Network+ Guide to Networks

6th Edition
Chapter 5
Topologies and Ethernet Standards
Objectives

Describe the basic and hybrid LAN topologies, and

their uses, advantages, and disadvantages

Describe the backbone structures that form the

foundation for most networks

Compare the different types of switching used in

data transmission

!plain how nodes on thernet networks share a

communications channel

"dentify the characteristics of several thernet

standards
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &
'imple (hysical )opologies

(hysical topology* physical layout of the media,

nodes, and devices on a network

"t does not specify*

Device types

Connectivity methods

Addressing schemes

+undamental shapes

,us, ring, star

-ybrid
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .
,us

,us topology

'ingle cable

Connects all network nodes

No intervening connectivity devices

One shared communication channel /bus0

(hysical medium

Coa!ial cable /)hinnet 1 )hicknet0

(assive topology* each node passively listens for,

then accepts, data directed to it

2ses broadcast to alert other nodes that a

transmission is being sent
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3
,us /cont4d50

)erminators

678ohm resistors

'top signal at end of wire

2sed to prevent signal bounce

'ignal bounce

'ignal travels endlessly between two network ends

One end grounded

9emoves static electricity that could adversely affect

the signal
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6
%
+igure 68: A terminated bus topology network
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
,us /cont4d50

,us topology advantage

9elatively ine!pensive

Disadvantages

Does not scale well

Not very fault tolerant

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition ;
9ing

9ing topology

Node connects to nearest two nodes

Circular network

Clockwise data transmission

One direction /unidirectional0 around ring

Active topology* All workstations participates in data

delivery /act as a repeater0 vs5 broadcasts /,us0

(hysical medium

)wisted pair or fiber8optic cabling

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition <
9ing /cont4d50

Drawbacks

=alfunctioning workstation can disable network

Not very fle!ible or scalable

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition >
+igure 68& A ring topology
network
Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning
'tar

'tar topology* Nodes connects through a central

connectivity device

9outer or 'witch /many years ago hubs were used0

(hysical medium

)wisted pair or fiber8optic cabling

'ingle cable connects only two devices

Advantage

+ault tolerant

+le!ible
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :7
'tar /cont4d50

=ost popular fundamental topology layout

=odern thernet networks based on star topology

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition ::
+igure 68. A star topology
network
Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage
Learning
-ybrid )opologies

(ure bus, ring, star topologies

9arely e!ist because they can be too restrictive

-ybrid topology

=ore likely

Comple! combination of pure topologies

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :&
'tar8?ired 9ing

'tar8wired ring topology

'tar physical topology

9ing logical topology

,enefit

'tar fault tolerance

)oken 9ing networks

" <7&56

=ultistation Access 2nit /=A20 creates a logical ring

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :.
'tar8?ired 9ing /cont4d50
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :3
+igure 683 A star8wired ring topology network
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
'tar8?ired ,us

'tar8wired bus topology

?orkstation groups

'tar8connected devices

Networked via single bus

Advantage

Covers longer distances

asily interconnect or isolate different network

segments

,asis for modern thernet networks

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :6
'tar8?ired ,us /cont4d50
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :%
+igure 686 A star8wired bus topology network
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Logical )opologies

9efers to way data transmitted between nodes

9ather than physical layout

Does not necessarily match physical topology

=ost common logical topologies* bus 1 ring

,roadcast domain

All nodes connected to single repeating device or

switch

'witches can be configured to separate broadcast

domains
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :;
,ackbone Networks

Cabling connecting hubs, switches, 1 routers

/connectivity devices0

2sually higher layer switches 1 routers

)ypically have more throughput

Large organi@ations

+iber8optic backbone

nterprise8wide network backbones

Comple! and more difficult to plan

nterprise* refers to an entire organi@ation, including

local and remote offices, a mi!ture of computer
systems, and a number of departments
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :<
'erial ,ackbone

'implest backbone

)wo or more devices

Connect using single medium in daisy8chain fashion

Daisy8chain

Linked series of devices together

Low8cost LAN infrastructure e!pansion

asily attach additional switches /connectivity devices0

=odern networks of any si@e don4t depend on

simple serial backbones5 "nstead, they use a more
scalable and fault8tolerant framework such as a
distributed backbone
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition :>
'erial ,ackbone /cont4d50

,ackbone components

Could daisy chain $ateways 1 9outers

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &7
+igure 68% A serial backbone
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Distributed ,ackbone

Connectivity devices* connected to one or more

central connectivity devices, such as switches or
routers, in a hierarchy

,enefit

'imple e!pansion

A more complicated distributed backbone

Connects multiple LANs using routers

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &:
Distributed ,ackbone /cont4d50

Additional benefits

?orkgroup segregation

Drawback

(otential for single failure points, such as the

connectivity devices at the uppermost layers
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &&
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &.
+igure 68; A simple distributed backbone
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &3
+igure 68< A distributed backbone connecting multiple LANs
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Collapsed ,ackbone

2ses a router or switch as the single central

connection point for multiple subnetworks

-ighest layer

'ingle router or switch with multiprocessors to handle

the heavy traffic going through it

9isk* Central router failure

9outers may slow data transmissionAbecause they

cannot move traffic as Buickly as switches
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &6
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &%
+igure 68> A collapsed backbone
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
(arallel ,ackbone

=ost robust network backbone

=ore than one central router or switch connects to

each network segment

9eBuires duplicate connections between

connectivity devices

Advantage

9edundant links

"ncreased performance

,etter fault tolerance

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &;
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &<
+igure 68:7 A parallel backbone
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
'witching

Logical network topology component

Determines connection creation between nodes

)hree methods*

Circuit switching

(acket switching

=ultiprotocol label switching /=(L'0

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition &>
Circuit 'witching

Connection established between two network nodes

,efore transmitting data

Dedicated bandwidth

Data follows same initial path selected by switch

=onopoli@es bandwidth while connected

9esource wasted

2ses

)raditional telephone calls

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .7
(acket 'witching

=ost popular

,reaks data into packets before transporting

(ackets

)ravel any network path to destination

Need not follow each other

Need not arrive in seBuence

9eassembled at destination

Advantage of packet switching is that it does not

waste bandwidth by holding a connection open until
a message reaches its destination, as circuit
switching does

thernet and the "nternet are e!amples of packet8

switched networks
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .:
=(L' /=ultiprotocol Label 'witching0

"ntroduced by ")+ in :>>>

Originally, =(L' was used by "'(s as a way to

move traffic through their networks more Buickly

Offers potentially faster transmission than packet8 or

circuit8switched networks

=(L' adds an =(L' label /shim0 between Layer .

and Layer & information

=(L' labels can include prioriti@ation informationA

Co' /Buality of service0

Co' is a means of sorting "( packets based on

header informationAi5e5, what might be included in
the =(L' header inserted as a label in a frame
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .&
=(L', /cont4d50

Addresses some limitations of traditional packet

switching

?ithout =(L' each router along the data4s path must

interpret the "( datagram4s header to discover its
destination address, and then perform a route lookup
to determine where to forward the packet ne!tAthis
slows up the transmission

2sing =(L' the first router adds one or more labels

called a shim /=(L' label0

=(L' Label /shim0 include special addressing and

sometimes prioriti@ation information

9outers then only interpret the =(L' labels, which

can point to e!clusive, predefined data paths

Offers potentially faster transmission than traditionally

packet8switched or circuit8switched networks

9outer does not have to perform a route lookupA

immediately knows where to forward the packets
/predefined data paths0

?ell suited for ?ANs

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition ..
=(L' /cont4d50

Advantages

Create end8to8end paths

Addresses traditional packet switching limitations

,etter Co' /Buality of service0

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .3
+igure 68:: =(L' shim within a frame
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
thernet

=ost popular networking technology used on

modern LANs

,enefits

+le!ible

Can run on various network media

Offers e!cellent throughput at a reasonable cost

All variations use a common access method*

C'=ADCD
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .6
C'=ADCD /Carrier 'ense =ultiple Access
with Collision Detection0

Access method* controls how nodes access

communication channel

Carrier sense

thernet N"Cs listen, wait until they detected /sense0

that no other nodes are transmitting data

Multiple access

'everal thernet nodes can simultaneously monitor

traffic and access media
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .%
C'=ADCD /cont4d50

Collision* when two nodes simultaneously check

channel, determine it is free, begin transmitting data

Collision detection

=anner that nodes respond to a collision

9eBuires collision detection routine

nacted if node detects a collision

Eamming

N"C issues .&8bit seBuence

"ndicates previous message was faulty

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .;
C'=ADCD /cont4d50

-eavily trafficked network segments collisions are

common

Collision rate greater than 6 percent of all traffic is

unusual and may point to a problematic N"C or poor
cabling on the network

'egment growth* large number of nodes can cause

network performance issues
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .<
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition .>
+igure 68:& C'=ADCD process
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
C'=ADCD /cont4d50

Collision domain* is the portion of a network where

collisions can occur

thernet network design

9epeaters or hubs repeat collisions

9esult in larger collision domain

'witches and routers

'eparate collision domains

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 37
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3:
+igure 68:. ,roadcast domains and collision domains
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
C'=ADCD /cont4d50

thernet cabling distance limitations

ffected by collision domains

Data propagation delay

Data travel time too long and C'=ADCD cannot

identify collisions accurately

:77 or :777 =bps networks

)hree segment ma!imum connected with two

repeating devices

:7 =bps buses

+ive segment ma!imum connected with four

repeating devices
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3&
thernet 'tandards for Copper Cable

" (hysical layer standards

'pecify how signals are transmitted to the media

)hey differ significantly in signal encoding methods

ncoding methods affect ma!imum throughput,

segment length, wiring reBuirements
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3.
thernet 'tandards for Copper Cable
/cont4d50

:7,ase8)

:7 represents ma!imum throughput* :7 =bps

,ase indicates baseband transmission

) stands for twisted pair

)wo pairs of wires* transmit and receive

+ull8duple! transmission

+ollows 6838. rule of networking

+ive network segments

+our repeating devices

)hree populated segments ma!imum

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 33
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 36
+igure 68:3 A :7,ase8) network
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
thernet 'tandards for Copper Cable
/cont4d50

:77,ase8) /+ast thernet0

" <7&5.u standard

'imilarities with :7,ase8)

,aseband transmission, star topology, 9E836

connectors

'upports three network segments ma!imum

Connected with two repeating devices

:77 meter segment length limit between nodes

:77,ase8)F

:778=bps throughput over twisted pair

+ull8duple! transmission* doubles effective bandwidth

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3%
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3;
+igure 68:6 A :7,ase8) network
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
thernet 'tandards for Copper Cable
/cont4d50

:777,ase8) /$igabit thernet0

" <7&5.ab standard

:777 represents :777 =bps

,ase indicates baseband transmission

) indicates twisted pair wiring

2ses all four pairs of wires in Cat 6 or higher cable

)o transmit and receive signals

Data encoding scheme* different from :77,ase8)

'tandards can be combined

=a!imum segment length* :77 meters, one repeater

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3<
thernet 'tandards for Copper Cable
/cont4d50

:7$,ase8) /:7 $bps over twisted pair0

" <7&5.an

(ushing limits of twisted pair

9eBuires Cat %, %a, or ; cabling

=a!imum segment length* :77 meters

,enefits

Gery fast data transmission

Cheaper than fiber8optic

2ses

Connect network devices or connect servers or

workstations to LAN
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 3>
thernet 'tandards for +iber8Optic
Cable

:77,ase8+F /:77 =bps over +iber0

:778=bps throughput, baseband, fiber8optic cabling

=ultimode fiber containing at least two strands of fiber

-alf8duple! mode

One strand receivesH one strand transmits

3:& meters segment length

+ull duple!8mode

,oth strands send and receive

&777 meters segment length

" <7&5.u standard

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 67
thernet 'tandards for +iber8Optic
Cable /cont4d50

:777,ase8LF /:8$igabit thernet0

" <7&5.@ standard

:777* :777 =bps throughput

,ase* baseband transmission

LF* reliance on :.77 nanometers long wavelengths

Longer reach than any other :8gigabit technology

'ingle8mode fiber* 6777 meters ma!imum segment

=ultimode fiber* 667 meters ma!imum segment

One repeater between segments

!cellent choice for long backbones

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6:
thernet 'tandards for +iber8Optic
Cable /cont4d50

:777,ase8'F /:8$igabit thernet0

Differences from :777,ase8LF

=ultimode fiber8optic cable /installation less e!pensive0

2ses short wavelengths /<67 nanometers0

=a!imum segment length dependencies

+iber diameter, modal bandwidth used to transmit

signals

,est suited for shorter network runs than

:777,ase8LF
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6&
thernet 'tandards for +iber8Optic
Cable /cont4d50

:777,ase8'F /cont4d50

=odal bandwidth measurement

-ighest freBuency of multimode fiber signal /over

specific distance0

=-@8km

-igher modal bandwidth, multimode fiber caries signal

reliably longer

67 micron fibers* 667 meter ma!imum length

%&56 micron fibers* &;6 meter ma!imum length

One repeater between segments

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6.
:78$igabit +iber8Optic 'tandards

<7&5.ae standard

+iber8optic thernet networks

)ransmitting data at :7 $bps

'everal variations

Common characteristics

'tar topology, allow one repeater, full8duple! mode

Differences between :7 gigabit standards*

'ignal4s light wavelengthH ma!imum allowable segment

length
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 63
:78$igabit +iber8Optic 'tandards
/cont4d50

:7$,ase8'9 and :7$,ase8'?

:7$* :7 $bps

,ase* baseband transmission

'* short reach

(hysical layer encoding

9 works with LAN fiber connections

? works with 'ON) fiber connections

=ultimode fiber* <67 nanometer signal transmission

=a!imum segment length

Depends on fiber diameter

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 66
:78$igabit +iber8Optic 'tandards
/cont4d50

:7$,ase8L9 and :7$,ase8L?

:7$* :7 $bps

,ase* baseband transmission

L* long reach

'ingle8mode fiber* :.:7 nanometer signal

transmission

=a!imum segment length

:7,777 meters

:7$,ase8L9 1 :7$,ase8L?* suited for ?AN or =AN

?* encoding method for 'ON) ?AN links

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6%
:78$igabit +iber8Optic 'tandards
/cont4d50

:7$,ase89 and :7$,ase8?

* e!tended reach

'ingle8mode fiber

)ransmit signals with :667 nanometer wavelengths

Longest fiber8optic segment reach

37,777 meters /&6 miles0

:7$,ase8?

ncoding for 'ON)

,est suited for ?AN use

" has plans for 37 1 :77 gigabit thernet

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6;
'ummary of Common thernet 'tandards
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6<
)able 68: Common thernet standards
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition 6>
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
+igure 68:% =ultiple types of thernet on a ?AN
thernet +rames

+our types

thernetI<7&5& /9aw0

thernetI<7&5. /Novell proprietary0

thernetI"" /D"F0

thernetI'NA(

+rame types differ slightly

Coding and decoding packets

No relation to topology, cabling characteristics

+raming

"ndependent of higher8level layers

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %7
2sing and Configuring +rames

nsure all devices use same, correct frame type

Node communication

thernetI"" /D"F0 used today

+rame type configuration

'pecified using N"C configuration software

N"C autodetect or autosense

"mportance

Jnow frame type for troubleshooting

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %:
+rame +ields

Common fields

;8byte preamble, :8byte start8of8frame delimiter

'+D /start8of8frame delimiter0 identifies where data

field begins

:38byte header

38byte +C' /frame check seBuence0

+rame si@e range* %3 to :6:< total bytes

Larger frame si@es result in faster throughput

"mprove network performance /sending more data at

a time0
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %&
thernetI"" /D"F0

Developed by DC, "ntel, Fero! /abbreviated D"F0

,efore "

Contains &8byte type field

"dentifies the Network layer protocol

=ost commonly used on contemporary thernet

networks
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %.
+igure 68:; thernet "" /D"F0 frame
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
(o /(ower over thernet0

" <7&5.af standard

'upplying electrical power over thernet connections

)wo device types

(' /power sourcing eBuipment0

(Ds /powered devices0

9eBuires Cat 6 or better copper cable

Connectivity devices must support (o

Compatible with current <7&5. installations

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %3
(o /cont4d50
Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %6
+igure 68:< (o capable switch
+igure 68:> (o adapters
Courtesy D-Link North America Courtesy D-Link North America
'ummary

(hysical topology describes basic network physical

layout

!amples* bus, ring, star, hybrid

Logical topology describes signal transmission

Network backbones

'erial, distributed, collapsed, parallel

'witching

=anages packet filtering, forwarding

thernet

Cabling specifications, data frames, (o

Network# $uide to Networks, %th dition %%