Perception process where the brain takes all the sensation caused by stimuli that people experience and

d allows the
stimuli to be interpreted in a meaningful fashion

Size constancy tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size
Shape constancy tendency to interpret an objects shape even when it changes on the retina
Brightness constancy perceives the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions
change

Figure-ground tendency to perceive objects as existing on a background (Reversible figures are when the figure and
the ground seem to switch back and forth
Proximity or nearness, tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another to be in the same group
Similarity tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group
Closure tendency to complete figures that are incomplete (when viewers are able to fill in the details)
Continuity tendency to perceive things when it is explained in a continuous pattern
Contiguity tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time and space as being related which is
the sequencing of events (first event causes the second event)
Common region tendency to perceive objects in a common area as being in a group

Depth perception capability to see the world in three dimensions (Helpful to judge the distance of things)
Monocular cue to have visual fields with the use of only one eye Binocular cue to see with both eyes

Linear perspective tendency for lines to appear converging when they are actually parallel
Relative size the principle of size constancy (an object is expected to be a certain size to appear small and far away)
Overlap or interposition, when a blocked object behind the first one is perceived to be farther way
Aerial or atmospheric perspective the farther away an object is, the hazier it will appear (tiny particles in air)
Texture gradient objects close to you are perceived to be distinctly texture while objects further into the distance are
finer and smaller (trick to use in the illusion of a painting)
Motion parallax tendency to perceive landscape near the car to zip very fast while objects in the distance tend to
move more slowly
Accommodation tendency of the lens to change its shape, thickness, in response to objects near or far away; used
as a cue for distance; (muscular cue and not a pictorial cue)

Convergence rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object; (object is close, the higher the
convergence)
Binocular disparity scientific explanation why eyes dont see exactly the same image because they are a few inches
apart. (Difference = object is close, identical = object is far enough to make the retinal disparity small)

Illusion perception that does not correspond to reality, a visual stimuli that fool the eye
Hermann grid David Hubel and Torsten; responses of neurons or simple cells in the primary visual cortex that
respond best to bars of light; straight edges are necessary; illusion disappears when the edges of the grid lines are
slightly curved
Muller-Lyer illusion viewer tries to determine if the two lines are exactly the same length (Pull = inward facing angles
toward them like the corners of a building; Stretch = outward facing angles away like inside corners of a room)
Apparent distant hypothesis Moon illusions on the horizon appears to be much larger than the moon in the sky
Auto-kinetic effect small, stationary light in a darkened room will appear to move even when the light is not moving
since there are no surrounding cues
Stroboscopic motion in motion pictures when there are rapid series of still pictures that still seem to be in motion
Phi phenomenon lights are turned on in sequence appear to move (theater marquee signs, flashing arrows indication
directions, series of lights in a sequence)
Rotating Snakes by Dr. Akiyoshi Kitaoka, a type of motion illusion wherein the factors depend on the images
luminance and color arrangement, slightest difference in time that takes the brain to process this information, an
increase in brain activity in a visual area sensitive to motion (guided eye movements)
Enigma by Isia Levant which eye movements called microsaccades are found to be the primary cause for illusory
motion

Perceptual set or expectancy previous experiences or expectation influence a persons way to perceive things (what
you see depends on what you expect to see)
Top down processing use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole (a form of
perceptual set)
Bottom up processing small sections are put together to build up sections until recognizable pictures are formed
(there are no expectancy involved to help organize this perception; it is more difficult)