .a000 Th1ckn.ss u f t he P. C. ( i n) TCUS
CR- .SO00 Coefficient of Rest i t ut i on f or P. C. CORCUS
RO- .0100 Round Out Deformation of P. C. (0 -) 0.01) ( i t 1 DRCU
ST- 0. St i f f ness of t he P. C. ( k/ i n) STCU
Enter NRME-xxxx. xx +, RETURN To End Input rr
I
1,
" Pi l e cushi on (Card 4.000) i s not
being.used, ent er RENRN t o cont i nue. "
I
Pi l e Too Pronerties
LG- .000 Total Pi l e Lmngth
( f t )
RR- .OO Rrea at t he Pi l e Too (P. T.1
(i n2)
EM- 30000.00 El a s t ~ c Modulus at the P. T. ( ksl )
SWI 492.00 Soecl f i c Wolght at the P. T. ( l bs/ f t 31
CR- .a500 Coelrticlent of Res t ~t ut i on f or P. T.
RO* .a100 Round Out Deformat~on of P. T.
( f t )
XPT
RPT
EPT
WPT
CORPTP
DRPTP
Enter NRME-xxxx. xx
H RETURN To End Input x
" User ' s Response, Card 5.000."
Pi l e Too Properties
LG- 48.000 Total Pi l s Length (ftl X PT
RR- 15.50 Rrea at t he Pi l e Too (P. 7.1 ( i ns) RPT
EM- 30000.00 El ast i c Modulus at t ne P, T. ( ksi ) EPT
S W 492.00 Soeci f i c Weight at t he P. T. ( I ba/ f t 3) UPT
CR- .a000 Coefficient of Rest i t ut i on f or P. T. CORPTP
RO- .a100 Round Out Deformat~on of P. T. ( f t l DRPTP
Enter NRME-xxxx. w w * RETURN To End Ingut x
" A l l i nput dat a checked and found t o
be cor r ect ; ent er RETURN t o conti nue."
N w 8. Number of Pi l e Segments (N)
NC-
N
0. Uniform Pi l e Ootion 0 : Uniform/Non-Unifnrm)
PO- 0. Pi l e Damning
NCROSB
(0 --) Normal)
Entar NRME-urxw. rx
IBED13iY
* RETURN To End Innut w
" A l l def aul t val ues t o t hese p i l e
opt i ons (Card 1.000) ar e cor r ect ;
ent er RETURN t o conti nue."
18
Ent er :
Pile Segment Oosion
IPEL
0 ... WTOMFITIC DETERMINPTION of Parameters
1 . .. Inout LENGTHS (Butomatic Stiffnesses and Masses)
2 . i. Inout LENGT'rlS. STiFPNESSES and MRSSES
"User's Response (see Section 2.4
and Card 1.000)."
Ent or:
Hammer ID Numher (0 - 300)
"User's Response - Input Hammer I0 No.
- see Table 1, Vol 11".
ID NO. : 3
DELMRG D 12 1 3 0 ~ - - - -
2-75 104.41 11.81 8.58 5.35 . 8800
-81 21. 27 11.81 .9000 .0100
11.07 109.60 97.00 .0020 .0020 1.3500 .0 .0
14.7 1408.0 , .0 .0. .0 .0 1
Hammer ID Nunb.r (0 - 300) ' I W M R
(Default r 3)
0 ... Continue with Current Default
1 . . . Enter New Value
''User's Response - Correct Hammer
Model, enter '0' or RETURN to continue."
Hammer File Override Values and Ootions
SO= 0. Stroke Dntion
ST=
IOSTR
.000 Hammer Stroke
EF-
(ft) STROOV
..a00 Hammer EFficiency
PR-
E W O V
.0 Hammer Pressure (psi)
FS-
PROV
0. Hammer Fuel Setting (0 - 1 = maximum)
Ru-
I N E L
.a000 Reaction Umight
cn=
(kios) RWTOV
,0000 Comb Delay (LI) or Start Ignitn Volume (01) (5 or in3) m a O V
HD- ,0080' Hammer Damning (0 -) Normal)
IDFIHR
Enter NRME=xxxx.xx
* RETURN TO End Innut r+
"All hammer data satisfactory (Note:
IOSTR, IFUEL, IOAHA...Card 1.000, all
others Card 7.000) Enter RETURN to continue."
Ent er :
Soil Damning Type (0: Normal Smith Pnnroach) ISMITH
-1 ... Use CBSE Damning - Viscous Type
0 ... Use SMITH Damoinq - Smith Type
1 ... Use SMITH Damning - Viscous Type
"User ' s Response, Card 1.000."
QS- .I000 Quake of the Skin (in) QSlll
QT- .I000 Quaice of the Toe (in) QS (N+1 I
DS= .1000 Damoing of the Skin (Smith: a/ft. Viscous: 1) SJ(l1
Dl= .la00 Damoing at the Toe (Smith: s/ft. Viscous: 11 SJ(N+lI
Enter NAME-xunw. ur w RETURN To End Inout w
"User ' s Response, Card 8.000,"
Soi 1 Paramstara
QS= .lo00 Quake of the Skin
(in1 OS(1)
QT= .I000 Quake o i the Toe
(in1 OS(N*l)
OS= .0S00 Oam~ing of the Skin (Smith: s/ftz Viscous: 11 SJ(:l
OT= -1500 Damping a t the Toe (Smith: s/ft. Viscous: 1) SJ(N+!I
Enter NAHE=xxxx.xx
*+ RETURN To End Input **
Enter r
Skin Friction Percentage ( %I 1 ( SF ( 101, Normal) XPERCS
Enter Tyoe:
Skin Friction Distribution
"User ' s response, Card 1.000".
USER-SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION and SELECTD PARAMETERS:
-2 ... DRMPING. QURKES and STATIC RESiSTRNCES
-1 ... DSTRBN and DaMPING
0 . . . DSTRBN Only
TRIANGULAR DISTRIBUTION Starting At r
1 ... Pile Too
2 ... 20% Below Pile Too
3 ... 40% Below Pile Too
4 ... 60% Below Pile TOP
8 ... 80% Below Pile Tap
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION Starting Rtr
6 ... Pile roo
7 ... 20% Below Pile TOO
8 ... 40% Below Pile Too
9 ... 68% Below Pile Too
10 ... 80% Below Pile Too
"User ' s Response - Re f e r t o Fi gur e 1,
Chapt er I, Vol I1 and Sect i on 2. 5,
Chapt er 11, Vol . I V, f o r expl anat i on. "
Enter:
Ult imate Caoactties
SELECT BRRNCH:
0 ...
Further
1 ...
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
s ...
6 ...
7 ...
8 ...
9 ...
10 ...
11 ...
12 ...
13 ...
(kips) RESULT
"User's Response, car h l. OOO. ll
Return to Wain menu for Storage
Corrections:
Title
Analysis Ootions
Hclmet/Harnmer Cushion Information
Pile Cushion Information
Pile Too Prooerties
Pile Segment Information
Hammer Information
Hammer File Override Values and Options
Soil Parameters
Skin Friction Distribution
Number of Solice/Slack Segments
Ult imate Caoacit ies
Ootion for Output Segment Selection
I PEL
I N S
ISPL
RESULT
I JJ
"User's Response."
Oat ion for Outout Seqment Select ion
(Default r 0)
0 ... Continue with Current Default
1 ... Enter New Value
"User's Res~onse - No corrections nec-
essary; enter a o or give a RETURN to
continue."
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 .. . Terminate Program
0 ... Begin Terminal Inout/Wodifications
1 ... Read PrTviously Stored Input ( f l odi f i c r t i ons / ~nal y~i s )
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 ... Store Current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"User's Response."
Give FiLENOME For Data Storage (Default: A:WEnPBG.IN )
x:xxxxxx. xxx
"User' s Response: Ent er name o f s t or -
age f i l e or gi ve a RETURN i f def aul t
st or age f i l e i s sat i sf act or y. "
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT OATA BEING STORED ON FILE b:WEAPBG.IN
EXAMPLE 1, 45 TON OESIGN, HP 10x55s 0-12
1 0 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ~ 0 0 0
2.15 283.50 280.00 2.0000 .SO00 .0100 0.
.00
. 00 .oo .oooo .5ooo .a100 0.
40.00 15.50 30000.00 492.00 .8000 .0100
.OD0 .goo .O .OD00 .0000 -
.lo00 .I000 .a500 .1500
60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 .00 .OO .OD .OO
.oo .oo
OATA HAS BEIN STORED ON FILE:
b:UEAPSG.IN
I1
The above dat a summary may be pr i nt ed
usi ng SHFT and PRTSC.
SHFT i s t he up-
per case s hi f t key. Gi v e a RETURN t o
continue. "
-2 ... Rei ni t i al i ze
-1 ... Terminate Program
0 ... Begin Terminal Inout/Modi fi cati ons
1 ... Read Previously Stored Inout (Modifications/Pnaly.is)
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 .'.. St om Cumnt Input
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"User' s Response"
++m HPS CURRENT INPUT DRTA BEEN STORED? -0
0 ... (NO) - Return t o BRPNW f or Storage
1 . .. (YES)- OK t o End Progr.cn
" User ' s Response"
St 00 - Program terminatsd.
3.1.2 Example 2: Hypothetical Hammer Input (Same as example 4 in Volume 11)
A contractor has decided to build his own hammmer. A pfle with 12
3/4-inch 0.0. pipe with 1/4-inch wall thickness has to be driven to 180-kips
ultimate capacity. The length of the pile is 60 ft including a I-inch toe
plate.
Since the hammer being analyzed is not contained in the Hammer Data File,
the hammer information must be input using W86IN.
After loading W86IN. the following display should appear:
WERP86 Terminal Inout Routine - Version 1.0
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 . . . Terminate Program
0 ... Bmgin Terminal Inout/Modifications
1 ... Rmad Ptvviously Stored Inout (Modifications/Rnalysis)
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 ... Store Currmnt Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"Input a 0 to begin terminal input."
Enterr TITLE
XXx XXXXXXXXXXXXXXx XXXXXXx XXXx XXXXXXXXXXX
1 EXRRPLE 4. DIESEL HAHRER INPUT 1
"Input title (Card 1.000) and RETURN."
Rnalysis Ootions
10- 0. Outout Ootion IOUT
RS- 0. Residual Stress Rnalysis (@/la NormallRSi\l IRSRO
MT- 0. Maximum analysis Time (0 --) Normal) IflRXT
IT- 0. Number Of Itmrat~ons (0 --) Normal) ITER
CT= 0. Critcl Time Increment Ratio (0 --) 160) XPHI
Enter NRME-xxnn. xx .H RETURN TO End Input H
"All default values are correct; (Card
2.000). Give a RETURN to continue."
HelmetlHammer Cushion Information
UT- -00 Weight of the Helmet (kin.)
PR- .OO Prea of the Hammer Cushion (H. C. (in21
EM- .OO Elastic Modulus of the H. C. (ksi)
TH= .ID000 Thickness of the H. C. (in)
C4- .BOB0 Coefficient of Restitution for H. C.
RO- .0100 Round Out Deformation of H. C. (0 --) 0.010) (ft)
ST= 0. Stiffness of the H. C. (Overridest RRCER) ITH) (klin)
CAPU
RCAP
ECaP
TCRP
CORCAP
DRCP
STC?
Enter NAME=xxxn. xx rr RETURN To End Inaut u
"User's response, Card 3.000."
HelmetlHammer Cushion Information
WT= .9S Weight of the Helmet
(kina)
RR-
CROW
.OO Rrea of the Hammer Cushlon (H. C.)
(itia~ - RCRP
EM= .OO Elastic Modulus of the H. C. (ksi)
TH-
ECRD
.8008 Thickness of the H. C. (in)
CR-
TCRP
.8008 Coefficlsnt of Restitution for H. C.
R0=
CORCRP
.0100 Rouna Out Deformation of H. C. (0 -) 0.010) (ft)
DRC2
ST- 10500. Stiffness. of the U. C. (Overrides1 RR(EM)/TH) (blin)
Sic2
Enter NFE-xxxx. xx
'*+ RETURN To End Inout H
"All input data is checked; give a RE-
TURN to continue."
. .
Pile Cushion Infomation
PR- .OO area of the Pile Cuahion (P. C.) (in2F
EM-
RCUS
.OO Elastic Modulus of the P. C. (ksi) ECUS
TH- .0000 Thicuness of the P. C. (in) TCUS
CR- .SO00 Coefficient of Restitution for P. C. CORCUS
RO- .a100 Round Out Deformation of P. C. (0 -) 0. 01) (ft) DRCU
ST- 0. Stiffness of the P. C. (k/in) STCU
Enter NRME-wuwx. xx u RETURN To End Snout u
"Pile Cushion (Card 4.000) is not being
used; give a RETURN to continue."
Pile Ton Prooertles
LG- .000 Total Pile Length
AR- .OO Rrea at the Pile Too (P. T.)
EM- 30800.00 Elastic Modulus at the P. T.
SW- 492.00 Saecific Weight at the P. T.
CR- .8J00 Coefficient of Restitution for P. T.
RO- .0100 Round Out Deformation of P. T.
(it) X PT
(in2) RPT
(ksi) EPT
(Ibslfti) WPT
CORPTP
(ft) DRPTP
Enter NPME-xxxx. x r
w RETURN To End Input x
"User' s Response, Card 5.000."
Pile Top Properties
LO- 60.800 Total Pile Length (ft) XPT
RR- 9.82 area at the Pile Too (P. T. ) (in2) FIPT
EM- 30000.00 Elastic Modulus at the P. T. (ksi) EPT
S W 492.08 Soecific Ueiaht at the P. T. (lbs/ft3) WPT
CR= .B000 Coefficient of Restitution for PI T. CORPTP
RO- .El00 Round Out Deformation of P. T. (ft) DRPTP
Enter NaME-xxxx. xx w RETURN To End inout rr
" A l l i nput dat a i s checked; gi ve a RE-
TURN t o conti nue. "
NN- 12. Number of Pile Segments (N) N
NC* 8. Uniform Pile gotion (0/t: Uniform/Non-Uniform) NCROSB
PO- 0. Pile Damoing (0 --) Normal) IBEDI~N
Enter NRME=xxxx. xu .*. RETURN To End Inout **
"User' s response - Nonuniform p i l e
(NCROSS on Card 1. 000) . I nput t o
model t he t oe pl at e. "
NN- 12. Number of Pile Segments (N) - N
NC- I. Uniform Pile Ootion (811: Uniforin/Non-Uniform) NCROSS
PD- 0. Pile Damping (0 -) Normal 1BEI)FiM
Enter NRME-xxxx. xx u RETURN To End Input u
" A l l i nput dat a i s checked; gi ve a
RETURN t o conti nue. "
NorrClniform Pile Profile
a+ Start at First Cross-Sectional Change u
Deoth Rrea E-Mod So. Ught
(XP) (RP) (EP) (UP)
ft in2 ksi lbs/ftZ
c 1
"User' s I nput - Ref er t o Cards 5.101,
... and Secti on 2.3 f or expl anati on. "
Nonilniform Pile Profile
I 000th area E-Nod So. Wght
(XP) (RP) (PI (WPI
ft i n2 ksi lbs/ft3
I .00 9.82 30000.00 492.00
2 59.92 9.92 30000.00 498.00
3 39.98 187.70 fOOOO.OO 438. 00
4 60. a0 127.70 30000.00 492.00
Corrections?
0 ... Continue Witn Current Default
1 ... Currections to be Made
NCROSS
' ' User' s Response: A1 1 i nput dat a i s
checked; ent er a 0 o r gi v e a RETURN
t o cont i nue. "
- . . - - . .
Pile Segment Ootion
IPEL
0 ... RUTOMFITIC DETERMINFITION of Parameters
1 ... Inout LENGTHS (Outomatic Stiffnesses and Masses)
2 ... Inout LENGTHS, STIFFNESSES and NFISSES
" User ' s Response: Ref er t o Card 1.000
and Sect i on 2.4 f or expl anat i on. "
Entmr r
Hammer ID Number ( 0 - 300)
Enter:
Hammer Manufacturar
XXXXXXXX
Entmr:
Hammer Name
XXXXXxXX
IHRNR
"User ' s Response:. Ent er a 0 t o i nput
hammer data. The f ol l owi ng dat a appears
on Cards 6.101.... ."
* FI RETURN or 0 Inout Retains Default rr
NRNMRN
"User ' s Response: Ent er hammer manu-
f a c t u r e r name, Card 6.101."
u RETURN or 0 Inout Retains Default H
NRMHRN
" User ' s Response: Ent er hammer name,
Card 6.101."
Hammer Informatzon
TP- 0. Hammer Tyoe
AM- 0. Numoer of Ram Segments
Enter NLlME=rrru. xx M RETURN To End Input w
"User' s Response, Card 6.101."
Hammer Infornation - .
. .
TP- 1. Hammer Type
RW- 3. Number of Ram Segments
ITYPH
M
I N P H
M
Enter NOME-xrxx.xx H RETURN TO End Inout **
"All i nput dat a i s checked; gi ve a
RETURN t o conti nue. "
Hammer Information
<: .
m- -00 Ram high* . .
LG- .OO Length of Ram
DI= .OO Diameter of R u n
SX* .88 Maximum - Ratmd Stroke
Sk- .OO Minimum Stroke fDieselsJ
' EF- .000 Efficiency,
Ikiosl RFMU
fin1 R M C
tin) RFMD
(it1 STRM
(it1 STRMN
EFFi CY
Enter NFME-xwxx. xx * RETURN To End Inout *
Hammer Iniormai ion
"User' s Response, Card 6.201."
UT= 2.75 Ram weight
LO= 85. X Length of Ram
01- l2.5J Diameter of Ram
SX=
8.50 Haximum - Rated Stroke
SN= .OJ Xinimun Stroke (Diesels1
EZ; .800 Eificiency
(kiosl RAHW
(in) R A N
(in1 RAHO
fft) STRH
(ft) STRHN
EFFICY
Enter N A ~ E n x x x x . ~ ~
** RETURN To End Input *r
" Al l i nput dat a i s checked; gi ve a
RETURN t o conti nue. "
Haamor Information
UT- .00 Weight of tho Imoact Block
(kios) RNVW
LO- .OO Lonqth of tho Imoact Block (in) RNVL
01- -00 Diamotor of tho Imoact Block (in) RNVD
CR- .9000 Cooffieient of Restitution of the Imoact Block CORRR
RO- .Or00 Round Out Valuo of the Imoact Block (it1 DRRR
Entsr NOME-xxxx. rr RETURN To End Input r*
"User's Response, Card 6.301,"
Hamor Information
UT- .81 Weight of the Imoact Block (kios), RNVU
LEI 13.80 Length of tho Imoact Block (in) RNVL
DI- 12.30 Diameter of the Imoact Block (in) RNVD
CR- -9000 Coefficient of Restitution of the Imoact Block CORRFI
RO- -0100 Round Out Valuo.of the Imodct Block (ft) DRRR
Enter MME=xrnx. r ! ** RETURN To End Inout rr
"All input data is checked; gi ve a
RETURN to continue.''
Hammer Informat ion
CS-
OR-
VL-
CDn
ID-
EX-
IV-
FV-
Enter
.OO Comprossivo Stroke cine)
.08 Oroa of tho Combustion Chamber
cine)
.OO Final Volume of tho Combustion Chamber (ins)
.a000 Combustion Dolay (Liouid Injection) (s)
-0000 Ignition Duration' (Liquid Injection) (I)
1.3500 Expansion Coefficient
.0 Volumo at Ignition (Rtomized Injmction) (inJ1
-0 Volume at Final Combustion (Ptmzd Injctn) (in.3)
NOME-XIXX. YX u RETURN To End Inout u
"User's Response, Card 6.401."
DEPIB
RCH
VFiN
TOEL
DTIGN
EXPP
VSTI
VENDC
Hammer Information
CS- 18.76 Comoressive Strok. (in.3 DEPIB
RR- 122.70 Area of tho Combustion Chamber cine) RCH
VL- 120.08 Final Volume of tho Combustion Chamber (ins) VFIN
CD- .002P Combustion Dolay (Liouid Injection) s ' TOEL
ID- .=0 Ignition Duration (Liauid Injection) (s) DTIGN
EX- 1.3000 Expansion Coefficient EXPP
1V- -0 Volumo at Ignition (Rtomizsd Injection) (in31 VSTI
FV- -0 Volumo at Final Combustion (Rtmzd Injctnl (in31 VENDC
Enter NRME-xuxx. ux ..* RETURN To End Inout u
" A l l i nput dat a f s checked; gi v e a
RETURN t o continue."
H m e r Information
fir. 14.7 Rtmosoheric Pressure tusually 14.7 osi) (osi) PRTM
Pl- -0 Hammer Pressure Setting 1 - maximum (psi) P1
Pe- .0 Hammer Pressure Setting 2 losi) ' P2
PS- . b Hammer Pressure Setting 3 (osi) P3
P4- .0 Hammer Pressure Settang 4 . (osi) P4
PS- .0 Hammer Pressure Seoting S (psi) PS
CC- 0. Ceroainty Confirmation ib/1 measured ye.i/no) IGUESS
Enter NRME-xrux. w x * RETJRN To End Inout *+
I 1 "User' s Response. Card 6.501."
Hammer In~ormation
FIT- 14.7 Rtmosoneric Pressure lusually 14.7 osi) (osi) PaTM
Pi- 1150.0 Hammer Pressure Setting 1 - maximum iosi) P 1
P2- .0 Hammer Pressure Setting 2
(osi) P2
P3- . 0 Hammer Pressure Settinq 3
(psi1 P3
04- .0 Hammer Pressure Sett ing 4
iosi) PA
PS- .0 Hammer Pressure Setting S
(psi) PS
CCa 0. Certainty Confirmazion (b/1 measure0 yes/no) . IGUESS
Enter NGME-nxnu. nx H RETJRN TO End lnout ur
" A l l i nput dat a i s checked; g i v e a
RETURN t o continue."
HYPOTHET EX 4 1 3 0
2.75 95.00 12.50 8.50 .OO .8000
.81 19.00 12.50 .go00 .0100
10.76 122.70 120.00 .OO20 , ..0020 1.3000 .O . O
14.7 1150.0
-.
.o .O .O .o 0
. .
. - -
HFVlrNER DRTR
-.
if
0 ... Continue with Current Data
1 ... Redisolay Oata
2 ... Corrections To Be Made
"The above i s a summary o f t he Hammer
Oat a and must be checked. Us er ' s R e -
sponse - C.O.R. o f I mpact Bl ock i s
i ncor r ect : ent er ' 2' and RETURN t o
continue".
Correction node ** Give Reiurn To End Correction node .*
Line Numbers for Correction:
1 ... Hammer HanuPacturer
2 .. . Hammer Name
3 ... T P RH
4 ... W T LG 01 SX SN E=
5 ... W T LG 01 CR RO
b...CS AR VL CO ID EX IV FV
7 ... AT P1 P t P3 Pd P5 CC
8 .... PT CA RT SO CV RW EX
9 ... EF PR CR RO NA
10 ... W1 W t ' W 3 $1 $2 $3
11 ... Hammer Entry Date
"User's Response - enter a '5' to
Correct C.O.R. of Impact Block". Note
that lines 1, 2, ... correspond to
6.101, 6.101, 6.101, 6.201, 6.301, ... ,
6.801 of complete input form."
Hammer Information
W- . Bi Weight of the Imoact Block
(kips) RNVW
LG- 19.00 Length of the Imoact Block (in) RNVL
DI- 12.50 Diameter of the Imoact Block (in) RNVD
CR- .9000 Coefficient of Restitution of the Impact Block W R R R
RO- .0100 Round Out Value of thm Impact Block (ft) . DRRR
Ent er NRME=xnnx. xx
* RETURN 'To End Input rr
"User's Response - Input correct C.O.R.;
give a RETURN to continue."
WT- .81 Weight of the Imoact Block (kior) QNVW
LG- 19.00 Length of the Imoact Block (in)
DI-
RNVL
12.50 Diameter of the Imoact Block (in)
C R-
QNVD
.8000 Coefficient of Restitution of the Imoact Blnck
20-
CORiiR
.a100 Round Out Value of the Imoact Biack (Ft) DRRP
Enter NRME=uwru. xu ++ RETURN To End Inout +*
"All input data is checked; give a
RETURN to continue."
Correction Mode * Give Return To End
Line Numbers for Correction8
1 . . . Hammer Manufacturer
2 . . . Hammer Name -.
3 ... TP RM
4 ... WT LG 01 SX SN EF
J ... WT LG 01 CR RO
6 . .- CS RR VL CD ID EX IV FV
7 ... RT P1 Pi! P3 P4 PS CC
8 ... PT CR RT SD CV RW EX
9 ... EF PR CR RO NR
10. . . Wl W 2 W3 S I SB 53
11 ... Hammer Exrv Date
Correction Mode *
NRMMRN
NRMHRM
"End Cor r ect i on Mode; gi ve a RENRN
t o continue."
HYPOTHET EX 4 1 3 0
2.75 ?'z-JO 12.50 8.50 . 00 .a000
.81 19.00 12.50 .SO00 .0100
10.76 122.70 120.00 .OOZO .0020 1.3000 .O
14.7 1iSO.O .O .O .O .O 0
HAMMER DATA
0 ... Continue ui t h Current Oata
1 ... Redisolav Oata
2 ... Corrections To Be Made
"User ' s Response - A l l i nput dat a i s
checked; ent er a 0 or gi v e a RETURN
t o continue."
Store HAMMER DATA? ** Current I 0 No.: 0 *+
0 ... Continue Without Storing Oata on Hammer Oata Fi l e
(Hammer data w i l l be wri t t en t o inout f i l e. )
>O ... HAUMER ObTA 10 f or Storage on Hammer Oata Fi l e
"User' s Response - Enter a '0' or
gi ve a RENRN t o cont i nue wi t hout
st or i ng hammer data. I f hammer dat a
i s t o be stored, enter an I D No. ( be
sure not t o over wr i t e on anot her
hammer I D No. However, t he pr ogr am
.
w i l l check f i l e l oc at i on f o r you)."
Hammer Fi l e Override Values and Ootions
SO- 0. Stroke Ootion
ST- .000 Hammer Stroke
EF- .000 Hammer EfCiciency
PR- .0 Hammer Pressure
105TR
l f t ) STROOV
EFFCV
10-i) PROV
FS* 0. Hammer Fuel Set t i ng 10 - 1 - maximum) I NEL
R U I .0000 Reaction Weight I ki os) RWTDV
CD* .0000 Comb Delay I LI ) or St ar t I gni t n Volume ( GI ) I s or i ns) TDELOv
HO- .0000 Hammer Damoin~ 10 -) Normal) IDRHG
Eneer NRME-xunr. xu * RETURN To End Innut H
"No hammer over r i de val ues; g i v e a
RETURN t o conti nue".
Enter:
Soil Damning Typm (0: Normal Smith Rooroach) ISflITH
-1 ... Use CASE Damning - Viscous Tynm
0 ... Usm SMITH Damning - Smith Typm
. 1 ... Usm SNITH Damning - Viscous Type
"User's Response. Card 1.000."
Soil Parameters
QS* .1000 Quakm of thm Skin (in) QS(1)
QT* . .1000 Quake of the Tom (in) QS(N+l)
DS* .1000 Damping of the Skin (Smith: s/ft, Viacous: 1) SJ(1)
DT- .I000 Damping at the Toe (Smith: s/?t. Viscous: 1) S.~(N+I)
Entmr NRME=xxxx. xx H RETURN TO End Inout +r
"User's Response; these are nondimen-
sional Case Damping Factors, Card 8.000."
Soil Parameters
QS* .I000 Quake of the Skin, (in) QS(1)
QT- .I000 Quake of the Tom (in) QS(Nc1)
DS* .3000 Damning of, the Skin (Smithr a/Ct, Viscous: 1) SJ(1)
D T* .IS00 Damning at thm Toe (Smith: a/ft, Viscous: 1) SJ(N+l)
Enter NRME=xxxx. xx u RETURN To End Inout c*
"All input data i s checked; give a
RETURN to continue."
Enter:
Skin Friction ~ercentage ($1 (1 ( SF ( 101, Normal1 EPERCS
Enter Typ.:
Skin Friction Distribution
"User's Response; Card 1.000. "
USER-SPECIFIP) DISTRIBUTION and SELECTED PRRRMETERS:
-2 . . . DRMPING. QURKES and STRTIC RESISTRNCES
-1 ... DSTRBN and DRMPING
0 . . . DSTRBN On1 y
TRIRNGULRR DISTRIBUTION Starting Rt:
1 ... Pile TOP
2 ... em eelow pile TOO
3 ... 40% Below Pilm Ton
4 ... 60% Below Pile Ton
S ... BOX Below Pile Too
UNIFORM DISTRlBUTION Starting Rt:
6 ... Pile Too
7 ... 20% Below Pilm Too
B ... 40% Below Pile Too
9 ... 68% Below Pile Too
10 ... B0X Below Pile Ton
Enter:
Oeoth Resistance
(DIS(I,X~~ corsta. xr)
it R-lative
"User's Response - Refer to Card 1.000
and Section 2.5 for explanation."
"User's Response - Refer to Card, 8.401,
and Section 2.5 for explanation."
Skin Friction Oirtribution
I Oeath Resr stance
(OIS(1.XI) (OIS(2zX))
ft Relative
1 10.000 .oooo
2 10.000 .3300
3 30.000
-3300
4 30.000 .67CO
5 40.000 .670D
6 60.000 1.0000
Correction.?
0 .-- Continue With Current Oqfault
'
1 ... Corrections to be Made
ITYS
"User's Response - Input data is
checked; give a RETURN to continue."
Enter:
Number of Splice/Slack Segments
ISPL
"No Splice/Slack Segment; give a
RETURN to continue."
Enter:
Ult mate Caoacltles
ki 0 RESULT
"User's Response. "
Ootion for Outout Segment Selection
(Dofault: 0 )
0 ... Continue with Current Default
1 .. . Enter NOW Value
IJJ
"user's Response, Card 1.000,"
SELECT BRFINCH:
v .- . -
8 ... Return to main menu for Storape
Further Corrections:
1 ... Title
2 ... analysis Ootions
..
a ... Helmet/Hammnr Cushion Informasion
4 ... Pile Cushion Information
5 ... Pile Too Pwoerties
6 . .. Pile Segment Information
7 ... Hammer information
8 ... Hammer File Override Values and Options
9 ... Soil Parameten
10 ... Skin Friction Distribution
11 ... Number of Solice/Slack Segments
12 ... Ultimate Capacities
13 .. . Ontion for Output Segment Selection
I N S
ISPL
RESULT
I JJ
"User' s Response - No cor r ect i ons;
ent er a '0' o r gi ve a RETURN t o
conti nue."
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 ... Terminate Program
0 ... Begin Terminal Input/Modifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Input (Modifications/Rnalysis)
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 . . . Store Current Input
4 ... Hannaer Data FILE Maintenance " ' , _-.:.._-.
"User' s Response."
Oive FILENRME For Data Storage (Default: FlrWERPBG.IN )
XI XXXXXX. X X X
"User' s Response - Ent er name o f
st orage f i l e o r gi ve a RETURN i f
Def aul t Storage F i l e i s sat i sf act or y. "
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT OATA aEiNG STORED ON FI LE b:UEAPBG.rN
EXAUPLE 6 0 OIESEL HAnRER INPUT
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.95
--
.OO .OO .OOOO .SO00 .0100 10500.
.UU
.PO .a0 .OOOO .so00 .a100 0.
60.00 9.82 30000.00 692.00 .8000 .0100
.OD 9.82 30000.00 692.00
59.72 9.82 30000.00 692.00
59.92 127.70 30000.00 692.00
60.00 127.70 30000.00 692.00
HYPOTHET EX 6 1 3 0
2.75 9s.m 12.50 8.50 .OO .80
.81 19.00 12.50 .8000 .0100
10.76 122.70 120.00 .0020 .O02O 1.3000 .O - 0
The above data display may be copied
to the printer using the SHFT and
PRTSC keys. SHFT is the upper-case
shift key. Give a RETURN to continue.
-2 ... ~einiti'lize
-1 ... Terminate Program
8 ... Begin Terminal Inout/Modifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Snout (Modifications/Onaly.il)
2 . . . Dispiay Current Inout
3 . .. Store Current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"User's Response."
*UHI'HAS CURRENT INPUT DOTR BEEN STORED? *)*H
8 ... (NO) - Return to BRONCH for Storage
. 1 . .. (YES)- OK to End Program
"User's Response."
Stop - Program terminated.
3.1.3 Example 3: P i l e Segment and Damping I nput (same as example 5 i n Volume
11)
A t i mber p i l e has t o be dr i ven t hrough a s o i l o f s t r a t i f i e d cl ay and sand
t o a dense gravel l ayer. The t i mber p i l e has a l engt h o f 36 f t 2 inches. I t s
cross-sect i onal area var i es from 128.7 a t t he t op t o 56.2 square i nches a t t he
bottom. It has t o be dr i ven by a Li nk Be l t 440 hammer. Ref er t o example 5 i n
Volume I 1 f o r a l l t he i nput data.
St ar t up program as descri bed i n Sect i on 2.1. The f ol l owi ng di spl ay
shoul d appear:
WERP86 Terminal Inout Routine - Version 1.0
-2 ... Reinitialize
-I ... Terminate Pmgran
0 .. . Bmqin Terminai Inout/Nodifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Innut (Modificntions/Analy.is)
2 . .. Disniay Current Inout
3 ... Storm Current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"User' s Response - Ent er a ' 0' t o begi n
t er mi nal i nput . "
Enter: T I R E
XXXxXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
"User' s Response - I nput t i t l e (Card,
1.001) and RETURN."
10- 0. Outnut Ootion
AS= 0. Residual Stress Pnalywis (0/11 Normai/RSP>
PIT= 0. Maximum Pnalysis Tim. (0 --) Normal)
IT* 0. Number Of Iterasions (0 -1 Normal)
CT- 0. Critcl Time Increment Ratio (0 -1 160)
Enter NPNE-xwnr.rr H R M R N TO End Inout u
IOUT
IRSRO
IMaXT
ITER
IPHI
" A l l def aul t values ar e checked (Card,
2.000); gi ve a RETURN t o conti aue."
Holrnes/Harnmor Cusnaon Information
WT- .OO Woipht of tho Holmot (kin.)
OR- .Be area of the Hammer Cuqhion (H. C.) , (in21
EM- .OO Elastic Mooulus of the H. C. (ksi)
TH- .0800 Thickness of the H. C. (in)
CR= .a080 Coefficaent of Rostitution for H. C.
RO- .0180 Rouna Out Deformation of H. C. (0 --) 8.018) (ft)
ST* 0. Stiffness of tho H. C. (Overridosr PR(EPl)/TH) (k/in)
Enter NRME-uxxx. xx ** RETURN To End Inout u
"User's Response (Card 3.000) ."
Helrnet/Hammer Cushion Information
UT- .70 Weight of the Helmet, (kios)
OR- .OO area of the Hammer Cusnion (H. C.) (in21
Em- .OO Elastic Modulus of the H. C. (kai)
TH- .8@@@ ThicXness of the H. C. ' (in)
CR- .SO00 Co'effici'dnt of Resritutibn for H. C.
RO= .BIB0 Rouna Out Deformation of H. C. (0 --> 0.10181 (ftl
ST- J0888. Stiffness of the H. C. (Overriaes: RR(Ei'o/THl (k/in)
Enter NOME=xxwx. xx
** RETURN To End Inout u
"All input data 1s.checked; give a.
RETURN to continue."
Pilo Cushion Information
RR* .OO Rrea of the Pile Cushion (P. C. ) (in2)
EPh .OO Elastic Modulus Of the P. C. (k5i)
TH- . .00B0 Thickness of tho P. C. (in)
CR- .5000 Coefficient of Restitution for P. C.
RO- .'a100 Round Out Doformation of P. C. (0 -) 0.01) (ft)
ST* 0. Stiffness of the P. C. (k/in)
Enter NRME-xxxx, rx +, RETURN To End Inout u
"No pile cushion (Card 4.000); give
a RETURN to continue."
Pi10 Too Proporties
LG- .000 Total Pile Length
RR- .OO Rrea at the Pilo Too (P. T.)
E M 20080.08 Elastic Modulus at the P. T.
SW- 442.88 Soecific .Weight at the P. T.
CR* .a500 Coefficient of Restitution for P. T.
ROf .0100 Rouno Out Doformat ion of P. T.
Entor NRME-xxxx. xu
H RETURN TO End Inout u
"User's Response (Card 5.000)."
CPPW
acaP
ECPP
TCPP
CORCRP
DRCP
STCP
CRPW
RcaP
ECRP
- TCaP
CORCRP
DRC9
S?C>
PCUS
ECUS
TCUS
CORCUS
DRCU
STCU
XPT
OPT
EPT
UDT
...
CORPTP
DRPTP
Pil. Tuo Pmoerties
LG-
RR-
EN-
sw-
CR-
R0-
36.170 Total Pile Length
128.67 Rrea at the Pile Too (P. T.
2000.00 Elastic Modulus at the P. T.
51.00 Soeclfic'Ueight at the P. T.
.5000 Coefficient of Rsstitutiin for P. T.
.0100 Round Out Deformazlon of P. T.
(ft) XPT
(1172) GPT
(ksi) EPT
(lbs/ftS) WPT
CORPTP
(ft) DRPTP
Enter NGME-xxxx. xu H RETURN TO End Input rr
"A1 1 input data is checked; give a
RETURN to continue."
NN- 7. Number of P11e Segments (N)
NC=
N
0. Unlform Pile Optzon (0/11 Unlform/Non-Uniform)
PD- 0. Pile Damolng (0 --) Normal)
NCROSS
IBEDFIM
Encsr N62MEnxxxx. xu * RETURN To End Inout u
t
"User's Response (Card 1.000)."
NN- 12. Number of Pile Segments (N) N
NC= 1. Uniform Pile Ootion 0 Uniform/Non-Uniform) NCROSS
PD- 5. Pile Damming
(0 --) Normal) IBE3GM
Enter NGME-xxxx. xx . H RETURN TO End Inout H ,
" A l l input data is checked; give a
RENRN to continue."
Non-Uniform Pile Profile
*+ Start at First Cross-Sectional Change H
Deoth Rrea E-od So. Wght
. (XP) (GP) (EP) (UP)
ft i n2 k s lbs/ft3
Noh-Uniform Pile Profile
s
6
7
Correct
0 ...
1 ...
Deotk Grea
(XP) (PP)
. ft i n2
.OO 128.67
-17 128.67
7.00 112.65
14.00 97.33
21.00 83. 13
28.00 70.04
36.17 56.20
ions?
Continue With Curr
Correczions to be
NCROSS
"User's Response (Card 5.101, ...)."
E-Mod
(EP)
ksi
2000.00
2000.00
2000.80
2000.00
2000. 00
2000.00
2000. 00
So. Wght
(UP)
NCROSS
"User's Response - A l l input data
checked; enter a '0' or give a RETURN
to c~ntinue."
" user ' s Response - (Card 1.000 and
Sect i on 2.4)."
P i l e Segment Lengths ( r e l a t i v e ) ALPH H N = 12 or
0 ... Continue Witn Current Value3
1 . .; Correczions Ta Pc qade
"User' s Response: Ref er t o Chapter 2,
Sect i on 2.4, f o r expl anat i on. "
Enter NzSTRRT NzSTOP 'VRLUE u RENRN To End I nout **
"User' s Response (Card 2.301)." Note,
l i n e 1 o f t h i s i nput desi gnates segment
1 Only Wi t h l engt h o f 3.167 ft. Li ne
2 desi gnates segments 2 through 12 a l l
havi ng l engt h 3.0 ft."
P i l e Segment Lengths ( r e l a t i v e ) RLPH H N = 12 o-
0 . . . Continue Ui t h Current Val""
1 . . . _Corr. cti n&~-Bcmade
El
"User' s Response - A l l i nput data i s
checked; gi ve a RETURN t o conti nue."
*UHI REFIGURING RCTURL SEGXWT LENGTHS Wf*
"Program w i l l pause f o r a few seconds;
i f segment l engt hs woul d not add up t o
t o t a l l engt h, t hey woul d be r ef i gur ed" .
P i l e Segment Lengths ( r el at i ve) ~ L P H r* N - 12 *x
... Conti nue W i t h Current Values
1 .. . Correcti ons To Be Made
" User ' s Response - A l l i n p u t dat a i s
checked; g i v e a RETURN t o cont i nue. "
P i l e Segment St i f f nessas (Wi n) ST2 ** N = 1s t*
0 ... Continue U i t h Current Values
1 . .. Corrections To Be Wade
" User ' s Response - I nput c or r ec t seg-
ment st i f f nesses. "
Ent er N:STRRT N:STOP VRLUE H RETURN To End Input H
"User ' s Response, Card 2.101. Note,
t h i s i n p u t agai n reads: f r om segment
1 t o segment 1, s t i f f n e s s 6592, f r om
2 t o 2 ...."
i Pile Segment Stiffnesses (k/in) STP rr N - lg **
0 ... Continue With Current Values
1 ... COrr.cOions TO Be Maae
"User's Response - All input data is
checked; give a RETURN to continue."
Pile Segment Uexghts (kips) P M H N - 1 2 -
0 ... Continu. With Current Values
1 . . . Correction5 To Re Xade
"User's Response - Input correct seg-
ment weights."
E n ~ e r N:ST4RT N:STOP V ~ L UE RFTURN To ino :no"- . +
"User's Response, Card 2.201, ... ."
Pile Segment Weights (kios) P M ~ N - I,?*+
0 . . . Continue With Current Va1u.s
1 . . . Corrections To Be Made
"User's Response - All input data is
checked; give a RETURN to continue."
Enter:
Hammer ID Number (0 - 300)
"User's ~&ponse, Card 1,000 see
Vol 11, Table 1.''
ID NO. r 133
LINKBELT LB 440 2 3 0
4.00 89.90 13. 10 3.12 1.49 -8000
.70 18.00 11.95 .9000 .0100
15.00 113.09 121.00 .0000 .0000 1.3500 161.0 12% 0
14.7 1003.0 .0 .0 .O .0 1
41.38 254.50 42.38 3.38 9185.0 5.210 1.460
Hammer ID Number (0 - 300) IHWR
(Default: 133)
0 ... Continue w~th Current Default
1 ... Enter Neu Value
"User's Response - All hammer data i s
correct give a Return to continue."
Hammer File Override Valurs and Ootions
SO- 0. Stroke Ootion
ST=
IUSTR
.000 Hsmmer Stroke (it)
EF-
STROOV
.000 Hammer Efficiency FFOV
PR- .0 Hammer Pressure (usi)
PRUV
FS= 0. Hammer Fuel Setting (0 = 1 - maximum)
R WI
IFUP-
.0000 Reaction Weight (kios)
CD-
RWTOV
.0000 Comb Delay (LI) or Start Ignitn Volume (a1) (s or ins) mELOv
HDI .0000 Hammer Damning (0 --> Normal) IDGHG
Enter NGME-xxxr. xx ** RETURN Ta End Knout w
"User's Response. Input override
values."
File Override Values and Ootions
-1. Strokm Ootion
3.610 Hammer StroHe
.000 Hammer Eft iciency
.0 Hammer Pressure
0. Hammer Fuel Setting (0 - 1 - maximum)
.0000 Reaction Weight
.a000 Comb Delay ( LI ) or Start Ignitn Volume (RI)
.0000 Hammer Oamninq (0 --) Normal)
Enter NGME-xxxx. x x *+ RETURN To End Innut H
42
" A l l i nput dat a i s checked; gi ve a
RETURN t o continue."
Enter: .
Soil Damoing Type 10: Normal Smith Aooroach) ISMITH
-1 ... U-e CRSE Damoin. - Viscous Tyoe
0 ... Use SMITH Damoing - Smith Type
1 . . a Use SMITH Damming - Viscous Type
"User' s Response, Card 1.000."
Soil Parameters
QS- .I000 Quake of tho Skin (in) as(!)
PT- .1000 Quake of the Toe (in) OS(N+?)
DS- .I000 Damoing of the Skin (Smith: s/ft, Viscous: 1) SJl1)
DT- .1000 Damoing at the Toe (Smith: s/ft. Viscousr 1) SJlN+l)
Enter NAME=xrwx. rx ** RETURN To End Inout +*
"Damping and Quakes w i l l be user-
speci f i ed by p i l e segment. The above
data w i l l be overri den; gi ve a RETURN."
Ent err
Skin Friction Percentage (%) (1 ( SF ( 101. Normal) IPERCS
"User' s Response, CaPd 1.000."
Ent er Tyoe :
Skin Friction Distribution
I N S
USEX-SPECIFiE3 DISTX1BUT:ON ano SF-ICTED PQRQNEYXS:
-2 ... DRMPING. QUOKES ana STOTIC REBISTRNCES
-1 . .. DSTRBN ana DQMPING
TRIRNGULAR DISTRIBUTION Starting Ot:
1 ... Pile Too
2 ... 20% Below Pile Too
3 ... 40% Below Pile Too
4 ... 60% Below Pile Too
S ... 80% Below Pile Too
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION Starting At :
6 ... Pile Too
7 ... 20% Below Pile Too
8 ... 40% Below Pile Too
9 . . . 60% Below Pile Too
10 ... 80% Below Pile Too
"User' s Response - Card 1.000; al so,
r e f e r t o Sect i on 2.5 f o r expl anati on. "
Soil Quakes
(in) O S u N - 12+*
Plus Pilr Toe
0 . .. Continue With Current Values
1 ... Correcsions To 8s Made
"User ' s Response - I nput c o r r e c t quakes
per p i l e segment i n c l u d i n g p i l e toe."
Enter NISTART NISTOP VRLUE *+ RETURN To End Inout rr
Soil Quakes
"User ' s Response - Ref er t o Card 8.101,
... and Sect i on 2.5 f o r expl anat i on.
Thi s i n p u t r eads f r om segment 2 t hr ough
12 use a quake o f 0.1."
(in) Q S W N - 12 a+
Plus Pile Toe
0 ... Continua With Current Values
1 ... Corrections To Re Made
" User ' s Response - A l l i n p u t dat a i s
checked; gi v e a RETURN t o cont i nue. "
Soil Damotng Parameters (DamoType Case:Non-Dim, Smrth,:s/ft) SJ L+ N - 12 **
P l w P'ile Too
0 ... Contlnue Wlth Current Values
1 ... Corrections To 8. Made
" User ' s Response - I nput c o r r e c t damp-
i n g val ues per p i l e segment i nc l udi ng
p i l e toe."
I!.
I
t
Enter NISTRRT N:STOP VRLUE ** RENRN To Enc Inous u
"User ' s Response - Ref er t o Card 8.201,
... and Sect i on 2.5 f o r expl anat i on.
Thi s . i nput r eads 0 damping a t segment
1, -05 a t 4, .2 from 5 t o 6. ... ."
Soil Damoing Paramsters (DamoType CaserNon-Dim, Smith:s/ft) SJ u N = 12 ++
Plus Pile Toe
0 ... Continue With Current Values
1 . . . Correct ions To Bs Mads
"User ' s Response - A l l i n p u t i s
checked; g i v e a RETURN ' t o cont i nue. "
Ultimate Static Soil Resistance trslativa) SU u N I le I+
Plus Pile Toe
0 . .. Continua With Currant V a l u ~
1 ... Cormctions To Ba Mads
" User ' s Response - I nput c or r ec t u l t i -
mate s t a t i c s o i l r esi st ances per p i l e
segment i n c l u d i n g p i l e t oe. "
Enter NrSTRRT NISTOP VOLUE u RETURN To Ena Inout +r
" User ' s Response - Ref er t o Cards 8.301,
... and Sect i on 2.5 f o r expl anat i on.
Thi s i n p u t means r e l a t i v e ul t i mat e
r es i s t anc e 0.5 a t segment 4, 1.0 f o r
segments 5 t o 12, and 76.5 a t 13."
U1t:mate Static So11 Res~stance trelat:ve~ SU rr N - 12
Plus Pl:e T-"
1
0 . .. Continue Uith Current Values
1 ... Corrections To 8 . Made
"User's Response - All input data is
checked; enter a 0 or give a RETURN
to continue."
Enterr
Number 0.1' Solice/Slick Segments
ISPL
"User's Response, Card 1.000."
Enter:
Ultimate Caoacities (kips) RESULT
'"~ser's Response, Card 9.100, 9.Z00."
Ootion for Outout Segment Selection
(Default: 0 )
0 ... Continue with Current Default
1 ... Enter New Value
SELECT BRFlNCH:
0 ...
Further
1 ...
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
5 ...
6 ...
7 ...
8 ...
9 ...
10 ...
i r ...
12 ...
13 ...
IJJ .
"User's Response, Card 1,000."
Return to Main Menu for Storage
Corr.czionsr
Title
Flnalysis Ontions
Helmet/Hammer Cushion Information
Pile Cushion Information
Pfle Too Pronerti"
Pile Segment Informat ion
Hammer Information
Hammer File Override Value5 and Ootions
Soil Parameters
Skin Friction Distribution
Number of Solics/Slack Segments
Ultimate Caoacities
Ootion for Outout Segment Selection
I PEL
I n s
ISPL
RESULT
IW
"User's Response for No Corrections;
give a RETURN to continue."
46
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 .. . Terminate Program
0 . . . Begin Terminal ~nout/Modifications
1 ... Reaa Prev1ous:y store^ Inous (modifications/Rnalyail)
2 . .. Dlsolay Current Inout
3 . . . St,?-s Current I~out
"User's Response: Display all input
data."
T i t l e : EXAMPLE 5: PILE SEGMENT + OAMPING INPUT
Rnalysis Options
I0 AS MT
0 0 0
Helmet/Hammer Cushion Information
UT QR EM
.70 .OO .OO
Pile Cushion Information
RR EM TH
.OO .OO . 0000
Pile Too Properties
LG FIR EM
36.17 128.67 2000.00
Number of Pile Smpments (N)
Uniform Pile Option (0/lr
Non-Uniform Pile Profile
Deoth Rrea E-MOO
(XP) [RP) (EP)
ksi
2000.00
2000. 00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000. 00
Pile Damolng (0 --) Normal)
Pile Segment Ootlon
Pile Senment Stlffnesses
N 12
NCROSS 1
NCROS
IBEDRM 5
I PEL 2
(*/in) STP
6592.
.
65S7. 6176. 5800. 5445. 5100. 4764.
4128. 3823. 3534. 3257. *
Pila Segment Weights (kios) PM
.I42 .I86 .I18 . I l l .I04 . 0?8 .091
. 072) .073 .068 .065
Pile Seqment Lengths (relative) aLPH
3.1670 3.0080 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000
3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000
Hammer ID Numoer (0 - 300) IHPMR 133
Hammer File Override Values an0 Ootions
SO ST EF PR FS RU CD .
-1. 3.610 . 000 .0 0. .OO . 00Qi
Sol: Damolno Tyoe (0: Normal Smlth Qooroach) ISMITH 0
Sk1n Frlctlon Percentage (%) (1 ( SF ( 101. Normal) IPESCS 10
Sol1 Parameters
QS QT DS DT
.lo00 .lo00 . 0000 . @CQB
OPTIONr S k ~ n Frlction Distrxbutxon ITYS -a
Soil Quakes (in)
.I800 .I000 .1000 .1000 . 1000 .I000 .I000
0s
.1000
.I000
.1000 .I000 .I000 .la00
Soil Damoxng Parameters (DamoTyoe CaamzNon-Dim. Smxtntslft) SJ
.la00 . 1000 .1000 1000 .I000 .1000 . 1000
. I000
. I000
.I000 . I000 . 1000 .lo00
Ultlmate Statlc Soil Res~stance
(relative) SU
.00 -00 .OO .50 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 I. 00 76.50
I. 00
Ultimate Caoacitles
(klos) RESULT
150.00 .a0 .a0 .00 .a0 .00
. 00
-00
.00
-00
Ontlon for Outout Segment Selection I JJ 0
-2 ... Reinitialirs
-1 ... Terminate P m o r m
0 . . . Begin ~erminai Innut/Modifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Inout (Modifications/Gnalysisl
2 . . . Disolav Current Innut
3 . . . Store current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE maintenance
"User' s Response; st or e i nput . "
Give FILENGME For Data Storage (Default: R:WEdPBG.IN 1
x ~ . X X X x X X . X x X
"Def aul t dat a st orage f i l e name i s
s uf f i c i ent ; gi ve a RETURN t o conti nue."
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT DRTR BEING STORED ON FILE G:WEAPBG.IN
EXGMPLE 3(5), PILE SEGMENT+DaMPING INPUT
0 0133-1 0 2 1 2 0 1 5 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 0 0
6332. 6371. 6176. 5800. 5445. 5100. 4764. 4440.
4128. 382i. 3534. 3257.
DRTG HGS BEEN STORU) ON FILE: RtWEdPRG.iN
For a hard Copy of t he t ot a l i nput
dat a depress SHFT and PRTSC. SHFT i s
upper-case s h i f t key.
"User' s Response; gi ve a RETURN t o
conti nue. "
-2 ... Reinitialize
-1 ... Terminate Pmgram
0 ... Begin Terminal Inuut/Modifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Input (Modifications/FInalysis~
2 ... Disolay Current Inuut
3 . . . Store Current Inout
4 ... Hamm-r Data FILE Maintenance
"User' s Response."
I-* HaS CURRENT INPUT DFITR BEEN STORED? **I*
0 ... (NO) - Return to BRFINCH for Storage
1 ... (YES)- OK to End Program
"User' s Response."
Stou - ~rogram terminated.
C) COPY A: WEAPBG. IN F I r SRMPLE. DRT
1 File(s) couieo
"'opy dat a f i l e t o another name f or
l a t e r usage."
3.2 Main Menu Opti on 1: Read Pr evi ousl y St ored I nput (Modi f i cat i on/ Anal ysi s
Opti on 1 i s used t o r ec al l i nput data f o r modi f i cat i on. The modi f i cat i on
procedure i s s i mi l ar t o t he t er mi nal i nput procedure ( opt i on 0) as descri bed
i n Sect i on 3.1 and demonstrated i n t he t hr ee examples.
The modi f i cat i on process begi ns wi t h t he opt i on t o change t he cur r ent
t i t l e . From t hat poi nt on, t he program w i l l l i s t t he cur r ent i nf or mat i on i n
t he same menu format t hat was used t o i nput t he dat a or i gi nal l y . The user may
change any quant i t y as t he program progresses from f i r s t t o l a s t i nput seg-
ment.
The modi f i cat i on r out i ne saves t he user t he t i me and e f f o r t o f r eent er i ng
data which has been i nput previ ousl y.
CAUTION: There are some modi f i cat i ons which r equi r e changes i n ot her par t s o f
V t .
The most severe ef f ec t i s a change o f p i l e l engt h which was or i g-
i n a l l y used f o r computation of t he number of p i l e segments (N). A change i n
t o t a l l engt h w i l l make i t necessary f o r t he user t o al so check t he f ol l owi ng
i nput quant i t i es:
1. User-spe.ci fi ed Ski n Fr i c t i o n Di s t r i but i on (ITYS)
2. Nonuniform Pi l e Pr o f i j e
3. Pi l e Segment Opti on (IPEL = 1 or 2)
a) Pi l e Segment Lengths, St i f f nesses and Masses
b) Quakes, Damping and Resi stance
c ) Spl i ce/Sl ack
4. Opti on f o r Output Segment Sel ect i on (I JJ)
I f t he cross-sect i onal area, t he Modulus o f El a s t i c i t y or Speci f i c Weight
i s changed, then t he Nonuniform P i l e Pr o f i l e may al so, need modi f i cat i on.
Note t hat , aut omat i cal l y computed ul t i mat e r esi st ance val ues and p i l e damping
(bot h based on p i l e impedance) may al so be af f ect ed.
For f i r s t ti me users of W86IN, i t i s recommended t o r es t ar t wi t h t he
Terminal I nput Routi ne ( opt i on 0 ) and r eent er a l l dat a i f p i l e l engt h changes.
3.3 Main Menu Opti on 2: Di spl ay Current I nput
Thi s opt i on w i l l usual l y be undertaken a f t e r a l l dat a has been ent ered or
modi f i ed and t he user wants t o check t he data f o r accuracy or wants a hard
copy o f t he i nput data.
To di spl ay t he cur r ent i nput data, ent er opt i on 2 i n t he main menu as
shown i n t he f ol l owi ng example ( i nput data f o r example 1 i n Sect i on 3.1.1):
-2 ... a ~ ~ n r t ~ a i ~ : ~
-i . . . Imrmrnatm Promram
0 . .. awoxn Twrmlnai inout/noc~f~cazrons
I ... Rwad Prmviouslv Stormd Inous tmoalficasxons/ana~y.rl)
t ... Diso~av C u m n e Inout .
3 ... Storw Currmnt Inout
4 ... Ham- Data FILE hazntmnanew
"User' s Response."
Titlmr EXGMPLE 1. 45 TON DESIGN, 10HP 53. D-12
analysis Ootions
00 RS RT IT CT
10 0 0 a a
Hllmmt/Hammmr Cusnion Information
UT GR EM TH CR 170
. YS .a0 .a@ . a000 . a a ~ 8ioo
Pilm Cusnion 1nform.tion
PR EM TH CR RO ST
.00 - 00 r 0000 1.0000 , 0100 0.
Pilm TOO PrD~meims
LO RR EM SW CR RO
40.00 is. se 3000~. 00 492. ee . a000 .0100
Numomr of Pilm Elmmmnts (N)
Uniform Pilm Ootron (0/1: UnlfomlNonYnitorrn)
Pilm Damming ( 0 -) Norm~1)
Pilm S-qmmnt Ootion.
Hammrr ID Numb-* ( 0 - 2Uu) ~~ -. .- - .-
Hammmr Film Ovwwimm Valums and Ootions
SO ST Er- D R C9 RU . - . - . .. . - ....
0. .a00 .a00 . 0 0. .00
Soil Damning Tyom
Skin Friction Pm*tmntaqm (%>
Soil ParMIflrr
QS QT 05 DT
.1000 .1000 .3000 . 1500
OPTION: Skin Friction Distribution
Skin Friction Distribution
Dmotn Rw-istmee
ft
. 0000 .Em00
40.0000 1. 0000
Ultimatm Canacitims lrios)
60.00 120.09 180.00 240.00 . OO - 00
. B0 . 00
Ootion for Outout S.mmmno Smlmetion
3.4 Main Menu Opti on 3:
St ore Current I nput
Thi s opt i on whould be used af t er data has been i nput or modi f i ed (through
opti ons 0 or 1 i n t he main menu) and i s t o be st ored f or anal ysi s by WEAP86.
The i nput data i s st ored as shown i n t he f ol l owi ng example:
BRANCHING:
-2 ... Reinxtxaiize
-1 ... Terminate Program
0 ... Begin Terminal Inout/Modifications
1 ... Read Previously Stored Inout (Modifications/Analysis)
2 ... Disolay Current Inout
3 . .. Store Current Inout
4 ... Hammer Data FILE Maintenance
"User' s Response."
Oive FILENAME For Data Storane (Default: RrWEr7PBG.IN )
x: xxxxxx. XXX
"Give a RETURN t o assi gn t he Def aul t
name or type i n another f i l e name
modeling t he gi ven format."
ECHO PRINT OF INPUT DPTA BEING STORED ON FILE R:WUPBG.IN
EXAMPLE 1, 45 TON DESIGN. 10HP 53, D-12
0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 8 0
.95 .OO .00 .0000 .8000 .dl00 81000.
.OO
.00 .00 .0000 . S080 .a100 0.
40.08 15.58 JQOQ0. 80 438.88 .E1088 .0108
.Baa 800 .a . 0088 . 0008
.I080 .1000 .xi80 .1508
.0000 .@Odd
40.0000 1.0000
60.00 1~0.00 180.00 240. 00 .00 .a0 . a0 .oo
. 00 .OO
DATA HAS BEEN STORED ON FILE: R:WEAPBG.IN
Note t hat , t he above ECHO of i nput
data may be pr i nt ed by depressi ng SHFT
and PRTSC si mul taneousl y. SHFT i s the
upper-case s h i f t key.
NOTE: I f t he def aul t f i l e name i s used ( usual l y same name as i n FILES.OAT) be
sur e t o st or e t he i nput data under another name f or l a t e r use. I f i n-
put dat a i s st ored under t he def aul t f i l e name onl y, i t i s l i k e l y t hat
i t w i l l be over wr i t t en and, t her ef or e, permanently l o s t upon t he next
executi on o f W86IN.
.
52
3.5 Main Menu Opti on 4: Hammer Data F i l e Maintenance
The Hammer Data F i l e Maintenance r out i ne al l ows. t he user t o di spl ay ham-
mer dat a on f i l e , i nput new hammer dat a t o f i l e , and modi fy o l d hammer dat a on
f i l e . A l l t h i s i s accomplished wi t h a ser i es o f program prompts i n t he form
o f menus.
Upon ent er i ng t he Hammer Data F i l e Maintenance r out i ne f rom t he main
menu, t he f ol l owi ng branch request i s made:
-
Hammer Maintenancer
-1 ... Return to Main Brancning
0 ... Hammer Data File Listing
1 . .. Inout Hammer Data
' 2 . . . Correction to Existing Hammer Data
The above menu prompts t he user t o ent er opt i ons -1 t hr u 2 i n or der t o
'execute hammer maintenance tasks. The above menu al ong wi t h i t ' s f our opt i ons
i s expl ai ned i n t he f ol l owi ng sect i ons usi ng det ai l ed examples.
3.5.1 Opt i on -1: Return t o Main Branchi ng
Th i s opt i on al l ows t he user t o r et ur n t o t he main menu once a l l hammer
.
maintenance has been accomplished.
3.5.2 Opt i on 0: Hammer Data F i l e L i s t i n g
Thi s opt i on al l ows t he user t o obt ai n a l i s t i n g of hammers i n vari ous
modes. Upon ent er i ng t he hammer dat a f i l e l i s t i n g opt i on, t he f ol l owi ng menu
prompt w i l l be di spl ayed:
Enter Outout Ontion:
-1 ... Return to Branch Polnt
B . . . Hammer ID and Name Only (Default)
1 . . . Hammer ID. Name and Al? Quansities withous Hmaainqs
8 ... Hammer ID. Name and R11 Ouansifies with Headings
The hammer l i s t i n g can be obt ai ned by opt i ons 0 t hr u 2 and can be di s-
pl ayed i n t he f ol l owi ng manner:
Enter Outout Dest inasion
0 ... Terminal Disnlay - FRST
1 ... Terminal Oisoiav - SLOW ( Gi v e RETUgN after eacn Hammer Disn?ayl
8 .. . Prlnsea Ouaut - (Set TO? OF FORM Jefore Canslnuzng)
Ot i on 0 : Hammer 10 and Name Only
I f Opti on 0 i s entered, t he f ol l owi ng prompt i s di spl ayed:
Ent er START ID. STOP I D
"User' s Response - Thi s w i l l l i s t ham-
mer I D' S 1 t hr u 3.'
ID WNUFGR NAME RAN WEIGHT ENERGY TYPE
1 DELMAG D 5 1.10 8.23 OED
2 DELMAG D 8-22 1.76 17- 60 O D
3 DELMAG D 12 2.75 23.53 OW
Hammer Data Fi:e Li s t i ng Completed
Ent er a RETURN t o cont i nua
"Give a RETURN."
Ent er Outnut Oat ion:
-.-1 ... Ret urn t o Branch Poi nt
0 ... Hammer ID and Name Only ( Def aul t )
1 ... Hammer ID. Name and A11 Qu a n t i t i e s ui t hout Headings
2 ... Ha mme r ID. Name and R11 Qu a n t i t i e s wi t h Headi ngs
Opti on 1: Hammer ID, Name and A l l Quant i t i es Ui t hout Headings.
I f Option 1 i s entered, agai n t he user i s prompt f o r t he s t ar t t o stop I D
numbers:
Ent er STRRT ID, STOP I D
"User' s Response - Hammer l i s t i n g from
I D' S 1 and 2."
I D NO! ' 2
DELMAG 0 8-22 1 3 6
1.76 94. :0 9. 84
Hammer Dat a Fi l m L i s t i n ! Comol eted
En t s r a RETURN t o conoi nue
"Give a RETURN."
Ent er Out out Oo$ion:
-1 .. . Ret ur n t o Branch Poi nt
0 .. . Hammer I D and Name Onl y ( Def aul t )
1 ... Hammsr ID. Name and 011 QuanZf t i ss wi t hout Headi ngs
2 ... Hammer ID, Name and Q11 Quanei t i es wi t h Headi ngs
Opti on 2: Hammer 10, Name and All Quant i t i es With Headings.
I f Opt i on 2 i s entered, t he user i s once agai n prompt f o r s t a r t t o st op
I D numbers:
Ent er START ID, STOP I D
"User ' s Response - Hammer l i s t i n g f o r
hammer I D No. 1 only."
I D MANUFRCT NQME H TYPE M IVRC
1 DELMRG 0 5 1 3 0
RAM WGHT RAM LOTH RRM ornm
1.10 87.07 8.87
18 UGHT I B LOTH I B DIAM COR I B DR I 5
.3S 19.76 8.27 .90 .81
DEPIB CHMBR. A. CHMBR. V. CNB DELOV CRB DRTN
8.78 53.43 34.30 .a0216 .80P0
PATM PI P2 P3 P4 PS
14.70 1380.60 .OO .00 .OW . 00
A 1 STAT V A1 END V MnX STRK MIN STRK EPFICY
.00 .00 7.48 4.03
CO EXP
. 80
DEPBB B C RRER DBRT D SRFE C TANK V RE9CTN WT CO EXP BC
1-33 . 00 -00 .00 . 00 .00 . a0 .a0
E-C-RTD P EFF RREA ASSM W 1
nSSM W 2 ASSN W 3 ASSM ST 1 ASSM ST 2 ASSM ST 3
.OO .OO .OO .OO .OO . 00 .OO
COR RS
.a0
DR RS
.OO .OO
MA CO CONF. DRTE
0 1 31MaydS
Hammer Data Fiji, Listing Cumoleted
Enter RETURN to continue
"Give a RETURN."
Enter Outout Ootionr
-I ... Return to Branch Potnt
0 . . . Hammer ID qnd Name Only (Default)
1 ... Hammer ID. Name and 411 Quantitlas WitnOut Headings
2 ... Hammmr ID, Name and R11 Quantities with Headings
"User' s Response."
Hammer Maintenance:
-1 ... Return to Main Branching
0 ... Hammer Data .File Listing
1 . . . Inout Hammer Data
2 ... Correction to Existing Hammpr Data
3.5.3 Opti on 1: I nput Hammer Data
Thi s o p t i o n al l ows t he user t o i nput and st or e new hammer data. The
i nput procedure i s t he same as descri bed i n example 2 ( hypot het i cal hammer
i nput ) i n sect i on 3.1.2 i n t h i s chapter. Ref er t o t h i s example and t o Chapter
3, Volume 11, Cards 6.101, 6.201, ... 6.801.
W86IN gi ves t he user t he opt i on t o st or e each new hammer dat a set under
an I D number. For example, t he f ol l owi ng W86IN di spl ay shows t he r est or i ng
procedure a f t e r modi f i cat i ons of hammer dat a (desi gnated SAMPLE HAMMER and
st ored i n I D 300). Not i ce t hat t he W86IN program checks whether any hammer
data exi st s i n t he desi gnated st orage I D number. I n t he example below, i t i s
"ok" t o over wr i t e t he dat a st ored on ED 300 si nce t h a t was t he hammer dat a
which was modi fi ed.
Store HRMMER DRTR? u Current ID No. : 300 **
0 ... Continue Without Storing Data on Hammer Data File
)0 .. . HRMMER DRTR ID tor Storage
"User' s Response."
SRMPLE HRMMER is currently stored on Hammer ID 200
0 ... OK to Overurite Data Currently on File
) 0 . . . N w HRMMER ID
"User' s Response."
r* HRWMER DRTR Stored on ID: 200 **
3.5.4 Opti on 2: Correct i on t o Exi st i ng Hammer
Thi s opt i on al l ows t he user t o modi fy and r est or e hammer data. The user
i s once again r ef er r ed t o example 3.1.2 i n t h i s chapter f o r guidance. The
modi f i cat i on procedure i s si mi l ar t o t he hammer data i nput procedure.
The s t o r i n g pr ocedur e i s as descr i bed above i n s ec t i on 3.5.3.
3.6 Main Menu Opti on '-2': Rei ni t i al i z e
Thi s opt i on w i l l usual l y be u t i l i z e d i f another set o f i nput ' data i s t o
be entered or i f f o r some reason t he user wished ' t o r es t ar t the W86IN program
wi t h zero on basi c def aul t values.
3.7 Main Menu Opti on '-1': Terminate Program
Thi s opt i on needs no expl anat i on except t hat bef ore t er mi nat i ng program,
i t reminds t he user f f i nput data has been stored. I f i nput data has not been
stored, i t gi ves t he user t he oppor t uni t y t o st or e bef or e program i s t er mi -
nated. Refer t o end o f examples 1, 2, and 3 o f Sect l on 3.1 f o r descr i pt i on.
. .
. . . . . . .
4.2 Data ~ i i L ., , . .
. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
For graphi cs out put t hk f ol l owi ng f i l e s must r esi de on t he def aul t dr i ve:
I
PR1NTER.DE.Y.. . :, . . . " 'c Epson p r i n t e r conf i gur at i on f i l e .
GRAPHICS.DEV - Graphics board conf i gur at i on f i l e .
1
4.3 Output Examples Wfth Graphics
The f i r s t graphi cs-exampl e i ncl udes t he Ram Displacement curve al ong wi t h
t he f orce and vel oci t y curves a t t he p i l e t op and bottom:
where:
IOUT = 30
i s t he OUTPUT LEVEL OPTION (10).
CAPACITY ( K) : 50
i s t he capaci t y i n ki ps bei ng analyzed.
PILE SEGMENTS P i l e Segments a t whi ch graphi c out put was pro-
duced. Note t h a t f o r l ong pi l es, a l l p i l e
segments wi l l . not be shown '(max of 11).
Theref ore, t he p i l e .,. i segment *.. . nu bers w i l l not
be consecuti ve. , z , . . . : 3 11Yq512
A1 1 ot her i nf or mat i on i s def i ned as f o r ?he ' f i ?i t ' ; . ~x ~db~k ' ~hOwn or evi -
ously. .,-, 1 :<qf, :: ,:!2!:*; ' ' .'
4.4 Scales
- : . . . i>
I n t h e above two examples and a l l ot her graphi,cs . . o ut put , t he f ol l owi ng
scal es ar e used (per base l i n e spacing). Note t hat . $aphi cs ,pri'nIcing may t ake
up t o t hr ee mi nutes t o complete.
t
Force (lOft/s)(PROP i n k i ps / f t / s ) - ( 5 : f t / s ) PROP'^^ k i ps / f t / s )
[!I Ve l o c i p 10 f t / s 5 f t / s ... ! . . .
St ress
d Acce1,eration 500 g' s 100 g' s
[ e l Displacement .I667 f t .0833 f t
( f ) Ram Displacement 1.667 f t .8333 ft
1
Steel def i ned by a p i l e mat er i al wi t h an el as t i c modulus,.of 28000 k s i or
gr eat er ...
~ ..
2 Concrete def i ned by a p i l e mat er i al wi t h an e l a s t i c modulus o f l ess than
28000 k s i , ..
i:j
7
3 I nst ead o f stresses, forces ar e di spl ayed wi t h scal es as i n (a)
+
PROP ( k i ps / f t / s ) i s t he EA/c val ue i n t he " Pi l e Pr o f i l e " Table.