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SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
MENA.G.PILLAI
S7C3
Roll No.17322
Guided by
Mrs. DEEPARAJ.S
Lecturer
Department of civil Engineering
College of Engineering
Thiruvananthapuram
Certificate
Guided by U G Professor
I am also grateful to all my friends and classmates for their help and support in
carrying out this work successfully.
Last but not the least I would wish to record my gratefulness to The Almighty God
who had given me the strength to prepare this and who made this work flawless.
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRENGTHENING
2.1 CHALLENGES
2.2 DUCTILITY
3.1 GENERAL
3.2.1 Fibres
3.2.2 Matrices
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS
4.5 BARRIERS
4.6 STATUS
5.1 GENERAL
6. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 5.7 Interface bond failure modes for EBR FRP strips
Since the first structures were formed, whether by nature or early human beings,
they have been plagued by detonation and destruction. Deterioration and destruction are
laws of nature that affects even the most modern structures. Modern structures, like
skyscrapers and bridges are costly to build and the construction period may sometimes be
disturbing to people and society. Therefore it is of interest to have with long life and low
maintenance costs. Maintenance is not only about costs but also a necessity to keep a
structure at a defined performance level. The definition of performance includes load
carrying capacity, durability, function and aesthetic appearance. A structure that fulfils all
demands of load carrying capacities might at the same time not satisfy durability demands.
Absence of, or incorrect maintenance will in most cases increase the speed of the
degradation process and therefore lower the performance of the structure. If the
performance level has become too low, then repair is needed to restore the structure to its
original performance. Structures with long lifespan, which most of the civil and building
should have, will meet changed demands placed on them from the owners, users or
surrounding society. A structure with satisfactory load bearing capacity, aesthetic
appearance and durability might not fulfill the function demands. A bridge can be for
instance too narrow. To meet changed demands; a structure may be upgraded, which
furthermore can be a way to increase life, durability and reliability of the structure.
The society around us is changing and so are the demands on existing structures.
Transportation has become heavier and more frequent during the last decades and will
probably continue that way in the future. The vehicle speed has increased which also leads
to higher loads by dynamic effects. The knowledge in structural behavior has also increased
and sometimes led to awareness of unreliable structures. Structures are sometimes damaged
by accidents. Ships cars or for example trucks can collide with bridges and the structure
may be damaged. Some times structures are insufficient to carry loads either due to
incorrect design or mistakes during construction. Further more reasons for repairing or
upgrading a structure may be widening of bridges or problems initiated by temporary over
load. If the performance level of a structure becomes inadequate, it might be possible to
keep it in service with the restrictions of use. Other wise the structure has to be upgraded or
replaced. One way to upgrade, the performance level is by strengthening.
2.1 CHALLENGES
Furthermore, the existing documentation of the structure is often very poor and
sometimes even wrong. It might be necessary to redesign the structure with the probable
former codes that were active when the structure was built. This can give enough
knowledge about the structural mode of action, otherwise field investigations must be
undertaken to provide an understanding of the structure. The design of a strengthening
however must fulfill requirements in the codes of today.
It is not only the financial and structural aspects that should form the basis for
decisions of strengthening method, but environmental and aesthetic aspects must also be
considered.
2.2 DUCTILITY
Most fibre composites are linear-elastic material without any defined yield point.
Structures on the other hand should be designed to fail in a ductile way or atleast with
adequate warning signals preceding a potential collapse. Ductility can be defined as
capability of a structure to deform while still carrying the load even when the maximum
load bearing capacity is exceeded. It is important to distinguish between material ductility
and structural ductility. Steel bars with short anchorage can be an example of brittle failures
even though steel is considered to be a ductile material. Material properties and structural
ductility are not directly dependent, and linear-elastic materials may increase the ductility
of a structure.
A concrete beam reinforced in bending with steel bars is often considered to have a
very ductile behavior. However, consider the same beam subjected to a fatigue load that
causes high strains in the steel both in compression and tension. The loading will make the
structure to fail in a brittle way, but even worse the normal behavior of the structure.
Consider the same beam, with fatigue load, and strengthened with a linear elastic material,
due to strengthening the stresses in the steel bars will decrease and it will not fail in fatigue,
instead the ductile behavior is regranted.
Work has been carried out on many different types of structures to restore or
increase the flexural capacity, which gives that the structure will be loaded close to its
maximum shear capacity. One of the chief concerns is that shear failures are often very
brittle with no, or only small warnings preceeding the failure because of the higher elastic
energy built up compared to what it had before strengthening. On the other hand, a
structure with a brittle failure in shear may be strengthened so that the failure mode will
change to a more ductile and friendly mode.
• .Load increases due to higher live loads, increased wheel loads, installations of
heavy machinery, or vibrations.
• .Damage to structural parts due to aging of construction materials or fire damage,
corrosion of steel reinforcement, and/or impact of vehicles.
When a structure is going to be strengthened there are several aspects to consider. The
figure shows a schematic example of a structure that had inadequate load bearing capacity
due to a design fault already present before it was taken into service. It was then
strengthened slightly above the desired performance level. After some time the structure
was damaged due to an accident, collision, fire or overload that damaged the system to a
level where performance requirements were not fulfilled. The damages were then repaired
to a new satisfactory performance level. Later, the demands on the structure were changed,
higher load bearing capacity was required, and the structure needed to be strengthened to a
higher performance level to meet these demands By a third strengthening it was possible to
meet the new demands and keep the structure in service.
Fig 2.1 Performance History of a Structure
Without considering the deterioration the need for strengthening may not be that
complicated. Insufficient performance due to a design fault, accident or increased demands
can quite clearly be identified. When deterioration is significantly prevalent it becomes
more complicated. For a new structure that is inadequate due to a design or constructional
fault, the size of the problem is more or less well known and the desired life of the structure
can also be quite clearly expressed. The selection of suitable strengthening methods can
nevertheless be complicated. For older structures in need of strengthening, the situation
becomes even more complex. One important issue is the remaining life of the structure. It is
not always valid to strengthen a structural part to give it 50 years remaining life if the
foundations, for instance, will only function for another 10years.For example a road
network may be changed within 5 years due to a larger infrastructure project. If a bridge on
the existing road needs to be repaired to provide satisfactory reliability in the meantime, it
would be very cost ineffective to replace the old bridge with a new. In this case the bridge,
if possible, should be repaired and the repaired bridge does not need to have a life span
longer than 5 years.
Fig 2.2 Deterioration and Strategies for Strengthening
3.1 GENERAL
3.2.1 Fibres
Fig. 3.1 Properties of different fibres and typical reinforcing steel. ACI
Committee 440(1996) and Dejke (2001)
Carbon
fibre
200-800 NA 2500-6000 1750-1950
3.2.2 Matrices
not absorb water and are resistant to many chemical solutions . They
4.1 GENERAL
The main impetus for development of carbon fibres has come from the aerospace
industry with its need for a material with combination of high strength, high stiffness and
low weight. Recently, civil engineers and construction industry have begun to realize that
this material (CFRP) have potential to provide remedies for many problems associated with
reinforced polymer could significantly increase the life of structures, minimizing the
maintenance requirements.
carbon fibres constitutes the fibre phase. Carbon fibre are a group of fibrous materials
PAN-based (PAN-poly acrylo nitrile) carbon fibres contains 93-95 percentage carbons, and
it is produced at 1315°C (2400°F). Carbon fibres have been used as reinforcement for
albative plastics and for reinforcements for lightweight, high strength and high stiffness
structures. Carbon fibres are also produced by growing single crystals carbon electric arc
under high-pressure inert gas or by growth from a vapour state by thermal decomposition
of a hydrocarbon gas.
CFRP materials possess good rigidity, high strength, low density, corrosion
resistance, vibration resistance, high ultimate strain, high fatigue resistance, and low
thermal conductivity. They are bad conductors of electricity and are non-magnetic.
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is currently used world wide to retrofit and
repair structurally deficient infrastructures such as bridges and buildings. Using CFRP
reinforcing bars in new concrete can eliminate potential corrosion problems and
members are strengthened with externally bonded CFRP, the bond between the CFRP and
accommodate increased loads. Also when there are changes in the use of structures,
individual supports and walls may need to be removed. This leads to a redistribution of
forces and the need for local reinforcement. In addition, structural strengthening may
become necessary owing to wear and deterioration arising from normal usage or
environmental factors.
The usage of composite materials like CFRP is still not widely recognized. The lack
of knowledge of technology using CFRP and the simplicity of it will make some people
There are different methods of manufacturing polymer composites. They are listed as
below:
The composite materials are very difficult to machine due to anisotropic, non-
homogenous and reinforcing fibres tend to be abrasive. During machining defects tend to
be abrasive. During machining defects are introduced in work piece and tools wear rapidly.
Traditional machining techniques like drilling and screwing can be used with modified tool
design and operating conditions. Also some sophisticated processes like laser and
ultrasonic machining and electric discharge techniques are also used. For unidirectional
CFRP, the tools are of PCD (poly crystalline diamond) and carbide. For multidirectional
• Carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite (CFRPC) has low thermal conductivity.
• CFRPC has high strength to weight ratio and hence it eliminates requirements of
heavy construction equipment and supporting structures.
• CFRPC is available in rolls of very long length. Therefore, they need very few
joints, avoiding laps and splices, and its transportation is also very easy.
• CFRPC has a short curing time. Therefore, the application takes a shorter time. This
reduces the project duration and down time of the structure to a great extent.
• Application of CFRPC does not require bulky and dusty materials in a large
quantity; therefore, the site remains tidier.
• CFRPC possess high ultimate strain; therefore, they offer ductility to the structure
and they are suitable for earthquake resistant applications.
• CFRPC has high fatigue resistance. So they do not degrade, which easily alleviates
the requirement of frequent maintenance.
CFRP strips or laminates are used for strengthening of structures. The performance
of CFRP strips depends on the strength of the adhesive used to bond the strips to the
concrete surface and the degree of stress at the interface of the concrete and strips, which
governs the onset of delamination. Critical modes of failure, such as, debonding of strips
from the concrete (due to failure at the concrete adhesive interface) and shear-tension
failure (delamination of concrete cover), can limit improvements in structures strengthened
with CFRP. Also, these structures may require a higher factor of safety in their design.
Minimizing the chances of potential failure can optimize the benefits of CFRP strips,
allowing a strong, ductile, and durable structural system to be achieved. One possible
solution to minimizing failure problems is an efficient mechanical-interlocking-anchorage
system for bonding CFRP strips to the concrete surface. Experiments have been done and it
is found that deep grooves are cut (6mm) in the top surface of beam, perpendicular to the
beam length and 150mm intervals, and filling the grooves with epoxy adhesive. The
grooves are intended to provide a better interlocking mechanism between the concrete
surface and CFRP strips. To create a stronger surface at the ends of the beam for proper
bonding of strips, CFRP fabric sheets are attached at both ends before strip application.
CFRP is used to strengthen steel road bridges more easily and cheaply. The CFRP
strips are only 20% of the weight of the strips of similar products made from high-strength
steel but are at least four times as strong. Their high-strength-to- weight ratio makes the
CFRP strips easily to handle and reduces installation costs.
CFRP wrapping is used for rehabilitation of masonry columns. CFRP wraps are
used for corrosion control and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete columns. They are also
used for construction of earthquake resistant structures.
Low Thermal Expansion CFRP Laminates Are Used For Structural Strengthening.
4.5 BARRIERS
Although, the technology of using CFRP for strengthening of structures has been
used successfully in Japan and Europe the usage of composite materials like CFRP is still
not widely recognized in the industry. The lack of knowledge of the technology and the
simplicity of it will make some people hesitant to use it. The technology of CFRP is still to
develop.
4.6 STATUS
In India CFRP composites are mainly used in launch vehicles (for example in
GSLV and PSLV) for making them much lighter.
Fig. 4.1 CFRP in launch vehicles
• SIGRAFIL T – A partially carbonized fibre ideally suited for industrial gaskets and
packing.
5.1 GENERAL
The use of Near Surface mounted Reinforcement for concrete structures are not a
new invention. A type of NSMR has been used since the 1940s, where steel reinforcement
is placed in slots in the concrete cover or in addition concrete cover that is cast onto the
structure. Here steel bars are placed in slots in the concrete structure and then the slots are
grouted. It has also been quite common to use steel bars, fastened to the outside of the
structure covered with shotcrete. However in these applications it is often difficult to get a
good bond to the original structure and in some cases, it is not always easy to cast the
concrete around the whole steel reinforcing bars. From 1960s the development of strong
adhesives such as epoxies, for the construction industry moved the method further ahead by
bonding the steel bars in sawed slots in the concrete cover. However, due to the corrosion
sensitivity of steel bars an additional concrete cover is still needed. For these applications,
epoxy coated steel bars are not always corrosion resistant for various reasons that will not
be discussed here. The use of steel NSMR cannot be said to have shown great success.
Nevertheless, by using CFRP NSMR some of these drawbacks that steel NSMR posses can
be overcome.
Fig. 5.1. Near surface mounted FRP, rectangular shapes and
rods
Firstly, CFRP NSMR does not corrode, so thick concrete covers are not needed.
Secondly, the CFRP laminate can be tailor made for near surface applications and moreover
the lightweight of the CFRP laminates makes them easy to mount. Finally, depending on
the form of the form of the laminate air voids behind the laminates can be avoided. Both
epoxies and systems using high quality cement mortar can be used. However, before
proceeding, a short description of how to undertake a strengthening work with NSMR will
be given. In practical execution the following steps must in general be performed during
strengthening:
• Sawing slots in the concrete cover, with the depth depending upon product used and
the depth of concrete cover.
• Careful cleaning of the slots after sawing using high-pressurized water,
approximately 100-150 bars is recommended. No saw mud is allowed in the slot.
• If an epoxy system is used, the slot must be dry before bonding. If a cement system
is used it is generally recommended that the existing surfaces are wet at the time of
concrete mortar casting.
• Adhesive is applied in the slot, or with a cement system, cement mortar is applied in
the slot.
Table 5.1 Characteristics and aspects of externally bonded FRP reinforcement.
Properties NSMR
In the design for strengthening with NSMR the following assumptions are made:
• Bernoulli’s hypothesis applies, i.e.; linear strain across the section varies
rectilinearly. This implies that the linear strain in the concrete, steel reinforcement
and laminate that occurring at the same level is of the same size. Composite action
applies between all the materials involved.
• Concrete stresses are obtained from the materials characteristic curve. Concrete
compression strain is limited to an approved failure strain of €=3.5%.
• For a cracked cross section, the concrete’s residual ensile strength is ignored.
• The stress in tensile and compression steel reinforcement are taken from the
reinforcement’s characteristics curve corresponding to the total strain. The total
strain in laminate may not exceed the failure strain.
• The laminate is assumed to be linearly elastic until breakage i.e.; Hooke’s law
applies.
In addition to this it is important to notice that if there exists a strain field on the
structure, due to for example the dead load, this must be considered in design.
In the first step a groove is cut using a saw with one or two diamond
blades or a grinder with dimensions in function of the reinforcement size
and type. Further preparation of the groove consists of cleaning the
surface from dust and lose parts using vacuum or compressed air, then
the groove is filled halfway with adhesive, afterwards the FRP rod/strip is
inserted and lightly pressed to let the adhesive flow around the FRP.
Finally, the groove is filled with more paste and the surface is levelled
.The minimum dimension of the grooves should be taken atleast 1.5
times the diameter of the FRP bar. When a rectangularbar (strip) with
large aspect ratio is used, the minimum dimensionsmust be 3 times the
bar width and 1.5 times the bar height. In other instances, the minimum
groove dimension could be the result of installation requirements rather
thanengineering. For example the groove width may be limited bythe
minimum blade size and the depth by the concrete cover.We should
always avoid cutting of the existing steel reinforcement.Optimal
dimensions of the groove may depend on characteristicsof the adhesive,
surface treatment of FRP, and concrete tensile strength, surface
aggregates
Fig. 5.3 Spacing of the NSM
reinforcement
Spacing of FRP shear reinforcement should not exceed lnet /2or 600 mm
Fig.5.5
• a low weight of the fibre makes it easy to handle without lifting equipment at the
site
• negligible changes of crosssection, self weight and free height of a structure.
• quick to apply
There also exist disadvantages such as:
• Without protection the reinforcement is fire and impact sensitive.
• Design consultants, contractors and clients have limited experience.
Depending on the structure going to be strengthened, different aspects might arise. For
all strengthening methods it is of utmost importance to understand how the strengthening
will affect the final structure.
Fig. 5.7 Interface bond failure modes for EBR FRP strips
The pure interfacial mode can be critical for bars with smooth or
lightly sand-blasted surfaces, when the bond relies on adhesion instead
of mechanical interlock between bar and adhesive.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Originally, developed for aerospace and defense applications (aircraft and missile
parts) CFRP materials now find wide spread use across a number of industries. Apart from
construction field, CFRP materials are used in sporting goods industry, such as golf club
shafts, fishing rods, fences, tennis rackets etc. What’s more, CFRP materials are now
almost indispensable in the field of medical equipment and general machine construction.
As composite materials find increasing use in infrastructure applications were the design
lives are typically long, the issue of durability becomes more critical. The most damaging
factor faced by CFRP reinforcement is the environment from which steel reinforcement in
concrete is shielded automatically. The various external factors such as quality of concrete
surface, temperature conditions, humidity effect, effect of dynamic response with the
movement of traffic, impact resistance of composites that affect the process of
strengthening of concrete structures using CFRP should be studied in detail before
commencement of work.
3. J.A.O Barros, S.J.E Dias.,” Near Surface Mounted CFRP Laminates for Shear
Strengthening of Concrete Beams”, journal of Cement and Concrete
Composites28 (2006) 276-292, January 2005.
5. www.sciencedirect.com
6.. www.wikipedia.org