Foundation for Nursing Practice

1. B =Whatever nursing program is completed, all nursing graduates take the same licensing exam to
become registered nurses. eciprocit! is "hen a nurse asks for licensure in another state after
successfull! obtaining licensure in one state. #erification and certification aren$t needed for licensure.
%. B =&he primar! level of preventative health care focuses on health promotion. 'econdar! health
care focuses on health maintenance( tertiar! health care focuses on rehabilitation. &here$s no curative
level of preventative health care.
). * =&he secondar! level of preventative health care focuses on health maintenance. Primar!
health care focuses on health promotion( tertiar! health care focuses on rehabilitation. &here is no curative
level of preventative health care.
+. , =-ospitals are changing the direct patient contact mix b! adding more nonprofessional
personnel. .ptions B, *, and / are 0ust the opposite of toda!$s trends because nursing is moving
increasingl! to formal education, there are more nurse researchers activel! "orking, and communit!
nursing continues to gro".
1. / =Nursing kno"ledge is ever changing( thus, nurses need to read and attend seminars and
conferences to sta! current in the profession. ,ccrediting agencies and doctors don$t re2uire nurses to
continue learning. &here are specific nursing positions and certain states that re2uire a certain number of
hours of continuing education to sta! emplo!ed or to rene" an N license.
3. * =&o use the title of nurse practitioner, an advanced degree is re2uired. Nurses "ith either a
diploma, an ,ssociate /egree in Nursing, or a Bachelor of 'cience in Nursing ma! "ork in public health,
critical care, or oncolog!. &here ma! be short courses needed for specialties.
4. B =5aslo"$s hierarch! of basic needs provides a frame"ork for nursing assessment and the
relationships of basic needs and priorities of care. &he needs listed from simple to complex are
ph!siological, safet! and securit!, love and belonging, self6esteem, and self6actuali7ation.
8. / =People are living longer( thus health care deliver! "ill see more multiple chronic illnesses in
people over age 49. &here "ill probabl! be an increased emphasis on technolog! and competition among
hospitals. , shortage of nurses :not an oversuppl!; is being predicted.
<. , =&he advocator role provides for =the protection of human or legal rights and the securing of
2ualit! care for each patient. =&he leader role is defined as assertive, self6confident practice in nursing
"hen providing or supervising care. &he communicator role is the use of effective interpersonal and
therapeutic communication skills to facilitate health care. &he counselor role is the use of therapeutic
communication to provide information to make referrals and facilitate problem solving.
19. , =Nurses need critical thinking ever! da! to help solve problems and make sound 0udgments
and good decisions for their patients. &his is vital in caring for patients in an! setting. &he other ans"ers
are onl! partiall! correct.
11. , =, student "ill attend a practical nurse program for one !ear and then become eligible to take
the >PN licensure examination. 'tudents completing programs that are t"o, three, or four !ears in length
ma! take the licensing examination to become a registered nurse.
1%. / =&he tertiar! level of care focuses on the rehabilitation of the patient to a maximum level of
functioning. &he primar! level of care focuses on health promotion( the secondar! level focuses on health
maintenance. *urative isn$t a level of health care.
1). /=&he tertiar! level of care focuses on the rehabilitation of the patient to a maximum level of
functioning. &he primar! level of care focuses on health promotion( the secondar! level focuses on health
maintenance. estorative isn$t a level of health care.
1+. , =Nursing organi7ations such as the ,merican Nurses ,ssociation help regulate standards for
nursing practice. .rgani7ations do provide sociali7ation and keep data on members, but these functions
don$t have the same impact on nursing as to standards. 'ome nursing organi7ations ma! provide legal
advice regarding 0ob responsibilities, but the! don$t regulate the positions.
11. / =,ll registered nurses ma! perform the other options. .nl! nurses "ith advanced practice
standing ma! "rite prescriptions in the states that allo" this activit!.
13. / =,n 5'N is earned after the bachelor$s degree is ac2uire. , nursing master$s usuall!
prepares the nurse for a specialt! or expanded role.
14. B =Functional nursing involves the assignment of tasks instead of patients to personnel :for
example, one person "ould take all the blood pressures.; in case management nursing, the patient is
assigned to a health care provider responsible for coordinating the patient$s care as long as the patient is
"ithin their service area, such as a hospital or health service. ?n team nursing, a group of caregivers is
assigned a group of patients and the team decides ho" to take care of the group. ?n a total patient care
nursing, a nurse is assigned a small group of patients and irresponsible for all patient care "ithin this
group.
18. * =5edicate the federal program that provides the funding for people age 31 and older. 'ocial
'ecurit! is a federal program that provides a monthl! pa!ment if !ou have participated in the program
throughout !our "orking career. 5edicaid, a federal program "ith no age restrictions, is designed for
indigent individuals "ho need help "ith medical bills. -5.s are health maintenance organi7ations that
one ma! 0oin to receive health care.
1<. B =/@ is the classif!ing s!stem that determines the fees for hospitals and doctors "ho deliver
care under the 5edicare program. -5.s and PP.s are t!pes of health insurance plans. *-,5PA' is a
federal program to provide health care in the private sector for the militar! personnel and their families.
%9. B =?nformed consent is a 0eopard! if the patient is under the influence of narcotics or drugs that
ma! alter thought processes. ?nformed consent papers ma! be signed the evening before, "ith famil!
members present, and before all tests results are in the chart.
%1. , =Batter! is the unla"ful use of force on a person "hich could be alleged in this situation.
=*hallenge for causeB is a challenge based on a particular reason :such as bias; that a part! :or his
la"!er; can use to dis2ualif! a 0uror. *omparative negligence refers to the determination of liabilit! in "hich
damages ma! be apportioned among multiple defendants. Negligence is the omission of an act that a
prudent person "ould have performed. 'lander is an! "ords spoken "ith malice that are untrue and
pre0udicial to another person.
%%. , =@ood 'amaritan la"s are designed to protect health care professionals and others "hen
the! help people in emergenc! situations, unless care is given in a grossl! negligent manner. Cver! state
has its o"n Nurse Practice ,ct that is enforced b! a governmental bod!, usuall! a 'tate Board of Nursing.
5inimum 'tandards are state standards that schools of nursing must abide b! to sta! approved to
graduates of their schools are eligible to take the licensing examination to become registered nurses. &he
.ccupational, 'afet!, and -ealth ,ct of 1<449 :.'-,; sets legal standards in the Anited 'tates in an
effort to ensure safe and healthful "orking conditions.
%). , =&his is an example of confidentialit!. What "ill the doctor do "ith the informationD 'hould the
nurse be the one to tell the doctorD *onflict of interest is the conflict bet"een an individual$s private
interests and his duties or actions as an official in a compan! or government. Negligence is the omission of
an act that a prudent person "ould have performed. 'lander is an! "ords spoken "ith malice that are
untrue and pre0udicial to another person.
%+. * =&he definition of negligence is the omission of an act that a prudent person "ould have
performed( in this case, the act is failure to raise the side rails. 5alpractice is the proximate cause of in0ur!
or harm to a patient resulting from failure to act "ith the professional kno"ledge, experience, or skill that
can be expected of the others in the profession. 'lander is an! "ords spoken "ith malice that are untrue
and pre0udicial to another person. Batter! is the unla"ful use of force on a person.
%1. / ='tatutor! la"s enacted b! a legislative bod! in the A' and must be in keeping "ith the A'
constitution and the relevant state constitution. ,dministrative la"s are la"s that executive officers, such
as the office of the President of the A', or government agencies are empo"ered to make. *ommon la"s
arise from court decisions. *onstitution la"s from the A' *onstitution and state constitutions as
interpreted b! the A' 'upreme *ourt or the state$s highest court, respectivel!.
%3. B =*ommon la"s arise from court decisions. ,dministrative la"s are la"s that executive
officers, such as the office of the President of the A', or government agencies are empo"ered to make.
'tatutor! la"s are enacted b! a legislative bod! in A' and must be keeping "ith the A' *onstitution.
*onstitution la"s from the A' *onstitution and state constitutions as interpreted b! the A' 'upreme *ourt
or the state$s highest court, respectivel!.
%4. , =, concept or an idea is an abstract impression organi7ed to form a theor!. ,n outcome is the
desired action of a goal. , process is the action phase that brings outcome is the desired action of a goal.
, process is the action phase that brings desired results. Philosoph! is the stud! of "isdom, kno"ledge,
and processes used to develop our perceptions of life.
%8. , =, concept is an abstract impression organi7ed to form a theor!. &heories formed from
concepts are used in various nursing situations. &he other options don$t appl!.
%<. / =&he center of all theories is the person. Without people :for example, patients;, a caring
profession simpl! "ouldn$t exist.
)9. / =o!$s theor! is called the adaptation theor! and states that the person is in constant
interaction "ith a changing environment. .rem$s theor! is called self6care deficit theor! and is based on
the belief that the individual has a need for self6care actions. Neuman$s model sees health as s!non!mous
"ith "ellness, "hen all parts are in harmon! "ith the "hole. oger$s theor! is an abstract theor! of unitar!
human beings in "hich the person is an irreducible "hole.
)1. * =&he self6care deficit theor! of /orothea .rem is based on the belief that the individual has a
need for self6care actions. &he transcultural theor! is 5adeline >eininger$s the adaptation theor! is 'ister
*allista o!$s, and the behavioral s!stem theor! is /oroth! Eohnson$s.
)%. * =ole theor! "as developed in the 1<)9$s and 1<+9$s b! @eorge -erbert 5ead, alph >inton,
and Eacob 5oreno. &he! believed that social behavior, social process, and status pla! a significant part in
ho" "e perceive one another. @eneral s!stems theor! relates to the interdependenc! of s!stems.
,daptation theor! states that a person is in constant interaction "ith a changing environment. 'elf6care
deficit theor! is based on the belief that an individual has a need for self6care actions.
)). * =oger$s theor! is the development of a science of humankind, incorporating the concepts of
energ! fields, openness, pattern, and organi7ation. Eohnson$s theor! is considered a complete behavioral
s!stem theor!, >evine$s theor! is defined as the four conservation principles of nursing, and Peplau$s
theor! is defined as an interpersonal process focusing on a patient "ith felt needs.
)+. , =Bett! Neuman$s theor! can be defined as conceptuali7ed nursing as a total person approach.
.ption B is ?mogene Fing$s theor!, option * is Eean Watson$s theor! , and option / is ?da .rlando$s theor!.
)1. B =>eininger$s theor! is kno"n as the transcultural model. -enderson$s theor! is conceptuali7ed
nursing as assisting patients "ith 1+ essential functions to"ards independence. o!$s theor! is adaptation
theor!, and .rem$s theor! is the self6help theor!.
)3. /=&he plaintiff is the person "ho files the la"suit. &he defendant is the person named in the
la"suit as the "rongdoer. &he litigator is the attorne!. ,gitator isn$t a formal role in the legal process.
)4. / =5alpractice is defined as the proximate cause of in0ur! or harm to a patient resulting from the
failure to act "ith the professional kno"ledge, experience, or skill that can be expected of others in the
profession. libel is a false accusation6"ritten, printed, or t!ped6that is made "ith malicious intent. fraud is
"illful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause harm to a person. assault is a threat or attempt
to make bodil! contact "ith another person "ithout the person$s consent.
)8. B=/rug and alcohol abuse is b! far the most common reason that a nurse is placed on
probation or has her license revoked. , nursing license can be revoked for a felon! a s "ell. -aving a
ph!sical disabilit! isn$t a reason for license revocation.
)<. * =&heft is the onl! one of the above situations that is a felon! and "ould constitute a valid
reason for revocation of a nursing license.
+9. * =Nurse is responsible for her o"n actions. Cach emplo!ee has her o"n 0ob desription and is
emplo!ed "ithin that description. ?f the assignment for the nurse assistant falls "ithin the 0ob description,
the nurse assistant is responsible for her o"n actions.
+1. / =5an! government decisions such as 5edicare and diagnostic related groups, reflect nursing
care and hospital sta!s. /octors aren$t tr!ing to take over nursing duties. ?f nurses are needed for "ar, the
militar! or other volunteers "ill take responsibilit!.
+%. , =&he Federal egister is published b! the federal government and should include formation
for all A' constituents. >ocal ne"spapers and "eekl! ne"s maga7ines are controlled b! editors and often
subtl! reflect the "riter$s opinions. 'enator$s ne"sletters are the senator$s opinions.
+). * =Negligence is the omission of an act that a prudent person "ould have performed. ?t is
conduct that falls belo" the standard of care. Nonmaleficence means refraining from doing harm.
5alpractice is defined as the proximate cause of in0ur! or harm to a patient resulting from the failure to act
using the professional kno"ledge, experience, or skill that can be expected of others in the profession.
>ibel is a false accusation6"ritten, printed, or t!ped6that is made "ith malicious intent to defame a person$s
reputation.
++. * =.ption * is the correct definition of fraud. .ption , is the definition of libel, option B is the
definition of slander, and option / is the definition of negligence.
+1. , =&he definition of fraud is the act of intentionall! misleading or deceiving another person b!
an! means. ,ltering a chart fits this definition. 5alpractice is the proximate cause of in0ur! or harm to a
patient resulting from the failure to act using the professional kno"ledge, experience, or skill that can be
expected of others in the profession. >ibel is defined as a false accusation6"ritten, printed, or, t!ped6that is
made "ith malicious intent. 'lander is defined as an! "ords spoken "ith malice that are untrue and
pre0udicial to another person.
+3. * =/epositions are legal testimon! taken b! attorne!s and recorded outside the court
proceedings. , tort is a civil "rong. *ertified testimon! is the statement of a "itness that is usuall! made
orall! and given under oath such as in a court trial. , contract is an agreement that meets legal
re2uirements bet"een parties.
+4. B =*ivil la"s given contracts, o"nership of propert!, and the practice of nursing, medicine,
pharmac!, and dentistr!. ,dministrative la"s are la"s that executive offices and administrative agencies
are empo"ered to make. &he common la" derives from 0udicial decisions. Public la"s are la"s in "hich
the government is directl! involved.
+8. B =&he ,merican -ospital ,ssociation published the Patient$s Bill of ights in 1<4). the National
>eague for Nursing had published a Bill of ights in 1<1<, but failed to get information about it to the
public.
+<. B =, durable po"er of attorne! gives a prox! the right to make treatment decisions for the
person named in the document. , doctor$s order can$t transfer the patient$s rights. , living "ill governs =life6
sustainingB treatment onl!. , signed advance directive is a "ritten document that provides directions
concerning the provision of care "hen a person becomes unable to make his o"n treatment choices.
&he Nursing Process
1. *=.b0ective data are also kno"n as signs, or overt data.
%. B=&he patient is the primar! sources of data collection in the assessment phase of the nursing
process( the other options are secondar! sources.
). B=&he primar! source, or the patient, is Eason( his mother is a secondar! source. &he data :Eason
vomited 8 ounces of his formula this morning ; is ob0ective because it can be perceived b! the
senses, verified b! another person observing the same patient, and tested against accepted
standards or norms.
+. ,=.b0ective data :such as G+ patellar reflexes in both of the patient$s legs; are data that can be
perceived b! the senses, verified b! another person observing the same patient, and tested against
accepted standards or norms. 'ub0ective data :for example, tinnitus, numbness, and vertigo; are
apparent onl! to the person affected and can be described and verified b! onl! that person.
1. B=Potentiall! life6threatening problems, such as diminished breath sounds, are high priorit!
because the! pose the greatest threat to the patient$s "ell6being. &hus the! re2uire immediate
communication to another member of the health care team.
3. *=&he nursing diagnosis of impairs gas exchange is listed in the N,N/, taxonom! under the
human response pattern of exchanging, "hich involves mutual giving and receiving.
4. *=&he etiolog! provides one or more probable causes of the patient$s health problem. ,s such, it
also gives direction to the re2uired nursing interventions necessar! to treat the problem. Anless the
risk factors are correctl! identified, the nursing interventions selected to treat the patient$s health
problem ma! be inefficient, ineffective, or both.
8. B=interference is a nurse$s 0udgment or interpretation of cues :an! piece of data or formation that
influences a nurse$s decisions;. ?n this instance, the nurse infers from the patient$s heart rate of 39
bpm that the patient has brad!cardia.
<. *=,ccording to 5aslo"$s hierarch! of basic human needs, ph!siologic needs :such as an effective
breathing pattern; must be met before lo"er needs :such a s safet!, love and belonging, self6
esteem, and self6actuali7ation; can be met. &herefore, ph!siologic needs have the highest priorit!.
19. B=?n the diagnostic phase of the nursing process, the nurse compares data against standards or
norms, "hich are generall! accepted rules, models patterns or measures that can be used for
comparing data in the same class or categor!.
11. B=,lthough diagnosing is basicall! the nurse$s responsibilit! input from the patient is essential to
formulate the correct nursing diagnosis.
1%. ,=.nl! anxiet! is a N,N/, approved nursing diagnosis. /iabetes, heart failure, and m!ocardial
infarction are medical diagnoses
1). /=Premature closure is making a 0udgment based on onl! one or t"o pieces of data or information.
1+. *=5easuring and recording the patient$s total fluid intake and output ever! shift "ill determine
"hether the goal or expected outcome of =total fluid intake e2uals total fluid outputB has been met.
11. *=Cxpected outcomes are specific, measurable criteria used to evaluate goal achievement. &he
phrases =an ade2uate amount.B Bless edematous :s"ollen;.B ,nd =sleep "ellB are vague and not
measurable.
13. /=?n the planning phase of the nursing process, the nurse "orks "ith the patient and famil! to
formulate patients goals or expected outcomes and to design the nursing interventions necessar! to
achieve those goals.
14. *=/ischarge planning should commence upon admission because the average length of sta! for
patients in acute6care hospitals is becoming increasingl! short.
18. ,='hort6term goals are best for patients "ho re2uire health care for a short time :usuall! less than
a "eek, such as for an appendectom!;. >ong6term goals are often used for patients "ho re2uire
health care for a longer period of time :usuall! more than a "eek, such as for burns, a spinal cord
in0ur!, and heart failure;.
1<. B=&he scientific reason for selecting a specific nursing intervention supported b! clinical research s
called rationale. , criterion is a method of 0udging something. , strateg! is a plan for approaching a
problem or task. , theor! is a h!pothesis that isn$t based on actual kno"ledge.
%9. *=&he evaluative statement6=@oalB6is consistent "ith the supporting data6=Patient "as able to
transfer from the bed to a "heelchair "ithout assistanceB6and demonstrates goal achievement.
%1. ,=.utcome evaluation focuses on measurable changes in the health status of the patient of the
end results of nursing care.
%%. *=?ndependent nursing interventions involve actions that nurses initiate based on their o"n
kno"ledge and skill and "ithout the direction or supervision of an other member of the health care
team.
%). /=/elegation is the transfer of responsibilit! for the performance of an active from one individual to
another "hile retaining accountabilit! for the outcome.
%+. B=*ollaborative nursing interventions involve actions carried out "ith another aber of the health
care team.
%1. /=Nurses are accountable for the dependent nursing interventions the! implement. Which the! are
responsible for clarif!ing an! 2uestionable dependent nursing interventions "ith the doctor.
%3. *=, nurse should record a nursing intervention :for example, administering a medication; after
performing the nursing intervention :not before;. ecording should also be done in black ink :not
pencil;, be complete, and be signed "ith the nurse$s full name and title.
%4. *=?n problem6oriented medical records, data or information about patient health problems6"hether
gathered b! doctors, nurses, or other health care team members involved in the patient$s care6is
integrated throughout the chart, rather than organi7ed according to the source of the data or
information.
%8. B=, patient$s privac! ma! be violated if securit! measures, such as pass"ords and fire"alls, aren$t
used properl! or if policies and procedures aren$t in place+ that determine "hat t!pe of information
can be relieved, b! "hom, and for "hat purpose.
%<. B=?f not correct, the interference that the patient has needle tracks and has abused or is currentl!
abusing drugs places the nurse at risk for libel :defamation b! means of print, "riting, or pictures;.
)9. ,=ecording errors shouldn$t be changed in an! "a! that raises doubt about the nursing care given
or the charting error made :such as erasing or blotting them out "ith correction fluid;
)1. ,=&he change6of6shift report should include significant recent changes in the patient$s condition
that the nurse assuming responsibilit! for care of the patient "ill need to monitor. &he other options
aren$t critical enough to include in the report.
)%. *=?n the nursing grand rounds format, a group of nurses visit selected patients at bedside, discuss
each patient$s care, and encourage each patient to participate in the discussion.
)). B=?ndependent nursing interventions involve actions nurses initiate based on their o"n kno"ledge
and skill and "ithout the direction or supervision of another member of the health care team.
)+. ,=&he nursing process results in the development of a nursing care plan that reflects the uni2ue,
individuali7ed needs of the patient.
)1. *=&o formulate a correct nursing diagnosis "ith the patient during the diagnostic phase of the
nursing process, the nurse must look for patterns and deviations from normal "ith "hich to form a
data cluster.
)3. ,=,n evaluative statement includes t"o partsH the conclusion :either =@oal metB, =@oal partiall!
met,B or =@oal not metB; and supporting data for the conclusion.