CIMTEC 2008

Ferrofluids
and
Magnetorheological Fluids
Ladislau Vks
Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids
Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research
Romanian Academy-Timisoara Branch, Timisoara, Romania
and
National Center for Engineering of Systems with Complex Fluids
University Politehnica of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
CIMTEC 2008
OUTLINE
Short history of the field
Magnetically controllable fluids
Magnetic nanoparticles and ferrofluids, application orientated synthesis
Colloidal stability and structural processes
Magnetic and flow properties
Magnetorheological fluids, main types and composition
Structural processes and magnetorheological behavior
New type of composite materials
CIMTEC 2008
FLUIDITY + MAGNETIC PROPERTIES = ??
New kind of materials, new phenomena
The beginning
Magnetorheological fluid
National Bureau of Standards Technical News Bulletin 1948;32(4):54-60.
J. Rabinow Proceedings of the AIEE Trans., 1948. 67. p. 1308-1315.
Ferrofluid/Magnetic fluid
T.L. OConnor, Belgian Patent 613,716 (1962)
S. Papell (NASA), US Patent 3,215,572 (1965)
CIMTEC 2008
Magnetically controllable fluids
Ferrofluids, magnetic (nano)fluids
Ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a
carrier liquid (CL)- no sedimentation
Quasihomogeneous magnetizable liquids
Approximatively Langevin type magnetic behavior and Newtonian flow
properties, small magnetoviscous effect
Magnetorheological fluids
Suspensions of micron-sized ferromagnetic particles in a carrier liquid-
significant sedimentation rate
Non-Newtonian behavior, strongly magnetic field dependent yield stress and
effective viscosity (about 100-1000 times increase)
Magnetizable gels&elastomers
Nano- or micro-meter range magnetic particles dispersed in a polymer matrix
Field dependent size and mechanical properties, tunable elastic properties
CIMTEC 2008
Synthesis procedures
I. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles
Chemical co-precipitation
Thermal decomposition of organo-metallic compounds
II. Stabilization/dispersion in non-polar or polar carrier
liquids
Electrostatic stabilization (water)
Steric or electro-steric stabilization (organic carriers and water)
CIMTEC 2008
Composition & mechanism of sterical stabilization
Composition: MNP - magnetite, maghemite, cobalt-ferrite, iron, cobalt; CL- non-polar and polar
organic solvents, water; S - carboxylic or sulphonic acids, polymers
Sterical stabilization: MNPs dispersed in a CL are coated with mono- or double-layer of organic
surfactant (S) molecules in order to prevent their agglomeration due to magnetic dipole-dipole and
van der Waals interactions
Entropic repulsion between
surfacted MNPs
- distance between particles
Nuclear and magnetic particle structures in FFs
2R
1
- surfacted particle size, incl. surfactant layer s
2R particle size; 2 R
m
- magnetic size
Nuclear structure Sterical stabilization
Solvent (CL)
Surfactant layer
Magnetic structure
CIMTEC 2008
Colloidal stability
S. Odenbach, Ferrofluids, 2006
M. Klokkenburg et al., JoPhys CM, 2008
Stabilization procedures prevent gravitational settling of MNPs,
agglomerate formation by magnetic and van der Waals interactions
Non-dimensional dipolar
interaction energy
T k
d M
b
m d

=
72
3 2
0
int

int
> 1
Unstable FF, agglomerate formation
d
TEM
= 9.0 nm

int
= 0.5
Cryo-TEM: FF/Decalin (OA)
200 nm

int
< 1
Stable FF, no agglomerates
d
TEM
= 18.6 nm

int
= 4.4
Cryo-TEM: FF/Decalin (OA)
500 nm
CIMTEC 2008
Synthesis procedures (1)
Organic non-polar carrier liquids - monolayer surfactant coated MNPs
Aqueous
solutions
Coprecipitation
NH
4
OH
(solution 25%)
Fe
3+
, Fe
2+



Subdomain Fe
3
O
4

nanoparticles


Surfactant (pure
oleic acid 96%)
Sterical stabilisation
(chemisorption)

353 K

Phase separation


Magnetic
decantation
Aqueous solution of
residual salts


Monolayer covered
magnetic particles


Distilled water
t = 70 - 80
o
C
Repeated washing



Magnetic decantation
Aqueous solution
residual salts




Surfactants: oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), myristic acid (MA), lauric acid (LA)
Carriers : hydrocarbons (H), deuterated hydrocarbons(D-H), halogenated compounds(Hal)
80-82 C
Lab. Magnetic Fluids Timisoara
MF/H/OA: D. Bica, R.Minea, Patent RO 97556(1989); D. Bica, Rom. Rep. Phys. 47(1995)
MF/H/LA; MA : L. Vekas et al. Rom. Rep. Phys. 58(2006); M.V. Avdeev, D. Bica et al. JMMM, 311 (2007)
Monolayer covered magnetic
nanoparticles + free oleic acid
Acetone
Extraction
Magnetic decantation
Acetone, water,
free oleic acid
Stabilised magnetic
nanoparticles
Hydrocarbon
Dispersion
Primary monolayer stabilised
magnetic fluid on light
hydrocarbon carrier
Magnetic decantation /
filtration
Repeated flocculation /
redispersion of surfacted
nanoparticles
Free oleic acid
NONPOLAR PURIFIED MAGNETIC FLUID
CIMTEC 2008
Synthesis procedures (2)
Organic polar carrier liquids - double layer surfactant coated MNPs
D. Bica et al. Patents RO 93107 (1987), 93162 (1987), 97224 (1989),97599(1989), 105048 (1992),
115533 (2000); D. Bica, Rom. Rep. Phys. 47(1995)
D. Bica, L. Vekas, M. Rasa, J.Magn.Magn.Mater. 252 (2002)
DBS-dodecyl-benzen-sulphonic acid
PIBSA-poly-izobutylen-succin-anhydride
Lab. Magnetic Fluids Timisoara




Acetone Flocculation


Magnetic decantation
Acetone +
hydrocarbon


Monolayer stabilised
magnetic nanoparticles


DBS or PIBSA
(C 8)
- Secondary stabilisation
(physical adsorbtion)
- Dispersion
Alcohols C
3
-C
10
/HVO/
Diesters(DOA/DOS)

MF/HIGH
VACUUM OIL
MF/ALCOHOLS
(Polialcohols)
MF/DIESTERS
(DOA, DOS)
VEGETAL
OILS
- Coprecipitation Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, NH
4
OH sol. 25%
- Sterical stabilisation, (chemisorbtion, oleic
acid 96%)
- Phase separation
- Repeated washing
- Dispersion


Primary magnetic fluid on
light hydrocarbon carrier



- Magnetic decantation
- Filtration
- Repeated flocculation /
redispersion of surfacted
nanoparticles

Free oleic acid




Nonpolar purified magnetic
fluid



FF/organic polar carrier
OA+DBS,
OA + PIBSA,
OA + PIBSI
double layer
sterical stabilization
MNP
CIMTEC 2008
Magnetic decantation
Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles
Repeated washing
Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles
Chemisorbtion
Phase separation
Coprecipitation, pH=11
Fe
3+
, Fe
2
solution NaOH6N solution
or NH4OH 80 C
Distilled water
70-80 C
Lauric acid (LA)
(or MA/PA/OA)
Residual salt solution
Residual salt solution
Magnetic decantation
80 C
Magnetic decantation
Dispersion
Primary magnetic fluid
Magnetic decantation
Magnetic organosol, pH= 8. 5 9.0
Residual salt solution
NaOH
Water
MF/Water (LA+LA /MA+MA/PA+PA/
OA+OA)
Uncoated magnetite
nanoparticles, agglomerates
Synthesis procedure (3)
Biocompatible FFs
FF/water
LA+LA, MA+MA,
OA+OA, LA+DBS,
MA+DBS, OA+DBS
double layer
sterical stabilization
D.Bica, Patent RO 90078 (1985); Rom. Rep. Phys.,
47(1995)
D. Bica. L. Vks, M. Rasa, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.,
252(2002)
D.Bica, L. Vekas, M.V.Avdeev, O. Marinica, V. Socoliuc,
M. Balasoiu, V.M.Garamus, J.Magn. Magn. Mater. 311
(2007)
MNP
Water (highly polar) carrier- double layer surfactant coated MNPs
CIMTEC 2008
Generalized synthesis procedure of monodisperse Fe nanoparticles
Size-selective process: varying the molar ratio Fe- carbonyl /OA and
the steric bulkiness of surfactants used
Thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl in the presence of oleic acid at 100 C
The iron oleate complex was prepared by reacting Fe(CO)
5
and oleic acid at 100 C
Iron nanoparticles were then generated by aging the iron complex at 300 C
TEM images of iron nanoparticles:
(a) three-dimensional array of 7nm
Fe nanoparticles and
(b) 11 nm Fe nanoparticles
Liquid phase synthesis of iron NPs by thermal
decomposition
T. Hyeon, Chem.Comm., 2003
20 nm
CIMTEC 2008
- Synthesis procedure for monodisperse -Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles -
Maghemite nanoparticles with sizes of 7 and 11 nm synthesized by using reaction mixtures with
[Fe-(CO)
5
]:[oleic acid] molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, respectively.
Dominating size controlling factor: the molar ratio of iron pentacarbonyl /oleic acid.
Liquid phase synthesis of iron oxide NPs
by thermal decomposition
Monodisperse iron nanoparticles monodisperse -Fe
2
O
3
nanocrystals
Controlled oxidation using trimethylamine N-oxide ((CH
3
)
3
NO)- mild oxidant
T. Hyeon, Chem.Comm. 2003
CIMTEC 2008
S. Behrens et al Z. Phys. Chem. 2006
S. Behrens et al., J Phys: Condens. Matter, 2006
a. TEM image displaying several Co nanoparticles
b. HRTEM image of a single Co nanoparticle
showing the polycrystalline structure.
High magnetization FFs with Co nanoparticles
Liquid phase synthesis of Co NPs by thermal decomposition of Co
2
(CO)
8
Co
2
(CO)
8
+ Al-R
3
toluen (80-90
0
C)
heating (110
0
C;18 h) under stirring
cooling to room temperature
smooth oxidation (synthetic air)
black precipitate Co(O) with oxidized protecting shell
stabilization of Co NPs (Korantin SH or oleic acid+Oleyl
amine) in hydrocarbon carrier
high magnetization FF (1000-1700 G)
2 nm
Axial magnetohydrostatic bearing
a) Stator b) Section enlargement of the stator with
the ferrofluid c) General view of the bearing
10 nm
CIMTEC 2008
Experimental setup
for the laser pyrolysis of
iron/iron oxide nanoparticles+
system for powder collection in
the toluene bubbler
Focused CW CO2 laser radiation (l = 10.6 mm,
output power 35 W) orthogonal to the reactant gas stream
Reactive mixture: Fe(CO)
5
vapors + C
2
H
4
gas carrier.
Synthesis parameters: 3000 Pa for the reactor pressure and
100 sccm for the ethylene flow (bubbling through the
liquid carbonyl reservoir at temperature of 25
0
C)
E. Popovici et al., Appl.Surf.Sci. 2007
Gas phase synthesis of iron/iron oxid NPs by
laser pyrolisis
TEM/HRTEM:iron/iron oxide coreshell MNPs
enhanced magnification TEM : encapsulated feature
of the nano-Fe powder - higher inset; HRTEM: single
nanoparticle - lower inset
CIMTEC 2008
a) XRD diagram: well defined Fe
peaks mixed with Fe2O3 and Fe3O4
b) TEM image: hydrocarbon-based FF
revealing almost single particles or
assemblies of a few nanoparticles
E. Popovici et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007
Laser pyrolisis synthesized iron/iron oxide MNPs
dispersed in hydrocarbon carrier
a)
b)
Iron/iron oxide core-shell MNPs
Sterical stabilization - oleic acid (OA) (heating up to 353 K;
pH 8.5; continuous stirring; chemisorption of OA
Monolayer coated MNPs
Elimination of free OA - magnetic decantation
Stabilized MNPs
Addition of carrier - hydrocarbon, e.g. petroleum
Heating up to 110120 8C - elimination of water + acetone
Primary hydrocarbon-based ferrofluid
Magnetic decantation; repeated flocculation/re-dispersion of MNPs
(elimination of free oleic acid)
Sterically stabilized, highly purified FF with surface protected MNPs
CIMTEC 2008
Application orientated evaluation of ferrofluids
Manifold characterization
Size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles: TEM, HRTEM
Composition and magnetic field dependent structural processes, sterical stabilization and
long-term colloidal stability: SANS, SANSPOL (B = 0-2.5 T)
Mechanism of stabilization and chemical size selection of dispersed magnetic particles
Dilution stability and phase transition phenomena: magneto-optical investigations, DLS
Magnetic properties vs. concentration: VSM measurements
Flow properties under the influence of applied magnetic field: MR investigations
Evaluation and selection of FFs for various applications
FFs for rotating seals, bearings
high magnetization
organic carrier liquids
excellent stability in intens and strongly
non-uniform magnetic fields
FFs for biomedical applications
biocompatibile components
usually water carrier
stability in physiological conditions
CIMTEC 2008
Sterical stabilization: efficiency of different
chain length surfactants
R. Tadmor, R. E. Rosensweig, J. Frey, J. Klein,
Resolving the Puzzle of Ferrofluid Dispersants, Langmuir 16 (2000)
Unsaturated mono-carboxylic acid
palmitic acid (PA)
C
16
H
32
O
2
stearic acid (SA)
C
18
H
36
O
2
oleic acid (OA)
C
18
H
34
O
2
Excellent stabilizer
due to high solvation!
Non-efficient
stabilizers
because of
worse solvation?
short chain?
myristic acid (MA)
C
14
H
32
O
2
lauric acid (LA)
C
12
H
32
O
2
Non-efficient stabilizer
because of worse solvation
double
bond kink
Saturated mono-carboxylic acids
CIMTEC 2008
Schematic view of SANS experiment on system of magnetic
nanoparticles. In case of unmagnetized system scattering
pattern is isotropic over radial angle on detector plane
Schematic view of SANSPOL experiment on system of
magnetic nanoparticles. Anisotropy in the scattering pattern
over radial angle is caused by magnetization of the system
Small Angle Neutron Scattering investigations
Structural processes in ferrofluids
FFs in zero field (B=0) conditions FFs under the influence of applied
magnetic field (B>0)
1-100 nm range
GKSS Geesthacht BNC KFKI Budapest JINR Dubna
CIMTEC 2008
Small Angle Neutron Scattering investigations
SANS Interparticle interaction
magnetite/oleic acid/H-benzene
Type of structure-factor: long-range attraction with
short-range (contact) repulsion
JINR Dubna, BNC Budapest
line: model of polydisperse
core-shell particles
) ( ) ( ~
2
q S q F
N N
0,1 1
0,01
0,1
1
10
100

m
= 0.15

m
= 0.075

m
= 0.038

m
= 0.019

m
= 0.01
I
(
q
)
,

c
m
-
1
q, nm
-1
Cluster fractal dimension D ~ 1,5 2.5
Mean radius of cluster units R ~ 10 nm
magnetite/water: OA+DBS, DBS+DBS, OA+OA
Highly stable ferrofluids Weakly stable ferrofluids
M.V. Avdeev, V.L Aksenov, M. Balasoiu et al. J. Coll. Interface Sci, 2006
L. Vekas, M.V. Avdeev, D. Bica, Magnetic fluids: Synthesis and Structure (Springer V, to appear)
CIMTEC 2008
Small Angle Polarized Neutron Scattering investigations
SANSPOL High magnetic field stability test
Highly stable magnetic nanofluid, maximal
m
~10 %.
Investigation at B= 2.5 T d-cyclohexane + Fe
3
O
4
+ MA ,
m
= 2.8 %
0.1 1
0.1
1
10
I
(
q
)
,

c
m
-
1
q, nm
-1
I

I
+
0.1 1
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
F
2
N
F
2
M
R
g
=3.7 nm
R
g
=4 nm
I
(
q
)
,

c
m
-
1
q, nm
-1
Averaged (over radial angle ) intensities of the scattering
for two spin orientations of polarized neutrons
Blue solid line fit of the core-shell model.
Final parameters are
R
0
=2.3 nm; S=0.28; =1.35 nm.
Dashed lines are Guinier approximations.
SANSPOL tests-GKSS Geesthacht-
V. Garamus, M.V. Avdeev
CIMTEC 2008
SANS and VSM analyses
Samples stabilized with different chain length carboxylic acids
Magnetization curves (points) for ferrofluids/ DHN,
m
= 1.5 %.
Lines are the results of the polydisperse Langevin approximation.
SANS curves (points) FFs in DHN normalized to
m
= 1.5 %.
Lines are the results of approximation by the model of polydisperse
independent spheres
Inset : particle size
distributions of magnetite
(atomic size)
Inset : particle size
distributions of magnetite
(magnetic size)
SANS
0.1 1
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
SA, PA, MA, LA
q, nm
-1
I
(
q
)
,

c
m
-
1
OA
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D
N
(
R
)
R, nm
OA
SA, PA, MA, LA
VSM
0 500 1000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
SA, PA, MA, LA
OA
LA, MA, PA,
SA
OA
M
/
M
s
H, kA/m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D
N
(
R
)
R, nm
Lab. Magnetic Fluids Timisoara
GKSS Geesthacht BNC Budapest
M.V. Avdeev, D. Bica, L. Vekas,
V.L. Aksenov, A.V. Feoktystov,
L. Rosta, V.M. Garamus,
R. Willumeit JMMM 2008
CIMTEC 2008
SANS curves and resulting size distributions
Mixed surfactants monolayer (MA + OA) with 1:0, 1:1 and 0:1 mixing ratios
FFs with chemically tailored magnetic nanoparticles
Size selective synthesis-stabilization of magnetic nanoparticles
with mono-layer of mixed surfactants
Non-polar carrier (D-benzen), =1.1 %
Increased MA content, more reduced diameter and standard deviation M.V. Avdeev, D. Bica et al. (MISM, 2008)
Resulting log-normal size-distribution functions
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OA/MA 1/1
D
N
(
R
)
R, nm
MA (D
m
=5.15 nm; = 1.26)
(D
m
=6.24 nm; = 1.79)
OA (D
m
=7.34 nm; = 2.98)
Nuclear scattering contribution. Solid lines are fits of
the core-shell model
0.1 1
I
(
q
)
,

c
m
-
1
q, nm
-1
OA
OA/MA 1/1
MA
CIMTEC 2008
Flow properties under the infuence of applied
magnetic field
Non-polar carrier, mono-layer sterical stabilization with MA (C14) and OA (C18)
Concentrated (M
s
= 61 kA/m)
OA stabilized MF/Utr sample
MR effect ~20-30%
Concentrated (M
s
= 62 kA/m)
MA stabilized FF/Utr sample
MR effect 10%


Coil
Magnetic Field
Highly Permeable Material
Parallel Plate
non-magnetic
Magnetic Fluid
MR cell MCR 300
Well stabilized FFs have very
reduced MR effect
L.Vekas, D. Bica et al. Rom. Rep. Phys. 2006
CIMTEC 2008
Colloidal stability of water based ferrofluids
Dynamical Light Scattering investigations-NanoZS
Double layer sterical stabilization using different chain length surfactants
Biocompatible ferrofluids
-4.5
-3
-1.5
0
1.5
3
4.5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
p
h
o
r
e
t
i
c

m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y

(

c
m

V
-
1
s
-
1
)
Cationic particles
Anionic particles
OA+OA
LA+LA
MA+MA
Magnetite
Double layer coated magnetite
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 pH
Magnetite 0.001 M
LA+LA 0.001 M
LA+LA 0.01 M
MA+MA 0.01 M
MA+MA 0.1 M
OA+OA 0.001 M
OA+OA 0.01 M
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n

Dilute magnetic fluids
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c

s
i
z
e

(
n
m
)
Aggregation of magnetite particles in 0.001,
0.01 and 0.1 M NaCl solutions at 25+0.10C.
E. Tombcz, D. Bica et al, JoPhys CM 2008
Effect of anionic surfactant double layer coating
on the pH-dependent charge state
OA+OA and MA+MA stabilized FF/water samples keep their
colloidal stability in the physiological range of pH (6-8)
CIMTEC 2008
Restoring force F
r
induced by
magnetic field H
in shearing flow
No field: H=0
Fe particles diffusing
randomly; blades
moving freely
Increasing field: H > 0
Fe particles start forming
chains; resistance between
blades increases
Saturating field: H H
sat
Strong field forms continuous
chains-quasi-solid state;
blades movement restricted
Composition & intense structuring mechanism
Magnetic particles: magnetically soft multi-domain Fe, Fe alloys of 1-10 m
Carrier liquids: petroleum based oils, silicon oils, mineral oils, synthetic oils, water
Suspension agents: thixotropic and surface active agents (e.g., carboxylic acids,
stearats, polymers, organoclays)
Field dependent magnetic moment of particles m= 4
0

f
a
3
H
0
; =(
p
-
f
)/(
p
+2
f
)
Field dependent magnetic coupling parameter

int
MR
=
0

f
a
3
H
0
2
/(2kT)

int
MR
= 1 for H
0
=127 A/m; 2a=1m

int
MR
~ 10
8
1 for usual H values
Strongly non - Newtonian behavior
Yield stress: 50-100 kPa
Large MR effect: 10
2
10
3
times
increase of effective viscosity
CIMTEC 2008
Main characteristics
MR effect ~ 10
2
- 10
3
Yield stress 50-100 kPa
Max. applied field 150-250 kA/m
Density 3-4 g/cm3
Response time < 1 ms
Off-state viscosity 0.10 - 1.0 Pa.s (at 25
0
C)
Operational temp - 40
0
C to + 150
0
C
Magnetic particles Fe (~ 3m), magnetically soft
No hysterezis
Main problems to be solved
Gravitational settling
Difficult redispersing of sediment
Further increasing the yield stress / MR effect
Possible solutions
Non-magnetic nanofillers
Non-spherical shaped magnetic particles
Extremely bidisperse MR suspensions
Magnetorheological fluids
G. Bossis, O. Volkova, S. Lacis, A. Meunier, in:
S. Odenbach (Ed) Ferrofluids.
Magnetically controllable fluids and their applications
(Springer-Verlag 2002)
J. D. Carlson, M. R. Jolly, Mechatronics(2000)
F. D. Goncalves, J.-H. Koo, M. Ahmadian,
The Shock and Vibration Digest(2006)
CIMTEC 2008
MRFs with magnetic fibers Lopez-Lopez, Vertelov, Bossis, Kuzhir, Duran, J. Mater. Chem., 2007
Dynamic yield stress, as a function of
the external magnetic field strength
Cobalt suspensions in silicone oil (solid
concentration 5 vol%).
Cobalt spheres, 1.3 m
Cobalt wires
Co wires
Co spheres
Extremely bidisperse MRFs Viota, Gonzalez-Caballero, Duran, Delgado, J. Coll.Int. Sci., 2007
Three-times increase of yield stress
Role of magnetic particle shape & size
Photographs of bidisperse MR suspensions after 24 h sedimentation.
the arrows indicate the sediment height.
in all cases, micron size particle concentration
m
= 10%;
nanoparticle concentrations
n
are, from left to right (in %),0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7.
Nano-micro MRF
Composition
Spherical particles
Decrease of
sedimentation rate
Halo structure formation
Cloud of magnetic nanoparticles
around micron sized
particles, large size aggregates
Micro-Magnetite 1450 nm
Nano-Magnetite 8 nm
Carrier: water
SEM image of Co wires
Length 30-60m; Width 4-5 m
10m
CIMTEC 2008
1
0
0 1
*
1 tanh tanh
1
n
m

(
( | | | | | |
= + + (
( | | |
\ \ \ | | (

+
|
\
& & & &
& & &
&
&
Shear stress vs. shear rate curves for
B = 0,..., 502 mT MRF-140CG;
micro
0.40
Commercial sample Lord Co(~mFe)
Shear stress vs. shear rate curves for
B = 0,..., 502 mT D1;
total
0.40

micro
0.2;
nano
0.2
Nano-micro MRF lab sample
1
0 0 1
1 tanh tanh
n

(
(
| | | | | |
= + + (
( | | |
\ \ \ (

& & &
&
& & &
Fit: Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) type behavior for B>0 Fit: Cross+ H-B formula for B>0
Fit: Carreau-Yasuda
Formula for B=0
MR effect
Nano-micro MRF
CIMTEC 2008
) ( ) 0 ( / )] 0 ( ) ( [ B f B =
Effect of nanosized magnetic particles on MR effect

micro
0.2;
nano
0.2
D. Resiga, D. Bica, L. Vks, ERMR 2008, Dresden
MRF-140CG
comercial sample
D1 lab sample
MR effect
Nano-micro MRF
CIMTEC 2008
Composite with field induced uniaxial ordered structure
New generation of magnetic elastomers - new type of magnetic composites
Nano- and/or micron-sized magnetic particles dispersed in a high elastic polymeric matrix-Poly(dimethyl siloxane (PDMS)
Schematic picture of
the bending of the
magnetic PVA gels
under compression.
Anisotropic mechanical (a)
and swelling [(b) and (c)]
behaviour as seen by the naked eye.
The arrow indicates the direction of the
magnetic field during the preparation.
Preparation of uniaxially ordered composite deformation ratio
Smart composites with controlled anisotropy, POLYMER, 2006, Zs. Varga, G. Filipcsei, M. Zrnyi*
HAS-BUTE Laboratory of Soft Matters, Dept Physical Chemistry, Budapest
CIMTEC 2008
Intelligent polymeric nanocomposite membrane
Schematic representation of channels made of MPS-PNIPA latex built in the PVA gel matrix:
(a) off state below the collapse transition temperature;
(b) on state above the collapse transition temperature.
Response to external stimuli-regulation of drug permeation and release- biomedical applications
Ordered nanochannels can act as on-offswitches or permeability valves
Poly(Nisopropyacrylamide)gel ---- PNIPA gel Magnetic polystyrenelatex --- MPS
Macromolecules 2006, 39, 1939-1942 I.Csetneki, G.Filipcsei, M. Zrnyi
* HAS-BUTE Laboratory of Soft Matters, Budapest
Arrows indicate the
diffusive mass transfer
in the channels of PVA
membrane
CIMTEC 2008
CONCLUSIONS
Properties of magnetically controllable fluids are tailored
mainly by varying the size range of magnetic particles 10
0
10
4
nm
Saturation magnetization is determined by the volume fraction
and magnetic properties of the solid component 10 7x10
3
G
Non-dimensional particle interaction energy
int
covers a wide range 0.5 ... 10
8
Magnetorheological effect / 10
-1
10
3
OUTLOOK
Increasing trend of applications
of
magnetically controllable fluids
in
biology and medicine
CIMTEC 2008
Acknowledgements
Dr. Doina BICA
Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids-CFATR Timisoara
Romanian Academy-Timisoara Division
Dr. Mikhail AVDEEV - JINR-Dubna, Russia
Prof. Mikls ZRINYI - Dept.Physical Chemistry, Budapest Technical University, Hungary
Dr. Ion MORJAN - INFLPR Bucuresti, Romania
Prof. Etelka TOMBCZ - Dept. Colloid Chemistry-Univ. Szeged, Hungary
Ass.Prof. Dr. Daniela Susan-Resiga- West University Timisoara, Romania
Dr. Rodica TURCU - INCDTIM Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Dr. Adelina HAN - CNISFC- Univ. Politehnica Timisoara, Romania
National Authority for Scientific Research (Romania):
CEEX Research projects FeMANANOF, NanoMagneFluidSeal
CIMTEC 2008
Thank you for attention!
Lab. Vant Hoff of Colloids - 100 years anniversary
Exhibition at Univ. Utrecht 2004 - A.P. Philipse (Utrecht), Doina Bica (Timisoara)
Dynamical
surface
instabilities