Antibiotics by class

Generic name
Brand
names
Common uses
[2]
Possible side effects
[2]
Mechanism
of action
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin Amikin
Infections
caused by
Gram-negative
bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
and Klebsiella
particularly
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
Effective
against Aerobic
bacteria (not
obligate/facultat
ive anaerobes
and tularemia.
!earing loss
"ertigo
#idney
damage
$inding to the
bacterial %&'
ribosomal
subunit (some
(ork by
binding to the
)&' subunit,
inhibiting the
translocation
of the
peptidyl-
t*+A from
the A-site to
the ,-site and
also causing
misreading of
m*+A,
leaving the
bacterium
unable to
synthesi-e
proteins vital
to its gro(th.
Gentamicin Garamycin
#anamycin #antre.
+eomycin
+eo-
/radin
0%1
+etilmicin +etromycin
2obramycin +ebcin
,aromomycin !umatin
'pectinomycin 2robicin Gonorrhea
Ansamycins
Geldanamycin E.perimental,
as antitumor
antibiotics
!erbimycin
*ifa.imin 3ifa.an
2raveler4s
diarrhea caused
by E. coli
'treptomycin
Carbacephem
5oracarbef 5orabid 6iscontinued
prevents
bacterial cell
division by
inhibiting cell
(all synthesis.
Carbapenems
Ertapenem Invan- $actericidal for
both Gram-
Gastrointestina
l upset and
Inhibition of
cell (all
6oripenem 6oriba.
positive and
Gram-negative
organisms and
therefore useful
for empiric
broad-spectrum
diarrhea
+ausea
'ei-ures
!eadache
*ash and
synthesis
Imipenem/7ilastatin ,rima.in
8eropenem 8errem
Cephalosporins (First generation
7efadro.il 6uricef
Good coverage
against Gram-
positive
infections.
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
+ausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently
Allergic
reactions
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
7efa-olin Ancef
7efalotin or
7efalothin
#eflin
(discontinue
d
7efale.in #efle.
Cephalosporins (!econd generation
7efaclor 6istaclor
5ess Gram-
positive cover,
improved
Gram-negative
cover.
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
+ausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently
Allergic
reactions
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
7efamandole
8andol
(discontinue
d
7efo.itin
8efo.in
(discontinue
d
7efpro-il 7ef-il
7efuro.ime
7eftin,
:innat (;#
Cephalosporins ("hird generation
7efi.ime 'upra. Improved
coverage of
Gram-negative
organisms,
e.cept
,seudomonas.
*educed Gram-
positive cover.
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
+ausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently
Allergic
reactions
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
7efdinir
<mnicef,
7efdiel
7efditoren 'pectracef
7efopera-one
7efobid
(discontinue
d
7efota.ime 7laforan
7efpodo.ime "antin
bacterial cell
(alls.
7efta-idime0;nlike
most third-generation
agents, 7efta-idime
is active against
,seudomonas
aeruginosa1
/orta-
7eftibuten 7eda.
7efti-o.ime
7efi-o.
(discontinue
d
7eftria.one *ocephin
Cephalosporins (Fourth generation
7efepime 8a.ipime
7overs
pseudomonal
infections.
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
+ausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently
Allergic
reactions
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
Cephalosporins (Fifth generation
7eftaroline fosamil 2eflaro
;sed to treat
8*'A
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
Allergic
reaction
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
7eftobiprole :eftera ;sed to treat
8*'A
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
+ausea (if
alcohol taken
concurrently
Allergic
reactions
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
Glycopeptides
2eicoplanin
2argocid
(;#
Active against
aerobic and
anaerobic
Gram-positive
bacteria
including
8*'A=
"ancomycin is
used orally for
the treatment of
7. difficile
inhibiting
peptidoglycan
synthesis
"ancomycin "ancocin
2elavancin "ibativ
#incosamides
7lindamycin 7leocin 'erious staph-,
pneumo-, and
streptococcal
infections in
penicillin-
allergic patients,
also anaerobic
infections=
clindamycin
topically for
acne
,ossible 7. difficile-
related
pseudomembranous
enterocolitis
$ind to )&'
subunit of
bacterial
ribosomal
*+A thereby
inhibiting
protein
synthesis
5incomycin 5incocin
#ipopeptide
6aptomycin 7ubicin
Gram-positive
organisms
$ind to the
membrane
and cause
rapid
depolari-ation
, resulting in a
loss of
membrane
potential
leading to
inhibition of
protein, 6+A
and *+A
synthesis
Macrolides
A-ithromycin
:ithroma.,
'umamed,
3ithrone
'treptococcal
infections,
syphilis, upper
respiratory tract
+ausea,
vomiting, and
diarrhea
(especially at
inhibition of
bacterial
protein
biosynthesis
7larithromycin $ia.in
infections,
lo(er
respiratory tract
infections,
mycoplasmal
higher doses
,rolonged >2
interval
(especially
erythromycin
by binding
reversibly to
the subunit
)&' of the
bacterial
ribosome,
thereby
6irithromycin
6ynabac
(discontinue
d
Erythromycin
Erythocin,
Erythroped
*o.ithromycin
2roleandomycin
2ao
(discontinue
d
2elithromycin #etek ,neumonia
"isual 6isturbance,
5iver 2o.icity.
0?1
'piramycin *ovamycine
8outh
infections
Monobactams
A-treonam A-actam
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
$itrofurans
/ura-olidone /uro.one
$acterial or
proto-oal
diarrhea or
enteritis
+itrofurantoin
8acrodantin
, 8acrobid
;rinary tract
infections
%&a'olidonones
5ine-olid :yvo. "*'A
2hrombocytop
enia
,eripheral
neuropathy
,rotein
synthesis
inhibitor=
prevents the
initiation step
,osi-olid
,hase II
clinical trials
*ade-olid
,hase II
clinical trials
2ore-olid
,hase II
clinical trials
Penicillins
Amo.icillin
+ovamo.,
Amo.il
@ide range of
infections=
penicillin used
for
streptococcal
infections,
syphilis, and
5yme disease
Gastrointestina
l upset and
diarrhea
Allergy (ith
serious
anaphylactic
reactions
$rain and
kidney damage
(rare
'ame mode of
action as other
beta-lactam
antibiotics9
disrupt the
synthesis of
the
peptidoglycan
layer of
bacterial cell
(alls.
Ampicillin
,rincipen
(discontinue
d
A-locillin
7arbenicillin
Geocillin
(discontinue
d
7lo.acillin
2egopen
(discontinue
d
6iclo.acillin
6ynapen
(discontinue
d
/luclo.acillin
/lo.apen
('old to
European
generics
Actavis
Group
8e-locillin
8e-lin
(discontinue
d
8ethicillin
'taphcillin
(discontinue
d
+afcillin
;nipen
(discontinue
d
<.acillin
,rostaphlin
(discontinue
d
,enicillin G
,entids
(discontinue
d
,enicillin "
"eetids
(,en-"ee-#
(discontinue
d
,iperacillin
,ipracil
(discontinue
d
,enicillin G ,fi-erpen
2emocillin +egaban
(;#
(discontinue
d
2icarcillin
2icar
(discontinue
d
Penicillin combinations
Amo.icillin/clavulan
ate
Augmentin
2he second
component
prevents
bacterial
resistance to
the first
component
Ampicillin/sulbactam ;nasyn
,iperacillin/ta-obacta
m
:osyn
2icarcillin/clavulanat
e
2imentin
Polypeptides
$acitracin
Eye, ear or
bladder
infections=
usually applied
directly to the
eye or inhaled
into the lungs=
rarely given by
inAection,
although the use
of intravenous
colistin is
e.periencing a
resurgence due
to the
emergence of
multi drug
resistant
organisms.
#idney and nerve
damage ((hen given
by inAection
Inhibits
isoprenyl
pyrophosphate
, a molecule
that carries the
building
blocks of the
peptidoglycan
bacterial cell
(all outside
of the inner
membrane
0)1
7olistin
7oly-
8ycin-'
Interact (ith
the Gram-
negative
bacterial outer
membrane
and
cytoplasmic
membrane. It
displaces
bacterial
counter ions,
(hich
destabili-es
the outer
membrane.
2hey act like
a detergent
against the
,olymy.in $
cytoplasmic
membrane,
(hich alters
its
permeability.
,olymy.in $
(uinolones)Fluoro*uinolone
7iproflo.acin
7ipro,
7ipro.in,
7iprobay
;rinary tract
infections,
bacterial
prostatitis,
community-
acBuired
pneumonia,
bacterial
diarrhea,
mycoplasmal
infections,
gonorrhea
+ausea (rare,
irreversible damage to
central nervous
system (uncommon,
tendinosis (rare
inhibit the
bacterial 6+A
gyrase or the
topoisomerase
I" en-yme,
thereby
inhibiting
6+A
replication
and
transcription.
Eno.acin ,enetre.
Gatiflo.acin 2eBuin
Gemiflo.acin /active
0C1
5evoflo.acin 5evaBuin
5omeflo.acin 8a.aBuin
8o.iflo.acin Avelo.
+alidi.ic acid +egGram
+orflo.acin +oro.in
<flo.acin
/lo.in,
<cuflo.
2rovaflo.acin 2rovan @ithdra(n
Grepaflo.acin *a.ar @ithdra(n
'parflo.acin :agam @ithdra(n
2emaflo.acin <mniflo. @ithdra(n
!ulfonamides
8afenide 'ulfamylon
;rinary tract
infections
(e.cept
sulfacetamide,
used for eye
infections, and
mafenide and
silver
sulfadia-ine,
used topically
for burns
+ausea,
vomiting, and
diarrhea
Allergy
(including skin
rashes
7rystals in
urine
#idney failure
6ecrease in
(hite blood
cell count
'ensitivity to
/olate
synthesis
inhibition.
2hey are
competitive
inhibitors of
the en-yme
dihydropteroat
e synthetase,
6!,'. 6!,'
catalyses the
conversion of
,A$A (para -
aminoben-oat
'ulfacetamide
'ulamyd,
$leph-D&
'ulfadia-ine
8icro-
'ulfon
'ilver sulfadia-ine 'ilvadene
'ulfadimetho.ine
6i-8etho.,
Albon
'ulfamethi-ole
2hiosulfil
/orte
'ulfametho.a-ole Gantanol
'ulfanilimide
(archaic
'ulfasala-ine A-ulfidine
sunlight e to
dihydropteroat
e, a key step
in folate
synthesis.
/olate is
necessary for
the cell to
synthesi-e
nucleic acids
'ulfiso.a-ole Gantrisin
2rimethoprim-
'ulfametho.a-ole
(7o-trimo.a-ole
(28,-'83
$actrim,
'eptra
'ulfonamidochrysoid
ine (archaic
,rontosil
"etracyclines
6emeclocycline 6eclomycin
'yphilis,
chlamydial
infections,
5yme disease,
mycoplasmal
infections, acne
rickettsial
infections,
Emalaria E+ote9
8alaria is
caused by a
protist and not a
bacterium.
Gastrointestina
l upset
'ensitivity to
sunlight
,otential
to.icity to
mother and
fetus during
pregnancy
Enamel
hypoplasia
(staining of
teeth=
potentially
permanent
transient
depression of
bone gro(th
inhibiting the
binding of
aminoacyl-
t*+A to the
m*+A-
ribosome
comple..
2hey do so
mainly by
binding to the
%&' ribosomal
subunit in the
m*+A
translation
comple..
6o.ycycline "ibramycin
8inocycline 8inocin
<.ytetracycline 2erramycin
2etracycline
'umycin,
Achromycin
", 'teclin
+rugs against mycobacteria
7lofa-imine 5amprene Antileprotic
6apsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic
7apreomycin 7apastat Antituberculosis
7ycloserine 'eromycin
Antituberculosis
, urinary tract
infections
Ethambutol 8yambutol Antituberculosis
Ethionamide 2recator Antituberculosis
Inhibits
peptide
synthesis
Isonia-id I.+.!. Antituberculosis
,yra-inamide Aldinamide Antituberculosis
*ifampicin
(*ifampin in ;'
*ifadin,
*imactane
mostly Gram-
positive and
mycobacteria
*eddish-orange s(eat,
tears, and urine
$inds to the F
subunit of
*+A
polymerase to
inhibit
transcription
*ifabutin 8ycobutin
8ycobacterium
avium comple.
rash, discolored urine,
GI symptoms
*ifapentine ,riftin Antituberculosis
'treptomycin Antituberculosis
+euroto.icity,
ototo.icity
As other
aminoglycosid
es
%thers
Arsphenamine 'alvarsan
'pirochaetal
infections
(obsolete
7hloramphenicol
7hloromycet
in
meningitis,
8*'A, topical
use, or for lo(
cost internal
treatment.
!istoric9 typhus,
cholera. Gram-
negative, Gram-
positive,
anaerobes
*arely9 aplastic
anemia.
Inhibits
bacterial
protein
synthesis by
binding to the
)&' subunit of
the ribosome
/osfomycin 8onurol
Acute cystitis in
(omen
Inactivates
enolpyruvyl
transferase,
thereby
blocking cell
(all synthesis
/usidic acid /ucidin
8etronida-ole /lagyl Infections
caused by
anaerobic
6iscolored urine,
headache, metallic
taste, nausea= alcohol
,roduces
to.ic free
radicals that
bacteria= also
amoebiasis,
trichomoniasis,
Giardiasis
is contraindicated
disrupt 6+A
and proteins.
2his non-
specific
mechanism is
responsible
for its activity
against a
variety of
bacteria,
amoebae, and
proto-oa.
8upirocin $actroban
<intment for
impetigo, cream
for infected cuts
Inhibits
isoleucine t-
*+A
synthetase
(Ile*'
causing
inhibition of
protein
synthesis
,latensimycin
>uinupristin/6alfopri
stin
'ynercid
2hiamphenicol
Gram-negative,
Gram-positive,
anaerobes.
(idely used in
veterinary
medicine.
*ash. 5acks kno(n
anemic side-effects.
A
chlorampheni
col analog.
8ay inhibit
bacterial
protein
synthesis by
binding to the
)&' subunit of
the ribosome
2igecycline 2igacyl
Indicated for
complicated
skin/skin
structure
infections and
complicated
intra-abdominal
infections. GG
2eeth
discoloration. GG
2inida-ole 2indama. proto-oan upset stomach, bitter
/asigyn infections taste, and itchiness
2rimethoprim
,roloprim,
2rimpe.
;rinary 2ract
Infections