Chapter 10: Solutions

10. Refer to Section 10.1 and Examples 10.4 and 10.5.

Molality
Mass Percent
of Solvent

Ppm Solute
Mole Fraction
of Solvent
a. 2.577 86.58% 1.340 x 10
5
0.9556
b. 20.4 45.0 5.50 x 10
5
0.731
c. 0.07977 99.5232% 4768 0.9986
d. 12.6 57.0% 4.30 x 10
5
0.815

Since these are aqueous solutions, the solvent is water. The solute is urea, CO(NH
2
)
2
.
Molar mass of urea: (12.01) + 16.00 + 2(14.01 + 2(1.008)) = 60.06 g/mol.

a. 2.577 m indicates that there are 2.577 mol. of solute per 1000 g of solvent and the
calculations are based on that ratio.

urea g 154.8 =
urea mol. 1
urea g 60.06
mol. 2.577 x
O H mol. 55.49 =
O H g 18.02
O H mol. 1

kg 1
g 1000
kg 1
2
2
2
x x
86.58% =
g 1155
g 1000
= 100%
g) 154.8 + g (1000
g 1000
= % mass x

5
10 1.340 x = 10
g) 154.8 + g (1000
g 154.8
= solute ppm
6
x
0.9556 =
mol.) 2.577 + mol. 5.49 5 (
mol. 5.49 5
=
O H
2
X

b. 45.0 mass % of solvent means that 45.0 g of solvent are present for each 100.0 g of
solution. Calculations are then based on this ratio.

O H mol. 2.50 =
g 18.02
O H mol. 1
g 45.0
2
2
x
mass of solute = 100.0 g (total) 45.0 g (water) = 55.0 g CO(NH
2
)
2

urea mol. 0.916 =
urea g 60.06
urea mol. 1
urea g 55.0 x
m 20.4 =
O H kg 0.0450
urea mol. 0.916
= molality
2
(remember to convert mass of solvent to kg)

5
10 5.50 x = 10
g 100
urea g 55.0
= solute ppm
6
x
0.731 =
mol.) 0.916 + mol. .50 2 (
mol. .50 2
= X
O H
2


c. g 768 4 = 10
solution of mass
solute of mass
= ppm
6
x
If we assume a total mass of 10
6
g, then the mass of solute = 4768 g by definition. Any
assumption for mass is valid here, this one was chosen for simplicity.

urea mol. 9.39 7 =
urea g 60.06
urea mol. 1
urea g 4768 x
O H mol. 5244.0 5 =
g 18.0152
mol. 1
O H g 95232 9 g; 95232 9 = g 4768 - g 10
2 2
6
x
0.9986 =
mol.) 79.39 + mol. 5244.0 5 (
mol. 5244.0 5
= X
O H
2

99.5232% = 100%
g 10
g 10 9.95232
= % mass
6
5
x
x

m =
kg 995.232
mol. 79.39
= molality 0.07977

d. X
solvent
= 0.815 indicates that there are 0.815 moles H
2
O per 1 mole of solvent and solute
combined. Consequently, there must be 0.185 mol. (1-0.815) urea.
urea g 11.1 =
urea mol. 1
urea g 60.06
urea mol. 0.185 x
O H g 14.7 =
mol. 1
g 18.02
O H mol. 0.815
2 2
x
m 12.6 =
O H kg 0.0147
urea mol. 0.185
2
(remember to convert mass of solvent to kg)
57.0% = 100%
g) 14.7 + g (11.1
g 14.7
= 100%
mass total
solvent of mass
= % Mass x x

5
10 4.30 x = 10
g) 14.7 + g (11.1
urea g 11.1
= 10
solution of mass
solute of mass
= ppm
6 6
x x


20. Refer to Sections 10.2 and 9.3.

The compound which exhibits intermolecular forces most similar to water will be the more
soluble in water (like dissolves like). Recall that water has dispersion, dipole, and H-bonding
forces.

a. CH
3
Cl: dispersion forces
CH
3
OH: dispersion, dipole, and H-bonding forces
CH
3
OH would be more soluble since it shares H-bonding with water.

b. NI
3
: dispersion and dipole forces
KI: ionic
KI would be more soluble because it is ionic and ionic compounds generally exhibit high
solubility in water.

c. LiCl: ionic
C
2
H
5
Cl: dispersion and dipole forces
LiCl would be more soluble because it is ionic and ionic compounds generally exhibit
high solubility in water.

d. NH
3
: dispersion, dipole, and H-bonding forces
CH
4
: dispersion and dipole forces
NH
3
would be more soluble because of the H-bonding.


30. Refer to Section 10.3.

The first step is to calculate the mole fraction of oxalic acid.

Hg mm 0.41 Hg mm 21.97 - Hg mm 22.38 -
solution O H
2
= = = P P P
o

Hg) mm 22.38 ) ( Hg mm 0.41 ) )( (
4 2 2 2 4 2 2
O C H O H O C H
( X P X P = =
o

0.018
4 2 2
O C H
= X
Assuming 1 mole total, this means we have 0.018 mol. H
2
C
2
O
4
and 0.982 mol. water
(1.00 - 0.018 = 0.982). The next step is to calculate the masses associated with these
quantities, and from that the mass of solution and volume of solution.

O H g 17.7 =
O H mol. 1
O H g 18.02
O H mol. 0.982
2
2
2
2
x

4 2 2
4 2 2
4 2 2
4 2 2
O C H g 1.6 =
O C H mol. 1
O C H g 90.04
O C H mol. 0.018 x
L 0.0184 =
mL 1000
L 1

g 1.05
mL 1
solution g 1.6) + (17.7 x x
Now one can either:
1. Calculate molarity (mol./L) and convert mol./L to grams/L (using molecular mass) or
2. Directly calculate grams of H
2
C
2
O
4
in one liter (as shown below)


4 2 2
4 2 2
O C H g 87 =
solution L 0.0184
O C H g 1.6
solution L 1.00 x

Thus, to prepare the prescribed solution, one must dissolve 87 g H
2
C
2
O
4
in enough water to
make 1.00 L of solution.


40. Refer to Sections 10.3 and 3.3, and Example 10.7.

Use the freezing point depression to calculate molality, and from that, moles of the compound
and the compound's molecular mass.

T
f
= T
f
-T
f
= 178.40C 173.44C = 4.96C
T
f
= k
f
m
4.96C = (40.0C/m)(m)
m = 0.124 m
camphor kg .0500 0 =
g 1000
kg 1
camphor g 50.00 x
camphor kg 05000 . 0
mol.
0.124
solvent kg
solute mol.

x
m m = =
x = 0.00620 mol.
g/mol. 403
mol. 0.00620
g 2.50
=