Water Trap Series as Integrated Approach

in Flood and Drought Protection and Adaptation

(Case Study of Mbay City, Aesesa District, age!eo "egency, TT Pro#ince$
Susilawati
1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Widya Mandira Chatolic University
U!"#$ %&''&, #((
)#D*#ES)"
E+mail, srsusipi-yahoo.com
Abstract: Mbay city has a unique area that consists of three parts : hilly, urban and rice field plain.
The hilly part being highly deforested and eroded brings sediment to the lowest part: urban and rice
field plain. This causes flash floods and inundates urban area for quite a long time during rainy
season. An integrated approach is extremely needed to solve this situation. The concept of Eco
drainage that is how to channel away the flood water to the sea and how to manage the runoff water
and use it during the drought season could be the solution. The water trap series which are placed
along the drainage gullies could slow down the runoff water, and as such the water has a greater
chance to infiltrate to the soil as groundwater recharge. This means that Ecodrainage also
represents flood control and protection against and adaptation to drought by conserving this runoff
water and using it during drought situation.
Keywords: Eco-drainage, groundwater recharge, water trap, deforestation, erosion
1. IT"%D&CTI%
M/ay city has an uni0ue area that consists of three parts i.e. hilly on the upstream part, ur/an plain
and rice field plain 1Fig. 12. (he hilly parts /eing highly deforested and eroded /rings huge sediment
to the lowest part i.e. ur/an and rice field plain. When the rainfall comes it causes flash floods which
inundate ur/an area for 0uite a long time /ecause the ur/an plain is covered /y alluvium sediment
that form an impervious layer.
Figure ' Satellite i(age of Mbay City
3ice Field plain
)illy parts
&rban settle(ent
plain
Sea
Ur/an plain often has flood pro/lem during rainy season. (hat happens /ecause of deforestation on
the hills causing the water to flow directly to the ur/an area without any drainage that channels the
runoff to the sea or prevents if from gushing into the paddy field area downstream. Ur/an plain area
also has drought pro/lem during the dry season /ecause of no ground water recharge during rainy
season, so the dug wells dry out. (riggered /y these flood and drought challenges that happen time
and again, we thin4 it necessary to develop a water trapped system to cope up with and to overcome
this situation, especially the one that ta4es place in M/ay.
(he main pro/lems of this area are, 112 how to cope with the flash flood and drought disasters that
fre0uently happen, causing losses /oth in the ur/an area and in the rice+field area5 1'2 6ow to
develop an integrated and sustaina/le system to cope with these flood and drought pro/lems which
includes the idea of environmental conservation.
*+ F,AS) F,%%D AD D"%&-)T DISAST."
*+'+ Defnition of Flash Flood and Drought Disaster
Flash flood, as far as ur/an area is concerned, is defined as an inundation of ur/an area during a
certain period of time with a certain depth that hampers daily activity which inflicts a financial loss.
While drought disaster is defined as or refers to the fact that daily water re0uirement to support daily
life cannot /e fulfilled. )n agricultural area, however, flood is defined as an inundation of agricultural
field during a certain period of time with the certain depth, rendering the reduction of agricultural
production or even death of crops. While drought disaster is defined as the fact that crop water
re0uirement which support the optimum process of crop production cannot /e fulfilled, causing the
reduction of agricultural production or even the death of crops.
Small islands which are surrounded /y the sea generally have limited ground water resources and
are vulnera/le to flood disaster or tsunami. (he ground water in small islands is formed as floating
lens on the /rac4ish water or salt water, where its depth depends on the recharge. (his ground water
lens is also vulnera/le to sea water intrusion 16ehanusa, 17%82. Fal4land 1'99'2 gives some
description a/out ground water /alance which has fresh water lens for coral reef island 1Figure '2.
For the hilly island, the rainfall will flow rapidly as water runoff to the sea, so it has no chance to
infiltrate into the soil as ground water recharge. )t will cause limited ground water reservoir the
amount of which is insufficient to fulfill the re0uirement that causes drought disaster. (he surface
runoff that flows rapidly into the sea also causes flood disaster for the downstream plain. (hat is the
condition of small islands. :ecause of their small si;e we need to develop a rainwater management
so that it will not cause flood as well as draught disasters.
Figure *
The ground /ater balance /ith fresh
/ater lens on typical coral reef island
(Fal!land, *00*$
*+*+ Several Factor Causes Flood and Drought
Factually, determinant factors that cause flood and drought are e<treme weather condition,
distur/ance of hydrological /alance, and inappropriate land use. (he magnitude of flood and drought
depend on the 0uantity of rain, the intensity of its triggering factors, and its duration. (he climate
change due to E#S*, )*D and M=* has caused evaporation and clouds in many parts of )ndonesia
to vary from e<tremely high to e<tremely low or vice versa rendering the climate to deviate from its
normal condition. )nteraction /etween the three factors determines the magnitude of climatologically
factor that ta4es place.
Drought and flood are also influenced /y hydrological factors, which are indicated /y the ma<imum
and minimum difference in the river>s water flow+rate. 6ydrological damage is generally caused /y
degradation of river /asin especially in the upstream area where its sloping riverside has changed its
function from vegetation ;one to impermea/le non+vegetation ;one. "ccording to the data from
Department of Forestry, out of ?89 river /asins in )ndonesia, @' are in critical condition. #o wonder
flood and drought often ta4e place. 6ydrological damage in the upstream catchment area has caused
that the surface runoff cannot /e controlled and does not have sufficient time to percolate into the soil
as recharge for groundwater deposit. (he e<tremely high rainfall has caused runoff that ends up in
flood. *n the contrary, the small 0uantity of groundwater deposited during the rainy season has
caused the groundwater deposit during the dry season to /ecome very low that triggers drought.
6ydrological damage also causes the river water+flow to drop drastically even to ;ero. Data from
Department of !u/lic Wor4s indicate that from &,&79 main rivers that are grouped into %7 3iver Aone
Units, @99 can potentially cause flood, @' of which are categori;ed as critical or supercritical.
!lanting schedule and selection of plants without considering water supply may cause agronomic
drought. (his phenomenon is often found in irrigated rice+fields of group ))) or a/ove, rain+fed areas
or in land cultivated outside the irrigated rice+field. (he most e<treme conse0uence of this type of
cultivation is that all the plants get dried up. (his agronomic drought generally results from the
farmers> ha/it of /eing adamant in planting rice although the water supply is not enough.
Conse0uently we need intensive guidance and counseling, pilot proBect, adBustment to and
assistance in correct planting pattern, the opening of alternative mar4eting of commodities, and the
empowerment of farmers to compensate their financial loss.
*+1+ Flood and Drought Protection and Adaptation
"ccording to !owel et al. 1'99%2 water trap ponds can decrease the flood rate /etween '&+&9 percent
of surface runoff. (his has inspired the development of water trap system to overcome flood and
drought. (he approach used to overcome the pro/lem of drought and flood is ecological,
environment+conscious, integrated and sustaina/le. (his means that the pro/lem is not solved
merely on conventional /asis through technical and hydraulic approach, /ut through an integrated
approach considering various aspects, one of which is ta4ing into account local wisdom so that the
recommended system can /e sustaina/le and does not damage the environment. (his approach is
4nown as Eco+drainage approach. :ased on this concept, we develop a water trap system which is
already 4nown and developed /y local communities. :y employing local wisdom, this system can /e
easily adopted.
(he hypothesis we develop is that the water trap system can overcome flood and drought in small
islands. (o verify this, we develop a hydrological model that can /e used to simulate how far this
water trap system can overcome flood and drought that ta4e place. (his developed hydrological
model is located M/ay plains, Flores, #((, which is also the capital city of #age4eo regency.
(he water trap that we develop is a simple construction on natural drainage gullies. (he construction
is made in a series of chec4+dams whose main function is to impede the surface runoff so that
instead of /eing wasted away the water percolates into the soil as recharge for groundwater around
the water trap. )n this research it is assumed that the water volume a/sor/ed into the soil as recharge
for groundwater can /e availa/le water deposit that can /e used during the dry season /y digging
wells downstream of the water trap. $roundwater is assumed to flow linearly to the downstream of
water trap. (he research area is limited in M/ay plains which /ecome the location of case study
"gus Maryono, '99&, in his /oo4 on how to handle flood, drought and environment mentions four
main methods of handling flood. (he four methods are,
1. Massive reforestation in river /asins /oth in the forest area and in the settlement, in rural as well
as in ur/an areas. (his reforestation cannot /e delayed /ecause deforestation has /een rampant
nationwide and has gone /eyond tolera/le limit. (he e<hortation of many parties to initiate
reforestation and to stop cutting trees should /ecome a national program. *therwise the
disasters of drought in dry season and flood in rainy season will /e worsening. (he cause of
these disasters is /asically the same, that is the devastation of river /asins> ecology.
'. Strengthening the rivers> retention of flood. (his means that the flood is spread out along the river
from the upstream to the downstream. "s such instead of allowing a huge flood to ta4e place in a
particular spot, we create a condition that allows smaller and shorter floods to ta4e place along
the river /asin. :eside wea4ening the flood, moderate overflow would /enefit the river>s ecology
and is needed to conserve water upstream and along the river. (he conse0uence of increasing
the river>s retention capacity is to refrain from /uilding di4es, ma4ing connecting passages
/etween canals, and corro/orating the river/an4s, /ecause these methods will wea4en the
river>s capacity to resist flood along the gully. Moreover these will cause a huge flood to ta4e
place in a particular place especially in the downstream where the water flow is faster. (herefore
the method of ma4ing water par4ing lots along the river/an4s is recommended. (he greater the
num/er of water par4ing lots the smaller the chance of flood occurrence will /e.
C. )ncreasing the num/er of retention ponds in all places, in the plantation, in the farming area, in
the office area /oth in ur/an and in rural areas. (his retention pond that /ecomes a conservation
pond should /e sociali;ed to all social strata and to government /ecause this method can
prevent flood in the upstream significantly. Conservation pond can /e made with a simple method
/y digging holes in the lowland. (his can /e affected through a policy of o/liging any new house
to ma4e a conservation pond in the /ac4yard of the house, so that the rainwater from a
settlement does not flow directly to the river, /ut is stored into the conservation pond and
a/sor/ed into the soil as groundwater conservation. (his method /ecomes a total correction
against the old method of areal corro/oration in order to 0uic4ly channel the water into the river
?. (he /uilding of socio+hydraulic character or water culture. Socio+hydraulic character /uilding is
an approach to solve the pro/lems of water, environment, and flood /y enforcing a social
awareness of water in society. )f the social /ehavior is already correct towards water and its
ecological components, then the solution of flood and environmental pro/lems will /e easier. "s
such counseling, dialogs and education is necessitated.
*+2+ Concept and Strategy of .co3Drainage
Contrary to the concept of conventional drainage where the /asic idea is the physical strengthening
of an area, Eco+drainage is an integrated concept of sustaina/le development. :ased on this
principle, development of drainages is not only meant to channel the rainwater, /ut to contri/ute
positively to social, economic and environmental aspects. (he /enefits of Eco+drainage other than
flood prevention are that,
a. )t increases the 0uality of standard water
/. )t /ecomes recharge for groundwater
c. )t develops recreation spots
d. )t supports economic activity, and
e. )t evaluates the implementation of spatial planning.
(he conventional drainage is /asically in the form of conveyance. )n conventional drainage 1Figure C2
the whole rainwater that falls on a particular place must /e channeled into the river as soon as
possi/le, and further to the sea. (his will result in the fact that groundwater deposit decreases in such
a way that it will cause drought disaster in the future.
Figure 1+
The concept of con#entional drainage
(Agus Maryono, *004$
*n the contrary the concept of Eco+drainage is how to manage the surplus water /y not immediately
channel it to the sea /ut to percolate it to the soil as a recharge for groundwater. (his can /e done in
various methods 1"gus Maryono, '99&2,
1. Conservation pond method. 1Figure ?2 What is done is ma4ing water ponds in ur/an area, in the
settlement area, in farms and in plantation. Conservation pond is made to store rainwater /efore
percolating it into the soil while the rest is channeled slowly into the river. Conservation pond is
made /y utili;ing topographically low areas, e< sand mining location, and other a/andoned
e<cavations or /y digging a specified area. Conservation pond is also advantageous for
recreation area.
Figure 2
"ain/ater Conser#ation Pond .co3
Drainage
(Agus Maryono, *004$
'. "/sorption well method. (his method is done /y digging wells to store rainwater that falls from
the roof or from any heights 1Figure &2. (his a/sorption well can also /e developed in sport and
tourism ;ones. Construction and depth of the well is adBusted to the local soil condition. )t should
/e noted that the a/sorption well is specifically meant for rainwater so that the people around the
area should /e notified not to put gar/age into it.
Figure 4
"ain/ater conser#ation /ith Absorption Well
(5PPT, '666$
C. 3iver side polder method. (his is a method of retaining flowing water and managing the DrainE
water surplus
Figure 7
"i#er Side3Polder in the upstrea( and central
areas (Agus Maryono, *004$
)n the management of an integrated and environment+conscious drainage 1eco+drain2 we develop
strategies how to implement and develop it. (he strategies are as follows,
'+ Fro( the source strategy
(his strategy concentrates on the source that /ears drainage pro/lems and how to prevent them.
(he application of this strategy on a ;onal scale is nothing /ut an approach of rain management that
minimi;es the si;e of impermea/le area through a drainage which is made in resem/lance of its
natural condition. (his will /e more economic and more esthetical and technically /etter. (his
concept is /ased on the following principles.
a2 That e#ery 8one is part and parcel of a ri#er basin.
3elated to eco+drain, the handling of drainage pro/lems would /e most effective if it is made on a
;onal scale which is part and parcel of a river /asin. "ctivities in ;one management are part of a
preventive approach.
/2 5eginning fro( the source.
When the rain falls on an area, gravitationally and in accordance with the land physics the water
percolates into the soil. When the soil is covered with impermea/le material such as roof,
concrete, or asphalt the rainwater will find its way to lower areas where together with other
waters they ma4e runoff. )f the runoffs are collected in a pipe or a long canal /efore treatment, it
is 0uite possi/le that along the waterway the water 0uality will decrease. (he strategy of Fend of
pipeG such as the construction of /ig retention ponds will /e more comple< and costly compared
to the >from the source> strategy. (he strategy with a small storage and simple treatment, which is
located on a place where all runoffs meet is to /e repeated consistently for the whole proBect.
(his will preserve the water 0uality with a low cost. )f the runoffs are retained or percolated into
the source area, then
('$ )t will /e less e<pensive and simple in management, compared to the possi/ility that the
water is canali;ed to certain location for treatment.
(*$ Maintenance cost will increase if the runoff is canali;ed to the spillway for treatment.
(1$ (reatment cost will /e very high and necessitates an intensive maintenance, if the runoff
is canali;ed directly to the spillway for treatment.
(2$ )t will /e more economic if water treatment is located in the source of runoff.
c2 ,ight rain is /orth paying attention to+ (he volume of rain with low intensity is increasing. (he
fre0uency of light rain increases every other year ma4ing its 0uantity is 0uite /ig in the total
runoffs. )n the upstream area as well in coastal and /ay areas light rain may reach %9 percent of
the total annual rainfall. :y targeting on the management of light rain, the rainfall can /e
managed to improve the water 0uality through a relatively small water management system. (he
management of light rain 1that turns out to /e highly fre0uent2 will contri/ute positively to
recovery of polluted water. )n the past rainwater management was focused e<clusively on flood
control and heavy rain control. )n the planning, the o/Bective is protection against flood while
ignoring the importance of light rain and its impact. With a new awareness of how important the
handling of light rain is for the protection of water 0uality, a planner will ta4e into account the
importance of light rain /ecause its fre0uency and its cumulative impact are e0ual to heavy rain
that does not often ta4e place.
d2 Si(ple but effecti#e+ Since in many rainwater management 1drainage2 people would focus
more on comple< pro/lems, small pro/lems with simple solution are often ignored and
considered as less effective. Up to now simple solution can only /e effective if it is done through
an engineering analysis 1hydraulic2 which is more accurate than a comple< approach. (he
difference is that a simple system that generally employs simple material technology and natural
material which is united with a ;onal landscape is /etter than mechanical or other human+made
process in rainwater management.
e2 Integrated approach+ 3ain management system 1drainage2 can /e one of the organi;ational
elements in spatial planning and design. "/sorption area, drainage swales, and retention areas
can /e integrated into one planning location where planners would develop regional aesthetics
/y, for e<ample, preparing a resource for recreation activities. For e<ample, if in a landscape
there are natural ditches, they can /e used as temporary detention ponds. #atural ditches can /e
planted with various river vegetations. Small roads can /e constructed on the sides of the ditches
ma4ing a contrast with the green /elt. Sandy area can /e made a playground for children in dry
season /ut it remains a conservation pond during rainy season.
*+ Priority3based actions
)n handling an area, priority is given to the place vulnera/le to water pollution, water gar/age, flood
and inundation. :eside the area, a rapid change is ta4ing place in land+use /ecause of high
population growth and fast physical constructions. )n this area the pro/lems /eing faced are water
pollution, river gar/age, uncontrolla/le flood, and other ecological pro/lems. )n handling these
pro/lems, priority should /e /ased on scoring tools.
1+ Disaster (anage(ent approach
(he condition of flood and water pollution due to gar/age and ur/an li0uid waste that flow into
drainage can /e categori;ed as a disaster as regulated in the Haw #um/er 8 of the year '99? on
Water 3esources. "s such the strategy used in handling this pro/lem is a holistic and integrated
strategy of disaster management.
"n integrated and environment+conscious drainage management 1eco+drain2 is carried out through
stages, from prevention of water pollution and the piling up of gar/age, the handling of them
1responseIintervention2, and the recovery after the occurrences. (he stages go through a cycle of
disaster management activities. )n an emergency of water pollution, sedimentation and the piling up
of water gar/age, the handling strategy is from downstream to upstream with the o/Bective of water
recovery.
2+ Solution tryout, cost sa#ing and adapti#e and sustainable (anage(ent+
(he e<ecution of pilot proBect of eco+drain too4 place in the cities of :andung, Sura/aya, and
Denpasar. :andung was the place where the integrated and environment+conscious drainage
management was tried out. )t was e<pected that various pro/lems, o/stacles and successes in the
process of planning, implementation, controlling and monitoring, and evaluation of eco+drain in these
cities can /e a lesson learned for the e<ecution of similar activities in other cities. Further application
of various technologies and pro/lem solution of eco+drain was not only effective /ut also efficient in
terms of time and cost, in a concept of management which is fle<i/le and adaptive to the condition
and characteristics of the pro/lem /eing faced.
3. WAT." T"AP S."I.S AS A IT.-"AT.D APP"%AC)
1+'+ Definition of Water Trap Series
Water trap is a construction to trap water that flows in natural drainage gullies or in dried up /oo4s
with the purpose of inhi/iting the surface runoff. (he water trap is made in a series so that the
purpose of slowing down the surface runoff can /e fulfilled. (he water em/an4ed in the traps is
percolated into the soil as recharge for groundwater deposit. (he water that overflows around the
trap can /e used to irrigate plants around the trap construction. 1Figure82
Figure 9 )ydraulic S!etch of Water
Trap Series (Susila/ati, *0''$
1+*+ Concept of Water Trap Series
(he development of water trap system is /ased on the idea of natural conservation. (he concept of
this natural conservation are, 112 to prevent runoff from flowing directly downstream and to the sea,
1'2 to trap water /y several chec4 dam series along the natural drainage gullies so that it will slow
down the flow of runoff, 1C2 to give the chance for water to infiltrate to the soil as a ground water
recharge.
(he concept of water trap includes the ideas of, first, the slowing down of surface runoff in natural
gullies or in dried up /roo4s. )t is e<pected that this will overcome the flood that ta4es place in the
rainy season. Mutunga et al. 1'9912 descri/ed it as reclamation of water gullies according to ale4ye
system 1Figure %25 second, infiltrating the water into the soil as recharge for groundwater deposit. )t is
e<pected that this will overcome drought that ta4es place in dry season.
m.a.t
Haut
Haut
Figure : "ecla(ation of -ullies
according to ;ale!ye syste(
(Mutunga et+al, *00'$
2+ DISC&SSI% AD C%C,&SI%
4.1. Discussion
Untu4 studi 4asus M/ay, pende4atan sistem Be/a4an air untu4 mengatasi masalah /anBir dan
4e4eringan secara terpadu dila4u4an /erdasar4an 4onsep Be/a4an air secara /erantai yang
ditempat4an pada alur drainase alam primer, se4under dan tersier. !enempatan leta4 Be/a4an air
/erantai ini ditentu4an dengan mengguna4an model sistem pendu4ung 4eputusan 1Decision Support
System2 J DSS+M/ay Drain yang di4em/ang4an sesuai dengan situasi dan 4ondisi dari daerah studi.
Wilayah studi di/agi dalam ? unit sistem area yang di/eri nama, M/ay iri, M/ay anan, M/ay
(engah dan M/ay Empat. Dengan mensimulasi4an setiap unit sistem area yang mema4ai program
DSS+M/ay Drain, ma4a dapat ditemu4an leta4 Be/a4an+Be/a4an air /erantai 1water trap series2.
=e/a4an air /erantai yang ditemu4an terse/ut dileng4api dengan data luasan daerah tang4apan
huBan 1Catchment "rea2 dimana potensi air huBan yang dapat di4endali4an dengan meresap4annya
4e dalam tanah dapat ditentu4an pula.
Se/agai contoh simulasi diBelas4an dalam $am/ar 7, 19 dan 11 /eri4ut ini. $am/ar 7 menunBu44an
layout leta4 Be/a4an air /erantai dengan catchment areanya pada alur drainase alam primer pada
sistem area M/ay iri. $am/ar 19 menunBu44an layout leta4 Be/a4an air /erantai dengan catchment
areanya pada alur drainase alam se4under M/ay iri, sedang4an $am/ar 11 menunBu44an hal yang
sama pada alur drainase alam tersier M/ay iri.
4.2. Conclusion
Dengan mengem/ang4an sistem Be/a4an air /erantai, ma4a air limpasan permu4aan yang
menye/a/4an /anBir dapat di4endali4an dengan memperlam/atnya. "ir limpasan yang diperlam/at
dengan /angunan Be/a4an air /erantai ini a4an sempat meresap 4e dalam tanah, menBadi im/uhan
air tanah 1groundwater recharge2 sehingga dapat mengatasi 4e4eringan yang terBadi di musim
4emarau 4arena cu4upnya cadangan air tanah. Dengan 4ata lain, sistem Be/a4an air /erantai dapat
mengatasi /anBir dan 4e4eringan yang terBadi, secara terpadu, /er/asis4an 4onservasi sum/er daya
air.
Figure 6 ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Pri(er di Mbay ;iri
Figure '0 ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Se!under di Mbay
;iri
Figure '' ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Tersier di Mbay ;iri
4+ ".F.".C.S
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Kogya4arta
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