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2
1
0
=
3
1
a a 1
a a 1
1 1 1
2
2
ca
bc
ab
Z
Z
Z
(1)
Fig. 1. -connected SEIG feeding a -connected load
Since the load as well as the generator is connected in
delta, hence, the phase and the line voltages of both the
generator (VabG) and the load (VabL) are equal. The
symmetrical components of the phase voltage (Vab) at the
load side are obtained from [14]:
2 abL
1 abL
0 abL
V
V
V
=
0 1 2
2 0 1
1 2 0
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
2 abL
1 abL
0 abL
I
I
I
(2)
It is known that for a -connected load, V
abL0
= 0, so
substituting in (2), yields:
0 2 abL 1 1 abL 2 0 abL
) / Z I Z I - (Z I + =
(3)
Also from (2),
2 abL 2 1 abL 0 0 abL 1 1 abL
I Z I Z I Z V + + = (4)
2 abL 0 1 abL 1 0 abL 2 2 abL
I Z I Z I Z V + + = (5)
From Fig. 2, the terminal voltages of the SEIG are:
p 1 ab p
Z - I F / V =
(6)
n 2 ab n
Z I F / V =
(7)
It can be shown that the sequence components of phase
and line currents shown in Fig.1 are related as follows
[14]:
1 ab 1 a
I ) a 1 ( I = (8)
2 ab
2
2 a
) I a - 1 ( I = (9)
Since self-excitation is assumed to occur, i.e., I
a1
0 and
using equations 3-9, yields:
0 A A A A
4 3 2 1
= ( 1 0 )
where,
p 0
0
2 1
1
Z Z )
Z
Z Z
( A =
n
0
2 1
0 2
Z )
Z
Z Z
( Z A + =
)
Z
Z
( Z A
0
2
1
2 3
=
1
0
2
2
4
Z )
Z
Z
( A =
This characteristic equation is complex. Accordingly,
both real and imaginary parts must equal to zero.
Substituting the machine parameters, speed, and excitation
capacitors values, yields two nonlinear equations with
constant coefficients in F and X
m
. Solving iteratively to
find the real roots of the equations that satisfy the
constraints, the values of F and X
m
can be found. Hence,
the performance of the generator may be determined. The
derivation was repeated for other different connections of
SEIG and/or load and a general formula is presented as:
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Sequence equivalent circuits of SEIG
(Y) Positive-sequence (b) Negative-sequence
(11) 0 )
2
Z Z Z )(
2
Z Z Z (
) Z Z
2
Z Z Z )( Z Z Z Z Z (
1 10 2 0 9 2 8 1 0 7
2 1 6 0 5 n 0 4 2 1 3
2
0 2 p 0 1
= + +
+ + + +
The resulting characteristic equation for any connection
combination may be found by substituting the relevant
constants from table 1. The derived model was tested
against the machine with the parameters mentioned in
appendix A.
TABLE 1
PARAMETERS OF CHARACTERISTICS EQUATION
SEIG-Load 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
Y Y w/n -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Y Y 1 1 0 -1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Y 1 3 0 -1 3 0 3 0 3 0
Y- 3 1 -1 -3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
3. Results and Discussion
SEIG - Load
1. No Load Case
This is a balanced excitation at no load case. The results
are shown in Fig.3. The solid line in all figures represents
the simulation results while the dashed line represents the
experimental recordings. The figure shows the variation of
generator (load) phase voltage as well as the variation of
line current against the excitation capacitance. The voltage
as well as the current increase as the excitation capacitance
increases as expected. In both curves, i.e. the phase voltage
and the line current, there is a good agreement with
experimental readings.
2. Unbalanced Load Case
The simulation results for an unbalanced resistive load
that consists of RLab
= 5.3 p.u., RLbc
= p.u., and RLca
= 2.6
p.u. are shown in Figs 4-5. The generator (load) phase
voltages are slightly unbalanced as shown in Fig. 4. Vab is
the highest reaching a value of 1.1 p.u. while Vbc is the
lowest reaching a value of 1.05 p.u.. Fig. 5 shows the
variation of line currents with the excitation capacitance.
The highest current is carried by line (c) reaching a value
of 1.62 p.u. while the lowest current is carried by line (b)
reaching a value of 1.3 p.u.
B. Y SEIG Y Load without Neutral Connection
The characteristic equation for this type of connection is
as follows:
0 )
2
Z
1
(Z )
n
Z
0
)(Z
0
Z
p
(Z = +
(12)
This model was solved for the test machine against an
unbalanced load that consists of RLan
= 2.6 p.u., RLbn
= 8 p.u.,
and RLcn
= 4 p.u. The simulation results are shown in Figs
6-7. Fig.6 shows the load phase voltages where it is clear
that these voltages are unbalanced due to the unbalance
present in the load and are close to the experimental
results. On the other hand, Fig. 7 shows the variation of
line (phase) currents where it shows a good agreement with
experimental readings.
C. Y SEIG Y Load with Neutral Connection
The characteristics equation for this type of connection
is:
0 )
2
1
Z
2
Z
0
)(Z
1
Z
0
Z
2
2
(Z
)
2
Z
1
Z
n
Z
0
Z
2
0
)(Z
2
0
Z
p
Z
0
Z
2
Z
1
(Z
=
(13)
The model was solved for a two excitation capacitors
and unbalanced load case. The two excitation capacitors
are placed over phase (a) and phase (b). Furthermore, RLan
= 1.8 p.u., RLbn
= 4 p.u., and RLcn
= 8 p.u.. The generator
(load) phase voltages are unbalanced, as shown in Fig. 8,
Vbn is the highest reaching a value of 1.1 p.u. while Vcn is
the lowest reaching a value of 0.92 p.u.. The line (phase)
currents vary almost linearly with the excitation
capacitance as shown in Fig. 9. The highest current is
carried by line (a) reaching a value of 1.2 p.u. while the
lowest current is carried by line (b) reaching a value of
0.28 p.u.. The neutral current is somewhat high in this
case; it reaches a value of 0.87 p.u.. The unbalance in
excitation capacitors lead to a higher degree of unbalance
in the phase currents resulting in a higher neutral current.
D. Y SEIG - Load
The characteristic equation for this connection
configuration is as follows:
0 )
2
1
Z
2
Z
0
)(Z
2
2
Z
1
Z
0
(Z
)
n
Z
0
Z 3
2
Z
1
Z
2
0
)(Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
0
Z
p
Z
0
Z 3 (
=
+
(14)
35 40 45 50 55 60
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
(
p
.
u
.
)
Phase voltage-experiment
Line current-experiment
Phase voltage-Simulation
Line current-Simulation
Fig. 3. Variation of phase voltage and line current of unloaded SEIG.
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
ab
-experiment
V
bc
-experiment
V
ca
-experiment
V
ab
-Simulation
V
ca
-Simulation
V
bc
-Simulation
Fig. 4. SEIG output phase voltages for unbalanced load, RLab = 5.3 p.u.,
RLbc = p.u., and RLca = 2.6 p.u..
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.6
1
1.4
1.8
(
p
.
u
.
)
I
a
-experiment
I
b
-experiment
I
c
-experiment
I
c
-Simulation
I
a
-Simulation
I
b
-Simulation
Fig. 5. SEIG output line currents for unbalanced load, RLab = 5.3 p.u.,
RLbc = p.u., and RLca = 2.6 p.u..
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
an
-experiment
V
bn
-experiment
V
cn
-experiment
V
cn
-Simulation
V
bn
-Simulation
V
an
-Simulation
Fig. 6. SEIG output phase voltages for unbalanced load, RLan = 2.6 p.u.,
RLbn = 8 p.u., and RLcn = 4 p.u..
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
(
p
.
u
.
)
I
a
-experiment
I
b
-experiment
I
c
-experiment
I
a
-Simulation
I
c
-Simulation
I
b
-Simulation
Fig. 7. SEIG output line (phase) currents for unbalanced load, RLan = 2.6
p.u., RLbn = 8 p.u., and RLcn = 4 p.u..
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
an
-experiment
V
bn
-experiment
V
cn
-experiment
V
bn
-Simulation
V
cn
-Simulation
V
an
-Simulation
Fig. 8 .SEIG output phase voltages when it is excited by Ca and Cb only
with unbalanced load, RLan = 1.8 p.u., RLbn = 4 p.u., and RLcn = 8 p.u..
This model was solved against an unbalanced - connected
load that consists of RLab
= 5.3 p.u., RLbc
= 8 p.u., and RLca
=
p.u. The variation of generator phase voltages against
excitation capacitance is shown in Fig. 10. The generator
phase voltages are unbalanced. Vbn is the highest among
phase voltages reaching a value of 1.15 p.u.. The variation
of load phase voltages is shown in Fig. 11.. The load phase
voltages are unbalanced where Vbc is the highest reaching a
value of 2 p.u. and Vca is the lowest reaching a value of
1.95 p.u.. The variation of line currents against excitation
capacitance is shown in Fig. 12. Ia is the highest reaching a
value of 1.3 p.u. and Ic is the lowest reaching a value of
1.05 p.u.. Furthermore, the operating range of the SEIG
has been reduced to one-third.
E. SEIG - Y Load
The characteristic equation that describes this
connection is as follows:
(15) 0 ) Z Z Z 9 ( ) Z Z Z 3 )( Z 3 Z Z (
2 1
2
0 n 0
2
0
2
0 p 0
= +
A single phase load case is presented here. The loads of
phase (b) and (c) are removed and the only load present is
a 2.6 p.u. resistive load connected to phase (a). The
variation of load phase voltages is shown in Fig. 13. The
figure shows that the load voltages are slightly unbalanced
where Vcn is the highest reaching a value of 0.65 p.u. and
Vbn is the lowest reaching a value of 0.6 p.u.. Furthermore,
Fig. 14 shows the variation of line currents with excitation
capacitance. The currents are slightly unbalanced where Ic
is the highest reaching a value of 1.35 p.u. and Ib is the
lowest reaching a value of 1.25 p.u.
4. Conclusion
A general model based on the sequence equivalent
circuits of the SEIG and the sequence components of the
three-phase load was developed. The performance of the
SEIG was determined for No-load and unbalanced load for
different SEIG and/or load connections. The operating
conditions were found by solving the proposed model
iteratively. The results are in good agreement with those
reported experimentally. The model is generalized to cover
more connection types. The characteristic equation of each
type may be found by substituting the appropriate
parameters in the general model.
APPENDIX A
Parameters of The Self-Excited Induction Generator:
The test machine was a three-phase, Y/, 460/265 V,
7.1/12.3 A, 60 HZ, induction machine with the following
parameters: R
s
= 0.085, R
r
= 0.042, X
s
= 0.075, X
r
= 0.112,
X
u
= 2.176 (all in p.u.), Z
base
= 37.406, base speed = 1800
rpm. The test machine was driven at base speed (v = 1).
Then a variable voltage at base frequency (F = 1) was
applied and X
m
was measured as a function of V
g
/F for
increasing voltages. The variation of V
g
/F with X
m
may be
approximated over the saturated region as follows:
p.u. 211 . 6
m
X 073 . 25
2
m
X 176 . 50
3
m
X 777 . 51
4
m
X 906 . 28
5
m
X 286 . 8
6
m
X 951 . 0 /F
g
V
+ +
+ =
Also the core resistance R
c
was measured experimentally
and plotted against X
m
as shown in Fig. 15. This variation
may be approximated by the following equation:
p.u. 699 . 35
m
X 372 . 33
2
m
X 159 . 17 )
m
(X
c
R + + =
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0
0.35
0.7
1.05
1.4
(
p
.
u
.
)
I
a
-experiment
I
b
-experiment
I
c
-experiment
I
n
-experiment
I
a
-Simulation
I
c
-Simulation
I
n
-Simulation
I
b
-Simulation
Fig. 9. SEIG output line currents when it is excited by Ca and Cb only
with unbalanced load, RLan = 1.8 p.u., RLbn = 4 p.u., and RLcn = 8 p.u..
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the Research Center, College
of Engineering, King Saud University and Saudi Basic
Industries Corporation (SABIC) under the project No
26/426. This work would not have been completed without
the financial support provided by SABIC which is
gratefully acknowledged.
References
[1] Murthy, S., Malik, O., and Tandon, A., "Analysis of Self-Excited
Induction Generators", IEE Proc., pt. B, (129), No. 6, pp. 260-265, 1982.
[2] Bansal, R. C., Bhatti, T. S., and Kothari, D. P., Induction generator for
isolated hybrid power system applications: A review, J. Inst. Eng., vol.
83, pp. 262269, Mar. 2003.
[3] Quazene, I., and Mcpherson, G., "Analysis of Self-Excited Induction
Generators", IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-102(8), pp. 2793-2797, 1983.
[4] Raina, G., and Malik, O., "Wind Energy Conversion Using a Self-
Excited Induction Generator", ibid., Power System Apparatus, Vol. PAS-
102(12), pp. 3933-3936, 1983.
[5] Bansal, R. C., Bhatti, T. S., and Kothari, D. P., A bibliographical
survey on induction generators for application of nonconventional energy
systems,IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 433439, Sep.
2003.
[6] Grantham, C., Sutanto, D., and Mismail, B., "Steady State and
Transient Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generators", IEE Proc., pt. B,
(136), No. 2, pp. 61-68, 1989.
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
an
-experiment
V
bn
-experiment
V
cn
-experiment
V
bn
-Simulation
V
cn
-Simulation
V
an
-Simulation
Fig. 10. SEIG output phase voltages for unbalanced load, RLab = 5.3 p.u.,
RLbc = 8 p.u., and RLca = p.u..
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Excitation capacitance - (F)
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
ab
-experiment
V
bc
-experiment
V
ca
-experiment
V
bc
-Simulation
V
ab
-Simulation
V
ca
-Simulation
Fig. 11. Load phase voltages for unbalanced load, RLab = 5.3 p.u.,
RLbc = 8 p.u., and RLca = p.u..
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
(
p
.
u
.
)
I
a
-experiment
I
b
-experiment
I
c
-experiment
I
a
-Simulation
I
b
-Simulation
I
c
-Simulation
Fig. 12. SEIG output line currents for unbalanced load, RLab = 5.3 p.u.,
RLbc = 8 p.u., and RLca = p.u..
[7] Malik, N., and Mazi, A., "Capacitance Requirements for Isolated Self-
Excited Induction Generators", IEEE Trans., EC-2(1), pp. 62-69, 1987.
[8] Al-Jabri, A., and Alolah, A., "Capacitance Requirements for Isolated
Self-Excited Induction Generators", IEE Proc., (137), pt. B, No. 3, pp.
154-159, 1990.
[9] Singh, B., and Shilpakar, "Steady State Analysis of Single Phase Self-
Excited Induction Generator", ibid., (146), No. 5, pp. 421-427, 1999.
[10] Al-Bahrani, A., and Malik, N., Steady State Analysis and
Performance Characteristics of a Three-Phase Induction Generator Self
Excited with a Single Capacitor, IEEE Trans., EC-4(4), pp. 725-732,
1990.
105 115 125 135 145 155
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(
p
.
u
.
)
V
an
-experiment
V
bn
-experiment
V
cn
-experiment
V
cn
-Simulation
V
bn
-Simulation
V
an
-Simulation
Fig. 13. Load phase voltages for unbalanced load, RLan = 2.6 p.u.,
RLbn = p.u., and RLcn = p.u.
105 115 125 135 145 155
Excitation capacitance - (F)
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
(
p
.
u
.
)
I
a
-experiment
I
b
-experiment
I
c
-experiment
I
a
-Simulation
I
b
-Simulation
I
c
-Simulation
Fig. 14. SEIG output line currents for unbalanced load, RLan = 2.6 p.u.,
RLbn = p.u., and RLcn = p.u..
0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4
Magnetising Reactance (X
m
)- (p.u.)
0
20
40
60
C
o
r
e
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
R
c
)
-
(
p
.
u
.
)
Fig. 15. Core resistance Rc as function of magnetizing reactance Xm.
[11] Ojo, O., "Performance of Self-Excited Single Phase Induction
Generators with Shunt, Short Shunt and Long Shunt Excitation
Connections", IEEE Trans., EC-11(3), pp. 477-482, 1996.
[12] Idjdarene K., Rekioua D., Rekioua T., and Tounzi A., "Performance
of an Isolated Induction Generator under Unbalanced Loads," IEEE
Trans, Vol.EC-25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010.
[13] MathCAD Package.
[14] C.F. Wagner, and R.D. Evans, Symmetrical Components, McGraw-
Hill, Book, 1933.