Transaksi E-Commerce

Pemasaran Interaktif
Coky Fauzi Alfi
What is E-Commerce?
 A Broad Definition
E-commerce is the sharing of business
information, maintaining business relationships,
and conducting business transactions by
means of telecommunications networks.

(Vladimir Zwass, 1998)

 A Narrow Definition

Electronic commerce or e-commerce consists of

the buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of
products or services over computer networks.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECommerce
 Synonim

Electronic Commerce = On-line

Commerce = Internet Commerce =
Digital Commerce = E-business (IBM)
The Goals of E-Commerce

• Reduced costs
• Lower product cycle times
• Faster customer response
• Improved service quality
 General Principles of
E-commerce
• Transparency
• Reliability
• Confidentiality and privacy
• Respect of the intellectual property
rights
How E-Commerce is Changing
the Way Businesses Operate

• New customer relationships

- on-line advertising and marketing
- on-line order taking
- on-line customer service
- customized products and services

• Supply chain management

reduces the cost of purchasing and inventory management
with more direct, efficient interaction with a wide range of
suppliers and trading partners.

• New products on the net

- information-based products
Types of E-Commerce

• Business-to-Business (B2B)
• Business-to-Customer (B2C)
• Business-to-Government (B2G)
• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
History of E-Commerce
Pre 1990 A bunch of computer networks…
1990 Tim Berners Lee writes WorldWideWeb
1991 Al Gore “invents” the Internet
1994 Jeff Bezos writes Amazon.com business plan
1995 Amazon.com goes live
1996 SSL 3.0 released by Netscape
2000-Jan The dot-com superbowl
2000-Mar The dot-com crash
Reason for implementing e-commerce
from a consumer’s standpoint
• Increase in demand for choice (product depth,
global reach, price choices);

• Demand for information (detailed product

information, inventory, order status);

• Demand for interactive, online support;

• Avoidance of travel and parking difficulties for

consumer e-commerce;

• Elimination of time constraints (that is, opening

hours or delays between placing an order and
delivery)
Benefits from E-Commerce for
the Supplier
• A global reach, leading to more order;
• Reduced administration overhead (paperwork automation
leading to a lower cost for each order made);
• Reduced asset requirements (physical properties for
companies with a retail network);
• Integration between back office and online ‘shopping’
activities;
• Integration of online ‘shopping’ activities with database
marketing;
• Less need for distribution via channel (disintermediation);
• Reduced working capital (inventory).
Inhibitors to E-Commerce
• Technophobia;
• Security fears;
• Technology not user friendly;
• Poor performance leading to slow
download;
• Inertia of habitual conventional shopping and
purchasing;
• Internet access still limited.
 Transplanted Real-World
Business Models

• The mail-order model

• The advertising based model
• The subscription model
• The free trial model
• The direct marketing model
• The real estate model
• Incentive scheme models
• Business to Business
• Combinations of the above models
Native Internet Business Models

• The library model

• The freeware model
• The information barter model
• Digital products and the digital delivery
model
• The access provision model
 Level of E-Commerce

Level Characteristics
Primitive Static web pages or ‘brochureware’

Searchable site with dynamic pages such as an online catalogue

Integration with operational databases, e.g. inventory searching,

package tracking, job postings

Customer transaction through the internet, e.g. selling products

and services, buying and selling shares, applying for loans

Full electronic commerce (i.e. integrated fulfilment cycle of

Advanced ordering, shipping, billing)
 Implementing
Transactions over the
Internet
 E-Commerce: Fulfilment Cycle Step

Electronic commerce (single

Fulfillment cycle step (B2B)
multimedia channel)
Evaluate suppliers and product
Portals, online catalogues
options

Select and specify product Online form, e-mail

Send order to supplier E-mail, EDI

Supplier checks inventory Online database

Generate invoice EDI* or via credit card

 E-Commerce: Fulfilment Cycle Step

Electronic commerce (single

Fulfillment cycle step (B2B)
multimedia channel)

Ship product Shipper or online distribution

Confirm receipt E-mail

Schedule payment EDI*, online database

Transfer payment EDI, EFT*

Note: *EDI: Electronic Data Interchange, EFT: Electronic Funds Transfer

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a fast and
dependable way to exchange business documents
using computer-to-computer communication between
different companies.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) or Financial EDI is the
electronic payment mechanism involving transfer of
funds from the bank of a buyer to a seller
Payment System Requirements

• Be secure (achieving privacy, authentication,

integrity and non-repudiability);

• Be easy for buyer and seller to use and understand;

• Be straightforward for banks to administer;

• Be scalable across different currencies and to

different denominations;

• Have low costs for implementing transactions.

Types of Payment Systems

1. Consumer payment systems

2. Business payment systems
Consumer Payment Systems

• Non-credit or pre-paid systems

e-cash, microtransactions or micropayments, debit
cards, smartcards

• Post-paid or credit-based systems

e-cheques, credit cards
 plasa.com
Buyer
1 I’ll take those item

2 UR
L red Seller/Mall/Retailer
irect
to C

status update
9 Transaction
10 Sm
SP
art R
eceip
t

5 Authorization return code

commerce.net
3 Authorize purchase CSP
Payment Process
6 Batch settlement (e.g Hourly)
4a
4b Card limit
7 Debit the

Va 8 Cre
lid dit m
check

car
Card

dc erchan
he t a/c
c k

Visa Card
Card Issuing Bank Master Card Merchant’s Bank
Business Payment Systems

• Open Buying on the Internet (OBI)

openbuy.org

• Open Trading Protocol (OTP)

Sun, IBM, Oracle

• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

 Product Suitability
• Digital products, including information storage, retrieval, and
modification, music, movies, education, communication,
software, photography, and financial transactions. Examples
of this type of company include: Google, eBay and Paypal.

• Some non-digital products, such as music CDs, DVDs and

books. Examples of this type of company include:
Amazon.com

• Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like

washing machines and for industrial equipment like
centrifugal pumps.

• Purchases of pornography and of other sex-related

products and services
Product Unsuitable for E-commerce

• products that have a low value-to-weight

ratio
• products that have a smell, taste, or touch
component
• products that need trial fittings - most
notably clothing -
• products where colour integrity appears
important
Managing Security Risks
Requirements for Security Systems
• Privacy/confidentiality - proteksi data pribadi

• Integrity - informasi tidak berubah tanpa ijin

• Authentication - meyakinkan keaslian data, sumber

data, orang yang mengakses data

• Availability - informasi harus dapat tersedia ketika

dibutuhkan

• Non-Repudiation - tidak dapat menyangkal ketika

telah melakukan transaksi

• Access control - mekanisme untuk mengatur siapa

boleh melakukan apa
Methods of Increasing Security

• Encryption
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

• Digital signatures
• The public-key infrastructure (PKI)
Certificate Authorities (CA)

• Secure electronic transaction (SET)

• Firewalls
Common Types of Fraud on the Internet

• Spoofing/Phishing
• Identity Theft
• Non-delivery of Goods/Services
• Online Auction/Retail
• Credit/Debit Card Fraud
• Advance-Fee Fraud Schemes
• Freight Forwarding
Tools for Implementing
E-Commerce
Components for E-Commerce Site

• Informational (background information on

credibility of company details of its
products)
• Catalogue of products and product selection
mechanism
• Payment and funds transfer/merchant
mechanism
Constraints on Selecting an E-
Commerce Solution
• Cost
• Quality of ISP service
• Transaction method
traditional (phone/fax/mail), e-mail, online transaction
• Number of products required
• Volume of sales
• Cost of product
• Configurability
• Personalisation facilities
• Integration with back-end systems
The Commercial Environment
for E-Commerce

• Legal status of banks

• Tariffs and taxation
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