Concept of GSM

A. Steffen / H. Weibel, 30.6.2000, KSy_GSM.
ppt 1
Zrcher
Hochschule
Winterthur
Kommunikationssysteme (KSy) - Block 12
Global System for
Mobile Communications
Global System for
Mobile Communications
Dr. Andreas Steffen
Hans Weibel
2000 Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur
R
A. Steffen / H. Weibel, 30.6.2000, KSy_GSM.ppt 2
Zrcher
Hochschule
Winterthur
GSM Mobile Communications
Overview
Part I GSM Basics & GSM Circuit-Switched Voice/Data
Properties of Wireless Channels
GSM Network Elements and Topology
GSM Radio Interface
Physical and Logical Channels for Circuit-Switched Voice/Data
Full Rate and Half Rate Traffic Channels
Channel Coding of Voice Connections
Evolution of GSM (HSCSD / GPRS / EDGE)
Part II GSM Packet-Switched Data & UMTS
Physical and Logical Channels for Packet-Switched Data (GPRS)
GPRS Random Access Protocol (Uplink State Flag USF)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP / IMT-2000)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
Frequency Bands / Deployment Schedule
Technology
Services
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Multipath Propagation / Fading
Wavelength @ 900 MHz: 30 cm
direct path
(line-of-sight)
reflections
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Special Properties of Wireless Channels
Multipath propagation due to reflections
Desireable, if line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver is
not available (urban areas / buildings)
Annoying, since it causes fading (local signal cancellation).
Frequency hopping improves the situation for stationary MS
Large delay spreads cause inter-symbol interference (ISI)
Channel estimation by periodic transmissions of a training
sequence is the basis of optimum channel equalization
Bit Errors are not randomly distributed
Errors often occur in bursts of several consecutive bits
The raw uncorrected bit error ratio (BER) is around 10
-2
... 10
-3
Channel coding based on forward error correction (FEC)
Achieves a satisfactory BER after correction in the range
of 10
-5
... 10
-6
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Motivation
As many subscribers as possible should be able to
communicate simultaneously over a shared medium !
Multiplex Types
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Multiplex Schemes
Time
Frequency
Code
T
B
0
1
2
Space
GSM
UMTS
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R cell radius
K cluster size
D repeating
distance
Spatial Frequency Re-use in Cell Clusters
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
5
4 6
7
1
2
3 5
4 6
7
1
2
3
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
K = 12
D
R
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
9
8 10
11
12
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
9
8 10
11
12
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
9
8 10
11
12
5
4 6
7
1
2
3
9
8 10
11
12
K = 7
K = 3
D R K = 3
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Network Elements and Network Topology
MS
GMSC
GMSC
MSC
MSC
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
U
m
TRAU
TRAU
SS7
MS-SIM
A
bis
HLR VLR EIR AUC
A
sub
A
PSTN
ISDN
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
MSC
MSC
VLR
optional
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Network Elements
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) - The Wireless Part
Base Transceiver Station (BTS), cell coverage
Base Station Controller (BSC) controls several BTSs
Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU): Interface between
PCM A-Law / GSM-codec and bit rate adaption of data channels
The Switching Subsystem (SSS) - The Switching Part
The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) manages a large number
of BSCs
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC) is the gateway to
other networks
Various Registers (data bases)
Separate Routes for Traffic and Signalling Channels
Signalling messages and data base accesses are transported by
the Signalling System Nr. 7 (SS7) using the Mobile Application
Part (MAP)
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Registers
Home Location Register (HLR)
usually one HLR per PLMR (Public Land Mobile Radio System)
primarily a data base for subscriber data, e.g.
Subscriber identifiers (IMSI/MSISDN), service profiles, etc.
Localization- and routing information (current VLR, MSC, LMSI)
is increasingly becoming a platform for all kinds of services
(similar to SCP in the IN architecture)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
usually one VLR per MSC
stores all relevant data of visiting MS
Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
stores serial numbers (IMEI) of MS equipment (models, software
versions, black list)
Authentication Centre (AUC)
stores cryptographic data (keys)
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Numbers and Identifiers I
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
Unique serial number assigned by equipment manufacturer
International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI)
Unique subscriber identification number, stored on SIM-card
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
Actual phone number structured according to ITU-T E.164
Country Code (CC) up to 3 digits
National Destination Code (NDC) 2 to 3 digits
Subscriber Number (SN) with a maximum of 10 digits
Strict separation of subscriber identification (IMSI)
and phone number (MSISDN)
Several MSISDN numbers can be assigned to a single IMSI
(used for service selection)
The mapping between MSISDN and IMSI is not public
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Numbers and Identifiers II
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
Unique local ISDN number used for call routing purposes
Assigned to the MS by the current VLR in charge
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Periodically transmitted by each BTS on the Broadcast Channel
Location Area consist of several cells and is used for MS paging
On entering a new location area the MS must do a location
update with the VLR / HLR
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
VLR in charge assigns a locally valid identifier in place of IMSI
LAI combined with TMSI still uniquely identifies MS
Advantage: Eavesdropping of wireless channel gives no clues
on true identity of subscriber
Cell Identifier (CI)
BTS Identity Code (BSIC)
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Roaming
Roaming allows access to foreign networks if a roaming
agreement between the two operators exists.
Location Registration
Mandatory when entering a new network
MS logs on with IMSI and is assigned a TMSI that gets stored on
the SIM-card
Current MSRN and LAI of subscriber is registered with the HLR
Location Update
Required when MS enters a new Location Area
Requested by MS when periodically broadcast LAI changes
Update of entries in HLR and VLR, might lead to a change of the
current VLR
Location Registration/Update always requires authentication
of the subscriber and causes the generation of a new
session key for channel encryption
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B = 200 kHz
B
B
B
B
Guard Band
f
f
N

f
k

f
2

f
1

0
Radio
Frequency
Channels
Guard Band
f
L
f
U
Frequency
Band
...
Combined FDMA / CDMA Scheme
t
... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
Time Slots
Frame
T
T 577 s
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The GSM 900 MHz Frequency Band
860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970
25 MHz 25 MHz
10 10
4 4
P-GSM
E-GSM
R-GSM
*)
*) several other Systems:
- Cordless Telephone CT1, CT1+, CT2
- Telemetry / Telecommand
- Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
- Digital Satellite System Receiver (DSSR)
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Distance 45 MHz
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The GSM 1800, DECT and UMTS Bands
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 200 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
75 MHz
UMTS
GSM 1800
DECT
1: Time Division Duplex (TDD)
2: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
3: Mobile Satellite System (MSS)
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Distance
95 MHz
75 MHz
1 2 3 1 2 3
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f
2

f
1

... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
... 0 1 2 ... 7 0 1
GSM Radio Interface U
m
Bursts
156.25 Bits in 576.923 s
(3.6923 s/Bit)
useful part
Power p(t)
t
8.25 Bits Guard Period
26 Training Bits
2 x 58 Encrypted Bits
3 Tail Bits 3 Tail Bits
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m
Types of Burst
Structure of Normal Burst
2 x 3 Tail Bits (TB)
2 x 58 Encrypted Bits (Payload fr Traffic and Control Channels)
2 x 1 Stealing Flag (Switch between Traffic / Control Payload)
2 x 57 Payload Bits
26 Bits Training Sequence (Midamble)
Fixed bit sequence used for channel estimation allowing
optimum channel equalization
Five Different Types of Burst
Normal Burst - Traffic and Control Payload
Frequency Correction Burst - All Zeroes Sequence
Synchronization Burst - Special Fixed Sequence
Access Burst - Extended Guard Period of 68.25 Bits (252 s)
Dummy Burst
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m
Adaptive Frame Alignment
Thanks to the time shift of 3 time slots between the BTS TX
and RX TDMA frames, the MS is not required to receive and
transmit simultaneously. This simplifies the MS hardware.
These normal MS have the drawback that only 2-3 timeslots
can be bundled for HSCSD and GPRS data connections
The MS continuously aligns its TX frame start based on the
Timing Advance (TA) measurements received from the BTS
The extended guard period of the access burst (252 s)
allows a maximum range between MS and BTS of 35 km.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTS
RX
TX
0
MS
0
TA = 2 t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TX
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RX
t = s / c
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m
Logical Channels
Control
Channels
(CCH)
Traffic
Channels
(TCH)
Full Rate
(TCH/F)
Half Rate
(TCH/H)
Dedicated
Control
Channels
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Common
Control
Channels
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Notification Channel (PCH)
Broadcast
Channels
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Frequency Control Channel (FCCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Downlink (DL)
Uplink (UL)
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m
Broadcast Channels
Broadcast Channels are used for synchronisation purposes
and broadcasting of cell-specific information in the downlink
from BTS to MS
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
carries information for frequency correction of the MS
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
carries information for frame synchronization of the MS (e.g.
TDMA frame number FN) and for identification of the BTS
(e.g Base Station Identity Code BSIC)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
broadcasts general information on the BTS as well as cell-
specific information like control channel organisation,
frequency hopping sequences, cell identification, etc.
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m
Common Control Channels
Common Control Channels are point-to-multipoint channels
used mainly for access control
Paging Channel (PCH) - downlink only
used by the BTS for paging and localizing the MS
Random Access Channel (RACH) - uplink only
used by any MS to request allocation of a signalling channel
(SDCCH). A slotted Aloha protocol is used, so collisions
among concurring MS are quite possible.
Access Grant Channel (AGCH) - downlink only
used to allocate a SDCCH or directly a TCH
Notification Channel (NCH) - downlink only
used to notify MS of voice group and voice broadcast calls
(ASCI feature)
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m
Dedicated Control Channels
Dedicated Control Channels are bidirectional point-to-point
channels, that allow authentication, signalling, handover and
the exchange of measurement values.
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
used for call setup (authentication, signalling, assignment
of actual TCH), localisation updates and SMS
is always coupled with a SDCCH or TCH and is used for the
exchange of measurement values and control parameters
Downlink : Control of MS Power Level and MS Timing Advance
Uplink : Measurement reports (MS reception levels) used
by the BTS for its handover-decisions
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
is activated in case of increased signalling demand e.g.
during handover. Bandwidth is stolen from associated TCH
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PCH Paging Channel
RACH Random Access Ch.
AGCH Access Grant Ch.
SDCCH Stand-alone
Dedicated Control
Channel
FACCH Fast Associated
Control Channel
TCH Traffic Channel
m
Call Setup (MS terminating)
MS
BTS
Paging Request
PCH
Paging Response
Call Confirmation
Assign Command
Setup
Authentication / Cipher Mode
SDCCH
Voice or Data
PCH
Channel Assignment
AGCH
Channel Request
RACH
Assign Completion
Connect Acknowledge
Alert
Connect FACCH
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m
Mapping of Logical onto Physical Channels
TCH Multiframe (120 ms)
0
... ...
1 2 j 25
Burst ( 577 s)
3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4
TDMA Frame ( 4.615 ms)
n
Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes
= 2715648 TDMA Frames
(3 h 28 min 53.76 s)
... ...
2047 0 1 2
... ...
Superframe = 26 * 51 Multiframes
= 1325 TDMA Frames
(6.12 s)
k 2 0 1 50
m 2
... ...
0 1 25
50 i 3 2 1 0
... ...
BCH Multiframe (235.38 ms)
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m
Mapping of Traffic Channels (TCH)
T T A I T T T T T T T T T T
TCH / F : one full rate traffic channel
20 ms 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms
T
Traffic Channel (TCH)
A
I
Idle Frame
T T T T T T T T T T T T
T T A a t T t T t T t t T t T T t T t t T t T t T t
t
a
TCH / H : two half rate traffic channels
TCH Multiframe = 26 TDMA frames in 120 ms
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m
Enhanced Full Rate Voice Channel Coding
every
20 ms
78 182
78 182
3 bit CRC
4 tail bits
78 189 189
160 Samples
260 bits
267 bits
456 bits
4 blocks
@ 114 Bits
RPE-LPC
Codec
Block
Coding
Convolutional
Coding
Inter-
leaving
sensitive (class I)
insensitive (class II)
1 2 3 8
Encryption
456 bits spread
over 8 bursts
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m
Traffic Channels (TCH)
Full Rate Traffic Channel (TCH / F) Speech Codec
Speech @ 13 kbps (TCH / FS) Full Rate
Speech @ 12.2 kbps (TCH / EFS) Enhanced Full Rate
Data @ 14.4 kbps (TCH / F14.4)
Half Rate Traffic Channel (TCH / H) Speech Codec
Speech @ 6.5 kbps (TCH / HS) Half Rate
Data @ 4.8 kbps (TCH / H4.8)
Data @ 2.4 kbps (TCH / H2.4)
Traffic Channels are used for bidirectional transmission of
circuit switched voice or data.
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m
Adaptive Multi Rate Speech Codec (AMR)
Adaptive Multi Rate Speech Channel (TCH / AFS)
Speech @ 12.2 kbps 244 bits (TCH / AFS 12.2)
Adaptive tradeoff between speech quality (compression ratio)
and strength of error protection/correction depending on the
current state of the radio channel. AMR offers a family of eight
codecs with speech rates in the range 4.75 .. 12.2 kbps.
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GSM Evolution
Phases
Phase 1 - until 1996
Standard services and supplementary services
Phase 2 - replaced Phase 1 in 1997
additional services, GSM 900 / DCS 1800 merger, HR / EFR codecs
Phase 2+ - yearly releases (96 / 97 / 98 / 99)
further supplementary services
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), i.e. channel bundling
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), i.e. connectionless data
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), i.e. mobile-to-mobile calls
without A-law transcoding
Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI), i.e. group calls / priorities
Expanded Service Platforms (CAMEL, SAT, MExE)
Phase 3 - Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
same TDMA structure but with 8-PSK modulation (3 bits/symbol)
first products expected in 2001
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GSM Evolution
Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI)
Targeted at the sophisticated Professional Mobile Radio
(PMR) sector, e.g. police and fire departments, taxi services,
transportation companies, airports and railways.
GSM thus becomes a direct competitor to the dedicated
digital PMR systems TETRA and Tetrapol.
PMR requires special functions for group communication
(missions) and priority schemes (emergencies, mass events).
The Advanced Speech Call Items comprise:
Voice Broadcast Service (VBS): Call to all users of a closed
group within a predefined geographical Group Call Area
Voice Group Call Service (VGCS): Call to all group members,
originating from any user (semi-duplex , push-to-talk discipline)
Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption Service
(eMLPP): Definition of priority levels for critical missions,
emergencies, European Train Control System (ETCS), etc.
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GSM Evolution
Service Platforms
IN Platform
Customized Applications for mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Realizes Intelligent Network (IN) concept
separation of basic call and call control/service provisioning
Managed by Home Network and available in Visited Network
Roaming subscriber has same services everywhere
Terminal-based Platforms
SIM Application Toolkit (SAT)
Defines extended standardized interface between MS and SIM
SIM controls specific terminal functions
Further step in direction of provider-specific services
Mobile Station Execution Environment (MExE)
Generic application platform in the terminal
Components: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and Java
Virtual Machine (JVM)
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Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Enhanced Circuit Switched Data (E-TCH / F)
Data @ 28.8 kbps (E-TCH / F 28.8)
Data @ 32.0 kbps (E-TCH / F 32.0)
Data @ 43.2 kbps (E-TCH / F 43.2)
Enhanced modulation scheme using 8-PSK with 3 bits/symbol
instead of classical binary GMSK.
001
000
011
010
110
111
101
100
8-PSK
0: +90
MSK
1: -90
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1993 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

m
o
b
i
l
e

d
a
t
a

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
Fax/
Data /SMS
9.6 kbit/s
Fax/
Data /SMS
9.6 kbit/s
GSM Evolution
Data Services
Data
com-
pression
(2.5
9.6 kbit/s
Data
com-
pression
(2.5
9.6 kbit/s
Mobile
internet
access
Mobile
internet
access
HSCSD
28.8 kbit/s
(+ data
com
pression)
GPRS pilot
system
HSCSD
28.8 kbit/s
(+ data
com
pression)
GPRS pilot
system
GPRS
(8 - 92 kbit/s
per
subscriber
+
data
compression)
GPRS
(8 - 92 kbit/s
per
subscriber
+
data
compression)
UMTS
(8 - 2000 kbit/s
per
subscriber
+
data
compression)
UMTS
(8 - 2000 kbit/s
per
subscriber
+
data
compression)
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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
System Architecture and Interfaces
MS
GGSN
GGSN
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
U
m
SGSN
SGSN
MS-SIM
HLR VLR
EIR
Internet
G
i
G
n
G
b
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
G
f
G
s G
r
D
G
c
Traffic
Signalling
MSC
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
G
p
Other
GPRS
Network
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Protocol Stack
IPv4 or IPv6
U
m
G
b
MS
G
n
G
i
BSS SGSN GGSN
PHY
Data Link
Layer
IP
TCP/UDP
GTP
PPP
IP
PHY
Data Link
Layer
IP
TCP/UDP
PHY
Network
Service
BSSGP
LLC
GTP SNDCP
PHY
Network
Service
BSSGP
PLL
RFL
MAC
RLC
PLL
RFL
MAC
RLC
LLC
SNDCP
PPP
IP
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Protocol Stack
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)
zur Vernetzung von GSNs (auch zwischen verschiedenen
PLMNs) auf einem herkmmlichen IP-Netz
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)
Multiplex of several layer 3 connections onto a LLC link
Compression of header information and payload data
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Highly reliable HDLC-type connection between MS and BSS
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Wireless transmission of data blocks, repetition of faulty blocks
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Slotted Aloha random access to the radio channel
Physical Link Layer (PLL) und Physical RF Layer (RFL)
Channel coding (FEC), Interleaving, Modulation
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Logical Channels
Packet
Control
Channels
Packet Data
Traffic Channels
(PDTCH)
Packet
Dedicated
Control
Channels
Packet Timing Advance Control Channel (PTCCH)
Packet Associated Control Channel (PACCH)
Packet
Common
Control
Channels
Packet Paging Channel (PPCH)
Packet Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Packet Access Grant Channel (PAGCH)
Packet Notification Channel (PNCH)
Packet Broadcast Control Channels (PBCCH)
Downlink (DL)
Uplink (UL)
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Mapping of Packet Data Channels (PDCH)
B0
60 ms 60 ms 60 ms 60 ms
Radio Block
T
Packet Timing Advance Control Channel (PTCCH)
I
Idle Frame
T
PDCH Multiframe = 52 TDMA frames in 240 ms
B1 B2 B3 I B4 B5 B6 T B7 B8 B9 I B10 B11
Bx
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Radio Block Coding Schemes
GPRS Coding Schemes
CS-1 9.05 kbps
CS-2 13.4 kbps
CS-3 15.6 kbps
CS-4 21.4 kbps
EGPRS Coding Schemes (EDGE)
MCS-1 8.8 kbps
MCS-2 11.2 kbps
MCS-3 14.8 kbps
MCS-4 17.6 kbps
The multislot capability of GPRS allows the bundling of 2-3
slots fr simple MS and up to 8 slots for special GPRS MS.
MCS-5 22.4 kbps
MCS-6 29.6 kbps
MCS-7 44.8 kbps
MCS-8 54.4 kbps
MCS-9 59.2 kbps
GMSK 8-PSK
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Quality of Service (QoS)
Reliability Classes
Class
1
2
3
Probability
of lost packet
10
-9
10
-4
10
-2
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Quality of Service (QoS)
Delay Classes
Class
1
2
3
128 Byte Packet
Mean 95%
< 0.5 s
4
10
-9
< 1.5 s
1024 Byte Packet
Mean 95%
< 2 s 10
-9
< 7 s
< 5 s 10
-9
< 25 s < 15 s 10
-9
< 75 s
< 50 s 10
-9
< 250 s < 75 s 10
-9
< 375 s
best
effort
best
effort
best
effort
best
effort
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GPRS Attach
GPRS Detach
State Diagram of a GPRS Mobile Station
IDLE
IDLE
READY timer expiry
or force to STANDBY
PDU transmission
READY
READY
STANDBY
STANDBY
Paging Routing Area (RA)
Update Request
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Mobile Originated Packet Transfer
MS Network
Packet Channel Request
PRACH
Packet Uplink Assignment
PAGCH (assignment of TFI)
Packet Resource Request
PACCH (optional)
Packet Uplink Assignment
PACCH (optional)
USF with correct TFI
PDTCH (downlink radio block)
Send Data Block
PDTCH (uplink radio block)
USF Uplink State Flag (3 bits)
TFI Temporary Flow Identifier

Concept of GSM

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Concept of GSM

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