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1. The extra y chromosome is related to a high chance of being violent.

Boys usually
have a xy and girls usually have an xx chromosome. The genetic disorder happens to one
in every 1000 male births in the world and is a very common across America. The theory
states that males with an extra y chromosome are more susceptible to violence because of
the extra y chromosome. Males have xy chromosome structure and are considered more
violent than females. Since the extra y chromosome violent chromosome is added! the
male becomes more masculine more violent. "x. #ail and how a small portion of the
prisoners out of 1000 people had an extra yy chromosome. This led the scientists to
believe that people who had extra y chromosome were more able to commit crimes than
those who genetically did not have crime. There was also another $uestion that came out
of that study. Since the extra y chromosome! explained aggressive behavior! how come
did the people who did not have an extra y chromosome were in %ail with those people
who were suppose to be the more aggressive &ind and how come some of the inmates
committed even more violent crimes.
'. The extra x chromosome is related to being less violent and aggressive. Although not
completely proven because of lac& of evidence! some studies show that people with an
extra x chromosome are less aggressive. The hypothesis lin&s the existence of an extra x
chromosome to mental disorders! but not directly to aggression. The hypothesis states
that the males with an extra x chromosome are less susceptible to violence because of the
existence of the x chromosome. (emales have xx chromosome structure and are
considered not as violent as menmales that have xy chromosome structure. Since an
extra x chromosomenonviolent chromosome) are added to the structure of the male! the
male becomes more *feminine+ less violent. There have been many studies done and
many cases examined to determine whether or not aggression of people is lin&ed to xxy
chromosome! but none of the studies and cases have provided a complete series of
answers to answer the $uestion whether or not the people are more aggressive because of
the xxy chromosome.
"x. ,olumbine Shooting because the doctors determined that it is possible for the boys to
have developed a mental illness due to having an extra x chromosome. This type of
mental illness would have made them more aggressive and would have made them create
a different view of the world before the shooting.
-. ",( is executive cognitive functioning. "xecutive cognitive functioning .",(/
encompasses a number of 0higher order0 cognitive abilities! such as attention! abstract
reasoning! organi1ation! mental flexibility! planning! self2monitoring! and the ability to
use external feedbac& to moderate personal behavior. 3t is related to aggression because
previous research demonstrated that poor executive functioning! either pre2existing
.idiopathic/ or induced by alcohol2intoxication! was associated with heightened
aggressive responses. 3n other words it is associated with aggression because the
cognitive abilities are limited because of alcohol abuse and therefore it is hypothesi1ed
that humans become more aggressive because of the alcohol abuse.
4. Aggression is any behavior intended to harm someonesomething that wants to avoid
harm. Aggression can be physical and nonphysical. 5on physical6 verbal! intimidating!
control and harm. 3ntention is the want to hurt someone. 7ou cannot cause harm to an
ob%ect! because it does not understand that it is being harmed. (or example a table or a
chair! when somebody hits it then it would not be harmed because it does not understand
what harm is.Also we have the physical aggression which would be a learned behavior
because it pee&s around '2- years of age in humans and then it gradually declines.
8sually physical aggression that continues to reoccur after the initial '2- years! it is a
sub%ect of family 9disorder9 meaning that the family is doing something bad that is
ma&ing the &id continue to exhibit traits of physical aggression.
:. Anger is an emotion that can be used in the service of self2reflection and
understanding. 3f somebody is angry there are choices they ma&e in terms of how they
deal with the anger. ;hile aggression is an act of anger and is something that in some
cases are learned in household because parents of family members are aggressive.
"veryone experiences anger! but not everyone experiences aggression. Anger is a
negative experience in response to harm! danger! or threat.
<. Studying twins in aggression research is very helpful because it allows the researchers
to loo& at the heritability more closely. 3n other words it allows the researchers to see how
and whether or not aggression is passed onto offspring=s from parents and identical twins
are perfect for research because they have a gene structure that is very close to one
another and allows researchers to loo& for a strain of gene that is exhibited in both twins
and determine whether that particular strain of genes is the cause of aggression. Such
research showed in the past that aggression and behavior is :0> genetic! but current
studies showed that each individual pic&s the way he wants to behave in front of people
or in front of everybody. ;ithout such researches! the world as we &now it today would
not be able to &now whether or not the aggression some people exhibit is caused by genes
or not.
?. 5ature refers to a person=s biological inheritance! especially their genes. 5urture refers
to the individual environment and social experiences. The nature is the biology! which
could be brain! hormones! chemical! li&e adrenaline and testosterone. The nurture is
pic&ing up the behavior from contact with someone. The less advanced you get the more
nature matters. Most human behaviors are through nurture! but animals rely on nature and
their instincts.
@. This experiment measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority
figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal
conscience..3n the experiment people violated their moral beliefs! by merely following
someone else=s orders. (ollowing someone else=s orders can ma&e another person more
aggressive than they actually tend to be. Aeople are more obedient to higher order! even if
they are morally wrong.
"x. Bitler and ;;33! the soldiers would have never committed such murders of millions
of #ews if it wasn0t for Bitler .a leaderdictator/ to tell them they needed to be &illed.
C. The experiment raised $uestions about the ethics because of the emotional stress of the
people after the experiment! but in his defense Millgram did a lot of $uestionnaires and
huge percentage turned out to be positive and some people actually than&ed him for
performing such experiment on them. Many people actually wanted to %oin Millgram0s
staff and perform similar experiments to other people because of the fact that they found
the experiment to have helped them in life overall. The ethical problems are that in
today=s society the experiment would not be allowed because we already have the
answers the $uestions the experiment as&ed for. Millgram=s generation needed to find out
how the people mind wor& and at that time the experiment was allowed and was ethical
because people did not &now anything about the people and how their minds wor&ed.
10. Moral #ustification6 Bad behavior is made acceptable by portraying it as socially
worthy of right.
D "uphemistic Eabeling F 8sing language to shape your appraisal of wrong behavior
"uphemistic language is widely used to ma&e harmful conduct respectable and reduce the
personal responsibility an individual has for it.
D Advantageous ,omparison G2 Bow a behavior is viewed is colored by what the
behavior is being compared to. This is utilitarian standard.
D Hisplacement of responsibility F minimi1ing the extent to which your wrong behavior
was voluntary. Hid a legitimate authority figure ta&e responsibility for the behaviorI
D Hiffusion of Jesponsibility F A division of labor. ;hen everyone is responsible no one
is responsible.
D Hisregard or distortion of ,onse$uences F Minimi1ing damage. 3gnoring pain. ;al& it
off 8se of hierarchies "mpathy
D Hehumani1ation F Bow do you view the people you treat poorlyI Stripping people of
their humanity or human $ualities. Bureaucracy atomi1ation.
D Attribution of Blame F seeing the victim as responsible for their punishment. The
perpetrator is forced to attac& or correct the victim.
11. Being aggressive! is an on and off thing! meaning)when you have aggressive
personality you can get angry more often than an average person. Baving an aggressive
personality will ma&e aggression occur more fre$uent. (or example! a person with an
aggressive personality may have anger management problems! and behave more
aggressively more often.
1'. Kicarious reinforcements is Jeinforcement that occurs when you imitate the behavior
of someone who has been reinforced for that behavior! as when avoiding hot water
having seen another person burned by it. 3n other words that would be li&e little &ids
seeing that older brothers get punished for doing bad things and then they either end up
doing the same thing and get punished for doing them or end up doing the same thing and
get away with it. 3f they get away with something the person they observed did and got
punished! they will continue to perform the same thing over and over again until
eventually get caught and punished themselves.
"xample6 Hrug dealers. They see that people can earn a $uic& buc& by selling drugs to
the public and then they decide to sell drugs. Bowever! if a young brother of a drug dealer
sees that the drug dealer gets arrested for position and distribution of drugs! the younger
brother usually does not attempt to sell drugs because they do not want to end up li&e
their brother in %ail. Bint hint6 the %o&e that dr. topalli told us in class that was not that
funny
1-. Bandura hoped that the experiments would prove that aggression can be explained! at
least in part! by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would state that
behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others. The
purpose of it was basically to prove that the people usually learn by observing other
people! which can relate bac& to nurture and how that wor&s as well as the vicarious
experiment because it shows how people learn through observation. (or the experiment
there were group of children exposed to different scenarios in which an individual did
violent things to a doll and then the &ids were observed to see if they will pic& up the
violence that they %ust observed and whether or not they will perform the same actions
that the adultsinstructors performed on the doll. 3n most cases the children that were
exposed to the violence from the instructor! pic&ed up the behavior $uite fast and then
started to imitate the instructor! behind a closed door! where nobody but a camera could
see the &ids go cra1y. 3n other cases where &ids were not exposed to violence! they did
not pic& up the behavior and they %ust sat around in the room and they played with the
doll.
14. Social Eearning can create more powerful and enduring learning experiences through
the use of online communities and networ&s! where learners are encouraged to co2create!
collaborate and share &nowledge and fully participate in their learning. Basically social
learning is learning through observation! or instructions! or visual media. ;e experience
social learning every day in school and at wor& by observing other people do things we
can not do and by watching videos and tutorials about things that teach us how to perform
a certain action.
1:. Alcohol causes people0s brain to act weird which ma&es them behave in aggressive
behavior. Hrin&ing impairs the part of the brain involved in allocating our limited mental
resources specifically attention and wor&ing memory. 5ot all drugs effect aggression the
same. 3t seems that alcohol does not really cause the people to become more aggressive!
they %ust become more tal&ative which sometimes ma&es the environment around them
become more aggressive! which ma&es them more aggressive. (or example when there
are many drun& people in other bar! if one says something bad then the other one would
get offended easily and would engage into physical aggression.
1<. (reud basically explained the existence of aggression by stating that there is an
impact on our unconsciousness that ma&es us aggressive and he supported his statements
by creating three groups6 The 3H! the Superego! and the "go. The 3H is the unconscious
drives that people are unaware of. The Superego are the values and moral character of a
person and those usually develop over time as people interact with other in the social
environment. (inally the ego is a mediate between the desires of the 3H and the
limitations of the Superego.
1?. Some theorists argue that the foundations of aggression are biological. Biological
factors that influence aggressive behavior include hormones! physiological illness! and
temperament. Bormones play some indirect role in human aggression. 3nteraction with
external stimuli may affect the threshold of aggressive behavior. Some researchers have
concluded that high testosterone levels could be a result of aggressive behavior. 3n
women! premenstrual tension syndrome is associated with a number of aggressive
behaviors! such as violent crime. Aeople with a serious physiological illness! such as
cancer! may be affected by negative mood states. These mood states may indirectly affect
the aggressive behavior of individuals. Temperament may be indirectly related to
aggressive behavior. Aeople who are impulsive are more li&ely to be aggressive than
people who have a deliberate temperament.
1@ and 1C.Lholbergh0s theory of moral development explained the development of moral
reasoning. The theory consists of < stages divided into - different groups.
1. Areconceived Morality
1. Mbedience and Aunishment 2 observed mostly in children and young adults! at
this age children see rules as fixed and absolute. Mbeying rules is important for them
because when they obey they do not get punished! but do get rewarded.
'. 3ndividualism and "xchange 2 basically in this stage children loo& for rewards
and start $uestioning the legality of things because they want to &now what is in it
for them if they were to obey a rule
'. ,onventionally Morality
-. 3nterpersonal Jelationship 2 stage is focused on living up to social expectations
and roles.
4. Maintaining Social Mrder 2 considering society as a whole when ma&ing
%udgments. Maintaining law and order.
-. Aost conventional Morality
:. Social ,ontract and 3ndividual Jights 2 people account for different values!
opinions and beliefs. people believe that rules of law are important for maintaining
a society
<. 8niversal Arinciples 2 people follow principles of %ustice even if they conflict
with laws and rules
'0. They are similar in a way that they both try to ma&e something sound better that it is.
They are different because are divided in different stages! they are tal&ing about the same
thing! but they find a different way to explain it for example how 3 can avoid punishment
part. 3n Lholberg0s theory there is a stage specifically designed for it and so does in
Bandura0s! but they have a different way of explaining it...hint euphemistic labeling and
individualism and exchange.

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