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  • Power System Analysis Ch6-Soln

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    An 18-km 60-Hz single circuit three-phase line is composed of Partridge conductors equilaterally spaced with 1. M between centers. The line delivers 2500 kw at 11 kV to a balanced load. Determine the sending-end voltage when the power factor is (i) 80% lagging (ii) unity (iii) 90% leading.

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    An 18-km 60-Hz single circuit three-phase line is composed of Partridge conductors equilaterally spaced with 1. M between centers. The line delivers 2500 kw at 11 kV to a balanced load. Determine the sending-end voltage when the power factor is (i) 80% lagging (ii) unity (iii) 90% leading.

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    7K vues23 pages

    Power System Analysis Ch6-Soln

    Transféré par

    elessair
    An 18-km 60-Hz single circuit three-phase line is composed of Partridge conductors equilaterally spaced with 1. M between centers. The line delivers 2500 kw at 11 kV to a balanced load. Determine the sending-end voltage when the power factor is (i) 80% lagging (ii) unity (iii) 90% leading.

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    62 In original positions in the transposition cycle, distance ad = Vidi +35? = 14.49 ft distance o-b = Vid?+285? = 31.75 fh distance a-a’ = V25?428? = 37.54 ft Di = Di = 8/1449? x 31.75? Dec = VIX = 26.46 f Dy = VRORR BA = BK D, = [(VOOTIR IS’ VOOTEKH]* = 11528 BD _ 5603x1077 H/m 21.04 fe L = 2x107In 1.152 = 5.963 x 10-7 x 10° x 1609 = 0.959 mH/mi Xp = 377 x 0.959 x 10" = 0,362 9/mi/phase (8) r = EM = 0.0462 fe as in part (a) above, except that r is substituted for D,. Dac = | (VOREIX TTS) wy youre] = 1282 From part (a) above, Deg = 22.71 ft and Xe = 2.965 x 10~'In 2221 — g5,295 0. mi/phase to neutral 1282 138, 000/V3 225 0.935 A/mi/phase = 0.467 A/mi/conductor Chapter 6 Problem Solutions 6.1 An 18-km 60-Hz single circuit three-phase line is composed of Partridge conduc- tors equilaterally spaced with 1.6 m between centers, The line delivers 2500 kW at 11 KV to a balanced load. Assume a wire temperature of 50°C. (a) Determine the per-phase series impedance of the line. (6) What must be the sending-end voltage when the power factor is (i) 80% lagging (ii) unity (4) 90% leading? (c) Determine the percent regulation of the line at the above power factors. (4) Draw phasor diagrams depicting the operation of the line in each case. Solution: 18 5792 x. 0.3792 x 5 0.465 2/mi R From Table A.3, X. = 42020 " and since 1.6 m (1.6 x 100)/(2.54 x 12) 63 25 ft, Xe = 0.2012 (Table A4, 5-3") X = 0.465+0.2012 = 0.666 0/mi For 18km,X = 18x 75> = 7.4519 Z = 4.2424 j7451 = 8.572 60.95° 0 (®) For power factor = 1.0, 1312 A 6350 + 1381.2 (4.24 + 7.451) 6906 + j977.6 = 697% 28.06" sending-end line voltage = V3Vs = V3 6975 = 12,081 V For power factor = 0.8 lagging, Url = Vs sending-end line voltage = For power factor = 0.9 leading, Url = Vs = sending-end line voltage = (0) Je Regulation at pf.=08 lagging, % Reg at unity pt, % Reg. at p£.=0.9 leading, % Reg (d) For p£=0.8 lagging, 00 Vax il x08 6350 + 1647—36.87° x 8.57260.35" 7639 + 55.60 = 766024.19° V3Vs = V3x 7660 = 13,268 V = 164A 2500 V3x11 x09 6350 + 145.825.84° x 8.57 7 60,35 6433+ j1247 = 6553, 10.97° V3Vs = v3 x 6553 = 11,350 V = M58 A = Th Mal 00% oe = 2063% : = 988% 5 = 320% 64 Var G50" fa Ink = 696 V For unity pf, UX =978V neDIaA VR=O50V WR=SS7V For pf.=0.9 leading, Va = 63500 6.2 A 100-mi, single-circuit, three-phase transmission line delivers 55 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging to the load at 132 kV (line-to-line). The line is composed of Drake conductors with flat horizontal spacing of 11.9 ft between adjacent conductors. Assume a wire temperature of 50°C. Determine (a) the series impedance and the shunt admittance of the line. (b) the ABCD constants of the line. (c)_ the sending-end voltage, current real and reactive powers and the power factor. (4) the percent regulation of the line. Solution: (a) Dg = YTSXWTSXIXTIS = 15 series impedance Z = 100 x (0.1284 + j0.809 + j0:3286) 12.84 + 572.76 88, 80° 2 Y 100, 10-* aeneas z °F (sameness) 2918 x 1090" S shunt admittance Y = 5,83 x 10-', 90° § () 3.83 «10-4 (1+ 73.88 x 5.83 x 10 =e 65 0.9792.0.219° sot) § = 5.768 x 10-* 90.108" S (Check; AD — BC = 1 must be satisfied) @ 85,000 Ip = 200 (08 J0.6) = 1924-j144d A aie oe 7 Current in series arm: 132,000 Teenme = 1924 ~ 71443-4522 x 2.915 x 10-4 M345 = 1924 -j1221 = 207.9/-32.40° Vs ee 4227.9 ,~32.40° x 73.88 80° ig = Sgt 207 9,24" = 87,563-+ j12,434 = 88,441/8.08° V to neutral si V3 x 88,441 = 153.2 kV, lineto-line Ts = 192.4 —j122.4 + 52.915 x 107 x (87,563 + j12, 434) = 188.8 7969 = 212,~27.2° Us| = 212A as = 808° —(-27.2°) = 35.28 Ps = (v3x 153.2 x 212) c0s35.28° kW = 45.92 MW Qs = (v3x 158.2 x 212) sin 35.28" kvar = 92.49 Mvar (sending-end) p.f. = cos35.28° = 0.816 lagging (a) se heg = WaL/AL= Ware! so05 Wael (152.2/0.979) ~ 132 1152.2/0970) = 182 00% = 18.55% ae 100% = 18.55% 6.3 Find the ABCD constants of a 7 circuit having a 600- resistor for the shunt branch at the sending end, a 1-k0 resistor for the shunt branch at the receiving end and an 80-2 resistor for the series branch. 66 Solution: e092 6009 1000 9 Vs = Vat (In+ 22) x 80 = Va+801q +0.08V, s = Var (Int oS = Va+80In in = 108Vp + 80In ipo = 0.001Vp +0.0018Vn + In-+ 0.133% = 0.0028Vp +1.133%R ‘The ABCD constants are A= 108 © B=80 D 0.0028 s 1.133 6.4 The ABCD constants of a three-phase transmission line are A D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.93620.98° B = 33547138 = 142/76.4°0 C = (-5.18+ 7914) x 10-* § The load at the receiving end is 50 MW at 220 kV with a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Find the magnitude of the sending-end voltage and the voltage regulation. Assume the magnitude of the sending-end voltage remains constant. Solution: 50,000 Tho = pe 05.88" = 145.8 7-25.84 A x 200 x 08 220, 000 Ve = = 127,00020° V 8 127,00020° V Vs = 0,936 .0,98° x 127,000, 0° + 1427 76.4° x 145.8 ,—25.84° = 118,855 + j2088-+ 18,1534 415,990 = 193.23277 kV With line-to-tine sending-end voltage |Vs| = V3 x 133.28 = 230.8 kV, 2008 sev Fae = 6.5 kV 246.5 ~ 220 % Reg, = AOS 100 = 120% Wr, wel 6.5 A 70 mi, single-circuit, three-phase line composed of Ostrich conductors is ar- Tanged in flat horizontal spacing with 15 ft between adjacent conductors. The line delivers a load of 60 MW at 230 kV with 0.8 power factor lagging, 68 Qs = 1.086 x 0.742 x sin (2.125° — (~36.54°)) = 0.503 per unit = 100x0.503 = 50.3 Mvar (e) Ly 1 Ee : A = 145 = 145 (0.11662675° x 0.192,90°) = 0.9900.248° % Reg. 6.6 A single-circuit, three-phase transmission line is composed of Parakeet con- ductors with flat horizontal spacing of 19.85 ft between adjacent conductors. Determine the characteristic impedance and the propagation constant of the line at 60 Hz and 50°C temperature. Solution: ‘At 50°C and 60 Hz, from Table A.3, for Parakeet conductors, r= 018329/mi XX, = 0.423 2/mi De = ViORPKIR = 5H At 25 ft, Xelinductive) = 0.3906 9/mi Therefore, 2 = 01882-+ 5(0.428 + 0.9908) 9/mi 0884/7.31° 9/mi 0.0969 x 107° 9 «mi 0.0955 x 10-6 2- mi i 1 Tay ~ Thee +O 0ees = 5.1975 x 10-6 90° ‘S/mi xX Xe(cepacitive) 4 Characteristic impedance: noe THOT © = Vy = Veiorex 10-¢ 2908 = 400.6,26.245° 0 Propagation constant 2 vi = 084% 5.1075 x 10-© 77S SO mi“? = 2.08 x 10-2 min? 6.7 Using Eqs. (6.23) and (6.24) show that, if the receiving-end of a line is ter- minated by its characteristic impedance Z., then the impedance seen at the sending end of the line is also Z, regardless of line length. 69 Solution: If Zp = Ze, then In = Va/Ze, and Ve ~ InZ. Vat Ine From Eq, (6.23) Ve = “BAIRZ: ot Vat laze a From Bq. (624) Ip = “P2782 ¢ where Z isthe length of the line, Finally, 4 Z, = Vs/Is = Ze (which is independent of L) 6.8 A 200-mi transmission line has the following parameters at 60 Hz resistance r = 0.21 /mi per phase series reactance z = 0.78 2/mi per phase shunt susceptance 6 5.42 x 10-® S/mi per phase i i i i (a) Determine the attenuation constant a, wavelength A and the velocity of propagation of the line at 60 Hz. (b) If the line is open circuited at the receiving end and the receiving-end voltage is maintained at 100 kV line-to-line use Eqs. (6.26) and (6.27) to determine the incident and reflected components of the sending-end voltage and current. (c) Hence determine the sending-end voltage and current of the line. Solution: (a) r= 021 9/mi xy = 0.78 9/mi F = (021+ 50.78) 9/mi ri y = 542% 1076 77.31° S/mi y= VB = 2.092% 1072.82.47 mim? a+ 58 =: (2.744 x 10~* + 52.074 x 10-9) mim? Attenuation-constant a 2.744 x 107 nepers/mi Qn 2x x 10% Wa = BS Re ay = 3090 mi welength 2 = 2% = EAM os = 3030 Velocity of propagation af = 22f = W0nx10 1), - igi770 mi/s 8 2.074 ) Characeerisie impedance: Z, = fZ = 286.05, Vy 70 When the receiving end is open circuited, Ig = 0. Then, from Eq. (626) Vs = VBeatgse vi from Eq. (6.27) Ig = pBeotesst TR, incident reficaed where L = 200 mi = length of the line et 1.0564 en! = 0.9466 BL = 2074%10-? x 200 x 482 deg = 23.77 Hence, at the sending end (taking the receiving-end line voltage as reference), the line torline voltages and currents are nites wage, = yo Lasiz970 WY = 5282/2377" kv refleted voltage, = 402 jo* x 0,9466/—28.77 kV = 47.33/-23.77° kV 10020", 1.0564.23.77° Incdem current 1, = ape t x LOSSUBRIE yg = 7899213 A 10020 0.9466 /—23.77¢ reise current Je = — sag ge page x SMEAR yg = 70.782133.76° A (The 30° angie in the denominator of the second fraction of the current equations above represents a phase/line V conversion.) (c) Vs = Vi+V; = 5282/28.77° + 47.93/—23.77° kV = 91,681.38 kV Is = K+, = 78.9921.3° + 70.782138.76° A = 60.8370.782 604° A ‘where all angles are expressed with respect to receiving-end line voltage. 6.9 Evaluate cosh @ and sinh @ for @ = 0.5282. Solution: 0.52822 = 0.0696 + 30.4951 0.4951 radian = 28.37° 1 (2.0006 —0.0606 ) Cosh = 5 (e906, 28,37" + «00696 ,_08.37°) = 2 os + soe +0207 0.40 0.8820 + 70.0331, sink? = 3 (0.9489 + 70.5006 ~ 0.6207 + 50.4482) = 0.0613 4+50.4763 6.10 6.11 71 Using Eqs. (6.1), (6.2), (6.10) and (6.37) show that the generalized circuit con- stants of all three transmission line models satisfy the condition that AD-BC Solution: Short-line model (from Eq. (6.1) and (6.2)) A AD-BC ‘Medium-length line model (from Eq, (6.10)): zy D (@ = 2) B zy ay 0+%) n2xy (4% Long-line model (from Eq. (6.37)): A AD-BC A = D=coshyl = B= Zesinhot _ sinkal c= & AD-BC = cost? Ze sin ( = cosh?! — sink? al = ( ty o¢emt 4 ‘The sending-end voltage, current and power factor of the line described in Exam- ple 6.3 are found to be 260 kV (line-to-line), 300 A and 0.9 lagging, respectively. Find the corresponding receiving-end voltage, current. and power factor. Solution: From Example 6.3, A = D = cosh! = 0.890421.34° B = Zesinhyl = 406.4/—5.48° x 0.4597 84.93" 9 = 186.82,79.45° 2 _ sinhal _ 04507 284.09° oe c= Seat _ SERRE § = 131 « 10-0041" S [va] _ [A BI"[ Vs] _[ D -B][ Vs (In -\|o5 [un] -[2 AJL Is Ve = DVs-Bls Ip = -CVs+Als Vs = *82y0° kv = 150.1108 kV va 72 300, cos"'0.9 A = 300/—25.84° A 186.82. 70.45" x 300/~25.84" |, 1000 Ve = 0.89042 1.34" x 150.11 20° 108.85 22.76" kV Wal = V3 x 108.85 kV = 188.5 kV line-toline Ip = 1.131 x 1079 90.41" x 150.11 x 10-8 20° + 0.8904 1.34° x 300/—25.84° A 372.0/—48.95° A 372A Ual ‘The receiving-end power factor is then PLL. = cos(~22.76° + 48.95°) = 0.897 lagging 6.12 A 60 Hz three-phase transmission is 175 mi long. It has a total series impedance of 35 + 7140 © and a shunt admittance of 930 x 10-*.90° S. It delivers 40 MW at 220 kV, with 90% power factor lagging. Find the voltage at the sending end by (a) the short-line approximation, (b) the nomial-r approximation and (c) the long-line equation. Solution: 175 mi Z = 34540 = 1443, 75.96 9 Y = 93x 10-*s 40,000 V3 x 220 09 (e) Using the short-line approximation, 116.6 ~25.84° A Vs = 127,017 + 116.6 ,=25.84° x 144.3/75.96° = 127,017 + 10,788 + 512,912 = 138,408 75.35° V IVs| = V3 x 138,408 = 239.73 kV (®) Using the nominal-z approximation and Eq. (6.5), Vs = var or (432 p65 06 +1) + 144.3275.96° x 116.6/=25.84° 127,017 (0.985 + j0.0168) + 10,788 + 512,912 = 120,549 + 314,982 = 130, 4126.6" Vs] = V8 x 190,412 = 295.88 kV (c) Using the long-line equation, 144.3/75.96° \# . = Gees a) = S470? ot VT443 x 980 x 10-7165 96 = 0.2663,83,0° = 0.0448 + 50.364 OOMeOSE = 1.0458, 2086" = 0.9773 + 50.3724 a 73 one 0.9562,—20.86° = 0.8035 — 30.3405 cosh a! = (0.9773 + 70.3724 + 0.8935 — 0.3405) /2 = 0.9354 + 30.0160 sinh! = (0.9773 + j0.3724 — 0.8935 + 40.3405) /2 = 0.0419 + 50.3565 Vs = 127,017 (0.9354 + 30.0160) + 116.62-25.84° x 394/—7.02° (0.0419 + 50.3565) 118,812 + 52, 082 + 10, 563 + 12,715 = 129,315 +514, 747 1380, 1536.5" V Ws} V3 x 130,153 = 225.4 kV 6.13 Determine the voltage regulation for the line described in Prob. 6.12. Assume that the sending-end voltage remains constant. Solution: By Problem 6.12, volt-to-neutral results, Vs = 18015kV Vp = 127.02 kV For Ip = 0, Vs = Vrcosh yl, 130.15 Wawel = ijgasee sonia ~ °12kV 130.12 — 127.02 % Reg = WOR TEO , 10 = 955% 6.14 A three-phase 60-Hz transmission line is 250 mi long. The voltage at the sending end is 220 kV. The parameters of the line are R = 0.2 2/mi, X = 0.8 Q/mi and Y = 5.3 uS/mi. Find the sending-end current when there is no load on the line. Solution: Z = (02+ 508) x 250 = 206.1,75.96° Y = 280x5.3% 107 = 1.225 x 10-8 90° nl = VZ¥ = VOGT x 13% x 10> 1E59E = 0.5226,82.98° 0.0639 + 50.5187 [POET LIS . 2 = VOY = ry 0° 9 By Eq, (6.39) for Ip = 0, sinh aa St = essa 297 eats 0.9258 + 70.5285 ster —y0at5 ceobat = Ho90ie 08% + sos28—joasst) = osm 2086 Is = (Vs/Ze) 74 sinha = J ]0.9058— 08147 + (0.5265 +04651)] = 0490928963" J = BO.00/VE , 04860 28.61 sa. sess g “S304 Zrom * 08709 22.086° 6.15 If the load on the line described in Prob. 6.14 is 80 MW at 220 kV, with unity power factor, calculate the current, voltage and power at the sending end. Assume that the sending-end voltage is held constant and calculate the voltage regulation of the line for the load specified above Solution: mn wy pe 2m na a = 200.95 4 Vs 127, 017 (0.8703 + 70.0317) + 209.95 x 394/-7.02° * 0.4999 / 83.61° 110,528 + j4,026-+ 9,502 + 540,282 = 128 0147 20.23" V to neutral Vs] = V3x 128,014 = 2017 bv Is = 200.95(0.8703 + 50.0317) + 177.000 _ 9 4999, g.g1° Eran cael = 182.724 76.66 -1.77 + 5161.13 = 246824282 A Ps = VB x 221.7 x 246.8cos(20.3° — 42.84°) = 87,486 kW (or 87.5 MW) At Ip =0, 127,000 Wal = FE? = 145,826 V to neutral M58 — 127 % Reg. = a = 148% 6-16 A three-phase tranmission line is 300 mi long and serves a load of 400 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor at 345 kV. The ABCD constants of the line are A = D = 08180z1.3° B = 1722/84.2° 0 C = 0.001933,90.4° $ (2) Determine the sending-end line-to-neutral voltage, the sending-end current and the percent voltage drop at full load. (t) Determine the receiving-end line-to-neutral voltage at no load, the sending end current at no load and the voltage regulation. Solution: = 199,18620°V Ig = 1000 660.4,-86.87° Vix ais AcoSSET A 75 (a) Vs = 08180213" x 199, 186/0° + 172.24 84.2" « 669.4 /—36.87° = 256, 7382.20.15" V Ts = 0.001933 90.4" x 199, 186 20° + 0.8180/1,3° x 669.4 ,—36.87° = 447.7854 A 256,738 — 199, 186 joltage - eee = 24% ‘Voltage drop Taras * 10 = 224 7 256, 738220.1 oy Vane = Serpe = 318.861 1885° V Ts,w = 0,001938790.4° x 313, 861218.85° = 606.7/109.25° © % Reg. = = 576% 6.17 Justify Eq. (6.50) by substituting for the hyperbolic functions the equivalent exponential expressions. Solution: 1 sinhgl/2 _ cw? left hand side = tanhay = Sg = SWE : coshal-1 _ p(eMtem)-1 | ota ape! Fa es an ae aa (o1 ry? gt enn = Gaeta ‘Therefore, left hand side = right hand side 6.18 Determine the equivalent-z circuit for the line of Prob. 6.12. Solution: By Eq, (6.46) and Problem 6.12, sinhyl = 0.0419 + 30.3565 = 0.359,83.3° 59 /63.3" eS 33 = 141.4275.99° 2 Z! = 1443775.96° x SOLE 173663 283.0 By Eq. (6.49) and Problem 6.12, yd 0.9354 + j0.016 — 1 yd fy q Geer mr momen eaiegg gece | | 76 6.19 Use Eqs. (6.1) and (6.2) to simplify Eqs. (6.57) and (6.58) for the short transmis- sion line with (a) series reactance X and resistance R and (6) series reactance X and negligible resistance. Solution: From Eq. (6.1) and (6.2), it follows that, for a short line A=D=1 B=Z=R+jX2 i216 CH=0 (e) ‘s\V ‘al From Eq. (67): Pr = el emto- 0) al ewe 2 From Ea. (658): Qe = EAB ing) Wal sng (6) IfR=0, then B= Z= X 290° and Pro= Wal Val ins Wsl Val Wal? On = Tees — Par 6.20 Rights of way for transmission circuits are difficult to obtain in urban areas and existing lines are often upgraded by reconductoring the line with larger conductors or by reinsulating the line for operation at higher voltage. ‘Ther- mal considerations and maximum power which the line can transmit are the important considerations. A 138-kV line is 50 km long and is composed of Partridge conductors with fiat horizontal spacing of 5 m between adjacent con- ductors. Neglect resistance and find the percent increase in power which can be transmitted for constant |Vs| and |Vg| while 5 is limited to 45° (a) if the Partridge conductor is replaced by Osprey which has more than twice the area of aluminum in square millimeters, (b) if a second Partridge conductor is placed in a two-conductor bundle 40 cm from the original conductor and a center-to-center distance between bundles of 5 m and (c)_ if the voltage of the original line is raised to 230 kV with increased conductor spacing of 8 m, Solution: Length of 50 km is a short line and with resistance neglected the generalized circuit constants are A = 10° and B = X 290°. Then, since resistance is neglected conductor heating is disregarded: and from Eq, (657), = WsllVal og ase Py = SSPE cos 5 | et or, inversely proportional to X if we assume constant [Vs] and [Vg|. Additionally, Deg = YEXS=IO = 6.30 m, oF 6.90/0.3048 = 20.67 ft (2) 20. For Partridge: X = 0.0754in OL 0.5172 O/km For Osprey: X 0.4969 9/km Ratio of Px (new/old) GHEE = 1.081 (4.1% increase) 6) D, = VOORTXTOAOWI = 0.1688 X = oorsdin 208 = 0.3625 9/m O87 Lear (a27e nee) (c) Ppinereases by factor of (332)? = 2.78 due to increased V. Pp decreases due to increase of X. Dea = YExExTS = 3307h 3307 _ os X = 00754In 5% = 0.5526 km 0.5172 Decrease factor = SE 05172 or of increase 78 x Co Resultant factor of 278 x Tae = 2.602 Increase = 160.3% However, in addition to the increase in conductor spacing and insulation, larger conduc- tors will probably be required since current will increase by a factor of about 230/138 and [JJ loss in the line by a factor of about 2.78 for the increase in load at the same ower factor. 6.21 Construct a receiving-end power-circle diagram similar to Fig, 6.11 for the line of Prob. 6.12. Locate the point corresponding to the load of Prob. 6.12 and locate the center of circles for various values of |Vs| if [Val = 220 kV. Draw the circle passing through the load point. From the measured radius of the latter circle determine |Vs| and compare this value with the values calculated for Prob. 6.12. 78 Solution: Use scale of 1” = 50 MVA. By comparing the work in Problem 6.12(¢) with the equation Vs = AV + Bly we find A = 0.9354 + 70.0160 = 0.936,0.98° B = 304/707 (0.0419 + 70.3565) = 141.4/76.28° 9 B-a = 76.28 0.98 = 753° 1AllVR? _ 0.9354 x 2207 TB iia Use above data to construct load line through origin at cos! 0,9 = 25.8° in the first quadrant. Draw a vertical line at 40 MW. The load point is at the intersection of this line and the load line. The radius of the circle through the load point is 7.05" = 320.2 MVA 7.05 x 50 = 3525 {sl IVal a 352.5 iBl Vs = 325%14 «oes yy 6.22 A synchronous condenser is connected in parallel with the load described in Prob. 6.12 to improve the overall power factor at the receiving end. The sending- end voltage is always adjusted so as to maintain the receiving-end voltage fixed at 220 kV. Using the power-circle diagram constructed for Prob. 6.21, determine the sending-end voltage and the reactive power supplied by the synchronous condenser when the overall power factor at the receiving end is (a) unity (6) 0.9 leading. Solution: (On the diagram for Problem 6.21 draw a new load line in the fourth quadrant at cos~10.9 with the horizontal axis. Draw power circles at radii [Vs||V|/IB| = 311, 327, 342, 358, 373 and 389 MVA for |Vs| = 200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 kV, respectively. This provides the Power circle diagram that we can use for parts (a) and (}). For p.f.= 1.0 read [Vs] = 214 KV at 40 MW on the horizontal axis. The vertical distance between the horizontal axis and the load line in the first quadrant respresents the kvar of the capacitors needed. The value is 19.3 kvar. For p= 0.9 leading, read |Vs| = 202 KV where the vertical line through 40 MW intersects the load line in the fourth quadrant. ‘The vertical distance between the two load lines at 40 MW represents the kvar of capacitors needed. The value is 38.6 kvar. 6.23 A series capacitor bank having a reactance of 146.6 9 is to be installed at the midpoint of the 300-mi line of Prob. 6.16. The ABCD constants for each 150 mi portion of line are A = D = 0.953420.3° B = 90.33,841° 9 C = 0.001014,90.1° Ss 79 (a) Determine the equivalent ABCD constants of the cascade combination of the line-capacitor-line. (See Table A.6 in the Appendix.) (6) Solve Prob. 6.16 using these equivalent ABCD constants. ‘Note to Instructor: This problem is somewhat long, but the solution is interesting to show that the ABCD constants of networks in series as given in Table A.6 can be calculated by matrix multiplication. The problem also shows the large reduction in voltage accomplished by series capacitors in the middle of the line. Compare results of Problems 6.16 and 6.23. Solution: (2) th = [0964208 sn a5z841° oooioiszaoie 0.958420 ku [100 146-90] An [Ie ew DA [ 0.9534/0.3° 50.91 ,~78.65° 0.953470.3° 90.33, 84.1° | oooro

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