Placement And Configuration of Antenna For Indoor

Femtocell Application

Ita Triana, ST., Rina Pudji Astuti, Dr, and Budi Prasetya, ST., MT
Faculty of Electrical and Communication
Telkom Institute of Technology
Bandung, Indonesia
ita.triana08@gmail.com, rpa@ittelkom.ac.id, bpy@ittelkom.ac.id

Abstract In a communication system, the coverage area is very
important. There are still the blank spot in the coverage area of
base stations leads to reduced the customer satisfaction. Location
is not uniform and geographical conditions, cause the certain
areas that can not receive signals from the microcell base
stations. It takes a special design to minimize the blank spot
areas, and increase the average of received power and SIR thus
guaranteeing a good quality communication services. Computer
Systems Laboratory and CNC Laboratory in IT Telkom are the
room that requires a high communication services, but the signal
from the nearest BTS makrocell was not optimal forward the
signal to the inside of the room. So it is required the planning of
the placement and configuration of antenna for indoor femtocells
in this room. In this paper will discuss the design of antenna
configurations that may be compatible with the antenna system
that match for femtocell applications. An antenna configuration
to 4 1 antenna elements and antenna placement are changed
three times will be studied in this paper. And then performance
with the same antenna configuration will be simulated in the RPS
and will be compared using 231 Cost Indoor and 3D Ray Tracing
propagation models. The simulations show that the most
optimum configuration for the Computer Systems Laboratory is
the 4x1 elements at the second location for 231 Cost Indoor
model and at the third location for the 3D Ray Tracing model.
While the optimum configuration of CNC laboratory is the 4x1
element at a second location for cost 231 indoor model and 3D
Ray Tracing.
KeywordsCoverage area, blank spot, SIR, the average of
received power, femtocell, cost 231 indoor, 3D ray tracing.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this era of information and communication technology
developments are so rapid, modern society requires a reliable
means of communication to exchange information anywhere,
anytime and with anything. Necessary means of
communication must be oriented to meet the needs of service
applies not only today, but also oriented to meet the needs of
the service in the future. One of the communication systems
that are the mainstay for the implementation of global
communication systems integration is a wireless
communication system.
In the wireless communication system issues that greatly
affect the quality of the received signal is the effect of
multipath channel. Multipath can reduce power thus affecting
the quality of the signal received at the receiver. To overcome
this issue, the multiple antenna system is applied to make a
better quality of the signal.
Besides the issue of multipath, the coverage area is also
becoming a major problem in the communication system. The
problem that arises is the presence of some parts that can not
be reaching especially indoors due to the limited capability of
the BTS. Good placement of the base stations is expected to
reduce the blank spot area. Therefore, coverage and capacity
improvement are required by implementing femtocells.
This paper will be focused on the design and placement of
the antenna configuration suitable for femtocell applications.
The expected results of this paper will provide solutions to
improve performance and quality of the signal and minimize
the blank spot areas and increased SIR and average received
power in a multiple antenna system on femtocell applications.
II. BASIS THEORY
A. HSPA+
HSPA growing all the time with the amendments outlined
in the 3GPP release-release. Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) is the
name of the set that preceded the development of HSPA
Release 7. Supporting HSPA+ technologies are Higher Order
Modulation (HOM), Discontinuous Transmission and
Reception (DTX / DRX,) and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output).
B. MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
A system that uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and
a single antenna at the receiver called Mulitiple Input Single
Output (MISO).




FIG. 1. MISO 2X1
C. Indoor System
Mobile phone system is causing the rapid growth of
wireless communications. With the growth of this system, the
cell size is becoming smaller with the aim of increasing the
capacity of the user. While interest in indoor systems for
telephony and data services also started.
1) Cost 231 Model
In this model, all the walls that cut the direct beam
between the transmitter and receiver as well as the properties
of each wall material are calculated.
Path loss in this system is
Path Loss = Unit Loss + 10 n log(d) = k F + I W (1)
The value of n is determined by the type of building
and operating frequency [6] as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. N AND VALUES FROM THE TYPE OF BUILDING

2) 3D Ray Tracing Model
Ray tracing can more accurately predict the site with
increased precision over other methods. One
disadvantage is the static character of this approach can
not solve the entire field distribution in a room.
III. SYSTEM DESIGN
A. System Model
The system to be designed in this paper is the placement
and configuration of the antennas in an indoor femtocell
HSPA+ technology. Here is a model system that will be
designed for this paper.

FIG. 2. DESIGN MODEL
The system to be designed is HSPA+ femtocell system
with interferency system. From the figure above shows that
the position of the antenna femtocells will be changed three
times. Additionally femtocell antenna configuration will also
be changed three times that are 1x1, 2x1, and 4x1. From each
combination of position and configuration of the femtocell
antenna is then simulated using RPS software by using two
different propagation models that are Cost 231 Indoor and 3D
Ray Tracing. These simulations will be conducted in two
different places and the Computer Systems Laboratory and
CNC Laboratory, in order to determine whether the
conclusions reached can be applied generally or not.
B. Path Loss Modeling
1) COST 231 Model
This model is used in systems where the EU interferency
femtocell inside the room and the outdoors Macro Node B is
connected. The equation [10] used is:
(2)
2) COST 231 Keenan and Motley Model
Propagation model is used at the EU femtocell in the room
connected to the Femto Node B in the room. The equation
used is:
(3)
C. Optimum Parameters
In this paper, the trade off between powers received, a
blank spot and SIR are parameters whether or not antenna
configuration and BTS placement locations are optimum.
Location BTS placement and antenna configuration is said as
optimum if the average received power is high, blank spot area
at least and the SIR is above the threshold.
D. Calculation Power Link Budget Parameters
Specifications of the device to be simulated are described
in the following.
1) Frequency Allocation Plan
Here is the frequency allocation [11] for multiple operators
providing UMTS technology in 2011.


FIG. 3. UMTS 2100 FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
HSPA+ technology uses the same frequency as the
frequency of UMTS that will be used is the frequency of
2130-2135 MHz with 2132.5 MHz as the center frequency.
Frequency interference occurs in the frequency downlink of
2125-2130 MHz with 2127.5 MHz as frequency center.

2) Wall Penetration
The amount of loss [11] is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2. WALL LOSS BASED ON MATERIAL TYPE
Wall Material Wall Loss
Wooden 10.1 dB
Glass 2.2 dB
Concrete 30.1 dB
3) Building Penetration Loss (BPL)
Based on a survey of the literature [10] found that BPL
UMTS2100 is 20 dB for dense urban building, 15 dB for
urban building, 10 dB for suburban building, 10 dB for rural
area building, 8 dB for a typical vehicle.
IV. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULT
In this chapter is to examine the influence of the placement
and configuration of antenna SISO and MISO that occurred in
femtocell indoor on HSPA+ technology to the coverage area,
blank spot, and SIR and to compare propagation model
between cost 231 indoor and 3D Ray tracing. Analysis of
coverage area, the blank spot, and SIR on HSPA+ femtocell
system will be based from the indoor simulation results with
several scenarios that have been defined in chapter III.
Parameters HSPA+ femtocell system to be simulated are in the
Table 3.
TABLE 3. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameter Besar / Jenis
System HSPA+
Antenna Dipole
Antenna Radiation Pattern Omnidirectional
Gain 3 dB
Polarization antenna Linear Vertical
Uplink Frequency 1940-1945 MHz
Downlink Frequency 2130-2135 MHz
Carrier Frequency 2132.5 MHz
Transmit Power 10 mW = 10 dBm
Cable Loss Downlink 1 dB
Cable Loss Uplink 1 dB
Noise Figure 3 dB
UE Antenna Height 75 cm
Path Loss
COST 231 Indoor
3D Ray Tracing


In addition, this paper also reviewed the effect of
interference on UMTS Node B. Interferency cell parameters to
be simulated are described in Table 4.
TABLE 4. INTERFERENCY CELL PARAMETERS
Parameter Besar / Jenis
System WCDMA
Antenna UMTS30.03 Sectoral Type
Antenna Radiation Pattern Sectoral 120 degrees
Gain 18 dB
Polarization antenna Linear Vertical
Uplink frequency 1935-1940 MHz
Downlink frequency 2125-2130 MHz
Carrier frequency 2127.5 MHz
Transmit Power 20W = 43dBm
Cable Loss Downlink 3 dB
Cable Loss Uplink 1 dB
Noise Figure 3 dB
Node B antenna height 30 m
UE antenna height 75 cm
The distance between node B and
CNC Lab
1 km
The distance between node B and
Computer System Lab
1.05 km
As for the things that was observed for the analysis
purpose include:
1. Effect of antenna placement of several scenarios for
coverage area, the blank spot, and SIR on HSPA+.
2. Effect of SISO and MISO antenna configuration of
several scenarios on HSPA+ coverage area.
3. Comparison of Cost 231 indoor propagation models and
3D Ray Tracing on HSPA+ system.
A. Scenario I : Computer System Laboratory, Telkom
Institute of Tecnology, Indonesia
Computer Systems Laboratory has a size of 15.4 x 14.5 m
with a height of 3 m. Here is an overview of the laboratory
computer system using autodesk software.

FIG. 4. COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY
In this scenario there are some information that will be
simulated as follows.
1. The type of material = Concrete, wood, glass, metal
and plastics.
2. Number of objects = 463
3. The number of wall = 7
4. Number of receivers = 238
5. Height prediction UE = 0.75 m
In this paper, the antenna configuration that will be
examined are 1x1, 2x1, and 4x1, while the location of the
antenna will be changed 3 times. Then all possible
combinations between the configuration and location of the
antenna will be simulated with 2 predicted that are cost 231
indoor and 3D Ray Tracing.
1) Effect Cost 231 Indoor and 3D Ray Tracing Predictions
to Coverage Area
Here are the statistical results of the coverage area
simulations with Cost 231 Indoor and 3D Ray Tracing
predictions on all three transmitter locations.
TABLE 5. STATISTICAL RESULT OF COST 231 INDOOR DAN 3D
RAY TRACING SISO 1X1
Site
Statistical Result
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
. Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
. Time
[s]
1 -66.06 24.10 0 -57.21 18.37 11
2 -57.82 28.11 0 -46.99 12.28 9
3 -62.61 31.19 0 -47.03 12.90 10
Average -62.16 27.80 0 -50.41 14.52 10
TABLE 6. STATISTICAL RESULT OF COST 231 INDOOR DAN 3D
RAY TRACING MISO 2X1
Site
Statistical Result
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
.
Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
. Time
[s]
1 -65.87 24.14 0 -57.95 18.37 17
2 -57.58 28.13 0 -47.08 12.76 15
3 -62.41 30.93 1 -46.82 12.50 16
Average -61.95 27.73 0.33 -50.62 14.54 16
TABLE 7. STATISTICAL RESULT OF COST 231 INDOOR DAN 3D
RAY TRACING MISO 4X1
Site
Statistical Result
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
. Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp
. Time
[s]
1 -65.29 23.69 0 -58.03 18.66 30
2 -56.82 27.43 0 -46.63 12.26 25
3 -62.15 30.79 1 -46.61 12.28 26
Average -61.42 27.3 0.33 -50.42 14.40 27
According Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7 that the
predictions obtained by 3D Ray Tracing always give the
average received power and a standard deviation greater than
Cost 231 Indoor prediction for SISO and MISO antenna
configuration. However, the computational time of Cost 231
Indoor predictions is very fast compared with 3D Ray Tracing
predictions. In addition, the greater elements configuration
makes the computational time longer. The data were obtained
by performing simulation using HP Laptop with core i5
processor and 2 GB RAM.
2) Effect of Antenna Configuration and Location Changes
The configuration and location of the antenna greatly
affects the coverage area, the blank spot and SIR of each
combination.
a) Scenario I : Effect of Antenna Configuration and
Location Changes to Coverage Area
Below are the tables of relationships Tx location and
configuration of antenna to the signal received by receiver as
follows.
TABLE 8. AVERAGE RECEIVED POWER OF COST 231 INDOOR
MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 -66.06 -57.82 -62.61
2 1 -65.87 -57.58 -62,41
4 1 -65.29 -56.82 -62.15
TABLE 9. AVERAGE RECEIVED POWER OF 3D RAY TRACING
MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 -57.21 -46.99 -47.03
2 1 -57.95 -47.08 -46.82
4 1 -58.03 -46.63 -46.61
According Table 8 and Table 9 can be obtained that the
optimum antenna configuration with Cost 231 Indoor
predicted is 4x1 configuration in second location with an
average received power of -56.82 dBm. However, with the 3D
Ray Tracing prediction that the optimum antenna
configuration is 41 configuration in third location with an
average received power of -46.61 dBm.
b) Scenario II: Effect of Antenna Configuration and
Location Changes to Blank Spot
Many blank spots that occur can be determined based on
the value of a signal strength received by the UE. In WCDMA
and HSDPA, a Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) that is
received by the UE user is inversely proportional to the
distance from the transmitting antenna.
At PT. Telkomsel, there are provisions in the planning or
design indoor penetration techniques, which should be the
minimum signal strength received by the EU of customer is
according with Table 10.
T 10. RSCP C ABLE ATEGORIES
Category RSCP (dBm)
Good -75 x -10
Average -85 x -75
Poor -95 x -85
Worst x -95
Based on Table 10. the EU is said to be unable to receive a
signal if the received RSCP below or equal to -95 dBm or are
in the worst category.
Below are the tables of the percentage of blank spots that
occur in any combination antenna configuration and antenna
location. The combination with the smallest blank spot is the
combination with the best performance.
T 11. P BLANK S C 231
INDOOR MODEL
ABLE ERCENTANGE OF POT WITH OST

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 18 % 13 .64 .36% 19 % .66
2 1 18.64% 13.36% 19.66%
4 1 18.64% 12.93% 19.66%
TABLE 12. PERCENTAGE OF BLANK SPOT WITH 3D RAY
TRACING MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration

1 1 1.08% 0 0
2 1 1.57% 0.51% 0
4 1 1.04% 0 0
Based on Table 11 and Table 12, the minimum percentage
of blank spots by using Cost 231 Indoor model is occurred
with 4x1 antenna configuration at the second transmitter
location. While using a 3D Ray Tracing model, the minimum
blank spots is occurred with 1x1 and 4x1 antenna
configuration at the second transmitter location and 1x1, 2x1,
and 4x1 antenna configuration at the third transmitter location.
c) Scenario III : Effect of Antenna Configuration and
Location Changes to SIR
is the ratio between the to SIR tal received power levels to
total power interference. When the SIR bigger then the power
interference will be smaller. In this paper, will be sought
combination of configuration and location of the antenna that
has a SIR above the threshold. SIRth adjustment of each user
follows the received SIR variation. SIRth in between [-10 dB,
-15dB] which -15dB is the minimum required SIR according
to the BER of 10^-3 is required for quality digital voice
communication and -10 dB is a nearly optimal SIRth. Below
are the tables of the relationship between the location of the
Tx antenna and the antenna configuration to SIR level as the
following.
TABLE 13. SIR WITH COST 231 INDOOR MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 47.08 39.37 51
2 1 41.72 42.17 38.68
4 1 57.06 42.44 37.59
TABLE 14. SIR WITH 3D RAY TRACING MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 31.2 13.92 23.38
2 1 32.14 34.54 31.38
4 1 30.13 35.1 33.2
Based on Table 13 and Table 14 are obtained that all the
configuration and placement of the antenna has SIR is above
the threshold for Cost 231 Indoor model and 3D Ray Tracing
model. So all the configuration and placement of the antenna
can be applied to meet the SIR
B. Scenario II : CNC Laboratory, Telkom Institute of
Teknologi , Indonesia
CNC Laboratory is one of the telecommunications network
laboratories at IT Telkom. CNC Laboratory has a size of 9.71
x 9.76 m with a height of 2.75 m. Here is a picture of CNC
Laboratory using autodesk software.

FIG. 5. CNC LABORATORY
In this scenario there are some information that will be
simulated as follows.
1. Type ingredients = brick, reinforced concrete,
mahogany, glass windows, metal, wood, concrete and
plastics.
2. Number of objects = 696
3. The number of wall = 4
4. Number of receivers = 144
5. Height prediction UE = 0.75 m
1)
Effect of Cost 231 Indoor dan 3D Ray Tracing
tables Cost 231 Indoor
mo
LT OF COST 231 INDOOR AND 3D
Predictions to Coverage Area
Here are the statistical comparison
del with 3D Ray Tracing.
TABLE 15. STATISTICAL RESU
RAY TRACING FOR 1X1 ANTENA
Site
Statistical Result
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
1 -48.35 11.33 0 -46.82 11.93 10
2 -42.33 5.65 0 -42.75 7.87 10
3 -44.52 8.83 0 -42.93 8.26 10
Av ge era -45.07 8.60 0 -44.17 9.35 10
TABLE 16. STATISTICAL RESULT OF COST 231 INDOOR AND 3D
RAY TRACING FOR 2X1 ANTENA
Site
Hasil Statistik
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
1 -47.60 10.72 0 -47.60
10.7
2
18
2 -42.09 5.61 0 -42.59 7.91 15
3 -44.44 8.82 1 -42.86 8.19 16
Av ge 0 1 era -44.71 8.38 .33 -44.35 8.94 6.33
TABLE 17. STATISTICAL RESULT OF COST 231 INDOOR AND 3D
RAY TRACING FOR 4X1 ANTENA
Site
Hasil Statistik
Cost 231 Indoor 3D Ray Tracing
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
Mean
Value
[dB]
Std.
Dev.
[dB]
Comp.
Time
[s]
1 -47.41 10.67 0 -45.67 9.85 30
2 -41.71 5.55 0 -42.26 7.98 27
3 -44.25 8.84 1 -42.87 8.52 28
Av ge 0 2 era -44.46 8.35 .33 -43.60 8.78 8.33
B on Ta e 6 a 7 the
pre
ntenna Location Changes

erage area of a
3D
ased bl 15, Table 1 nd Table 1 that
dictions obtained by 3D Ray Tracing always give the
average received power and a standard deviation greater than
Cost 231 Indoor prediction. However, the computational time
of Cost 231 Indoor prediction is very fast compared with the
3D Ray Tracing prediction. In addition, the greater elements
configuration makes the computational time longer. The data
were obtained by performing simulation using HP Laptop with
core i5 processor and 2 GB RAM.
2) Antenna Configuration and A
a) Scenario I : Antenna Configuration and Antenna
Location Changes to Coverage Area
In this scenario, the simulation results cov
Ray Tracing prediction models with multiple
configurations and locations will be shown. For the overall
simulation results of the Cost 231 Indoor model for different
antenna configurations and locations can be seen in the
appendix.
Below are the tables of the location relations Tx and
antenna configurations on the average received power as
follows.
TABLE 18. AVERAGE RECEIVED POWER WITH COST 231
INDOOR MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 -48.35 -42.33 -44.52
2 1 -47.60 -42.09 -44.44
4 1 -47.41 -41.71 -44.25
TABLE 19. AVERAGE RECEIVED POWER WITH 3D RAY
TRACING MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 -46.82 -42.75 -42.93
2 1 -47.60 -42.59 -42.86
4 1 -45.67 -42.26 -42.87
From Table 18 and Table 19 using either the Cost 231
Indoor model or 3D Ray Tracing model found that the
optimum antenna configuration is 4x1 configuration with the
location of the transmitter at the second location.
b) Scenario II : Antenna Configuration and Antenna
Location Changes to Blank Spot
Below are the tables of the percentage of blank spots that
occur in any combination antenna configuration and antenna
location.
TABLE 20. PERCENTAGE OF BLANK SPOT AREA WITH COST 231
INDOOR MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 0 0 0.69%
2 1 0 0 0.69%
4 1 0 0 0.69%
TABLE 21. PERCENTAGE OF BLANK SPOT AREA WITH 3D RAY
TRACING MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0
4 1 0 0 0
Based on Table 20 and Table 21 that the minimum
percentage of blank spots by using Cost 231 Indoor model
occurs when the configuration is 1x1, 2x1, and 4x1 with
transimitter site located at the first location and the second
location. While using 3D Ray Tracing model, all combinations
of configuration and location of the antenna gives the
minimum blank spot.
c) Scenario III : Antenna Configuration and Antenna
Location Changes to SIR
Below are the tables of the relationship between the
location of the Tx and antenna configuration for SIR level as
the following.
TABLE 22. SIR WITH COST 231 INDOOR MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 27.23 35.42 27.99
2 1 12.16 8.36 10.07
4 1 12.96 10.51 11.53
TABLE 23. SIR WITH 3D RAY TRACING MODEL

Tx Location
1 2 3
Antenna
Configuration
1 1 27.23 34.5 35.38
2 1 8.3 5.71 5.6
4 1 9.75 8.42 7.82
Based on Table 22 and Table 23 are obtained that all the
configuration and placement of the antenna has a SIR that is
above the threshold for Cost 231 Indoor model and 3D Ray
Tracing model. So, all the configuration and placement of the
antenna can be applied to meet the SIR.
C. Power Link Budget Calculation
In this paper the power value received for SISO systems
with the transmitter at a third location will be calculated. In
the interference power calculation will use the Cost 231
model, while the indoor signal power calculation will use the
Cost 231 Kenaan and Motley model. For details of the
calculation can be found in the appendix. Building types for
both types of laboratories including Office Building 1 with the
transmitter and receiver are on the same floor with n is 3.27.
1) Computer Systems Laboratory
The transmitter is at location (10,15,2.9), while the
receiver is at location (6,0.5,0.75). From these data it can be
determined that the distance of the transmitter and receiver is

Signals penetrate concrete walls, partitions, and walls of
glass. Based on an existing table, we can calculate the total
loss propagation with the following formula.

L=122.496 dB
With the amount of power received as follows.

The amount of total interference and noise is -62.813 dBm.
Based on the value of received power and total noise and
interference that have obtained, the SNIR value is the
following.
SNIR = - 45.683 dB
2) CNC Laboratory
The transmitter is at location (0.38, 9.38, 2.65), while the
receiver is at location (9.2, 0.38, 0.75). From these data it can
be determined that the distance of the transmitter and receiver
is

As the calculations in the computer systems laboratory, a
femtocell system parameter value is obtain as follows.


While the value of the interferency system parameters as
follows.




Based on the value of received power and total noise and
interference has been obtained, it can be calculated the SNIR
value is 10.078 dB.
V. CONCLUSIONS
From the paper that has been made, it can be conclude as
the following:
1) The configuration and location of the antenna greatly
affects the coverage area. It is evident from the value of
the received power varies according to location and
antenna configuration at any given simulation time.
2) The optimum antenna configuration on the computer
systems laboratory is the antenna configuration with 4
1 on the second location when using Cost 231 Indoor
model. Meanwhile, if using a 3D Ray Tracing model, the
optimum antenna configuration is the antenna
configuration with 4 1 on the third location.
3) The optimum antenna configuration on the CNC
laboratory is the antenna configuration with 4 1 on the
second location using Cost 231 Indoor model as well as
using 3D Ray Tracing model.
4) MISO system antenna always gives a higher received
power than SISO system antenna.
5) 3D Ray Tracing model always provide the average
received power and standard deviation greater than Cost
231 Indoor prediction. However, the computational time
Cost 231 Indoor prediction is very fast compared with
the 3D Ray Tracing prediction.
6) The optimum configuration and location is not valid in
general, but only in accordance with the conditions and
the location of each place.
REFERENCES
[1] Ndikumasabo, Landry, MIMO Antenna Configuration for Femtocell
Application, United Kingdom, 2010
[2] Gao, Yue, Mutual Coupling Effects on Pattern Diversity Antennas for
MIMO Femtocells, London, 2010
[3] Bliss,Daniel W., Keith W. Forsythe, and Amanda M. Chan MIMO
Wireless Communication, Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 2005
[4] Simeone, O., Information-Theoretic Considerations on Femtocells and
Network MIMO, 2010.
[5] Krous, John D., Antenas,McGraw-Hill Book Company,1988.
[6] Rappaport, Theodore S., Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practice, Prentice Hall Communications Engineering and Emerging
Technologies Series, 1999.
[7] I.P.Dodi, A. Fahmi, K. Sujatmoko, Perencanaan Penempatan Base
Station WCDMA di Denpasar, IT Telkom Bandung, 2009
[8] Qualcomm, HSPA+ R9 and beyond, 2010
[9] Dhler, Michael, An Outdoor-Indoor Interface Model for Radio Wave
Propagation for 2.4, 5.2 and 60 GHz, University of London, 1999
[10] Ardiansyah, Nachwan Mufti,"Dasar Sistem Komunikasi Bergerak
Selular", STTTelkom, Bandung
[11] Surjati, Indra, Yuli Kurnia Ningsih, Hendri Septiana Analisis
Perhitungan Link Budget Indoor Penetration Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) dan High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) Pada Area Pondok Indah, Universitas Trisakti,2008.
[12] PW-INA/AHS, Indonesia Cellular Frequency in 2008, Indonesia,
2008
[13] Direktur Jenderal Pos dan Telekomunikasi, Regulasi Standarisasi
Kepdir WCDMA, Indonesia, 2009
[14] ZTE, Universal Mobile Telekommunications System, IT Telkom,
2011
[15] Setiawan, Wawan, Simulasi dan Analisis Interferensi Pada HSDPA
Femtocell, IT Telkom, 2011
[16] Subkhan, Ali, Studi Kelayakan dan Implementasi Refarming di Band
900 MHz untuk Layanan 3G UMTS, IT Telkom, 2012.