006IO Streams Savitch Ch06

Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Chapter 6
I/O Streams as an Introduction
to Objects and Classes
Overview
6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O
6.2 Tools for Stream I/O
6.3 Character I/O
Slide 6- 3
6.1
Streams and Basic File I/O
I/O Streams
I/O refers to program input and output
Input is delivered to your program via a stream object
Input can be from
The keyboard
A file
Output is delivered to the output device via a stream
object
Output can be to
The screen
A file
Slide 6- 5
Objects

Objects are special variables that
Have their own special-purpose functions
Set C++ apart from earlier programming
languages
Slide 6- 6
Streams and Basic File I/O
Files for I/O are the same type of files used to
store programs
A stream is a flow of data.
Input stream: Data flows into the program
If input stream flows from keyboard, the program will
accept data from the keyboard
If input stream flows from a file, the program will accept
data from the file
Output stream: Data flows out of the program
To the screen
To a file
Slide 6- 7
cin And cout Streams
cin
Input stream connected to the keyboard
cout
Output stream connected to the screen
cin and cout defined in the iostream library
Use include directive: #include <iostream>
You can declare your own streams to use with
files.
Slide 6- 8
Why Use Files?
Files allow you to store data permanently!
Data output to a file lasts after the program ends
An input file can be used over and over
No typing of data again and again for testing
Create a data file or read an output file at your
convenience
Files allow you to deal with larger data sets

Slide 6- 9
File I/O
Reading from a file
Taking input from a file
Done from beginning to the end (for now)
No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)
Just as done from the keyboard
Writing to a file
Sending output to a file
Done from beginning to end (for now)
No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)
Just as done to the screen
Slide 6- 10
Stream Variables
Like other variables, a stream variable
Must be declared before it can be used
Must be initialized before it contains valid data
Initializing a stream means connecting it to a file
The value of the stream variable can be thought of
as the file it is connected to
Can have its value changed
Changing a stream value means disconnecting from
one file and connecting to another
Slide 6- 11
Streams and Assignment

A stream is a special kind of variable called
an object
Objects can use special functions to complete tasks

Streams use special functions instead of the
assignment operator to change values

Slide 6- 12
Declaring An
Input-file Stream Variable
Input-file streams are of type ifstream

Type ifstream is defined in the fstream library
You must use the include and using directives
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

Declare an input-file stream variable using
ifstream in_stream;

Slide 6- 13
Declaring An
Output-file Stream Variable
Ouput-file streams of are type ofstream
Type ofstream is defined in the fstream library
You must use these include and using directives
#include <fstream>

Declare an input-file stream variable using
ofstream out_stream;

Slide 6- 14
Connecting To A File
Once a stream variable is declared, connect it to
a file
Connecting a stream to a file is opening the file
Use the open function of the stream object

in_stream.open("infile.dat");

Slide 6- 15
Period
File name on the disk
Double quotes
Using The Input Stream

Once connected to a file, the input-stream
variable can be used to produce input just as
you would use cin with the extraction operator
Example:
int one_number, another_number;
in_stream >> one_number
>> another_number;
Slide 6- 16
Using The Output Stream
An output-stream works similarly to the
input-stream
out_stream.open("outfile.dat");

out_stream << "one number = "
<< one_number
<< "another number = "
<< another_number;

Slide 6- 17
External File Names
An External File Name
Is the name for a file that the operating system uses
infile.dat and outfile.dat used in the previous examples
Is the "real", on-the-disk, name for a file
Needs to match the naming conventions on
your system
Usually only used in the stream's open statement
Once open, referred to using the
name of the stream connected to it.
Slide 6- 18
Closing a File
After using a file, it should be closed
This disconnects the stream from the file
Close files to reduce the chance of a file being
corrupted if the program terminates abnormally
It is important to close an output file if your
program later needs to read input from the output file
The system will automatically close files if you
forget as long as your program ends normally
Slide 6- 19
Display 6.1
Objects
An object is a variable that has functions and
data associated with it
in_stream and out_stream each have a
function named open associated with them
in_stream and out_stream use different
versions of a function named open
One version of open is for input files
A different version of open is for output files
Slide 6- 20
Member Functions
A member function is a function associated with
an object
The open function is a member function of
in_stream in the previous examples
A different open function is a member function
of out_stream in the previous examples

Slide 6- 21
Objects and
Member Function Names

Objects of different types have different member
functions
Some of these member functions might have the same
name

Different objects of the same type have the same
member functions

Slide 6- 22
Classes
A type whose variables are objects, is a class
ifstream is the type of the in_stream variable (object)
ifstream is a class
The class of an object determines its
member functions
Example:
ifstream in_stream1, in_stream2;
in_stream1.open and in_stream2.open are the same
function but might have different arguments

Slide 6- 23
Class Member Functions
Member functions of an object are the member
functions of its class
The class determines the member functions of
the object
The class ifstream has an open function
Every variable (object) declared of type ifstream
has that open function

Slide 6- 24
Calling a Member Function
Calling a member function requires specifying
the object containing the function
The calling object is separated from the member
function by the dot operator
Example: in_stream.open("infile.dat");
Slide 6- 25
Calling object
Dot operator
Member function
Member Function
Calling Syntax

Syntax for calling a member function:

Calling_object.Member_Function_Name(Argument_list);
Slide 6- 26
Errors On Opening Files
Opening a file could fail for several reasons
Common reasons for open to fail include
The file might not exist
The name might be typed incorrectly

May be no error message if the call to open fails
Program execution continues!

Slide 6- 27
Catching Stream Errors

Member function fail, can be used to test the
success of a stream operation
fail returns a boolean type (true or false)
fail returns true if the stream operation failed

Slide 6- 28
Halting Execution
When a stream open function fails, it is
generally best to stop the program
The function exit, halts a program
exit returns its argument to the operating system
exit causes program execution to stop
exit is NOT a member function
Exit requires the include and using directives
#include <cstdlib>
Slide 6- 29
Using fail and exit
Immediately following the call to open, check
that the operation was successful:

in_stream.open("stuff.dat");
if( in_stream.fail( ) )
{
cout << "Input file opening failed.\n";
exit(1) ;
}
Slide 6- 30
Display 6.2
Techniques for File I/O
When reading input from a file
Do not include prompts or echo the input
The lines cout << "Enter the number: ";
cin >> the_number;
cout << "The number you entered is "
<< the_number;
become just one line

in_file >> the_number;

The input file must contain exactly the data expected
Slide 6- 31
Appending Data (optional)
Output examples so far create new files
If the output file already contains data, that data
is lost
To append new output to the end an existing file
use the constant ios::app defined in the iostream
library:
outStream.open("important.txt", ios::app);

If the file does not exist, a new file will be created
Slide 6- 32
Display 6.3
File Names as Input (optional)
Program users can enter the name of a file to
use for input or for output
Program must use a variable that can hold
multiple characters
A sequence of characters is called a string
Declaring a variable to hold a string of characters:
char file_name[16];
file_name is the name of a variable
Brackets enclose the maximum number of characters + 1
The variable file_name contains up to 15 characters

Slide 6- 33
Using A Character String
char file_name[16];
cout << "Enter the file_name ";
cin >> file_name;
ifstream in_stream;
in_stream.open(file_name);
if (in_stream.fail( ) )
{
cout << "Input file opening failed.\n";
exit(1);
}
Slide 6- 34
Display 6.4 (1)
Display 6.4 (2)
Section 6.1 Conclusion
Can you
Write a program that uses a stream called fin which
will be connected to an input file and a stream called
fout which will be connected to an output file? How
do you declare fin and fout? What include
directive, if any, do you nee to place in your
program file?
Name at least three member functions of an
iostream object and give examples of usage of
each?
Slide 6- 35
6.2
Tools for Streams I/O
Tools for Stream I/O
To control the format of the program's output
We use commands that determine such details
as:
The spaces between items
The number of digits after a decimal point
The numeric style: scientific notation for fixed point
Showing digits after a decimal point even if they are
zeroes
Showing plus signs in front of positive numbers
Left or right justifying numbers in a given space
Slide 6- 37
Formatting Output to Files
Format output to the screen with:
cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);

Format output to a file using the out-file stream
named out_stream with:
out_stream.setf(ios::fixed);
out_stream.setf(ios::showpoint);
out_stream.precision(2);
Slide 6- 38
out_stream.precision(2);
precision is a member function of output streams
After out_stream.precision(2);
Output of numbers with decimal points
will show a total of 2 significant digits
23. 2.2e7 2.2 6.9e-1 0.00069
OR
will show 2 digits after the decimal point
23.56 2.26e7 2.21 0.69 0.69e-4
Calls to precision apply only to the stream
named in the call
Slide 6- 39
setf(ios::fixed);
setf is a member function of output streams
setf is an abbreviation for set flags
A flag is an instruction to do one of two options
ios::fixed is a flag
After out_stream.setf(ios::fixed);
All further output of floating point numbers
Will be written in fixed-point notation, the way we
normally expect to see numbers
Calls to setf apply only to the stream named in
the call
Slide 6- 40
setf(ios::showpoint);
After out_stream.setf(ios::showpoint);

Output of floating point numbers
Will show the decimal point even if all digits after the
decimal point are zeroes

Slide 6- 41
Display 6.5
Creating Space in Output
The width function specifies the number of
spaces for the next item
Applies only to the next item of output
Example: To print the digit 7 in four spaces use
out_stream.width(4);
out_stream << 7 << endl;
Three of the spaces will be blank
Slide 6- 42
7
7
(ios::right)
(ios::left)
Not Enough Width?
What if the argument for width is too small?
Such as specifying
cout.width(3);
when the value to print is 3456.45
The entire item is always output
If too few spaces are specified, as many more
spaces as needed are used

Slide 6- 43
Unsetting Flags
Any flag that is set, may be unset
Use the unsetf function
Example:
cout.unsetf(ios::showpos);

causes the program to stop printing plus signs
on positive numbers
Slide 6- 44
Manipulators
A manipulator is a function called in a
nontraditional way
Manipulators in turn call member functions
Manipulators may or may not have arguments
Used after the insertion operator (<<) as if the
manipulator function call is an output item
Slide 6- 45
The setw Manipulator
setw does the same task as the member
function width
setw calls the width function to set spaces for output
Example: cout << "Start" << setw(4) << 10
<< setw(4) << 20 << setw(6) << 30;

produces: Start 10 20 30
Slide 6- 46
Two Spaces Four Spaces
The setprecision Manipulator
setprecision does the same task as the member
function precision

Example: cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout << "$" << setprecision(2)
<< 10.3 << endl
<< "$" << 20.5 << endl;

produces: $10.30
$20.50
setprecision setting stays in effect until changed
Slide 6- 47
Manipulator Definitions
The manipulators setw and setprecision are
defined in the iomanip library
To use these manipulators, add these lines

#include <iomanip>
Slide 6- 48
Stream Names as Arguments
Streams can be arguments to a function
The function's formal parameter for the stream
must be call-by-reference

Example: void make_neat(ifstream& messy_file,
ofstream& neat_file);

Slide 6- 49
The End of The File
Input files used by a program may vary in length
Programs may not be able to assume the number
of items in the file
A way to know the end of the file is reached:
The boolean expression (in_stream >> next)
Reads a value from in_stream and stores it in next
True if a value can be read and stored in next
False if there is not a value to be read (the end of the file)
Slide 6- 50
End of File Example
To calculate the average of the numbers in a file
double next, sum = 0;
int count = 0;
while(in_stream >> next)
{
sum = sum + next;
count++;
}

double average = sum / count;
Slide 6- 51
Stream Arguments
and Namespaces
Using directives have been local to function
definitions in the examples so far
When parameter type names are in a namespace
A using directive must be outside the function so
C++ will understand the parameter type names such
as ifstream
Easy solution is to place the using directive at the
beginning of the file
Many experts do not approve as this does not allow
using multiple namespaces with names in common
Slide 6- 52
Program Example
The program in Display 6.6
Takes input from rawdata.dat
Writes output to the screen and to neat.dat
Formatting instructions are used to create a neater layout
Numbers are written one per line in a field width of 12
Each number is written with 5 digits after the decimal point
Each number is written with a plus or minus sign
Uses function make_neat that has formal parameters
for the input-file stream and output-file stream
Slide 6- 53
Display 6.6 (1) Display 6.6 (2) Display 6.6 (3)
Can you
Show the output produced when the following
line
is executed?

cout << "*" << setw(3) << 12345 << "*" endl;

Describe the effect of each of these flags?
Ios::fixed ios::scientific ios::showpoint
ios::right ios::right ios::showpos
Slide 6- 54
6.3
Character I/O
Character I/O
All data is input and output as characters
Output of the number 10 is two characters '1' and '0'
Input of the number 10 is also done as '1' and '0'
Interpretation of 10 as the number 10 or as characters
depends on the program
Conversion between characters and numbers is
usually automatic
Slide 6- 56
Low Level Character I/O
Low level C++ functions for character I/O
Perform character input and output
Do not perform automatic conversions
Allow you to do input and output in anyway you
can devise
Slide 6- 57
Member Function get
Function get
Member function of every input stream
Reads one character from an input stream
Stores the character read in a variable of type
char, the single argument the function takes
Does not use the extraction operator (>>)
which performs some automatic work
Does not skip blanks
Slide 6- 58
Using get
These lines use get to read a character and store
it in the variable next_symbol

char next_symbol;
cin.get(next_symbol);

Any character will be read with these statements
Blank spaces too!
'\n' too! (The newline character)
Slide 6- 59
get Syntax
input_stream.get(char_variable);

Examples: char next_symbol;
cin.get(next_symbol);

ifstream in_stream;
in_stream.open("infile.dat");
in_stream.get(next_symbol);
Slide 6- 60
More About get
Given this code: char c1, c2, c3;
cin.get(c1);
cin.get(c2);
cin.get(c3);
and this input:
AB
CD
c1 = 'A' c2 = 'B' c3 = '\n'
cin >> c1 >> c2 >> c3; would place 'C' in c3
(the ">>" operator skips the newline character)
Slide 6- 61
The End of The Line
To read and echo a line of input
Look for '\n' at the end of the input line:
cout<<"Enter a line of input and I will "
<< "echo it.\n";
char symbol;
do
{
cin.get(symbol);
cout << symbol;
} while (symbol != '\n');
All characters, including '\n' will be output
Slide 6- 62
'\n ' vs "\n "
'\n'
A value of type char
Can be stored in a variable of type char
"\n"
A string containing only one character
Cannot be stored in a variable of type char

In a cout-statement they produce the same result
Slide 6- 63
Member Function put
Function put
Member function of every output stream
Requires one argument of type char
Places its argument of type char in the output
stream
Does not do allow you to do more than
previous output with the insertion operator and
cout
Slide 6- 64
put Syntax
Output_stream.put(Char_expression);

Examples: cout.put(next_symbol);
cout.put('a');

out_stream.open("outfile.dat");
out_stream.put('Z');
Slide 6- 65
Member Function putback
The putback member function places a character
in the input stream
putback is a member function of every input stream
Useful when input continues until a specific character
is read, but you do not want to process the character
Places its argument of type char in the input stream
Character placed in the stream does not have to
be a character read from the stream

Slide 6- 66
putback Example
The following code reads up to the first blank in
the input stream fin, and writes the characters to
the file connected to the output stream fout
fin.get(next);
while (next != ' ')
{
fout.put(next);
fin.get(next);
}
fin.putback(next);
The blank space read to end the loop is put back into
the input stream
Slide 6- 67
Program Example
Checking Input
Incorrect input can produce worthless output

Use input functions that allow the user to
re-enter input until it is correct, such as
Echoing the input and asking the user if it is
correct
If the input is not correct, allow the user to
enter the data again
Slide 6- 68
Checking Input: get_int
The get_int function seen in Display 6.7
obtains an integer value from the user
get_int prompts the user, reads the input, and displays
the input
After displaying the input, get_int asks the user to
confirm the number and reads the user's response
using a variable of type character
The process is repeated until the user indicates with
a 'Y' or 'y' that the number entered is correct
Slide 6- 69
Checking Input: new_line
The new_line function seen in Display 6.7 is
called by the get_int function
new_line reads all the characters remaining in the
input line but does nothing with them, essentially
discarding them
new_line is used to discard what follows the first
character of the the user's response to get_line's
"Is that correct? (yes/no)"
The newline character is
discarded as well
Slide 6- 70
Display 6.7 (1)
Display 6.7 (2)
Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Slide 6- 71
Inheritance and Output
ostream is the class of all output streams
cout is of type ostream
ofstream is the class of output-file streams
The ofstream class is a child class of ostream
More about this in Chapter 10
This function can be called with ostream or
ofstream arguments
void say_hello(ostream& any_out_stream)
{
any_out_stream << "Hello";
}
Program Example:
Another new_line Function
The new_line function from Display 6.7 only
works with cin
This version works for any input stream

void new_line(istream& in_stream)
{
char symbol;
do
{
in_stream.get(symbol);
} while (symbol != '\n');
}
Program Example:
Calling new_line
The new version of new_line can be called with
cin as the argument
new_line(cin);
If the original version of new_line is kept in the
program, this call produces the same result
new_line( );
New_line can also be called with an
input-file stream as an argument
new_line(fin);

Default Arguments
It is not necessary to have two versions of
the new_line function
A default value can be specified in the
parameter list
The default value is selected if no argument is
available for the parameter
The new_line header can be written as
new_line (istream & in_stream = cin)
If new_line is called without an argument, cin is
used
Multiple Default Arguments
When some formal parameters have default
values and others do not
All formal parameters with default values must be
at the end of the parameter list
Arguments are applied to the all formal parameters
in order just as we have seen before
The function call must provide at least as many
arguments as there are parameters without default
values
Default Argument Example
void default_args(int arg1, int arg2 = -3)
{
cout << arg1 << ' ' << arg2 << endl;
}
default_args can be called with one or
two parameters
default_args(5); //output is 5 -3
default_args(5, 6); //output is 5 6

Checking Input:
Check for Yes or No?
get_int continues to ask for a number until the
user responds 'Y' or 'y' using the do-while loop
do
{
// the loop body
} while ((ans !='Y') &&(ans != 'y') )
Why not use ((ans =='N') | | (ans == 'n') )?
User must enter a correct response to continue
a loop tested with ((ans =='N') | | (ans == 'n') )
What if they mis-typed "Bo" instead of "No"?
User must enter a correct response to end the loop
tested with ((ans !='Y') &&(ans != 'y') )

Slide 6- 77
Mixing cin >> and cin.get
Be sure to deal with the '\n' that ends each
input line if using cin >> and cin.get
"cin >>" reads up to the '\n'
The '\n' remains in the input stream
Using cin.get next will read the '\n'
The new_line function from Display 6.7 can
be used to clear the '\n'
Slide 6- 78
'\n' Example
The Code:
cout << "Enter a number:\n";
int number;
cin >> number;
cout << "Now enter a letter:\n";
char symbol;
cin.get(symbol);
Slide 6- 79
The Dialogue:
Enter a number:
21
Now enter a letter:
A

The Result:
number = 21
symbol = '\n'
A Fix To Remove '\n'
int number;
cin >> number;
char symbol;
cin >>symbol;

Slide 6- 80
Another '\n' Fix
int number;
cin >> number;
new_line( ); // From Display 6.7
char symbol;
cin.get(symbol);

Slide 6- 81
Detecting the End of a File
Member function eof detects the end of a file
Member function of every input-file stream
eof stands for end of file
eof returns a boolean value
True when the end of the file has been reached
False when there is more data to read
Normally used to determine when we are NOT
at the end of the file
Example: if ( ! in_stream.eof( ) )
Slide 6- 82
Using eof
This loop reads each character, and writes it to
the screen
in_stream.get(next);
while (! in_stream.eof( ) )
{
cout << next;
in_stream.get(next);
}
( ! In_stream.eof( ) ) becomes false when the
program reads past the last character in the file
Slide 6- 83
The End Of File Character
End of a file is indicated by a special character
in_stream.eof( ) is still true after the last
character of data is read
in_stream.eof( ) becomes false when the
special end of file character is read
Slide 6- 84
How To Test End of File
We have seen two methods
while ( in_stream >> next)
while ( ! in_stream.eof( ) )
Which should be used?
In general, use eof when input is treated as
text and using a member function get to read
input
In general, use the extraction operator method
when processing numeric data
Slide 6- 85
Program Example:
Editing a Text File
The program of Display 6.8
Reads every character of file cad.dat and copies it to
file cplusad.dat except that every 'C' is changed to
"C++" in cplusad.dat
Preserves line breaks in cad.dat
get is used for input as the extraction operator would skip
line breaks
get is used to preserve spaces as well
Uses eof to test for end of file

Slide 6- 86
Display 6.8 (1)
Display 6.8 (2)
Character Functions

Several predefined functions exist to facilitate
working with characters

The cctype library is required
#include <cctype>

Slide 6- 87
The toupper Function

toupper returns the argument's upper case
character
toupper('a') returns 'A'
toupper('A') return 'A'

Slide 6- 88
toupper Returns An int
Characters are actually stored as an integer
assigned to the character
toupper and tolower actually return the integer
representing the character
cout << toupper('a'); //prints the integer for 'A'
char c = toupper('a'); //places the integer for 'A' in c
cout << c; //prints 'A'
cout << static_cast<char>(toupper('a')); //works too

Slide 6- 89
The isspace Function
isspace returns true if the argument is whitespace
Whitespace is spaces, tabs, and newlines
isspace(' ') returns true
Example: if (isspace(next) )
cout << '-';
else
cout << next;
Prints a '-' if next contains a space, tab, or
newline character
See more character functions in
Slide 6- 90
Display 6.9 (1)
Display 6.9 (2)
Can you
Write code that will read a line of text and echo
the line with all the uppercase letters deleted?

Describe two methods to detect the end of an
input file:

Describe whitespace?
Slide 6- 91
Self Exercises
Programming Projects: 5, 6, 12, 20
Slide 1- 92
Chapter 6 -- End
Slide 6- 93
Display 6.1

Slide 6- 94
Back Next
Display 6.2

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Back Next
Display 6.3

Slide 6- 96
Back Next
Display 6.4 (1/2)

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Back Next
Display 6.4 (2/2)

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Back Next
Display 6.5

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Back Next
Display 6.6 (1/3)

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Back Next
Display 6.6 (2/3)

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Back Next
Display 6.6
(3/3)
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Back Next
Display 6.7 (1/2)

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Back Next
Display 6.7
(2/2)
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Back Next
Display 6.8 (1/2)

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Next Back
Display 6.8 (2/2)

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Back Next
Display 6.9
(1/2)
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Back Next
Display 6.9 (2/2)

Slide 6- 108
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006IO Streams Savitch Ch06

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006IO Streams Savitch Ch06

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