Words to know:

Chapter 1
Metallurgy - Metallurgy is the study of metals. It deals with both how to extract ore and, more
importantly for this class, how to alloy metals to produce desirable properties.
Nonferrous/Ferrous - Ferrous means uses Iron, nonferrous means it doesn't. Nonferrous metals are
those which do not use iron as the primary ingredient.
Temper - A heat treatment process of heating the metal to a certain temperature before allowing it to
cool
Quenching (air/water) - The rapid cooling of a piece in order to obtain desirable properties. Air and
water quench are just two varying speeds of a quench
Anneal - Raising a material above it's critical annealing temperature and maintaining that temperature
for an adequate amount of time.
Chapter 2
Compound and mixture - know the difference!
A compound is created when two molecules are chemically combined to create a new substance. A
mixture is created when two substances are mixed but do not necessarily chemically combine. In
general, a compound can have vastly different properties from its components, while a mixture shares
properties with its components
Solution
A mixture in which one substance is dissolved in to another
Solute
In a solution a solute is the material that is dissolved
Solvent
In a solution a solvent is what does the dissolving
Metal
- Conducts electricity
- Conducts heat
- Is hard
- High density
- Not transparent
A metal contains several or all of the following properties
Alloy
An alloy is a solid solution of two metals
Solid solution (why is it odd, how do we make it?)
A solid solution is a solution in which a solid is dissolved into another. It is odd because solids are metals
are rather difficult to stir. To create a solid solution, the solutes and solvent must be melted first, then
mixed.
Study Guide Solutions
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
8:11 AM
Basic Metallurgy Page 1
mixed.
Chapter 3
Hardness
Hardness is an objects resistance to deformation, penetration, denting, and abrasion.
Penetration hardness
Rockwell test
Penetration hardness is tested by attempting to penetrate a piece with a specific load, a specific
penetrator, and examining the size of the indentation that is made. The Rockwell test specifically uses 3
different penetrators, and 3 different loads, but only 2 combinations are commonly used (B (soft) and C
(hard) scale). The Rockwell test applies a minor load first to remove the effects of surface effects.
Scratch hardness
File hardness test
Scratch hardness tests test hardness by directly scratching one material with another. The file hardness
test is done by attempting to scratch a part with a file. The hardness of the material is compared in a
qualitative way (soft or hard) compared to the file.
Chapter 4
Load - Tensile, compressive, shear, torsional, bending
Stress - Tensile, compressive, shear, torsional, bending
Strength - Tensile, compressive, shear, torsional, bending
Tensile - to pull apart
Compress - to push together
Shear - to slide past. In particular, to make the solid metal to slide apart
Torsional - to twist
Bending - to bend (I don't feel this needs additional explanation)
Load - the force exerted on the part, has units of FORCE (lbs)
Stress - The force per unit area exerted on the part, calculated by force/area (psi)
Strength - The stress in the part when some key transition occurs (psi)
Know the 3 different strength points:
Yield Stress/Strength
When the part deforms enough that when it is unloaded it does not return to its original shape, it has
yielded. The yield strength is the stress at which this occurs
Ultimate Stress/Strength
The ultimate strength is the highest stress the part will ever tolerate in a load test (Like lab 3)
Fracture Stress/Strength
The stress at which the part fractures
Ductility
How far the part stretches before fracture. A part that stretches a lot is said to be more ductile. The
opposite of ductile is brittle
Strain
The percentage elongation of the part. It is calculated by taking how much longer the part got and
dividing by the original length.
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Modulus of Elasticity
A number which represents how much the material stretches for a given load. In the elastic region, this
is a constant number
Electrical conductivity/resistance
Ability of a material to pass an electric current
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
A measure of how much larger a piece gets when you heat it
Melting point
At what temperature a material turns from solid to liquid
Thermal Conductivity
A measure of how quickly heat flows through a material
Density
The mass of the material per unit volume in units of, for example, lbs/ft
3
Example Questions:
Give an example of a Ferrous metal and 2 examples of a nonferrous metal.
Ferrous - Steel
Nonferrous - Aluminum and Titanium
If you have two materials, and wanted to quickly see which material was harder, what could you do?
Scratch one against the other. The one that is more significantly marked is the softer material
What is Metallurgy?
See above!
Describe Quenching. Of Air and Water Quenching, which is faster?
Quenching is the process of quickly cooling a part after heat treatment. Water cools an object more
quickly than air.
Which is higher, the melting temperature, or the annealing temperature?
A material can be annealed without melting it, so the melting temperature is higher.
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