Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)

Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
1
Worked solutions
Chapter 8 Models for light
8.1 Modelling simple light properties
1 Shadows, eclipses and the fact that we cannot see around corners provide evidence for the
statement that light travels in straight lines.
2 a Length = 10/tan

70 = 3.6 m
b Length = 1.8/tan

70 = 0.66 m
c Length = 50/tan

70 = 18 m
3 B and D. These stars glow through the absorption and emission of light. The stars are
emitting light during the day but it is not noticed due to high background light levels.
Their emission becomes noticeable when background light levels diminish. The stars will
only glow for a short while after the external light source (daylight) ceases.
4 a A reflective material is deposited onto one side of a piece of flat glass. This is usually
covered by a protective layer of paint.
b Some reflection occurs from the front of the glass of a mirror as well as from the
silvered layer. The images produced are slightly offset and seen as separate.
5

In each case the angle of incidence must equal the angle of reflection.
a upright mirror i = 50, r = 50, horizontal mirror i = 40, r = 40
b upright mirror i = 30, r = 30, horizontal mirror i = 60, r = 60
6 Looking out of a window you can see your own image and the scene though the window.
The two sets of images overlap.
7 a Diffuse: v, vi; Regular: i, ii, iii, iv
b The paper will produce diffuse reflection, and so light from the same point will be
scattered in different directions.
8 B and D can be seen, but A and C lie outside of the field of view of the mirror.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
2
9 The ocean can be considered to be made up of many layers of water from the surface
down to the ocean floor. Each layer will reflect and absorb a little light, allowing the rest
to be transmitted. Eventually, all the light will have been absorbed before it can reach the
floor of the ocean.
10

A ray can undergo a single reflection from the vertical mirror and enter the eye.
Similarly, a ray can undergo a single reflection from the horizontal mirror and enter the
eye. Another ray path exists where the ray reflects first from one mirror and then the
other before entering the eye.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
3
8.2 Refraction of light
1 a i D
ii B
iii A
iv E
v C
b It slows down as it is refracted towards the normal.
2 a A and C, as light bends towards the normal.
b B and D, as light bends away from the normal.
c C, as light must bend towards the normal and diagram C involves more bending than
diagram A.
d A, as minimal bending occurs.
3 As the wavefront enters the faster medium, the wavelength will increase and, as a result,
the direction of travel will bend away from the normal.
4 a The light rays travelling from your feet are refracted at the airwater boundary and
appear to have come from a higher position; therefore, you are shortened.
b The path of light from a section of the sky is curved and enters the eye, travelling
slightly upwards. Therefore the sky is seen on the road ahead. This is interpreted as
a puddle of water reflecting the sky.
5 C
6 a n = c/v
=
8
8
10 00 . 2
10 00 . 3
!
!
= 1.5
b v = c/n
=
33 . 1
10 00 . 3
8
!
= 2.26 ! 10
8
m s
1

7 a

b Gradient = rise/run = 1.5
c n = 1.5, as it is given by the gradient.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
4
d v = c/n
=
5 . 1
10 00 . 3
8
!
= 2.0 ! 10
8
m s
1


8 a sin i/sin r = n*
n* = sin30/sin16 = 1.81
b sin i/sin r = n
2
/n
1

sin

44/sin

r = 1.60/1.33
sin

r =
6 . 1
44 sin 33 . 1 !

r = 35

9 a Incident angle = 90.0 32.0 = 58.0
b sin i/sin r = n
2
/n
1

sin

58.0/sin

r = 1.33/1.00
r = 39.6
c 58
d 58 39.6 = 18.4
10 a sin

i/sin

r = n
2
/n
1

sin

40/sin

a = 1.50/1.00
a = 25.4
b b = a = 25.4
c sin

i/sin

r = n
2
/n
1

sin

25.4/sin

c = 1.33/1.50
c = 28.9
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
5
8.3 Critical angle, TIR and EMR
1 For total internal reflection to occur light must be incident on the boundary of a less
optically dense material. This occurs in situations b and c.
2 Ray 1: A, as this ray has an angle of incidence larger than the critical angle.
Ray 2: C, as this ray is incident at the critical angle.
Ray 3: C, as this ray has an angle of incidence less than the critical angle.
Ray 4: D, no refraction (bending) occurs.
3 a sin i
c
= n
2
/n
1

sin i
c
= 1.00/2.42
i
c
= 24.4
b sin

i
c
= n
2
/n
1

sin

i
c
= 1.00/1.60
i
c
= 38.7
c sin

i
c
= n
2
/n
1

sin

i
c
= 1.00/1.33
i
c
= 48.8
d sin

i
c
= n
2
/n
1

sin

i
c
= 1.33/1.50
i
c
= 62.5
4 sin

i
c
= n
2
/n
1

sin

43.2 = 1/n
1

n
1
= 1.46
5 sin

i
c
= n
2
/n
1
= v
1
/v
2

sin

i
c
=
8
8
10 00 . 3
10 80 . 1
!
!

i
c
= 36.9
6 a " = #/f
=
10
8
10 3
10 3
!
!
=10
2
m
b " = #/f
=
15
8
10
10 3!
= 3 ! 10
7
m = 300 nm
7 a Examples are:
X-rays: medical diagnostic images
Microwaves: cooking
Infrared: cooking
Radio waves: transmit signals around the world
UV light: forensic testing
b All EMR travels at 3 ! 10
8
m s
1
in a vacuum. Consist of varying electric and
magnetic fields. For all EMR: v = f".
8 C, note that these are different from the primary pigment/paint colours.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
6
9 a magenta
b white
c White, as blue and yellow light are complementary. Recall that yellow light can be
made from green and red light, and so you effectively have red, green and blue light.
d White, as green and magenta are also complementary colours.
10 The blending of colours of the spectrum occurs as the top spins. Our eye retains any
image for approximately one-twentieth of a second and so all of the colours are
effectively entering the eye at once, forming the colour white.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
7
8.4 Dispersion and polarisation of light waves
1 a red
b blue
c blue
2 If light was corpuscular, the orientation of the polarising material shouldnt affect the
amount of light that can pass through.
3

4 If the sunglasses are polarising, holding the glasses parallel to one another, rotating the
lens on one pair 90 relative to the other pair should block any light from passing
through.
5 n(diamond) > n(glass); therefore there is more dispersion as light enters and leaves
diamond. i
c
(glass) " 42, i
c
(diamond) " 24. Therefore, light is more likely to strike
diamondair boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle and totally internally
reflect, spreading the spectrum even further.
6 Only light that has its electric field aligned with the filter will be able to get through,
therefore polarised light emerges from the filter.
7 a violet
b violet
c 25.4
d 24.5
e 0.9
8 red 43.4
9 The pathway is determined by the frequency of the wave.
10 The first filter reduces the intensity by half, the second filter will reduce the intensity
further, but not completely block the light.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
8
Chapter review
1 a It speeds up.
b Refracts away from the normal.
2 Take measurements of corresponding angles of incidence and refraction. Graph sin i
versus sin r to determine the refractive index.
3 a Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma
rays
b All EMR travels at 3 ! 10
8
m s
1
and all involve electric and magnetic fields varying
at right angles to one another.
4 The speed of light in the medium is calculated as 2.25 ! 10
8
m s
1
; too slow for the
medium to be air.
5 a medium 1
b medium 2
6 a 32.0
b 53.7
c 21.7
d 1.97 ! 10
8
m s
1

7 a radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays
b X-rays, visible light, microwaves, radio waves
c radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays>
8 Blue light is refracted most by water and therefore scattered most, making the water
appear blue.
9 C
10 Light reflected from horizontal surfaces is partly polarised, so sunglasses can filter out a
large proportion of reflected light.
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
9
11 a Refraction by layers of the atmosphere.
b

12 The ray model is useful when explaining reflection, refraction and total internal
reflection.
13 Black: no colours of light are reflected; grey: all colours partially reflected.
14 A. Light from Sun enters water and refracts towards the normal, entering divers eye at at
steeper angle. Hence the Sun would appear higher in the sky.
15 a 19.5
b 19.1
c 0.4
d 1.96 ! 10
8
m s
1

16
perspex
air
sin
sin
v
v
r
i
=
perspex
8
10 00 . 3
5 . 28 sin
0 . 43 sin
v
!
=

perspex
v ! = 2.1 ! 10
8
m s
1
17 a particle or ray
b electromagnetic wave
c ray
d electromagnetic
18
r
i
sin
sin
= n*
$ n* =

5 . 14 sin
0 . 17 sin
= 1.17
Worked solutions Chapter 8 Models for light
Heinemann Physics 11 (3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 9781442501249
10
19 a i 24.4
ii 41.8
iii 48.8
b Closer n values result in a larger critical angle.
20 It is refracted twice, first towards the normal on entering the glass and then away from the
normal on exiting the glass. It emerges parallel to its original direction of travel.