Fundamentals of Image

Processing
Subject code: 181102
Dr. C.H. Vithalani,
Government Engineering College,
Rajkot.
1. Digital Image Fundamentals
2. Image enhancement in spatial domain
3. Filtering in frequency domain
4. Image restoration and reconstruction
5. Color Image Processing
6. Image Compression
7. Image Segmentation
8. Morphological Image Processing
Laboratory work:
MATLAB or SCILAB (Image and video processing toolbox
and some stand alone programs in C )
Syllabus Overview
1. Digital Image Processing, Rafael C. Gonzalez and
Richard E. Woods, Third Edition, Pearson Education
2. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, Rafael C.
Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, and Steven L. Eddins,
Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publication
3. Digital Image Processing, S Jayaraman, S
Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication
4. Digital Image Processing, S Sridhar, Oxford
University Press.
Books
Topic 1
Digital I mage Fundamentals
1.1 Introduction of Image Processing
1.2 Human Visual System
1.3 Image as 2D data
1.4 Image representation: Grey scale and Color
1.5 Image Sampling and Quantization
Discussion points
I ntroduction to I mage
Processing
Image may be defined as a two dimensional
function f(x,y) where x, y spatial coordinates
Amplitude f at any point (x,y) is called intensity or
gray level at that point
For 256 level (8 bit) image, black pixel has
intensity 0 i.e. f=0 and white pixel has intensity
maximum i.e. f=255
Intermediate gray level pixel has value between 1
to 254
24 bit color image pixel has three color (RGB)
each 8 bit
Sampling and Quantization
Digitizing co-ordinate
value is called
sampling
Digitizing amplitude
value is called
quantization
Sampling and Quantization
Quality of image
depends on
How many samples
we are taking
&
How many amplitude
levels we are using
Sampling and quantization process gives matrix of numbers
I mage as 2-D data
Number of bits required to store image = M N k
k= Number of bits/pixel
If number of amplitude levels are L L=2
k
k=log2(L)
General Image Processing System
Image
Sensor
Digitizer Computer Display
Printer/
Plotter
Memory
Image Processing Scheme
Image
Sensing
Digitization
Image
Enhancement
Image
Restoration
Image
Segmentation
Image
Compression
Memory
(Storage)
Feature
Extraction
I ntroduction to I mage
Processing
Purpose of digital image processing:
Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretations
Processing of image data for analysis
purpose
Compression of image data for storage and
transmission
Representation of image for autonomous
machine perception.
Machine Vision Applications
For machine vision information is extracted
from image:
Product assembly and inspection
Automated target detection and tracking
Finger print recognition
Iris recognition
Processing of aerial and satellite images for
whether prediction, corps assessment etc .
Steps of Image Processing for machine
vision applications
Image acquisition:
Imaging sensor and digitization
Image Preprocessing
Enhance quality and noise removal
Image Segmentation
Partition image into different objects
Feature selection (extraction)
Area of interest for analysis
Recognition and interpretation
Assignment of labels to objects
What we do while we view a scene ?
- Rapid movement of eye between points of fixation
- Sampling scene with high resolution fovea
- Stitch together high resolution representation of
scene
- Initial fixations are predicted by certain image
properties
Video camera does the same thing, It does
horizontal and vertical scanning and it
takes samples and quantize the points
(pixels)
Human Visual System
Human Visual Perception
Purpose of understanding human visual system:
Help to design compression algorithms
Help to develop image enhancement
algorithms
(The Transmission Path)
(Input Sensor)
Human Visual Perception
Lies in the Visible Region (350 to 780 nm) of
the EM Spectrum.
L I
Incident Energy Distribution
Reflectivity /Transmissivity
of Object
Light intensity =
Human Visual Perception
Beautiful sensor given by God to human being ..
Tough Transparent
Tissue
Opaque membrane
Blood Vessels
Varies in diameter
from 2 to 8 mm
Blind Spot
Fibrous cells
60-70% Water
6% Fat, Protein
Video
Retina is innermost membrance of eye. When lens is
properly focused, light from outside object imaged on
retina
The Retina is Covered with 2 types of Photoreceptors
(light sensitive organs):
Rods Rods (75 to 150 millions): Provides brightness sensation
Cones (6 to 7 millions): Provides color sensation
(Broadly three groups: RED, GREEN and BLUE)
(Each group of cones are tuned to small band of
wavelengths)
Human Visual Perception
Human Visual Perception
Human eye is most sensitive to green color
Human Visual Perception
Absence of rods and
cones in certain area
of retina results into
blind spot
Cones
(In Fovea)
Rods
Video about
human
visual
perception
Absence of cones
means color
blindness
We do not notice or process majority of
Visual stimuli.
That is good otherwise unnecessary data will be
accumulate in our brain.
Our eye do not provide high resolution and high
color information across the entire field of view
Center two degrees of visual angle (fovea)
provide high resolution, full color information
using cones located around fovea
Around fovea, rods are distributed having low
resolution and Grey scale information
Human Visual System Limitations
Simultaneous Contrast Simultaneous Contrast
Hermann Grid Hermann Grid
(Visual effect due to lateral inhibition) (Visual effect due to lateral inhibition)
Mach Bands Effect Mach Bands Effect
Spatial Frequency .. Spatial Frequency ..
What will be storage requirement of monochrome image for
image size 512x512 pixel ?
What will be storage requirement for 256 gray-level image
for size 1024x768 ?
What will be storage requirement for the true color image of
size 1440x900 pixel ?
Exercise
Thank you