POWER ELECTRONICS HARMONIC ANALYSIS BASED ON THE LINEAR

TIME PERIODIC MODELING. APPLICATIONS FOR AC/DC/AC POWER

ELECTRONIC INTERFACE.
Vanya Ignatova*, Pierre Granjon**, Seddik Bacha*
*LEG: Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Grenoble, France
**LIS: Laboratory of Images and Signals, France
SUMMARY
This paper presens an ana!"i#a! $re%&en#"'()*ain *eh)( $)r har*)ni#s *)(e!in+ an( e,a!&ai)n in
p)-er e!e#r)ni# s"se*s. The #)nsi(ere( s"se* is (es#ri.e( ." a se )$ (i$$erenia! e%&ai)ns/ -hi#h are
#)n,ere( in he $re%&en#" ()*ain an( presene( in a *ari0 $)r*. In(ee(/ #&rrens an( ,)!a+es are
(es#ri.e( in er*s )$ F)&rier series an( arran+e( in a ,e#)r $)r*. The passi,e e!e*ens an( he s-i#hin+
$&n#i)ns are hen represene( ." har*)ni# rans$er *ari#es. The res)!&i)n )$ he *ari0 e%&ai)ns !ea(s
) he)rei#a! i*e an( $re%&en#" e0pressi)ns )$ he s"se* ,)!a+es an( #&rrens.
This *eh)( is app!ie( ) a #!)se('!))p hree phase AC/DC/AC PWM #)n,erer. The #)nr)! !))p )$ he
#)n,erer is *)(e!e( ." a((ii)na! e%&ai)ns. The spe#ra )$ he s-i#hin+ $&n#i)ns/ ne#essar" ) .&i!( he
#)rresp)n(in+ har*)ni# rans$er *ari#es/ are #a!#&!ae( hr)&+h a ()&.!e F)&rier series (e#)*p)sii)n.
The *ari0 e%&ai)ns are s)!,e( an( he res&!s are #)*pare( ) h)se ).aine( ." rea! *eas&re*ens an(
Ma!a./Si*&!in1 si*&!ai)ns.
2e" -)r(s3 power system harmonics, power electronic, linear time periodic modeling, PW, control system
4. INTRODUCTION
!he wide spread "se of power electronic de#ices in power networ$s is d"e to their m"ltiple f"nctions:
compensation, protection and interface for generators% &dapting and transforming the electric energy,
they ma$e possible the insertion in the power networ$ of independent generators and renewable
so"rces of energy% 'owe#er, beca"se of their switching components, power electronic con#erters
generate c"rrent and #oltage harmonics which may ca"se meas"rements, stability and control problems%
In order to a#oid this $ind of harmonic dist"rbances, a good $nowledge on the harmonic generation
and propagation is necessary% & better "nderstanding of the harmonic transfer mechanisms co"ld ma$e
the harmonic atten"ation more efficient, optimi(ing filters and impro#ing power electronic control%
)
!he harmonic st"dy can be effect"ated in the time domain or in the fre*"ency domain% In the time
domain, c"rrents and #oltages spectra are obtained by application of Fo"rier transform% !his domain
can not gi#e an analytical harmonic sol"tion for the considered system and the relations between
harmonics can not be e+pressed%
In the fre*"ency domain, se#eral methods for power networ$ harmonic analysis e+ist ,)-% !he simplest
consists to model the networ$ presenting power electronic de#ices by $nown so"rces of harmonic
c"rrents% &nother method presents con#erters by their .orton e*"i#alent%
!hese two methods are the most often "sed in the networ$ harmonic analysis% !hey are simple, b"t not
acc"rate, beca"se they do not ta$e into acco"nt the dynamics of the switching components%
ore precise models designed for the power electronic de#ices e+ist% S"ch a model is the transfer
f"nction model, which lin$s the con#erter state #ariables by matri+ e*"ations% &nother method
proposed in ,/- describes the con#erter by a set of nonlinear e*"ations sol#ed by .ewton0s method%
!hese models ha#e a good acc"racy, b"t beca"se of their comple+ity they can not be applied to systems
containing m"ltiple con#erters%
For an acc"rate networ$ harmonic analysis, a simple and efficient method ta$ing into acco"nt the
harmonics ind"ced by the switching process is re*"ired%
!he method proposed in this paper "ses the periodicity of the con#erter #ariables in steady state in
order to p"t them in a matri+ form in the fre*"ency domain% Pre#io"s researches in this area ha#e been
already made% In ,1-, the models of power electronic str"ct"res are b"ilt "sing harmonic transfer
matrices and are implemented in atlab2Sim"lin$% !his method is especially "sed for stability analysis
and for that reason data are simplified and high fre*"encies are neglected% In ,3-, a method "sing the
periodicity of the #ariables is presented, b"t it only gi#es a n"merical sol"tion and it is not applied in the
case of switching circ"its and networ$ analysis% 4oth pre#io"s methods do not gi#e analytical
e+pressions of the harmonics%
In this paper the presented method describes the considered system by differential e*"ations, which are
then con#erted in the fre*"ency domain% 4eing periodic signals, c"rrents and #oltages are described in
terms of Fo"rier series and then by #ectors of harmonics% !he passi#e elements and the switching
f"nctions are described by matrices% !he resol"tion of the matri+ e*"ations gi#es time and fre*"ency
e+pressions of #oltages and c"rrents%
!his paper is organi(ed as follows: Section / describes the harmonic transfer #ia the different
components of power electronic systems% !he method for harmonics assessment is described in Section
/
1 and ill"strated with a simple e+ample% In section 3 the method is applied to a closed5loop three phase
PW &62762&6 con#erter% !he obtained res"lts are confirmed by real meas"rements and sim"lation
in Section 8%
5. HARMONIC TRANSFER 6IA PASSI6E AND SWITCHING ELEMENTS
Power electronic systems can be considered as combination of switching and passi#e components% In
this section the harmonic propagation thro"gh these elements is analysed and the necessity of their
matri+ representation is demonstrated%
When b"ilding the harmonic transfer matrices, some ass"mptions are made: the switching and the
passi#e components are s"pposed ideal, the considered system is s"pposed to be in steady state and
periodically time5#ariant%
5.4 Har*)ni# rans$er *ari0 hr)&+h)& s-i#hin+ e!e*ens
For the simple switching process presented in Fig%), the relation between ac and dc c"rrents
9 :t i
ac
and
: 9
dc
i t
is gi#en by:
9 : 9 : 9 : t i t u t i
ac dc

, :)9
where
9 :t i
ac
is s"pposed
i
T
5periodic :periodic with period of
i
T
seconds9 and the switching
f"nction
9 :t u
is
u
T
5periodic with
u i
NT T
% In the following, N is an integer so that
9 :t u
can be
also considered as
i
T
5periodic%
Fig"re ): a simple switching process
!herefore, the pre#io"s signals can be decomposed in Fo"rier series as a f"nction of the same
f"ndamental fre*"ency
i
T
)
and E*% :)9 finally becomes:
1
t jk
k n
n k n ac
m n
t m n j
m n ac
m
t jm
m
n
t jn
n ac dc
i i i i
e u i e u i e u e i t i

,
_

> < > < > < > <

,
_

> <

,
_

> <
9 :
9 :
, :/9
where
i
i
T

, and
)
: 9
i
i
jk t
k
i T
x x t e dt
T

< >
is the k
th
harmonic component of the
i
T
5periodic
signal
9 :t x
%
E*% :/9 shows that
9 :t i
dc
can be #iewed as a
i
T
periodic signal with the following Fo"rier
coefficients:

> < > < > <

n
n ac n k k dc
i u i %
:19
4y "sing this relation, E*% :/9 can also be written in a matri+ form as follows:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> < > < > <

> < > < > <
> < > < > <

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
+

%
%
%
%
% % %
% % % %
% %
% %
% %
% % % %
% % %
%
%
%
%
)
)
; ) /
) ; )
/ ) ;
)
)
k ac
k ac
k ac
k dc
k dc
k dc
i
i
i
u u u
u u u
u u u
i
i
i
,
:39
or with a shorter notation:
[ ][ ]
ac dc
I U I - , %
:89
3
!he matri+ ,U- is called the <harmonic transfer matri+= of the considered switching elements% It only
depends on the Fo"rier coefficients of the switching f"nction u:t9, and follows a !oeplit( str"ct"re,
which means that its elements sit"ated on the same diagonal are e*"al%
5.5 Har*)ni# rans$er *ari0 $)r passi,e e!e*ens
For passi#e elements, for e+ample a capacitor, the relation between c"rrent and #oltage harmonics is
gi#en by the form"lae:
k
k
k
k
v C jk
dt
v d
C
dt
dv
C i
dt
dv
C i > < +
> <
> <
%
:>9
&s the system is considered in its steady state, the harmonics do not #ary with time, which implies the
following simplification:
k k
k
k
v C jk i
dt
v d
const v > < > <
> <
> < ;
,
:?9
and the relation between the #oltage and c"rrent harmonics can be e+pressed in the following matri+
form:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
+

%
%
%
%
% ; ; ; ; ; ;
; % ; ; ; ; ;
; ; 9 ) : ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; 9 ) : ; ;
; ; ; ; ; % % ;
; ; ; ; ; ; %
%
%
%
%
)
)
)
)
k
k
k
k
k
k
v
v
v
C k j
C jk
C k j
i
i
i

%
:@9
&nalogically, harmonic transfer matrices thro"gh an ind"ctor and a resistor can be e+pressed by matri+
E*% :A9 and :);9 respecti#ely%
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
+

%
%
%
%
% ; ; ; ; ; ;
; % ; ; ; ; ;
; ; 9 ) : ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; 9 ) : ; ;
; ; ; ; ; % % ;
; ; ; ; ; ; %
%
%
%
%
)
)
)
)
k
k
k
k
k
k
i
i
i
L k j
L jk
L k j
v
v
v

%
:A9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

> <
> <
> <
+

%
%
%
%
% ; ; ; ; ; ;
; % ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; % % ;
; ; ; ; ; ; %
%
%
%
%
)
)
)
)
k
k
k
k
k
k
i
i
i
R
R
R
v
v
v
%
:);9
!his shows that transfer matrices of passi#e elements ha#e a diagonal str"ct"re%
!he matri+ form "sed here to represent the transfer f"nction of passi#e components has to be "sed in
order to describe the whole considered system beca"se of the presence of switching components%
7. METHOD FOR HARMONICS E6ALUATION
In this section, the method for harmonics e#al"ation is presented in details and applied to a simple
con#erter str"ct"re in order to ill"strate its properties%
7.4 A!+)rih*
!he method is composed of the following steps ,8,>-:
5 !he considered con#erter str"ct"re is described by differential e*"ations% !he e*"ations n"mber
depends on the n"mber of ind"ctances and capacitors in the system%
5 !he differential e*"ations are con#erted in the fre*"ency domain and represented in a matri+ form%
6"rrents and #oltages are represented by #ectors of harmonics, passi#e elements become matrices
with diagonal str"ct"re, and the switching f"nctions become matrices with !oeplit( str"ct"re%
5 !he matri+ e*"ations are sol#ed in the fre*"ency domain, and the fre*"ency e+pression of the
c"rrents and #oltages is obtained% !heir time e+pression can also be ded"ced by Fo"rier series%
>
7.5 E0a*p!e
In order to be better ill"strated, the pre#io"s method is applied to the simple con#erter str"ct"re
described in Fig% / and containing both passi#e and switching elements%
Fig"re /: a simple con#erter str"ct"re
!he matri+ e*"ations describing the considered system are:
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]

'

dc ac ac
dc ac
dc dc
V U V I L
I U I
V C I
, where :))9
[ ] C
and
[ ] L
are the capacitor and the ind"ctor diagonal matrices,
[ ] U
is the switching f"nction matri+ with a !oeplit( str"ct"re,
[ ]
dc
V , [ ]
ac
V , [ ]
dc
I et [ ]
ac
I are #ectors containing the harmonics of the corresponding state
#ariables%
& problem which may occ"r in this case is the non in#ersibility of the matrices corresponding to the
ind"ctor and the capacitor when the dc component :harmonic of rang ;9 is ta$en into acco"nt%
Fort"nately, the in#ersion of these matrices can be a#oided by simple mathematical perm"tations% !he
sol"tion of the matri+ e*"ations a#oiding the in#ersion of the capacitor and ind"ctor matrices is in this
case:
?
[ ][ ][ ] [ ] ( ) [ ]
[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]

'

+

dc dc
dc ac
ac dc
V C I
V C U I
V U C U L V
)
- ,
% :)/9
It can be noted that this method directly leads to an analytical sol"tion of the harmonics of the different
electrical *"antities% For this reason, this fre*"ency domain method can be considered as more acc"rate
and rapid than the time domain one, where time wa#eforms of the state #ariables are first obtained, and
then corresponding spectra are ded"ced% &nother ad#antage of this method is that the harmonics
analytical e+pression can be "sed to increase the efficiency in harmonics red"ction and elimination%
8. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO AN AC/DC/AC CON6ERTER
In order to completely ill"strate the pre#io"s method, the model of a closed5loop &62762&6 PW
con#erter is elaborated% !he considered str"ct"re is chosen beca"se of its comple+ity and its wide
spread "se as power interface% !he considered system is composed of two con#erters ha#ing the same
str"ct"re :see Fig% 19, so that the application of the method is presented only for the &6276 con#erter%
!he method can be analogically applied to the whole con#erter str"ct"re by "sing similar e*"ations for
the second con#erter%
Fig"re 1: &62762&6 three phase con#erter "sed as power interface
8.4 M)(e!in+ he AC/DC PWM #)n,erer
!he method is first applied to the &6276 con#erter described in Fig%3, where the 762&6 con#erter of
Fig%1 has been replaced by a resistor%
@
R
1
R
2
R
3
L
3
L
2
L
1
L
c
L
b
L
a
C
R
c
R
a
R
b
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
a
i
b
i
c
V
dc
SYSTEM
1
SYSTEM
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
L
3
L
2
L
1
L
c
L
b
L
a
C
R
c
R
a
R
b
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
a
i
b
i
c
V
dc
SYSTEM
1
SYSTEM
2
Fig"re 3: &6276 con#erter
4y s"pposing switching components, passi#e elements, and networ$ #oltage as ideal, the con#erter can
be described by the set of following differential e*"ations:
( )
( )
( )
( )

'

+ +



R
t V
t i t u t i t u t i t u
dt
t dV
C
t V
t u t u t u t i R t V
dt
t di
L
t V
t u t u t u t i R t V
dt
t di
L
t V
t u t u t u t i R t V
dt
t di
L
dc dc
dc
dc
dc
9 :
9 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 9 :
/
) 9 :
>
9 :
9 : 9 : 9 : / 9 : 9 :
9 :
>
9 :
9 : 9 : 9 : / 9 : 9 :
9 :
>
9 :
9 : 9 : 9 : / 9 : 9 :
9 :
1 1 / / ) )
/ ) 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 ) / / / /
/
/
1 / ) ) ) )
)
)
,
:)19
where
9 :t u
i
is the switching f"nction of the
th
i con#erter leg:

'

)
)
9 :t u
i
% :)39
In steady state, these e*"ations can be con#erted in the fre*"ency5domain and presented in the
following matri+ form:
A
R
1
R
2
R
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
E
2
E
3
E
1
C R
V
dc
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
dc
R
1
R
2
R
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
E
2
E
3
E
1
C R
V
dc
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
dc
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )[ ]
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )[ ]
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )[ ]
[ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ] ( ) [ ] [ ]

'

+ +

dc dc
dc
dc
dc
V R I U I U I U V C
V U U U I R V I L
V U U U I R V I L
V U U U I R V I L
)
1 1 / / ) )
/ ) 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ) / / / / / /
1 / ) ) ) ) ) )
/
)
/
>
)
/
>
)
/
>
)
%
:)89
!he state #ariables are represented by a set of #ectors of harmonics, and the system parameters by
matrices as described in the pre#io"s section:
[ ] 1 , / , ) % % % % % % - ,
/ ) ; ) /


k I I I I I I
T
k k k k k k
[ ]
T
dc dc dc dc dc dc
V V V V V V % % % % % % - ,
/ ) ; ) /

9 : - ,
9 : - ,
1 , / , ) 9 : - ,
1 , / , ) 9 : - ,
R diag R
HC j diag C
k HR j diag R
k HL j diag L
k k
k k

,
:)>9
where
- ,H
is a #ector containing the ran$s of the harmonics:
[ ] % % % / ) ; ) / % % % - , H
%
:)?9
atrices
- ,
)
U
,
- ,
/
U
and
- ,
1
U
contain the Fo"rier coefficients of the different switching f"nctions:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] % % % % % % - ,
% % % % % % - ,
% % % % % % - ,
/
1
)
1
;
1
)
1
/
1 1
/
/
)
/
;
/
)
/
/
/ /
/
)
)
)
;
)
)
)
/
) )
u u u u u toeplitz U
u u u u u toeplitz U
u u u u u toeplitz U

,
:)@9
!hese Fo"rier coefficients are obtained by "sing Fo"rier series decomposition in the case of periodic
switching f"nction :for e+ample f"ll5wa#e con#erters9% In the case of PW con#erters, the switching
f"nction is not e+actly periodic, b"t it can be represented as a two5dimensional f"nction of the career
and the reference wa#eforms, which are periodic% !herefore, the Fo"rier coefficients can be obtained
);
thro"gh a do"ble Fo"rier series decomposition% For e+ample, the switching f"nction of a nat"rally
sampled PW is gi#en by ,?-:
[ ] [ ]

'

,
_

1
]
1

+ + +
,
_

,
_

+ + + +

1
/
9 ) : cos
/ /
sin
) 3
9
1
/
9 ) : cos: 9 :
)

i t n t m M m J n m
m
i t M t u
c c n
m n
i
, :)A9
where
M is the magnit"de of the mod"lating signal,
and
c c

are the carrier p"lsation and phase,
and are the f"ndamental p"lsation and phase,
( )
n
J
is the 4essel f"nction of order n%
4y s"pposing that the career fre*"ency
c

is an integer m"ltiple of the f"ndamental fre*"ency

, the
Fo"rier coefficients of : 9
i
u t can be easily determined from E*% :)A9%
8.5 C)nr)! *)(e!in+
In open loop, the magnit"de M and phase of the mod"lating signal "sed for the calc"lation of the
Fo"rier coefficients of the switching f"nction are $nown and constant% In closed loop these two
parameters are "sed to control the magnit"des of the con#erter state #ariables, "s"ally the ac c"rrent%
For that reason they are not fi+ed, b"t depend on the real and the desired :reference9 #al"es of the
controlled state #ariables%
In this section the impact of the control system is ta$en into acco"nt by calc"lating the phase and
magnit"de of the mod"lating signal% In the proposed algorithm, the con#erter E*% :)19 are first sol#ed
for the f"ndamental fre*"ency, and the f"ndamental of the switching f"nction is fo"nd by replacing the
con#erter state #ariables by their reference #al"es% !he mod"lating signal parameters are fo"nd "sing
the fact that the mod"lating signal is the f"ndamental of the switching f"nction% 4y $nowing M and
the real switching f"nction can be calc"lated and the method for harmonics estimation presented in
Section 1 can be applied% !he described algorithm is gi#en in details in this section%
!he con#erter state #ariables and switching f"nctions are s"pposed symmetrical, only the f"ndamental
component is ta$en into acco"nt:
))

'

1
/
1
1
/
/
)

j
j
ie i
ie i
i i

'

1
/
1
1
/
/
)

j
j
Ve V
Ve V
V V

'

1
/
1
1
/
/
)

j
j
ue u
ue u
u u
:/;9
!he passi#e elements in the three phase are considered as e*"al:
k
k
R R R R
L L L L

'

1 / )
1 / )
:/)9
4y "sing :/;9 and :/)9, only one phase of the con#erter can be considered% !hen, E*% :)19 become:

'

R
V
ui
dt
dV
C
i R
V
u V
dt
di
L
dc dc
k
dc
k
/
1
>
://9
!he con#erter #ariables and switching f"nction are transformed in the d*; frame in order to ma$e them
appear as constant:

'

+
+
+
d
d
d
ju u u
jV V V
ji i i
:/19
E*"ations ://9 transformed in the d*; frame become:
)/
( )

'

+

+
R
V
i u i u
dt
dV
C
V u i R i L
dt
di
L
V u V i R i L
dt
di
L
dc
d d
dc
dc k d k

k
dc d d k k
d
/
1
/
)
/
)

:/39
!he magnit"des of the state #ariables are constant in the d*; frame, so that their deri#ati#es are e*"al
to (ero:
;
dt
di
d
;
dt
di

;
dt
dV
dc
:/89
4y s"pposing the ac c"rrent e*"al to its reference #al"e :the PI controllers are ideal9, the d and

components of the switching f"nctions can be fo"nd%

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

'

+
!e" k d!e" k
dc

d!e" k !e" k
dc
d
!e" k d!e" k !e" d!e" k !e" k d!e" dc
i R i L
V
u
V i R i L
V
u
i R i L i V i R i L i R V

/
/
/
1
%
:/>9
From the obtained #al"es of
d
u
and
u
, the f"ndamental magnit"de and phase of the switching
f"nction are then calc"lated:

'

,
_

+
d

d
u
u
u u M
arctan
;
/ /

:/?9
)1
8.7 App!i#ai)n )$ he *eh)( ) he -h)!e #)n,erer sr&#&re
!he resistor of Fig%3 is replaced by 762&6 con#erter% Similar e*"ations are "sed to describe the whole
system% !he con#erter str"ct"re is connected to the grid and a resistor is "sed as load% !he PW
fre*"ency is /$'(% !he obtained res"lts are compared with those obtained by meas"rements and
sim"lation, and are presented in the following section%
9. SIMULATION AND PRACTICAL RESULTS
!he res"lts obtained from the theoretical method, the atlab2Sim"lin$ sim"lation, and the e+perimental
bench are compared in this section%
9.4 The)rei#a! *eh)(
!he matri+ e*"ations describing the con#erter and its control system are implemented% !he switching
f"nctions and the $nown state #ariables as the inp"t #oltage are decomposed in Fo"rier series and the
corresponding harmonic transfer matrices and #ectors are b"ilt% !he resol"tion of the matri+ system
e*"ations leads to the fre*"ency e+pression of the con#erter state #ariables, and the corresponding time
wa#eforms can be e#ent"ally determined by in#erse Fo"rier transform% !he calc"lation time depends on
the n"mber of harmonics considered in the different signals%
9.5 Ma!a./Si*&!in1 si*&!ai)n
& model of the con#erter based on its differential e*"ations is implemented "nder atlab2Sim"lin$% !he
obtained res"lts are in the time domain and a Fo"rier transformation is "sed to obtain the c"rrents and
#oltages spectra%
9.7 E0peri*ena! .en#h
!he e+perimental bench is presented in Fig% 8 and its str"ct"re in Fig% >% !he networ$ #oltage is
adapted thro"gh a"totransformers%
)3
Fig"re 8: E+perimental bench Fig"re >: E+perimental bench description
9.8 Res&!s
!heoretical res"lts are compared to those obtained by meas"rements and atlab2Sim"lin$ sim"lations%
In Fig% ?, the spectr"m of the ac c"rrent from the networ$ side is shown between )8;; and >8;; '(
:aro"nd PW harmonics9% In the three cases, the harmonics are sit"ated at the same fre*"encies and
ha#e almost the same magnit"des% !he small differences are d"e to the ass"mptions "sed in o"r method,
the sim"lation errors, and the dist"rbances in the real system :non5ideal components, noises, etc%9% !he
res"lts obtained for the dc #oltage and the ac c"rrent from the load side are *"ite similar%
Fig"re ?: &6 c"rrent spectr"m from the networ$ sideB theoretical, sim"lation, and e+perimental res"lts
:. CONCLUSION
& new analytical fre*"ency5domain method for harmonics modeling and e#al"ation in power electronic systems
has been presented in this paper% !he considered system is described by a set of differential e*"ations, which are
)8
con#erted in the fre*"ency domain and presented in a matri+ form% !he resol"tion of these matri+ e*"ations leads
to theoretical e+pressions of the different #oltages and c"rrents% It can be noted that this method is designed for
power systems with periodically switching components, and leads to an analytical e+pression of the
different electrical *"antities, which is one of its main ad#antages% Indeed, this allows to determine the
infl"ence of the system parameters :control strategy, passi#e elements, etc%9 on the harmonic contents
of the con#erter state #ariables% It can be s"ccessf"lly applied for power *"ality assesment, harmonic
filters optimisation and con#erter control design%
;. LIST OF SYMBOLS
ac
i
,
ac
I
&lternati#e c"rrent
dc
i
,
ac
I
7irect c"rrent
L Ind"ctance
M agnit"de of the mod"lating signal
R Cesistor
C 6apacitor
u
, U Switching f"nction of one leg
v
Doltage
ac
V
&lternati#e #oltage
dc
V
7irect #oltage

F"ndamental p"lsation
c

6arrier p"lsation
F"ndamental phase
c

6arrier phase
<. REFERENCES
,)- !as$ Force on 'armonics odeling and Sim"lation, IEEE PES 'armonic Wor$ing Gro"p: <6haracteristics
and modeling of harmonic so"rces5 power electronic de#ices=, IEEE !ransactions on Power 7eli#ery% #ol%)>,
no%3, Ect% /;;)B p%?A)5@;;
,/- 4ath"rst5G, Smith54, Watson5., &rrillaga5F: <odelling of 'D76 transmission systems in the 'armonic
7omain=, IEEE !ransactions on Power 7eli#ery, Dol%)3, .o%1, F"ly )AAA
)>
,1- ollerstedt5E%, 4ernhardsson54%: <& harmonic transfer f"nction model for a diode con#erter train=, /;;;5
IEEE5Power5Engineering5Society5Winter5eeting%56onference5Proceedings56at%5.o%;;6'1?;??% /;;;: A8?5>/
#ol%/
,3- Danassche5P%, Gielen5G%, Sansen5W%: <Symbolic modeling of periodically time5 #arying systems "sing
harmonic transfer matrices= IEEE !ransactions on comp"ter5aided design of integrated circ"its and systems,
Dol%/), .o%A, September /;;/
,8- Ignato#a5D, 4acha5S, GranGon5P, CetiHre5.: <Linear time periodic modeling of power electronic de#ices for
power system harmonic analysis and sim"lation= S&&EI5EPF /;;3
,>- Ignato#a5D, 4acha5S, GranGon5P: <&n analytical method for power *"ality assessment applied to grid
connected power electronic con#erters= 6ICE7 /;;8
,?- 'olmes57%, cGrath5P%: <Epport"nities for harmonic cancellation with carrier5based PW for two5le#el and
m"ltile#el cascaded in#erters= IEEE !ransactions on ind"stry applications, Dol%1?, .o%/, arch2&#ril /;;)
=. BIOGRAPHIES
6an"a I+na),a :#anya%ignato#aIleg%ensieg%inpg%fr9 was born in Sofia, 4"lgaria in
)A?A% She recei#ed her master degree in Electrical Engineering from the !echnical
Jni#ersity in Sofia in /;;/% 6"rrently, she is a Ph%7% st"dent in the Laboratory of
Electrical Engineering of Grenoble, France% 'er main research interests incl"de
power *"ality, #oltage sags and power system harmonics%
Pierre Gran>)n :pierre%granGonIlis%inpg%fr9 was born in France in )A?)% 'e recei#ed
the %S% in electrical engineering from the Jni#ersity 6enter of Science and
!echnology, 6lermont5Ferrand, France, in )AA3 and the Ph%7% degree from the
.ational Polytechnic Instit"te of Grenoble :I.PG9, France in /;;;% 'e Goined the
Laboratory of Images and Signals :LIS9 at I.PG in /;;), where he holds a position
as assistant professor% 'is general interests co#er signal processing theory s"ch as nonlinear signals and
filters :higher order statistics, Dolterra filters9, non stationary signals and filters :cyclostationarity,
LP!D filters9 and acti#e control% 'is c"rrent research is mainly foc"sed on signal processing
applications in electrical engineering s"ch as fa"lt diagnosis in electrical machines and power networ$s%
Se((i1 Ba#ha :seddi$%bachaIleg%ensieg%inpg%fr9 recei#ed his Engineer and aster
from .ational Polytechnic Instit"te of &lgiers respecti#ely in )A@/ and )AA;% 'e
Goined the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Grenoble :LEG9 and recei#ed his
)?
Ph7 and '7C respecti#ely in )AA1 and )AA@% 'e is presently manager of Power System Gro"p of
LEG and Professor at the Jni#ersity Foseph Fo"rier of Grenoble% 'is main fields of interest are power
electronic systems, modeling and control, power *"ality, renewable energy integration%
)@