Chapter 12

12
Introduction to the Laplace

Transform
Assessment Problems
AP 12.1 [a] cosh t =
e
t
+ e
t
2
Therefore,
L{cosh t} =
1
2
_

0
[e
(s)t
+ e
(s)t
]dt
=
1
2
_
e
(s)t
(s )
+
e
(s+)t
(s + )
_
=
1
2
_
1
s
+
1
s +
_
=
s
s
2
2
[b] sinht =
e
t
e
t
2
Therefore,
L{sinh t} =
1
2
_

0
_
e
(s)t
e
(s+)t
_
dt
=
1
2
_
e
(s)t
(s )
_
1
2
_
e
(s+)t
(s + )
_
=
1
2
_
1
s

1
s +
_
=

(s
2
2
)
AP 12.2 [a] Let f(t) = te
at
:
F(s) = L{te
at
} =
1
(s + a)
2
Now, L{tf(t)} =
dF(s)
ds
121
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122 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform
So, L{t te
at
} =
d
ds
_
1
(s + a)
2
_
=
2
(s + a)
3
[b] Let f(t) = e
at
sinht, then
L{f(t)} = F(s) =

(s + a)
2
2
L
_
df(t)
dt
_
= sF(s) f(0
) =
s()
(s + a)
2
2
0 =
s
(s + a)
2
2
[c] Let f(t) = cos t. Then
F(s) =
s
(s
2
+
2
)
and
dF(s)
ds
=
(s
2
2
)
(s
2
+
2
)
2
Therefore L{t cos t} =
dF(s)
ds
=
s
2
2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
AP 12.3
F(s) =
6s
2
+ 26s + 26
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
=
K
1
s + 1
+
K
2
s + 2
+
K
3
s + 3
K
1
=
6 26 + 26
(1)(2)
= 3; K
2
=
24 52 + 26
(1)(1)
= 2
K
3
=
54 78 + 26
(2)(1)
= 1
Therefore f(t) = [3e
t
+ 2e
2t
+ e
3t
] u(t)
AP 12.4
F(s) =
7s
2
+ 63s + 134
(s + 3)(s + 4)(s + 5)
=
K
1
s + 3
+
K
2
s + 4
+
K
3
s + 5
K
1
=
63 189 134
1(2)
= 4; K
2
=
112 252 + 134
(1)(1)
= 6
K
3
=
175 315 + 134
(2)(1)
= 3
f(t) = [4e
3t
+ 6e
4t
3e
5t
]u(t)
Problems 123
AP 12.5
F(s) =
10(s
2
+ 119)
(s + 5)(s
2
+ 10s + 169)
s
1,2
= 5
25 169 = 5 j12
F(s) =
K
1
s + 5
+
K
2
s + 5 j12
+
K
2
s + 5 + j12
K
1
=
10(25 + 119)
25 50 + 169
= 10
K
2
=
10[(5 + j12)
2
+ 119]
(j12)(j24)
= j4.17 = 4.17/90
Therefore
f(t) = [10e
5t
+ 8.33e
5t
cos(12t + 90
)] u(t)
= [10e
5t
8.33e
5t
sin12t] u(t)
AP 12.6
F(s) =
4s
2
+ 7s + 1
s(s + 1)
2
=
K
0
s
+
K
1
(s + 1)
2
+
K
2
s + 1
K
0
=
1
(1)
2
= 1; K
1
=
4 7 + 1
1
= 2
K
2
=
d
ds
_
4s
2
+ 7s + 1
s
_
s=1
=
s(8s + 7) (4s
2
+ 7s + 1)
s
2
s=1
=
1 + 2
1
= 3
Therefore f(t) = [1 + 2te
t
+ 3e
t
] u(t)
AP 12.7
F(s) =
40
(s
2
+ 4s + 5)
2
=
40
(s + 2 j1)
2
(s + 2 + j1)
2
=
K
1
(s + 2 j1)
2
+
K
2
(s + 2 j1)
+
K
1
(s + 2 + j1)
2
+
K
2
(s + 2 + j1)
K
1
=
40
(j2)
2
= 10 = 10/180
and K
1
= 10
K
2
=
d
ds
_
40
(s + 2 + j1)
2
_
s=2+j1
=
80(j2)
(j2)
4
= j10 = 10/90
2
= j10
Therefore
f(t) = [20te
2t
cos(t + 180
) + 20e
2t
cos(t 90
)] u(t)
= 20e
2t
[sint t cos t] u(t)
AP 12.8
F(s) =
5s
2
+ 29s + 32
(s + 2)(s + 4)
=
5s
2
+ 29s + 32
s
2
+ 6s + 8
= 5
s + 8
(s + 2)(s + 4)
s + 8
(s + 2)(s + 4)
=
K
1
s + 2
+
K
2
s + 4
K
1
=
2 + 8
2
= 3; K
2
=
4 + 8
2
= 2
Therefore,
F(s) = 5
3
s + 2
+
2
s + 4
f(t) = 5(t) + [3e
2t
+ 2e
4t
]u(t)
AP 12.9
F(s) =
2s
3
+ 8s
2
+ 2s 4
s
2
+ 5s + 4
= 2s 2 +
4(s + 1)
(s + 1)(s + 4)
= 2s 2 +
4
s + 4
f(t) = 2
d(t)
dt
2(t) + 4e
4t
u(t)
AP 12.10
lim
s
sF(s) = lim
s
_
7s
3
[1 + (9/s) + (134/(7s
2
))]
s
3
[1 + (3/s)][1 + (4/s)][1 + (5/s)]
_
= 7
. . f(0
+
) = 7
lim
s0
sF(s) = lim
s0
_
7s
3
+ 63s
2
+ 134s
(s + 3)(s + 4)(s + 5)
_
= 0
. . f() = 0
Problems 125
lim
s
sF(s) = lim
s
_
s
3
[4 + (7/s) + (1/s)
2
]
s
3
[1 + (1/s)]
2
_
= 4
. . f(0
+
) = 4
lim
s0
sF(s) = lim
s0
_
4s
2
+ 7s + 1
(s + 1)
2
_
= 1
. . f() = 1
lim
s
sF(s) = lim
s
_
40s
s
4
[1 + (4/s) + (5/s
2
)]
2
_
= 0
. . f(0
+
) = 0
lim
s0
sF(s) = lim
s0
_
40s
(s
2
+ 4s + 5)
2
_
= 0
. . f() = 0
Problems
P 12.1
P 12.2 [a] (10 + t)[u(t + 10) u(t)] + (10 t)[u(t) u(t 10)]
= (t + 10)u(t + 10) 2tu(t) + (t 10)u(t 10)
[b] (24 8t)[u(t + 3) u(t + 2)] 8[u(t + 2) u(t + 1)] + 8t[u(t + 1) u(t 1)]
+8[u(t 1) u(t 2)] + (24 8t)[u(t 2) u(t 3)]
= 8(t + 3)u(t + 3) + 8(t + 2)u(t + 2) + 8(t + 1)u(t + 1) 8(t 1)u(t 1)
8(t 2)u(t 2) + 8(t 3)u(t 3)
P 12.3 [a] f(t) = 5t[u(t) u(t 2)] + 10[u(t 2) u(t 6)]+
(5t + 40)[u(t 6) u(t 8)]
[b] f(t) = 10 sin t[u(t) u(t 2)]
[c] f(t) = 4t[u(t) u(t 5)]
Problems 127
P 12.4 [a]
[b] f(t) = 20t[u(t) u(t 1)] 20[u(t 1) u(t 2)]
+20 cos(
2
t)[u(t 2) u(t 4)]
+(100 20t)[u(t 4) u(t 5)]
P 12.5 As 0 the amplitude ; the duration 0; and the area is independent
of , i.e.,
A =
_

2
+ t
2
dt = 1
P 12.6
F(s) =
_
/2
3
e
st
dt +
_
/2
/2
_
4
3
_
e
st
dt +
_

/2
4
3
e
st
dt
Therefore F(s) =
4
s
3
[e
s
2e
s/2
+ 2e
s/2
e
s
]
L{
(t)} = lim
0
F(s)
After applying LHopitals rule three times, we have
lim
0
2s
3
_
se
s
s
4
e
s/2
s
4
e
s/2
+ se
s
_
=
2s
3
_
3s
2
_
Therefore L{
(t)} = s
2
P 12.7 [a] A =
_
1
2
_
bh =
_
1
2
_
(2)
_
1
_
= 1
[b] 0; [c]
P 12.8 F(s) =
_

1
2
e
st
dt =
e
s
e
s
2s
F(s) =
1
2s
lim
0
_
se
s
+ se
s
1
_
=
1
2s

2s
1
= 1
P 12.9 [a] I =
_
3
1
(t
3
+ 2)(t) dt +
_
3
1
8(t
3
+ 2)(t 1) dt
= (0
3
+ 2) + 8(1
3
+ 2) = 2 + 8(3) = 26
[b] I =
_
2
2
t
2
(t) dt +
_
2
2
t
2
(t + 1.5) dt +
_
2
2
(t 3) dt
= 0
2
+ (1.5)
2
+ 0 = 2.25
P 12.10 f(t) =
1
2
_

(4 + j)
(9 + j)
() e
jt
d =
_
1
2
_
_
4 + j0
9 + j0
e
jt0
_
=
2
9
P 12.11 L
_
d
n
f(t)
dt
n
_
= s
n
F(s) s
n1
f(0
) s
n2
f
(0
) ,
Therefore
L{
n
(t)} = s
n
(1) s
n1
(0
) s
n2
(0
) s
n3
(0
) = s
n
P 12.12 [a] Let dv =
(t a) dt, v = (t a)
u = f(t), du = f
(t) dt
Therefore
_

f(t)
(t a) dt = f(t)(t a)
(t a)f
(t) dt
= 0 f
(a)
[b] L{
(t)} =
_

0
(t)e
st
dt =
_
d(e
st
)
dt
_
t=0
=
_
se
st
_
t=0
= s
Problems 129
P 12.13 L{e
at
f(t)} =
_

0
[e
at
f(t)]e
st
dt =
_

0
f(t)e
(s+a)t
dt = F(s + a)
P 12.14 [a] L
_
d sin t
dt
u(t)
_
=
s
s
2
+
2
sin(0) =
s
s
2
+
2
[b] L
_
d cos t
dt
u(t)
_
=
s
2
s
2
+
2
cos(0) =
s
2
s
2
+
2
1 =

2
s
2
+
2
[c] L
_
d
3
(t
2
)
dt
3
u(t)
_
= s
3
_
2
s
3
_
s
2
(0) s(0) 2(0) = 2
[d]
d sint
dt
= (cos t) , L{ cos t} =
s
s
2
+
2
d cos t
dt
= sint
L{ sint} =

2
s
2
+
2
d
3
(t
2
u(t))
dt
3
= 2(t); L{2(t)} = 2
P 12.15 [a]
_
t
0
xdx =
t
2
2
L
_
t
2
2
_
=
1
2
_

0
t
2
e
st
dt
=
1
2
_
e
st
s
3
(s
2
t
2
+ 2st + 2)
_
=
1
2s
3
(2) =
1
s
3
. . L
__
t
0
xdx
_
=
1
s
3
[b] L
__
t
0
xdx
_
=
L{t}
s
=
1/s
2
s
=
1
s
3
. . L
__
t
0
xdx
_
=
1
s
3
CHECKS
P 12.16 L{f(at)} =
_

0
f(at)e
st
dt
Let u = at, du = a dt, u = 0
when t = 0
and u = when t =
Therefore L{f(at)} =
_

0
f(u)e
(u/a)s
du
a
=
1
a
F(s/a)
P 12.17 [a] L{t} =
1
s
2
; therefore L{te
at
} =
1
(s + a)
2
[b] sint =
e
jt
e
jt
j2
Therefore
L{sin t} =
_
1
j2
__
1
s j

1
s + j
_
=
_
1
j2
_
_
2j
s
2
+
2
_
=

s
2
+
2
[c] sin(t + ) = (sint cos + cos t sin )
Therefore
L{sin(t + )} = cos L{sin t} + sin L{cos t}
=
cos + s sin
s
2
+
2
[d] L{t} =
_

0
te
st
dt =
e
st
s
2
(st 1)
0
= 0
1
s
2
(0 1) =
1
s
2
[e] f(t) = cosht cosh + sinht sinh
From Assessment Problem 12.1(a)
L{cosh t} =
s
s
2
1
From Assessment Problem 12.1(b)
L{sinh t} =
1
s
2
1
. . L{cosh(t + )} = cosh
_
s
(s
2
1)
_
+ sinh
_
1
s
2
1
_
=
sinh + s[cosh]
(s
2
1)
P 12.18 [a] L{f
(t)} =
_

e
st
2
dt +
_

ae
a(t)
e
st
dt
=
1
2s
(e
s
e
s
)
_
a
s + a
_
e
s
= F(s)
lim
0
F(s) = 1
a
s + a
=
s
s + a
[b] L{e
at
} =
1
s + a
Therefore L{f
(t)} = sF(s) f(0
) =
s
s + a
0 =
s
s + a
Problems 1211
P 12.19 [a] L{40e
8(t3)
u(t 3)} =
40e
3s
(s + 8)
[b] First rewrite f(t) as
f(t) = (5t 10)u(t 2) + (40 10t)u(t 4)
+(10t 80)u(t 8) + (50 5t)u(t 10)
= 5(t 2)u(t 2) 10(t 4)u(t 4)
+10(t 8)u(t 8) 5(t 10)u(t 10)
. . F(s) =
5[e
2s
2e
4s
+ 2e
8s
e
10s
]
s
2
P 12.20 [a] L{te
at
} =
_

0
te
(s+a)t
dt
=
e
(s+a)t
(s + a)
2
_
(s + a)t 1
_
= 0 +
1
(s + a)
2
. . L{te
at
} =
1
(s + a)
2
[b] L
_
d
dt
(te
at
)u(t)
_
=
s
(s + a)
2
0
L
_
d
dt
(te
at
)u(t)
_
=
s
(s + a)
2
[c]
d
dt
(te
at
) = ate
at
+ e
at
L{ate
at
+ e
at
} =
a
(s + a)
2
+
1
(s + a)
=
a
(s + a)
2
+
s + a
(s + a)
2
. . L
_
d
dt
(te
at
)
_
=
s
(s + a)
2
CHECKS
P 12.21 [a] f(t) = 5t[u(t) u(t 2)]
+(20 5t)[u(t 2) u(t 6)]
+(5t 40)[u(t 6) u(t 8)]
= 5tu(t) 10(t 2)u(t 2)
+10(t 6)u(t 6) 5(t 8)u(t 8)
. . F(s) =
5[1 2e
2s
+ 2e
6s
e
8s
]
s
2
[b]
f
(t) = 5[u(t) u(t 2)] 5[u(t 2) u(t 6)]

+5[u(t 6) u(t 8)]
= 5u(t) 10u(t 2) + 10u(t 6) 5u(t 8)
L{f
(t)} =
5[1 2e
2s
+ 2e
6s
e
8s
]
s
[c]
f
(t) = 5(t) 10(t 2) + 10(t 6) 5(t 8)

L{f
(t)} = 5[1 2e
2s
+ 2e
6s
e
8s
]
P 12.22 [a] L
__
t
0
e
ax
dx
_
=
F(s)
s
=
1
s(s + a)
[b]
_
t
0
e
ax
dx =
1
a

e
at
a
L
_
1
a

e
at
a
_
=
1
a
_
1
s

1
s + a
_
=
1
s(s + a)
Problems 1213
P 12.23 [a]
dF(s)
ds
=
d
ds
__

0
f(t)e
st
dt
_
=
_

0
tf(t)e
st
dt
Therefore L{tf(t)} =
dF(s)
ds
[b]
d
2
F(s)
ds
2
=
_

0
t
2
f(t)e
st
dt;
d
3
F(s)
ds
3
=
_

0
t
3
f(t)e
st
dt
Therefore
d
n
F(s)
ds
n
= (1)
n
_

0
t
n
f(t)e
st
dt = (1)
n
L{t
n
f(t)}
[c] L{t
5
} = L{t
4
t} = (1)
4
d
4
ds
4
_
1
s
2
_
=
120
s
6
L{t sin t} = (1)
1
d
ds
_

s
2
+
2
_
=
2s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
L{te
t
cosh t}:
From Assessment Problem 12.1(a),
F(s) = L{cosh t} =
s
s
2
1
dF
ds
=
(s
2
1)1 s(2s)
(s
2
1)
2
=
s
2
+ 1
(s
2
1)
2
Therefore
dF
ds
=
s
2
+ 1
(s
2
1)
2
Thus
L{t cosh t} =
s
2
+ 1
(s
2
1)
2
L{e
t
t cosh t} =
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
[(s + 1)
2
1]
2
=
s
2
+ 2s + 2
s
2
(s + 2)
2
P 12.24 [a]
_

s
F(u)du =
_

s
__

0
f(t)e
ut
dt
_
du =
_

0
__

s
f(t)e
ut
du
_
dt
=
_

0
f(t)
_

s
e
ut
dudt =
_

0
f(t)
_
e
tu
t
s
_
dt
=
_

0
f(t)
_
e
st
t
_
dt = L
_
f(t)
t
_
[b] L{t sint} =
2s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
therefore L
_
t sin t
t
_
=
_

s
_
2u
(u
2
+
2
)
2
_
du
Let = u
2
+
2
, then = s
2
+
2
when u = s, and = when u = ;
also d = 2udu, thus
L
_
t sint
t
_
=
_

s
2
+
2
_
d
2
_
=
_
1
s
2
+
2
=

s
2
+
2
P 12.25 [a] f
1
(t) = e
at
sint; F
1
(s) =

(s + a)
2
+
2
F(s) = sF
1
(s) f
1
(0
) =
s
(s + a)
2
+
2
0
[b] f
1
(t) = e
at
cos t; F
1
(s) =
s + a
(s + a)
2
+
2
F(s) =
F
1
(s)
s
=
s + a
s[(s + a)
2
+
2
]
[c]
d
dt
[e
at
sint] = e
at
cos t ae
at
sint
Therefore F(s) =
(s + a) a
(s + a)
2
+
2
=
s
(s + a)
2
+
2
_
t
0
e
ax
cos xdx =
ae
at
cos t + e
at
sint + a
a
2
+
2
Therefore
F(s) =
1
a
2
+
2
_
a(s + a)
(s + a)
2
+
2
+

2
(s + a)
2
+
2
+
a
s
_
=
s + a
s[(s + a)
2
+
2
]
P 12.26 I
g
(s) =
1.2s
s
2
+ 1
;
1
RC
= 1.6;
1
LC
= 1;
1
C
= 1.6
V (s)
R
+
1
L
V (s)
s
+ C[sV (s) v(0
)] = I
g
(s)
V (s)
_
1
R
+
1
Ls
+ sC
_
= I
g
(s)
V (s) =
I
g
(s)
1
R
+
1
Ls
+ sC
=
LsI
g
(s)
RLs + 1 + s
2
LC
=
1
C
sI
g
(s)
s
2
+
R
C
s +
1
LC
=
(1.6)(1.2)s
2
(s
2
+ 1.6s + 1)(s
2
+ 1)
=
1.92s
2
(s
2
+ 1.6s + 1)(s
2
+ 1)
Problems 1215
P 12.27 [a]
1
L
_
t
0
v
1
d +
v
1
v
2
R
= i
g
u(t)
and
C
dv
2
dt
+
v
2
R

v
1
R
= 0
[b]
V
1
sL
+
V
1
V
2
R
= I
g
V
2
V
1
R
+ sCV
2
= 0
or
(R + sL)V
1
(s) sLV
2
(s) = RLsI
g
(s)
V
1
(s) + (RCs + 1)V
2
(s) = 0
Solving,
V
2
(s) =
sI
g
(s)
C[s
2
+ (R/L)s + (1/LC)]
P 12.28 [a]
v
o
V
dc
R
+
1
L
_
t
0
v
o
dx + C
dv
o
dt
= 0
. . v
o
+
R
L
_
t
0
v
o
dx + RC
dv
o
dt
= V
dc
[b] V
o
+
R
L
V
o
s
+ RCsV
o
=
V
dc
s
. . sLV
o
+ RV
o
+ RCLs
2
V
o
= LV
dc
. . V
o
(s) =
(1/RC)V
dc
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
[c] i
o
=
1
L
_
t
0
v
o
dx
I
o
(s) =
V
o
sL
=
V
dc
/RLC
s[s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)]
P 12.29 [a] For t 0
+
:
Ri
o
+ L
di
o
dt
+ v
o
= 0
i
o
= C
dv
o
dt
di
o
dt
= C
d
2
v
o
dt
2
. . RC
dv
o
dt
+ LC
d
2
v
o
dt
2
+ v
o
= 0
or
d
2
v
o
dt
2
+
R
L
dv
o
dt
+
1
LC
v
o
= 0
[b] s
2
V
o
(s) sV
dc
0 +
R
L
[sV
o
(s) V
dc
] +
1
LC
V
o
(s) = 0
V
o
(s)
_
s
2
+
R
L
s +
1
LC
_
= V
dc
(s + R/L)
V
o
(s) =
V
dc
[s + (R/L)]
[s
2
+ (R/L)s + (1/LC)]
P 12.30 [a] I
dc
=
1
L
_
t
0
v
o
dx +
v
o
R
+ C
dv
o
dt
[b]
I
dc
s
=
V
o
(s)
sL
+
V
o
(s)
R
+ sCV
o
(s)
. . V
o
(s) =
I
dc
/C
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
[c] i
o
= C
dv
o
dt
. . I
o
(s) = sCV
o
(s) =
sI
dc
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
P 12.31 [a] For t 0
+
:
v
o
R
+ C
dv
o
dt
+ i
o
= 0
v
o
= L
di
o
dt
;
dv
o
dt
= L
d
2
i
o
dt
2
. .
L
R
di
o
dt
+ LC
d
2
i
o
dt
2
+ i
o
= 0
or
d
2
i
o
dt
2
+
1
RC
di
o
dt
+
1
LC
i
o
= 0
[b] s
2
I
o
(s) sI
dc
0 +
1
RC
[sI
o
(s) I
dc
] +
1
LC
I
o
(s) = 0
I
o
(s)
_
s
2
+
1
RC
s +
1
LC
_
= I
dc
(s + 1/RC)
I
o
(s) =
I
dc
[s + (1/RC)]
[s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)]
Problems 1217
P 12.32 [a] 300 = 60i
1
+ 25
di
1
dt
+ 10
d
dt
(i
2
i
1
) + 5
d
dt
(i
1
i
2
) 10
di
1
dt
0 = 5
d
dt
(i
2
i
1
) + 10
di
1
dt
+ 40i
2
Simplifying the above equations gives:
300 = 60i
1
+ 10
di
1
dt
+ 5
di
2
dt
0 = 40i
2
+ 5
di
1
dt
+ 5
di
2
dt
[b]
300
s
= (10s + 60)I
1
(s) + 5sI
2
(s)
0 = 5sI
1
(s) + (5s + 40)I
2
(s)
[c] Solving the equations in (b),
I
1
(s) =
60(s + 8)
s(s + 4)(s + 24)
I
2
(s) =
60
(s + 4)(s + 24)
P 12.33 From Problem 12.26:
V (s) =
1.92s
2
(s
2
+ 1.6s + 1)(s
2
+ 1)
s
2
+ 1.6s + 1 = (s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s + 0.8 j0.6); s
2
+ 100 = (s j1)(s + j1)
Therefore
V (s) =
1.92s
2
(s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s + 0.8 j0.6)(s j1)(s + j1)
=
K
1
s + 0.8 j0.6
+
K
1
s + 0.8 + j0.6
+
K
2
s j1
+
K
2
s + j1
K
1
=
1.92s
2
(s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s
2
+ 1)
s=0.8+j0.6
= 1/126.87
K
2
=
1.92s
2
(s + j1)(s
2
+ 1.6s + 1)
s=j1
= 0.6/0
Therefore
v(t) = [2e
0.8t
cos(0.6t 126.87
) + 1.2 cos(t)]u(t) V
P 12.34
1
C
= 2 10
6
;
1
LC
= 4 10
6
;
R
L
= 5000; I
g
=
0.015
s
V
2
(s) =
30,000
s
2
+ 5000s + 4 10
6
s
1
= 1000; s
2
= 4000
V
2
(s) =
30,000
(s + 1000)(s + 4000)
=
10
s + 1000

10
s + 4000
v
2
(t) = [10e
1000t
10e
4000t
]u(t) V
P 12.35 [a]
1
LC
=
1
(200 10
3
)(100 10
9
)
= 50 10
6
1
RC
=
1
(5000)(100 10
9
)
= 2000
V
o
(s) =
70,000
s
2
+ 2000s + 50 10
6
s
1,2
= 1000 j7000 rad/s
V
o
(s) =
70,000
(s + 1000 j7000)(s + 1000 + j7000)
=
K
1
s + 1000 j7000
+
K
1
s + 1000 + j7000
K
1
=
70,000
j14,000
= 5/90
v
o
(t) = 10e
1000t
cos(7000t 90
)]u(t) V
= [10e
1000t
sin7000t]u(t) V
[b] I
o
(s) =
35(10,000)
s(s + 1000 j7000)(s + 1000 + j7000)
=
K
1
s
+
K
2
s + 1000 j7000
+
K
2
s + 1000 + j7000
K
1
=
35(10,000)
50 10
6
= 7 mA
K
2
=
35(10,000)
(1000 + j7000)(j14,000)
= 3.54/171.87
mA
i
o
(t) = [7 + 7.07e
1000t
cos(7000t + 171.87
)]u(t) mA
Problems 1219
P 12.36
R
L
= 5000;
1
LC
= 4 10
6
V
o
(s) =
48(s + 5000)
s
2
+ 5000s + 4 10
6
s
1,2
= 2500
6.25 10
6
4 10
6
s
1
= 1000 rad/s; s
2
= 4000 rad/s
V
o
(s) =
48(s + 5000)
(s + 1000)(s + 4000)
=
K
1
s + 1000
+
K
2
s + 4000
K
1
=
48(4000)
3000
= 64 V; K
2
=
48(1000)
3000
= 16 V
V
o
(s) =
64
s + 1000

16
s + 4000
v
o
(t) = [64e
1000t
16e
4000t
]u(t) V
P 12.37 [a]
1
RC
=
1
(1 10
3
)(2 10
6
)
= 500
1
LC
=
1
(12.5)(2 10
6
)
= 40,000
V
o
(s) =
500,000I
dc
s + 500s + 40,000
=
500,000I
dc
(s + 100)(s + 400)
=
15,000
(s + 100)(s + 400)
=
K
1
s + 100
+
K
2
s + 400
K
1
=
15,000
300
= 50; K
2
=
15,000
300
= 50
V
o
(s) =
50
s + 100

50
s + 400
v
o
(t) = [50e
100t
50e
400t
]u(t) V
[b] I
o
(s) =
0.03s
(s + 100)(s + 400)
=
K
1
s + 100
+
K
2
s + 400
K
1
=
0.03(100)
300
= 0.01
K
2
=
0.03(400)
300
= 0.04
I
o
(s) =
0.01
s + 100
+
0.04
s + 400
i
o
(t) = (40e
400t
10e
100t
)u(t) mA
[c] i
o
(0) = 40 10 = 30 mA
Yes. The initial inductor current is zero by hypothesis, the initial resistor
current is zero because the initial capacitor voltage is zero by hypothesis.
Thus at t = 0 the source current appears in the capacitor.
P 12.38
1
RC
= 8000;
1
LC
= 16 10
6
I
o
(s) =
0.005(s + 8000)
s
2
+ 8000s + 16 10
6
s
1,2
= 4000
I
o
(s) =
0.005(s + 8000)
(s + 4000)
2
=
K
1
(s + 4000)
2
+
K
2
s + 4000
K
1
= 0.005(s + 8000)
s=4000
= 20
K
2
=
d
ds
[0.005(s + 8000)]
s=4000
= 0.005
I
o
(s) =
20
(s + 4000)
2
+
0.005
s + 4000
i
o
(t) = [20te
4000t
+ 0.005e
4000t
]u(t) V
Problems 1221
P 12.39 [a] I
1
(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
s + 4
+
K
3
s + 24
K
1
=
(60)(8)
(4)(24)
= 5; K
2
=
(60)(4)
(4)(20)
= 3
K
3
=
(60)(16)
(24)(20)
= 2
I
1
(s) =
_
5
s

3
s + 4

2
s + 24
_
i
1
(t) = (5 3e
4t
2e
24t
)u(t) A
I
2
(s) =
K
1
s + 4
+
K
2
s + 24
K
1
=
60
20
= 3; K
2
=
60
20
= 3
I
2
(s) =
_
3
s + 4
+
3
s + 24
_
i
2
(t) = (3e
24t
3e
4t
)u(t) A
[b] i
1
() = 5 A; i
2
() = 0 A
[c] Yes, at t =
i
1
=
300
60
= 5 A
Since i
1
is a dc current at t = there is no voltage induced in the 10 H
inductor; hence, i
2
= 0. Also note that i
1
(0) = 0 and i
2
(0) = 0. Thus our
solutions satisfy the condition of no initial energy stored in the circuit.
P 12.40 [a] F(s) =
K
1
s + 1
+
K
2
s + 2
+
K
3
s + 4
K
1
=
8s
2
+ 37s + 32
(s + 2)(s + 4)
s=1
= 1
K
2
=
8s
2
+ 37s + 32
(s + 1)(s + 4)
s=2
= 5
K
3
=
8s
2
+ 37s + 32
(s + 1)(s + 2)
s=4
= 2
f(t) = [e
t
+ 5e
2t
+ 2e
4t
]u(t)
[b] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
s + 2
+
K
3
s + 4
+
K
4
s + 6
K
1
=
13s
3
+ 134s
2
+ 392s + 288
(s + 2)(s + 4)(s + 6)
s=0
= 6
K
2
=
13s
3
+ 134s
2
+ 392s + 288
s(s + 4)(s + 6)
s=2
= 4
K
3
=
13s
3
+ 134s
2
+ 392s + 288
s(s + 2)(s + 6)
s=4
= 2
K
4
=
13s
3
+ 134s
2
+ 392s + 288
s(s + 2)(s + 4)
s=6
= 1
f(t) = [6 + 4e
2t
+ 2e
4t
+ e
6t
]u(t)
[c] F(s) =
K
1
s + 1
+
K
2
s + 1 2j
+
K
2
s + 1 + 2j
K
1
=
20s
2
+ 16s + 12
s
2
+ 2s + 5
s=1
= 4
K
2
=
20s
2
+ 16s + 12
(s + 1)(s + 1 + 2j)
s=1+2j
= 8 + j6 = 10/36.87
f(t) = [4e
t
+ 20e
t
cos(2t + 36.87
)]u(t)
[d] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
s + 7 j
+
K
2
s + 7 + j
K
1
=
250(s + 7)(s + 14)
s
2
+ 14s + 50
s=0
= 490
K
2
=
250(s + 7)(s + 14)
s(s + 7 + j)
s=7+j
= 125/ 163.74
f(t) = [490 + 250e

7t
cos(t 163.74
)]u(t)
P 12.41 [a] F(s) =
K
1
s
2
+
K
2
s
+
K
3
s + 5
K
1
=
100
s + 5
s=0
= 20
K
2
=
d
ds
_
100
s + 5
_
=
100
(s + 5)
2
s=0
= 4
K
3
=
100
s
2
s=5
= 4
f(t) = [20t 4 + 4e
5t
]u(t)
Problems 1223
[b] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 1)
2
+
K
3
s + 1
K
1
=
50(s + 5)
(s + 1)
2
s=0
= 250
K
2
=
50(s + 5)
s
s=1
= 200
K
3
=
d
ds
_
50(s + 5)
s
_
=
_
50
s

50(s + 5)
s
2
_
s=1
= 250
f(t) = [250 200te
t
250e
t
]u(t)
[c] F(s) =
K
1
s
2
+
K
2
s
+
K
3
s + 3 j
+
K
3
s + 3 + j
K
1
=
100(s + 3)
s
2
+ 6s + 10
s=0
= 30
K
2
=
d
ds
_
100(s + 3)
s
2
+ 6s + 10
_
=
_
100
s
2
+ 6s + 10

100(s + 3)(2s + 6)
(s
2
+ 6s + 10)
2
_
s=0
= 10 18 = 8
K
3
=
100(s + 3)
s
2
(s + 3 + j)
s=3+j
= 4 + j3 = 5/36.87
f(t) = [30t 8 + 10e

3t
cos(t + 36.87
)]u(t)
[d] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 1)
3
+
K
3
(s + 1)
2
+
K
4
s + 1
K
1
=
5(s + 2)
2
(s + 1)
3
s=0
= 20
K
2
=
5(s + 2)
2
s
s=1
= 5
K
3
=
d
ds
_
5(s + 2)
2
s
_
=
_
10(s + 2)
s

5(s + 2)
2
s
2
_
s=1
= 10 5 = 15
K
4
=
1
2
d
ds
_
10(s + 2)
s

5(s + 2)
2
s
2
_
=
1
2
_
10
s

10(s + 2)
s
2

10(s + 2)
s
2
+
10(s + 2)
2
s
3
_
s=1
=
1
2
(10 10 10 10) = 20
f(t) = [20 2.5t
2
e
t
15te
t
20e
t
]u(t)
[e] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 2 j)
2
+
K
2
(s + 2 + j)
2
+
K
3
s + 2 j
+
K
3
s + 2 j
K
1
=
400
(s
2
+ 4s + 5)
2
s=0
= 16
K
2
=
400
s(s + 2 + j)
2
s=2+j
= 44.72/26.57
K
3
=
d
ds
_
400
s(s + 2 + j)
2
_
=
_
400
s
2
(s + 2 + j)
2
+
800
s(s + 2 + j)
3
_
s=2+j
= 12 + j16 20 + j40 = 8 + j56 = 56.57/98.13
f(t) = [16 + 89.44te

2t
cos(t + 26.57
) + 113.14e
2t
cos(t + 98.13
)]u(t)
P 12.42 [a] 5
F(s) = s
2
+ 6s + 8 5s
2
+ 38s + 80
5s
2
+ 30s + 40
8s + 40
F(s) = 5 +
8s + 40
s
2
+ 6s + 8
= 10 +
K
1
s + 2
+
K
2
s + 4
K
1
=
8s + 40
s + 4
s=2
= 12
K
2
=
8s + 40
s + 2
s=4
= 4
f(t) = 5(t) + [12e
2t
4e
4t
]u(t)
[b] 10
F(s) = s
2
+ 48s + 625 10s
2
+ 512s + 7186
10s
2
+ 480s + 6250
32s + 936
F(s) = 10 +
32s + 936
s
2
+ 48s + 625
= 10 +
K
1
s + 24 j7
+
K
2
s + 24 + j7
K
1
=
32s + 936
s + 24 + j7
s=24+j7
= 16 j12 = 20/36.87
f(t) = 10(t) + [40e

24t
cos(7t 36.87
)]u(t)
Problems 1225
[c] s 10
F(s) = s
2
+ 15s + 50 s
3
+ 5s
2
50s 100
s
3
+ 15s
2
+ 50s
10s
2
100s 100
10s
2
150s 500
50s + 400
F(s) = s 10 +
K
1
s + 5
+
K
2
s + 10
K
1
=
50s + 400
s + 10
s=5
= 30
K
2
=
50s + 400
s + 5
s=10
= 20
f(t) =
(t) 10(t) + [30e

5t
+ 20e
10t
]u(t)
P 12.43 [a] F(s) =
K
1
s
2
+
K
2
s
+
K
3
s + 1 j2
+
K
3
s + 1 + j2
K
1
=
100(s + 1)
s
2
+ 2s + 5
s=0
= 20
K
2
=
d
ds
_
100(s + 1)
s
2
+ 2s + 5
_
=
_
100
s
2
+ 2s + 5

100(s + 1)(2s + 2)
(s
2
+ 2s + 5)
2
_
s=0
= 20 8 = 12
K
3
=
100(s + 1)
s
2
(s + 1 + j2)
s=1+j2
= 6 + j8 = 10/126.87
f(t) = [20t + 12 + 20e

t
cos(2t + 126.87
)]u(t)
[b] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 5)
3
+
K
3
(s + 5)
2
+
K
4
s + 5
K
1
=
500
(s + 5)
3
s=0
= 4
K
2
=
500
s
s=5
= 100
K
3
=
d
ds
_
500
s
_
=
500
s
2
s=5
= 20
K
4
=
1
2
d
ds
_
500
s
2
_
=
1
2
1000
s
3
s=5
= 4
f(t) = [4 50t
2
e
5t
20te
5t
4e
5t
]u(t)
[c] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 1)
3
+
K
3
(s + 1)
2
+
K
4
s + 1
K
1
=
40(s + 2)
(s + 1)
3
s=0
= 80
K
2
=
40(s + 2)
s
s=1
= 40
K
3
=
d
ds
_
40(s + 2)
s
_
=
_
40
s

40(s + 2)
s
2
_
s=1
= 40 40 = 80
K
4
=
1
2
d
ds
_
40
s

40(s + 2)
s
2
_
=
1
2
_
40
s
2

40
s
2
+
80(s + 2)
s
3
_
s=1
=
1
2
(40 40 80) = 80
f(t) = [80 20t
2
e
t
80te
t
80e
t
]u(t)
[d] F(s) =
K
1
s
+
K
2
(s + 1)
4
+
K
3
(s + 1)
3
+
K
4
(s + 1)
2
+
K
5
s + 1
K
1
=
(s + 5)
2
(s + 1)
4
s=0
= 25
K
2
=
(s + 5)
2
s
s=1
= 16
K
3
=
d
ds
_
(s + 5)
2
s
_
=
_
2(s + 5)
s

(s + 5)
2
s
2
_
s=1
= 8 16 = 24
K
4
=
1
2
d
ds
_
2(s + 5)
s

(s + 5)
2
s
2
_
=
1
2
_
2
s

2(s + 5)
s
2

2(s + 5)
s
2
+
3(s + 5)
2
s
3
_
s=1
=
1
2
(2 8 8 32) = 25
K
5
=
1
6
d
ds
_
2
s

2(s + 5)
s
2

2(s + 5)
s
2
+
3(s + 5)
2
s
3
_
=
1
6
_
2
s
2

2
s
2
+
4(s + 5)
s
3

2
s
2
+
4(s + 5)
s
3
+
4(s + 5)
s
3

6(s + 5)
2
s
4
_
s=1
=
1
6
(2 2 16 2 16 16 96) = 25
f(t) = [25 (8/3)t
3
e
t
12t
2
e
t
25te
t
25e
t
]u(t)
Problems 1227
P 12.44 f(t) = L
1
_
K
s + j
+
K
s + + j
_
= Ke
t
e
jt
+ K
e
t
e
jt
= |K|e
t
[e
j
e
jt
+ e
j
e
jt
]
= |K|e
t
[e
j(t+)
+ e
j(t+)
]
= 2|K|e
t
cos(t + )
P 12.45 [a] L{t
n
f(t)} = (1)
n
_
d
n
F(s)
ds
n
_
Let f(t) = 1, then F(s) =
1
s
, thus
d
n
F(s)
ds
n
=
(1)
n
n!
s
(n+1)
Therefore L{t
n
} = (1)
n
_
(1)
n
n!
s
(n+1)
_
=
n!
s
(n+1)
It follows that L{t
(r1)
} =
(r 1)!
s
r
and L{t
(r1)
e
at
} =
(r 1)!
(s + a)
r
Therefore
K
(r 1)!
L{t
r1
e
at
} =
K
(s + a)
r
= L
_
Kt
r1
e
at
(r 1)!
_
[b] f(t) = L
1
_
K
(s + j)
r
+
K
(s + + j)
r
_
Therefore
f(t) =
Kt
r1
(r 1)!
e
(j)t
+
K
t
r1
(r 1)!
e
(+j)t
=
|K|t
r1
e
t
(r 1)!
_
e
j
e
jt
+ e
j
e
jt
_
=
_
2|K|t
r1
e
t
(r 1)!
_
cos(t + )
P 12.46 [a] lim
s
sV (s) = lim
s
_
1.92s
3
s
4
[1 + (1.6/s) + (1/s
2
)][1 + (1/s
2
)]
_
= 0
Therefore v(0
+
) = 0
[b] No, V has a pair of poles on the imaginary axis.
P 12.47 sV
o
(s) =
sV
dc
/RC
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
lim
s0
sV
o
(s) = 0,

. . v
o
() = 0
lim
s
sV
o
(s) = 0,

. . v
o
(0
+
) = 0
sI
o
(s) =
V
dc
/RC)
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
lim
s0
sI
o
(s) =
V
dc
/RLC
1/LC
=
V
dc
R
,

. . i
o
() =
V
dc
R
lim
s
sI
o
(s) = 0,

. . i
o
(0
+
) = 0
P 12.48 sV
o
(s) =
(I
dc
/C)s
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
lim
s0
sV
o
(s) = 0,

. . v
o
() = 0
lim
s
sV
o
(s) = 0,

. . v
o
(0
+
) = 0
sI
o
(s) =
s
2
I
dc
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
lim
s0
sI
o
(s) = 0,

. . i
o
() = 0
lim
s
sI
o
(s) = I
dc
,

. . i
o
(0
+
) = I
dc
P 12.49 sI
o
(s) =
I
dc
s[s + (1/RC)]
s
2
+ (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
lim
s0
sI
o
(s) = 0,

. . i
o
() = 0
lim
s
sI
o
(s) = I
dc
,

. . i
o
(0
+
) = I
dc
P 12.50 [a] sF(s) =
8s
3
+ 37s
2
+ 32s
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 4)
lim
s0
sF(s) = 0,

. . f() = 0
lim
s
sF(s) = 8,

. . f(0
+
) = 8
Problems 1229
[b] sF(s) =
13s
3
+ 134s
2
+ 392s + 288
(s + 2)(s
2
+ 10s + 24)
lim
s0
sF(s) = 6;

. . f() = 6
lim
s
sF(s) = 13,

. . f(0
+
) = 13
[c] sF(s) =
20s
3
+ 16s
2
+ 12s
(s + 1)(s
2
+ 2s + 5)
lim
s0
sF(s) = 0,

. . f() = 0
lim
s
sF(s) = 20,

. . f(0
+
) = 20
[d] sF(s) =
250(s + 7)(s + 14)
(s
2
+ 14s + 50)
lim
s0
sF(s) =
250(7)(14)
50
= 490,

. . f() = 490
lim
s
sF(s) = 250,

. . f(0
+
) = 250
P 12.51 [a] sF(s) =
100
s(s + 5)
F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the nal
value theorem.
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[b] sF(s) =
50(s + 5)
(s + 1)
2
lim
s0
sF(s) = 250,

. . f() = 250
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[c] sF(s) =
100(s + 3)
s(s
2
+ 6s + 10)
F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the nal
value theorem.
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[d] sF(s) =
5(s + 2)
2
(s + 1)
3
lim
s0
sF(s) = 20,

. . f() = 20
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[e] sF(s) =
400
(s
2
+ 4s + 5)
2
lim
s0
sF(s) = 16,

. . f() = 16
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
P 12.52 All of the F(s) functions referenced in this problem are improper rational
functions, and thus the corresponding f(t) functions contain impulses ((t)).
Thus, neither the initial value theorem nor the nal value theorem may be
applied to these F(s) functions!
P 12.53 [a] sF(s) =
100(s + 1)
s(s
2
+ 2s + 5)
F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin, so we cannot use the nal
value theorem here.
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[b] sF(s) =
500
(s + 5)
3
lim
s0
sF(s) = 4,

. . f() = 4
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[c] sF(s) =
40(s + 2)
(s + 1)
3
lim
s0
sF(s) = 80,

. . f() = 80
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
[d] sF(s) =
(s + 5)
2
(s + 1)
4
lim
s0
sF(s) = 25,

. . f() = 25
lim
s
sF(s) = 0,

. . f(0
+
) = 0
Problems 1231
P 12.54 [a] Z
L
= j120(0.01) = j3.77 ; Z
C
=
j
120(100 10
6
)
= j26.526
The phasor-transformed circuit is
I
L
=
1
15 + j3.77 j26.526
= 36.69/56.61
mA
. . i
Lss
(t) = 36.69 cos(120t + 56.61
) mA
[b] The steady-state response is the second term in Eq. 12.109, which
matches the steady-state response just derived in part (a).
P 12.55 The transient and steady-state components are both proportional to the
magnitude of the input voltage. Therefore,
K =
40
42.26
= 0.947
So if we make the amplitude of the sinusoidal source 0.947 instead of 1, the
current will not exceed the 40 mA limit. A plot of the current through the
inductor is shown below with the amplitude of the sinusoidal source set at
0.947.
P 12.56 We begin by using Eq. 12.105, and changing the right-hand side so it is the
Laplace transform of Kte
100t
:
15I
L
(s) + 0.01sI
L
(s) + 10
4
I
L
(s)
s
=
A
(s + 100)
2
Solving for I
L
(s),
I
L
(s) =
100Ks
(s
2
+ 1500s + 10
6
)(s + 100)
2
=
K
1
s + 750 j661.44
+
K
1
s + 750 + j661.44
+
K
2
(s + 100)
2
+
K
3
s + 100
K
1
=
100Ks
(s + 750 + j661.44)(s + 100)
2
s=750+j661.44
= 87.9K/139.59
A
K
2
=
100Ks
(s
2
+ 1500s + 10
6
)
s=100
= 11.63K mA
K
3
=
d
ds
_
100Ks
(s
2
+ 1500s + 10
6
)
_
s=100
= 133.86K A
Therefore,
i
L
(t) = K[0.176e
750t
cos(661.44t + 139.59
) 11.63te
100t
+ 0.134e
100t
]u(t) mA
Plot the expression above with K = 1:
The maximum value of the inductor current is 0.068K mA. Therefore,
K =
40
0.068
= 588
So the inductor current rating will not be exceeded if the input to the RLC
circuit is 588te
100t
V.

Chapter 12

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Chapter 12

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12

Introduction to the Laplace

(t)} = sF(s) f(0

(t) = 5[u(t) u(t 2)] 5[u(t 2) u(t 6)]

(t) = 5(t) 10(t 2) + 10(t 6) 5(t 8)

f(t) = [490 + 250e

f(t) = [30t 8 + 10e

f(t) = [16 + 89.44te

f(t) = 10(t) + [40e

(t) 10(t) + [30e

f(t) = [20t + 12 + 20e

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