The History and Development

of Auriculotherapy
This atlicle is based on a papet read at the Science
'91
Conference of the British Association
held in Plymouth iti Au?ust | 991
Summary
Auticulolherapy was discovcrcd in France in the
1950's by Dr Paul Nolier. Folk wisdom that
needling or cautery of the ear cauld affect vision al
curc scialic pain inspircd hi|, ta dcvclap his theory
oi at1 inverled faetal manikin superimposed an the
ear. The lheary was intraduccd into China in 1958
and its ptaclice was enthusiastically pronoted
dutinB the y-.ars ol the
"Cullural
Revolulion".
How-.v,^t, its Fren.h arigins have gradually been
forBotten in China, wherc Nogier's schenta has been
lurther adapted to lit Chines-. nt-.dical philosophy.
Key words
AcupLlt1cture, AcupLtncture historv Aurir:ulotherapy,
Phi losophy of medicine.
Intrcduction
This paper is about all lnrovatron in acupuncture".
ear acupunct ure or more accuf at el y, auri cu
l ot herapy. Li ke ot her i nnovat i ons, acupunct ure
anal gesi a and head acupunct ure, auri cul ot herapy
was f i rsl of l i ci al Jy prornot ed i n Chi na duri ng t he
"Creat
Leap Forward" i n t he Jat e 1950' s and consol
idated during Ihe
"CLihural
Revolrllon" in the early
Sevent reS.
Auri cul ot herapy appl i ed needl i ng Lo l he ear wi l hi n
an i di osyncrat i c, but coherent concepl ual
f ramework and, l i ke al l i nnovat i ons i n acupuncl ure,
i t bears f eat ures of West ern and Chi nese medi cal
pract i ce. Now auri cul ot herapy i s of paf t i cul ar
i nt erest as a t herapy t hat was i nvent ed i n t he West ,
by a French acupunct uri st i n France, but has
become a more i mport ant i nnovat i on of t he East , i n
t he Peopl e' s Republ i c of Chi na (PRC).
Nat ural i y, t he quest i on ari ses: why di d auri cu-
l ot herapy become so popul ar i n Chi na ancl not I n
t he West ? Mao' s pol i t i cs and soci al set t i ngs i n t he
Peopl e' s Republ i c may provi de somc expl anat i on. I n
t hi s paper, howevet l wi Jl f ocus on t he concept ual
f rameworl < of auri cuJot herapy and show t hat on a
concept ual l evel , auri cuJot herapy i i t t ed t he modes
of reasoni ng i n Chi nese medi ci ne and was t herel ore
casi l y accept ed as an i nnovat i on i n acupLrnct ure.
l wi l l expl ore t radj l i ons ol ! uropean t hought , on
t he one hand, and of Chi nese medi ci ne, on t he
ot hef , whi ch put t he i nvent i on of auri cul ot herapy
i nt o cont ext . Then, I wi l l present how t he i nvent or of
auf i cul ot hef apy, t he French acupunct uri st Dr Paul
Nogi er, modi f i ed hi s i ni t i al f i ndi ngs and devel oped
his
"discovety";
and how the technologrcal transler
of auri cul ot herapy was ai ded by concept ual modi f i
cat i ons t hat Chi nese doct ors nradc i n Chi na.
I n t he very end, I wi l J al so have t o poi nt t o some
shady si des of auri cul ol herapy, as I observed t hem
duri ng my f i el dwork i n 1989, but t o begi n wi t h, l et
me gi ve you an i mpressi on ol Lhe pract i ce of auri cu
l ot herapy as l f i rsl encount ered i t i n Chi na.
The Pactice of Auriculothetapy in the People's
Republic of China
I n 1986 | spent t wo weeks i n t he acupunct ure
depart ment of a smal l cl i ni c i n Chengdu 175).
Dr Lu
treated between thirty and fifty patients every
rnorning, most of whom suffercd from recurrent
abdomi nal pai n due t o gal l st ones (Tabl e l ). f hey
were t reat ed wi t h auri cul ot herapy t o reduce t he
need f or surgi cai i nt ervent i on.
The provi nci al heal t h mi ni st ry had I aunched t hi s
pol i cy i n order t o cut down cost s on sophi st i cat ed
West ern r. edi cal t reat ment . Auri cul ot herapy was
consi dered a Chi nese medi cal pract i ce, whi l e LJot h
di agnosi s and eval uat i on of t he t real ment were
based on Western lechnolog, mostly on X rays. lt
had t he advanl age of bei ng easi i y appl i ed, easi l y
l earnt and underst ood, and ext remel y economi cal .
I ndeed, t he t reat ment was si mpl e- l t consrst ed oi
so-cal l ed
"ear
prcssut e" (eryaf a).
Ear acupunct ure
NUMEERS OF PAfIINTS TRTATED IN DR LU'S PRACTICE:
Acup!nciufe treatmnt
F = F e ma l e , M= Ma l e
8. . 10
-
l r am
25
1 7
8. 1( l
-
l l am
t l l
( F 28, M 8)
t 2 ( F 6 , M 5 )
1992 Val 1A Supplcncnt 109 A.:upun.lure h lrledi.i ne
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was sai d t o be very pai nf ul so, i nst ead of needl i ng
earpoints, tiny seeds were stuck with tape onto the
poi nt s i n t he ear i ndi cat ed f or di ssol vi ng gal l st ones
and washi ng t hem out of t he gal l bl adder
-
namel y
t he poi nt of t he l i ver, t he gal l bl adder, t he ki dneys,
t he gat e t o t he spi ri t s, t he endocri ne syst em and,
accordi ng t o t he pat i ent ' s const i t l rt i on and
condi t i on, somet i mes al so ont o t he poi nt s of t he
st omach, bl adder and col on.
The t herapy was al so easi l y l earnt . Thi s was
necessary because i t i nvol ved a hi Sh degf ee ot t he
patient's active co-operation. The patients had to
vi si t t he cl i ni c t hree t i mes weekl y. At home, t hey
had first to massage the ear after each meai for
about f i f t een mi nut es and t hen t he st omach, by
st roki ng wi t h t he l ef t hand f rom l ef t t o ri ght across
t he abdomen. Thi s i nt ent i onal act at t he surf ace of
t he body was t o have an ef f ect i nsi de t he body: t he
Bal l st ones
were t o wander t o t he openi ng of t he
gal l bl adder duct . Pat i ent s, moreover, had t o bri ng
t he
Bal l st ones
t hey f ound i n t he st ool t o t he cl i ni c f or
bi ochemi caJ anal ysi s. Thi s meant t hat a pat i ent had
t o col Ject and i nspect hi 5 own st ooi s, boi l t hem i n
wat er i n order t o make t he st ones f al l out , and
i sol at e, wash and dry t hese.
Apart f ror. t he act i ve co-operat i on of pat i ent s
duri ng t he process of t he cure, i nt eract i on bet ween
t he pat i ent s const i t ut ed an i mpof t ant aspect of t hi s
t herapy. Most pat i ent s st ayed about hal f an hour i n
t he consul t at i on room (t here was no wai t i ng room)
al t hough t he t echni cal part of t he t reat ment t ook
onJy t wo mi nut es. Si nce seat s were scarce, t he
most l y el derl y women st ood and wal keo arouno,
and usual l y f ormed a noi sy group chat t i ng about t he
weat her, ai l ment s and occasi onal l y some personal
det ai l . The at mosphere was rel axi ng, t he doct or
-
who smoked cont i nuousl y and once i n a whi l e
asked f or some si l ence
-
was al ways up t o a
j oke
and woul d say t o pat i ent s who were rel eased f rom
lJealment.
"Come
again to amuse yourself here!
(ni
zai lai wan bal". In other words, coming fot
t reat ment was comf ort i ng and, l i ke a vi si t t o t he
market pl ace, i nf ormat i ve.
The t reat ment was cl earl y ai med at vi suaJi si ng and
mat eri al i si ng t herapeut i c success. Fi rst , t he pat i ent
was shown an X-ray of t he gal l st ones obst ruct i ng t he
duct ; t hey appeared as l i ght and dark spot s on t he
photo. A{ter one month of treatment another X-ray
was taken and three months after treatn ent was
t ermi nat ed pat i ent s were summoned t o have t hei r
gal l bl adder X-rayed agai n t o check f or recurrences.
Si mi l arl y, t he devi ce t o i sol at e t he
Sal l st ones
was a
procedure whi ch vi sual i sed and mat eri al i sed t he
t herapeut i c success. The gal l st ones vari ed i n si ze
and col our f rom l i ght yel l ow t o bl ack, f rorn sandy t o
graveistone-like. They were kept in separate
Slasses
on t he t op of t he doct ol s desk. Vi si bl y di spl ayed as
they were, patients felt free to compare them. Since
mani f est at i ons of physi ol ogi cal abnormal i t i es I i ke
gal l st ones have hardl y any correl at i on wi t h t he
subj ect i vel y f el t pai n, t he above procedures oi
vi sual ; si ng and mat ef i aJi si ns t he ai l ment were
si gni f i cant f rom a soci al and psychol ogi cal rat her
t han a bi omedi cal poi nt of vi ew.
The success of the treatment was difficult to
eval uat e; part i cul arl y because X-rays, whi ch i n t he
cl i ni c were consi dered obj ect i ve, are not adequat e
cri t eri a t o sat i sf y West ern bi omedi cal research.
Regardl ess of t he bi omedi cal assessment of
t herapeut i c success, t he above observat i ons i ndi cat e
t hat auri cul ot herapy met i mport ant needs of pri mary
heal t h care: t he acupunct ure pract i ce of Dr Lu was
comparabl e t o a day cent re f or el derJy peopl e where
t he at mosphere was rel axed, but al so i nspi red t o
compet | t | on.
The manikin in man
What a surpri se t o f i nd t hat t hi s t reat ment whi ch
appeared so t horouBhl y Chi nese has, i n {act , i t s
root s i n Europe, and t hat i t was onl y recent l y
i nvent ed, i n t he 1950' s. I t s i nvent or, Dr Paul Nogi er,
is a Western medical doctor who became interested
i n acupunct ure duri ng hi s l ast year of Uni versi t y
st udi es, i n 1939. At t hat t i rne t here were f ew
acupunct uri st s i n Europe, and he l earnt acupunct ure
f rom t he wri t i ngs of Ceorge SouJi 6 de Morant and
t he acupunct uri st Ni boyet who became hi s t eacher
and f ri end. He st i l l l i ves i n Lyon t oday where he
st udi ed, worked as a pract i t i oner and made hi s
di scovery; nowadays cel ebrat ed by acupunct ure
soci et i es of t he ent i re worl d.
Nogier's
"discovery"
was that the ear points
correspond t o l esi oned body part s, and t hat t hese
represent at i ons of body part s are ordered accordi ng
Io a
"special,
almost coercive logical order" (1:page
27). He pf oj ect ed a mani ki n i n t he posi t i on of a
foetus in the womb on]othe ear
(Figure i
).
upper limb
glandular
Cephalic
Ihe projectian afa foetus anta the ea.lNoliet 1972).
One may wonder what t he det ai l s of t he cases he
t reat ed were, what experi ences he had, and whi ch
observat i ons he consi dered i mport ant f or t hi s
di scovery. Nogi er gi ves us but f ew hi nt s:
1. He speaks of general f ol k wi sdom t hat pi erci ng
t he earl obe has an ef f ect on vi si on somet i mes i t
i mproves i t , somet i mes i t i mpai rs i t t hi s i s, by i he
Acupu nctu re i n Med ici ne 110 1992 Val 10 Supplenent
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wa, nn observal i of whi ch Frcnch acLl punct t rri sLs
have researchecl . rnd cl i scLl sscd i n re. ent pLrbl ca
t i ons.
2. , ^ccordi ni l b Noi l i er, t l )e kc-v t o hi s di scoverv rras
^
"\ udden
i nt Lt i l i ot i ' : I he af t hcl x of t he car hacl Lo
bc c' quaLcd wi Lh t h. ' verl ebral col umn
"l n
dre
i nvert e di re(t i ot 1". He t e l s us i n hi s I i KL af t cl e oi
1956 t hat he had srccessi ul y apt rl i e. l t hc
h . p . , i
.
. 1 . " " r o
i r I
\
r ' l
. r \ i l ' r
' r ' r , ! \ l u
- , 1 . | | . , , 1 r t ' u I r l
l r , ,
. i ' , p i t r . H - . ' :
'
. , . - i . t , t t t ' t t F t -
l t
, 1 - pl
t ' . ^ " t t
the SLli Iuml).1t disc in aass of s(iitlic
t ) ; r i n,
I sLr cl denl y r L- al i sed t hat ( t hi s) poi nl
hscl to be t--l,;ted ta thnt rcty relti(tt al
t he | crt ebral cal umn" l l : page 52
I r . r \ \ , , r | . i - , 1 r \ ' ' r , . l
r '
-
* ^ l \ \ ,
' l ' r
I o l " m ' l r ' r r l t r h i
' r F
I p r . l , l . r
' I \ \ " 1
bi on) edi ci ne.
-1. , \ s t he source o i nspi rrt i of t o proJecl
'
o r . l , \ " : ,
f ef ers l o Dr Borrni cr . 1nd Dr Li
j cqLri st
l hc i ormer racl rnappcd an encl onasal
4 n u , |
) .
l , r . r r " r l ' l r r
n
L r
^o.
l -' I l
' l ' rr '
t r u u \
^ ' , l * i \ | , ,
i ri cl ol ogy i / r pa, ge -i l 1. I ' hus No3i erk i dca
t hat t hc ent i f e bodv i 5 reprcscnt ed on l hc
. ' r I
L r , L r I l ^
/ r o h i
' . l , ) , . r u . r . , . , . i " .
e\ pressi on, rei exo ogy. l rr l he I o l owi rrS, I
* , T , . ^ ' . . 1
I u .
^ r |
-
L l . .
v , , , , I o u . .
' l * ^ l ^ q \ - l l i 1
t hat l he corrcel )t i on o[
"mat t
as mani ki n"
corres i | om anci enl \ \ , i sdom, and t l ace l t
l )ack l o t he macrocosnr nt i crocosnr
concepLl or oi t he rni verse i f al l t i qLri t y.
\ i 5 t . . 1 . l i ' l r r . ' ,
t u n " t ' n " 1
, .
comp el e nran, i s i n t he Senl cn; t he
f cnr. rl e rvonrLr provi ded onl y t he spacc'
ancJ prot ecLi on i or l ri r' n t o erp. rnd and
" - o \ . V\
' d i n . .
, , r . ' l u r ' , r , r h . t
o'
- pi l
l - -
l ' ^ '
J r , r , l
^ l a
I '
nl
: c n r -
J n J t ( ' ^ 1 |
r " ' o r
' .
l , l r , l | ' l
- \ * ,
p
l h r r | | . L r L
" 1 r r . i l '
' ' l r r
! ^ u J l ; \ \
^ I
Ant i qLri t l r and l he Mi ddl e AEi cs
cr:rebral cortcx ttf nnn" I l9: pil!:e 1]2).
I l 7l l r and l Bt h cenl ! r y Eur ope, l he vi cw t hat t he
wor<i ngs oi t he soLrl wcrc f el i rt ed Lo t hc neryoLrs
s-vst em gracl ua l y g; i ned ground. Descaf t es
(1; 96
1650), i or i nst ance, ocat cd t he so! l n i he pi neal
gand. NeLrro ogi st s ol l hc l Bt h
(enl urv
assume. l
i rni t y ol . onsci ousness, as at t ri brrt ed l o t hc so(rl , arl d
s.rnti. nonn.nd tensa^ GpteteDteti.rl on the.otc\'
.l,
t,i t
ii$
r.sl
sensaty anl nrnor hanwn uljs: thi\ was
Ptepnted
rs a rill;lization al
thc ot.let .nd .anpat.tive .ize af tht: pa,tt ot th bodv ,s /he! appcaf
iron alnve do*n upon the Rolan.lit cartex. the latynx rcPtesnts raQli'
rrru), /ir. phalr' ,r rsi/b||in$ lp .atnPatatirLT\' lnrye siz.: ol thunb,
li* ind tantjue irticat. th.t l)etP n-"D$eE o(Lpf .anparattvely ldl\
retti.tl saqn,entt oi tha Roi.ir./i..oter a5 lhotr' , bv rrcaru/cDer8 t,
ntlividuat .d.ee. Sentatian in
le]italia
and tudtn lte )bav antl
f , t . t , t ,
t . , , t
Rat h. ' r, l t s i orerunners l re l o be l ol l nd i n
f r! r/ _" 2
, , cnl i ght en, 4l , '
phi osophi cal al ebal cs
-s. f , J. / f , rD. / {rnaLt cnbt ot naDi krl (t ' ent i cl dandBokl t cf l 9}7)11r)
\ . ,
r , |
;
. t ! r ' t
t t t t
1 t - . u r i , . \ ' l l . r
l arcr st i nrLrl at ecl ncuf ol ogi c. l rcsear(h anrJ ecl i n l he t ri edt ol ocai se t l n a post u i rl ed organ oi t he brai n,
earl y 2Ot h cenl urv, apart i ronr t he l ral f st re. l rn t hc so ca l ed
"scnsorl rrm
conrrrune"
(15: page 6l l )
rescarch, a] so l o f esei rrch i n so-cal cd
"zone
Phreno oSi s6 of t he ear y 19t h ' enl urv broke ! p
t hcr. t p. r, ' ; . l n l l l e mi d t went i el h cent ! ry, rescarch i ronr t h s Lrni \ ' i Fi gure
-l ) and con. ei ved ol t he bri ri n as a
wi l hi n t he bi omcdi ca esl abl i shrnerl L
proi ect ed a
"coml )osi Le
of part s, each oi whi . h sct vt ' s a t ! i sl i nct ,
mani ki n onl o a body pi rrt l oo, a very spcci f i c one t ask speai i i c f acLl l t v" l -' S
"i nt el l i l l et rcc", "n1ennry".
lrolvcvcr, the Rolafcl c cortex oi thc brnin /figl/re 21.
'inaliinalion"
ctc.J The unity cJt Lhe soLl urrs no\'v
vrLr rni Sht be i . rmi l i ar wi t h Peni i el d' s ancl B; l dr. ' y' s hrokcn, t he mj nd conrp. rf rncnt ; rl l se. l and i acrrl t i es
"so| , at i c
i i o! or art d st ' t t sory rePrcsent dl i )11 i t rhe l ocal i sed i rr di i l cf ent rel l i ons oi t he bf t rrn
l.l'L2 lbl 1l) 5up/)lentent
r11 A.tttm tnrc iD NlaLli.ltte
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'the
phrenolosical lnatlel of
the brain (Sputzhein 18ll).
This shows duplication af the
syntnetrical re'lans of the
IM) hernitpheres (14).
Acupuncturc and its
"action
at a distance"
I nt eresl i ngl y, t he i dea
of proj ecl i ng
"man
as
manlkin" onto a body
part has f al l en ont o
f ef t i l e ground i n
Chi na. I was, i n f act ,
f i rst mi sJead t o search
f or t he ori gi ns o{ t hi s
i dea i n anci ent
Chi nese t radi t i ons of
t hou8ht and not i n
those of modern
Europe.
One i s bound t o ask
why t he
"mani ki n
i n
man" seems so
appeal i nS t o modern
Chi nese doct ors.
,6|--ffi
lr
o"$r,Jr
\ j Y
---__-:_\
rffi)
Wm*
N''--.)
h-(
fi\u.e 5. Honun.ulus on head.
These cat egori es of f acul t i es were used i n what
was cal l ed neurol ogi cal research, but t he doct ri ne
ryffi
t hat ment al f acul t i es coul d
be l ocal i sed onl y {ournd
general accept ance i n t he
1860' s wi t h Broca' s
research. Broca (1824-
1BB0) l ocat ed t he f acul t y
of
"afticulate
speech" in
the left frontal third
convol ut i on of t he cof t ex,
a f i ndi ng whi ch had
i mpact f ar beyond neuro
I ogi cal research.
By est abl i shi ng a
relation between psychic
act i vi t y and organi c
structure,
"/aculries"
of the
mi nd were not onl y
l ocal i sed, but mat eri al i sed;
t he di vi ne mi nd was t hus
reduced t o t he physi cal
worJd. By l ocal i si ng
speech, whi ch was
bel i eved t o be t he uni quel y human f acul t y, t he
di f f erence bet ween man and ani mal was reduced t o
an anat omi cal ent i t y. Broca' s f i ndi ngs t hus
support ed t he endeavours of t he ant i cl eri cal l ef l
wi nS i n France
(15:
chapt er 1 passi m).
Chinese depi.Iion ofnanikin in the ear; and faot rcflexalogy
once t he f acul t y of af t i cul at e speech was l ocaJi sed
and def i ned not as ment al {acul t y, bLrt as a somat i c
mot or and sensory f unct i on of t he nervous syst em,
t he i ce was broken f or research whi ch was pursued,
on t he one hand, by Sherri ngt on, Leyt on, and l at er
Penf i el d, Rasmussen et c. , and, on t he ot her, out si de
t he bi omedi cal est abl i shment t o t he research i n
zone therapy (F/gures 4, 5 and 6).
To summari se: Nogi er' s i nvent i on was st i mul at ed
by practices of Western folk medicine that were
i nt erpret ed i n t erms of West ern bi omedi ci ne and
synt hesi sed accordi ng t o i nsi ght s of zone t herapi st s.
Honun.ulus on bane.
I suppose t hai an answer can be f ound f i rst i n t he
Chi nese rni crocosm-macrocosm concept i on ot t he
uni verse and second i n t he assumpt i on t hat
Homuncul us on Ear Homunculus on Fool
, l r $ . i - r j r l i
'.dilrh'
g-,a*xG
l1:
Man with bones as microcosms
E2-6 , l Et g8&g
Acupunctute in Medicine 11) 1992 Vol tA Supplernenl
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mani pul at i ons at an acupunct ure poi nt can have l aF
reaching effects. ln order to make this suggestion
pl ausi bl e, I wi l l di gress shodl y i nt o t he di scussi on of
some basi c concept s of acupunct ure.
Let me begi n wi t h t he f l i ppant comment t hat :
' ?n
acupunctutist seems to do with his needles what a
car mechanic does with a screw driver: he brings
the machine back into order". lndeed, an acupunc
t uri st
(and
t hi s i s hardl y known i n t he West ) has t o
work on t he needl e, t urni ng i t one way or t he ot her,
as one does ! ^hen t i ght eni l g or l ooseni ng a screw.
Just
as the effort involved in tightening a screw may
be l ocal or di st ant
(as when you adj ust a car' s t i mi ng
whi ch regul at es t he i gni t i on o{ t he {uel and i n t urn
makes t he pi st ons dri ve), t he work an acupunct uri st
exerts on the needle may have local or far-reaching
and general l y harmoni si ng ef f ect s i n t he body.
However, what he works on is not a screw but
qixue,
"breath
and blood" f/7j
page 1). Nor is the
work he pefforms on the needle restricted to a
cl ockwi se or count er-cl ockwi se t urni ng o{ t he
needle. In order to either strenBthen or discharge the
qi ue; n t he body, an acupunct uri st may push and
pul l t he needl e, he may shi f t and shake, or t wi rl and
rotate it. In order to bring stagnant q/xue back into
motion, he may work on the needle according to
the method oI
"the
blue-green dngon swaying his
tail" (qin]Iong baiwei),
"the
white tiqer shaking his
head" (baihu yaotou),
"the
gtey turtle digqing a
hole" (canggui tanxue) and
"the
red phoenix
Srcet i nq
hi < ori Ei nt
(hi f en+ \ i nt udnt
i s: paBps
10-1).
NoW everyone knows what a metal scfew is: it is a
solid, discrete entity, but qlxue are more difficult to
expl ai n because t hey cont i nuousl y change t hei r
f orm of mani l est al i on. \ e\ enhel es\ .
)ou
(an
see ql
and xue; you can feel them. For instance, if you take
the pulse at the wrist, you can feel qlxue; not the
pulse as we would say, but qxue which circulate
(yur)
and flow (i/!) in our body.
Qi
permeates the universe. You can see it, for
instance, when the wind blows, how it affects the
t rees and makes t hei r t runks move rhyt hmi cal l y
back and forth. Xue is approximated in translation
as
"blood",
the blood you see when you cut your
f i nger, or t he menst rual bl ood whi ch somet ' mes has
di si i nct i ve smel l s, but al so t he bl ood whi ch i nvi si bl y
warms your body, nouri shes your I i mbs and ensures
that there is
"spirit"
(youshen) in your face.
Qi
and xue are i n const ant f l ux and f l ow i n a
balanced body and, to return to the analogy above,
the acupuncturist regulates these dynamics with his
needles. But if you try to push it furiher, the analogy
between the screw driver and the acupuncture
needle breaks down. ln the West, doctors have been
compared t o car mechani cs and bodi es i o machi nes
(if I break down the doctor fixes me and if he does a
bad
job
I will iue hr'ml. This view may possibly
apply to some doctors and patients in the PRC, but
not t o t he worl d vi ew wi t hi n whi ch Chi nese
medicine was developed some two thousand years
ago. In that world, the human body was not
concei ved of as a machi ne, but as a smal l uni verse,
a mi crocosm, anal ogous t o t he macrocosm, t he
uni verse surroundi nS i t .
l ust
as t he Chi nese l ands were i rri gat ed by ri vers
and wat er canal s connect i ng t hem, t he human body
was conceived of as being nourished by
"vesse/s"
(ma4 which are interpreted by modern Chinese as
"breath
and blood"
(qixue) flowing through
"channels"
(jingluo).
Some points of the vessels
"through
which the qi goes in and out"
(Lingshu
1986, page 9), namely the acupuncture points (xue),
made t he mani pul at i ons wi t h t he acupunct ure
needle most likely to be effective.
Thi s hi ghl y sophi st i cat ed net work of channel s on
\4ew of the body: the intemal oryans and the network of the 12
nain channels on the body sulace.
t he surf ace of t he body ; s l i nked t o or8ans i nsi de t he
body; t he body i s t hus di vi ded i nt o an i nner and an
otilet sphete (Figurc 7).
Treatment thus has long distance effects: one can
manipulate ihe needle at the surface of the body
and have an effect on the organs inside the body.
One can needle the leSs and feet, the lower
extremities of the body, and ireat disorders in the
head; one can needle the right and effect
improvement on the left; in short, Iike magic,
acupuncture works
"at
a distance".
Magic is, ever since
lC
Frazer wrote on it,
acknowledged to work on two principles of
raction
at a distance't: Sympathetic magic is grounded in the
belief that
"/ike
alfects like"
,
even over a long
di st ance- Cont agi ous magi c, whi ch sounds as
though it ought to mean that you bring things into
cont act , can al so work at a di st ance. Thi s i s
B,A
Etr XF
5A
@l
qfl
r,
.tFg
;tEffiHifiiiii
!{
st
a*
!!i
i i
,i
*,
lii
tii
f
;
1992 Vol 1O Supplenent 113 Acupuncturc in Medicine
group.bmj.com on March 5, 2014 - Published by aim.bmj.com Downloaded from
supposed t o ul i l i se t hi ngs l i <e hai r, so as t o ai f ect t he
person ror4l 1() whom t hey orae be of ged, cven i i
separat ed now by a l ong di st ance
(21).
Acupunct Lrre needl es may work at a di st ance, but
act i ons undert aken i n acupunct ure do nol t t t t he
above cat egori es of rnaSi c. Rat her, t hey show sl ml
l ari t i es wi t h mechani st i c manj pul at i ons f screl a,
dri vcr! ). I he l ong di st ance ei l ect s are expl ai ned by
post ul at i ng i nvi si bl e channel s, and ql and xue l hal
f l ow t hrough t hem.
AcupLrnct ure i s not onl ), mel wi t h apprehensi arn
becal rse i l renri nds onc of magi c. Thal most peop e
have a gut reacl i on agai nst i t , ml y have t o do wi t h
t he t hoLrBht ol havi ng need es st uck i nl o onesel l .
You may l hi nk oi spears st i cki ng i n bui f al oes on
pal aeol i t hi c paj rl l i ngs whi ch al egedl y shoul d l ead
t o t he l (i l i ng of a brl i al o on t he hunt , or ol pi ns
effig,y which
Snou d cal l se
shoot i ng pai n i n
an enemy; Chri sl
was hammered
ont o t hc cross
bul a science lkexue).
To rel urn l c) my i ni t i al quest i on at t he begi nni ng oi
t hi s sect i on, t he macrocosm rni crocosm coJl cept i on
of t he rni verse madc i t possi bl e t o concerve ol t he
rnani ki n i n t he ear as a
"mi cro
mi crocasm t n t he
nl i cracasr". Mof eovet \ , i l h l he t hought of
"acf i o/ l
at a di st ance", t he sugBesl i on t hat mani pul at i ons
wi t h a needl e on a poi nt ol t he caf can have i aI -
rcachi ng ef f ect s i s perf ect l y accept abl e i n Chi na.
Therc i s st i I anot her aspect 1o auri cu ot herapy
whi ch can erpl ai n i t s ready accept ance i f Chi na.
Thi s ha5 t o do wl t h Chi nese concept s l hat arc f ound
i n i t s concepl l al f ramework. Above J have l ocusecl
on one charact eri st i c of auri cul ot herapy, t he
proj ect i on of
"' ' an
as a maDi ki n" anl o t he ear. I n t he
f ol l owi ng I wi I present i n more del ai l Nogi er' s
di scovery and devel op. . cnt of auri cul ol herapy i n
France, and u, e rn, i l l see t hat hj s f rame of rel erence
i ni t i a l y a so i ncl ! ded Chi nese concept uaLi sat i ons oi
t he bodv.
The discovety and development of
auriculotherapy in France
Nogi er' s i nj t i al
f i ndi ni s, whi ch
conceTn us here, wcTe
pub i shed l f a French
f / JJ l nd l al er i n a
Cef man f 4
7 7J j . rurnal
at upun. l uel t ' h. ) t o
Af t i . an
bf trev.
J S Helpt.) Dail fctisii.
A.upunctorc nanikin an..l nall 1Fiish.
wirh na i l s
pi erced t hroLrgh
hands and i cet ;
spears, pi ns,
na i l s needLes
associated \'r,ilh
pai n al l d even
wi l h dcat h.
l ne prct Lrre or
rvhat a
on
bet wcef 1956 and
1967, af d i n a book
publ i shd i n 1969
( Ef gl i sh t r ans. 1972)
l / 2J.
Hi s l al ef pub i
5AO
st ruct ure. Fi rst , t he
ear i s di vi ded i nt o an
oui er and i nner
sphere: t he peri pheral
part s ol t hc enr
represenl t rl e l rmos,
t he concha represent s
t he nner organs-
Thi s di vi si on oi t he
body i nt o out er and
i nner orSans s
rerni nrscent oi t he
Chi nese di st i ncl i on
bel ween t he surf ace
l bi aol
and t he i nt ernal
a//l
parts of the body.
ca| ons al e
missionary ca led an
".ralrpurcture
manikin"
(Fi8L1rc
8) i s f emi nl scent oi an Al ri caf
"t al l
l et / i h", an i t ent
of magic. He said,
"According
lo Chinese l)ooks on
sut1ery ... aur compler ana[ony has graciously
provkled 367 places into
'"\,hi.h
the Chinese
surgeatl aan
,"a,ith
inpunity thrust in his
Eenerally
unclean skewers"
(23:pate 3B). lt points to the
genera l enor oi i orei gners t owards acupunct ure
duri ng l he l are 19t h and earl y 20t h cent urv.
The Chi nese t hemscl ves i ncreasi ngl y di sregarded
acupunct Lrre duri ng l at e l mperi al t i mes and t he
Republ i can peri ocl . The great breakt hrough 1n i avour
of a worl dwi de recognj t i on ol acLl punct urc
happened onl y i n t he nri d t went j et h cent ury. l l was
ef i ect ed by an i nnovat i on i n acupunct ure,
acupunct ure anal ' l esi a, t hat was i nvent ed and
wi del , v promul gat ed duri ng t he C/ ear l eap Forward
( 1958- 61) . Acup! nct ur e anal gesi a appl l ed Chi nese
t echni ql res t o West crn st yl e surgery: by needl i ng an
empi ri cal l y i ound set of acupurrcl ure
poi nt s, pai n
was suppressecl t o t he ext ent t hat l he body coul d be
cut open. Those dramat j c perf orrnances aroused t he
at t ent i on ol t he wof l i . l . Acupunct ure now had physi _
ol ogj cal ef f ect s whi ch were demonst rabl e and coul d
be quant i t at l ve y assessed; l t was now nol rnai i c,
Anatanv af the eat (NaCi-"t t95ti)
Nog ert f i rst art i cl e on a! ri cu ot herapy l Frsure 9. 1
shows a si andardi sed schema of t he anat omy ot l he
ear. Nogi cr verbal l ), descri bes t he f unct i ons t hat are
t o l hi s
numeTous an0 l n Sucn
a vari et y ot
j ol rrna s
t hat l cannot accounl
f or t hem here.
The i l Lrst rat l on i n
Fig\re 10. F|o||t at entgy in the
AcupDn.tLrc in Mcdlcine
114 t9r)2 Val 1O Stpplenent
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1 \ L \ : + - _ - r i l i
\\f\ L
---
t-
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\ \ " r ' - l
.lJ
\.,J
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, i
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( . ) \
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- f
\ i 1 ! /
\L-/
-
\*/
/i{\\
I \ \ l
\-l l l l
i+,-z-ri"
' . : - - ' ' / .
t /
Nogi er al so borrowed t herapeut j c devi ces f rom
acupunci ure: he errphasi ses dynami cs and a f l orn, of
cncrgl r l FEuf -.
/ 01 bel ween t he enf poi nt s, and
proposes al so
t reat ment by
c o m b i n i n g
j Lrst
as one al oes
t hrou! , hcJrt t f re
1960' s Nogi er
l i mi t ed
i ni t i al di sco! , ery
t o t he empi ri c. rl
f i ndi ngs t hat
cert at n
l )ot nt s
l t
t f e eaf nad
regu at ory and
t h e r a p c u t r c
1 1 ) .
Hi s l al er
al t cmpl l o
Syf l hcsi sc hi s
Ti ndi ngs on t he
l f t e l r e l a l t o J t s
re8Lrl nt ory poi nl s, r, , , hi rh he nrodel l ed upon i nt erre-
l nl i ons beL\ , , ' een poi nt s i n Eu(l i denn geomet ry
l Fi grt re 1)). l f rport nnt f of t he t ransi er of . ruf i cu
l ot herapy f rom Frrrct )e b Chi na i s t hat i t t ook pl i rce
Pontts on Llt.- l)rrk ai th.- e.t iarlntal ReNalLlti.tl).
I \i n t..t t he LlPet t i. elt i.,t-r
Tftnsfet and trunsformatiLtn of
auriculotherapy in China
Arrri cLrl ot hernpy w. rs i nt r(Xl ucecl i nt . r Chi nr i n
December l 95B
a2rl , several couTses n auncu
l ot herapy were hel d i n t he f ol l owi ng yeat (27: pat c
46) and i t was t aught i n t cxt books
(3l : pat l ), pagcs
l l 5 22) cvcn bcf of c acupunct urc anal gcsi a. Duri ng
the Cultural Revolution 11966 /6), whcn rcscarch
i nt o Ch ncsc mcdi ci nc was i nt ensrl i ed, t hal i nLo
, . r ' , . n h
' ' o r
n 1 . l l . n p l r n n r * | a ' d r . p r . . "
cont i n| ] ed t o be promot ed by t he gl overnnrenL i n t he
1980' s. A1 t hi s t i nre ol Cul t ul ?/ Revo/ ut rcr) manv
bookl el s were puLrl i shed. l n l hese, ci l l t i or] s i rorn f he
Chi nese medi cal cl assi cs provi ded or) t he one hand
a
''s.ienliii."
lf,exuel
explafalion ior lhe successes
observed i n l he cl i ni c
-
remerrber t he . nechani st i c
expl ! n! t i ons wi t h regarcl t o t he net worl < oi Channel s
-
dn(l creirted on the other a
"myth
of oritin".
aLrri cLrl ot hernpy had Chi nese precursors. Nogi er was
credi l ed as onl y one of t he
l ai er el i rbornt ors of t hi s
ori gi nal l y Chi nese t herapy
and, event ual l , v, hi s nanrc
j s
dropped
(32).
Morcovcr,
ma
j of
modi i i cat rons of
Nogrer' s schema were madc.
Poi nt s ot correspondence of
t he bac < of t hc ear were
post ul at cd
f FBUr
7l . l , whi ch
augmcnt ed t he nrmber ol
poi nt s l o over t wo hundred.
Evi dcncc l ronr t he Chi nese
mcdi cal l i t cral ur was l ound
\ , vhi ch post ul al ed zones oi
corresponoence Det ween reg-
i ons oi t he back of t he enr and
l he i nner organs
(Fi BUre I 1).
The se. ond nroal i i i cal i on oi NoSi ef ' s mode
concerned t l -re i nt errel at i ons bet ween t he poi nt s of
conespondence on t he eaf . Jn order t o , ccount l or
cert ai n i nt errel at i ons bet ween t he poi nt s i n t he ear,
t he Chi nese syst emat i cal l y proj ect ed t ract s rnt o t he
ear accordi ng t o t he descri pt i on of t hei r coursc n
; - r
, . ). -.
|
:.
i;;:i
r l , '
l . , ' ]
: t . i I .
;,",,'," ,;
--
Lli.rfrn.)lthe l,ack oi
I
Thc cat iD
"Au.i.'1.7het.py"
lNaelet t.)72).
lnt rclationt be^ree. point! nidlelled an LD.lklan geotn-.t\)
at a t i nre \ ' vher NoSi er' s concept ual i ramer' vork st i l l
cont ai nccl Chi f ese not i ons.
-_ .':
.r]l
lrt2 t'ol 1l) srpplemtnt 1 1 5 \ . LFD: r t t t r P r t \ t P. ] i I P
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/4
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\ \ 5i ,
\ =q
\ )
^,:ff'i{::f*
/4\
/ / / t l
fti,'/
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'
t ) t
{t,' #'
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\ \ I
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\\s
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)
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/ / t ) t
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**qlfl;iiii.i,i"iii
(CulturalRevolutian)
"The
Yellow Empe-
ror's lnner Canon"
(Figure | 5).
A structure was
projected onto the
earl obe: t he
"nl ne
palaces" (jiugong,
ol
more accurat el y i n
t hi s cont ext , t he
"hall
of brightness"
(minBtang) (Figure
/ 6). The hal l oi
bri Bht ness i n anci ent
texts designated a
pavi l i on i n whi ch t he
emperor carneo out
t he ri t ual act s
"which
si?nilied the
unity of heaven and
eafth in the cosmic
patten" (l B: page
287). Thi s concept
l at er pl ayed an
i mport ant rol e i n
meditation. Located
between the eye
brows (the hal/ of
brghiness is in the
region of the ymtang
acupunct ure poi nt )
(32: page 136), it is
general l y known as
tl\e
"upper
cinna-
The practice of
awiculothenpy
(1989)
Duri ng my f i el dwork
i n Yunnan i n I 9BB/ 9, I
f ound t hat auri cu-
l ot herapy was not
onl y pract i sed i n
many acLrpunct ure
departments ol
government hospi t al s,
mostly for treating
gal l st ones, but al so by
smal l groups annexed
t o worl ( uni t s and
col l ect i ves, and
private practitioners. I
soon real i sed t hat ,
apart f rom del i veri ng
pri mary heal t h care,
auri cul ot herapy was a
l ucrat i ve busi ness f or
Au ricu lotherap ist i n the
backnreeE of a country bwn
Thi s represent at i on has t hus di st i nct el emenl s of
t he Chi nese t radi t i on among whi ch t he hal i o/
brEhtneir, the projection of Chinese organs onto the
ear and t he concept i on of a
"mani ki n
i n man" as a
"micro-microcosm
in the microcosm" arc most
evi dent -
I hope t o have shown t hat auri cul ot herapy not onl y
meet s needs of pri mary heal t h care i n Chi na, but
al so f i t s t he Chi nese concept ual i sat i ons of t he body.
Bef ore I f i ni sh, I t hi nk i t i s necessary t o poi nt al so t o
t he more shady si des of t hi s i nnovat i on.
Ihe Min\tang on the earlobe
lCulturalRevalution).
Ihe ear in a 1941 Chinese
Change in rcpresentalion of the ear points.
barfield" (shan1dantian.)
and in some traditions of
medi t at i on i s t he poi nt where t he l i ght of t he
medi t at or' s cl ai rvoyance ori gi nat es.
FEUre ?6 indicates that the modifications of the
Cultural Revolution were weakened in the first case,
dropped i n t he second. and syst emat i sed i n t he
t hi rd. I n ot her words, ear poi nt s on t he back of t he
ear are now fewer, no tract system is mentioned and
t he posi t i on of poi nt s has been shi f t ed i nt o t he
centre of each ofthe rine palaces.
Acupuncturc in Medicine
t hose who provi ded i t . Most of t hese were i t i nerant
doct ors, members of t he f l oat i ng popul at i on who
can al most evade government cont rol .
l t s advant ages of bei ng economi cal , not sensrt rve t o
poor hygiene and without any secondary effects,
have reduced the need of capital for startinS an
ent erpri se and mi ni mal i sed t he ri sks of ent ert ai ni ng
i t . l t was t hus an i deal occupat i on f or poorl y
school ed yout hs who mi 8ht ot herwi se be
unempl oyed. The f ol l owi ng may gi ve an i mpressi on
of the vectors of transmission for auriculotherapy
out si de t he government uni t s i n t he PRC.
In the muddy backstreets of any country town, one
coul d f i nd auri cul ot herapi st s hands and t ool s f ar
from aseptic (Figure | 7).
ln the main street of a district town I found a
couple of itinerant doctors. She was twenty-five, he
was f i f t y; wi f e and husband. I n t he summer mont hs
t hey of f ered di aSnosi s based on auri cul ot herapy
t heory and l odged i n a pri vat el y run host el i i n
winter they were Chinese doctors and wofked in
t hei r f ami l y' s pri vat e pract i ce i n a nei ghbouri ng
provi nce. They were maki ng a f ort une. The set up of
t hei r summer pract i ce was very cl ever: she was
downstairs in front of the gale to the hostel, smart
ard se' . 1: he ! ac up. l ai r\ i n d drm
"oom. qeri oL5
wi t h grey hai r A shi ni nB nrachi ne was di spl ayed on
a t abl e next t o her. Ear di a8nosi s wi t h t he machi ne
116 1992 Vol 1O Supplement
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was expensi ve (t hree yu. rn), but why not gi ve i t a
t ry? The charmi ng woman, who wore a penet rat i ng
perf ume, was ski l l ed i n l eadi nB t he el ect rode around
t he ear. l t screeched ancl rumbl ed, and made al J
ki nds of noi ses. The resul t was gi ven t o t he cl i ent a
paper wi t h marks i n red on i t . The curi ous cl i ent
was t ol d t hal I he poi nt s i n t he ear where t he vol t age
was l ow were i ndi cat ed by a rumbl i ng sound- Thi s
showed a pat hol ogi cal condi t i on of t he corre-
spondi ng orSans and organ syst ems marked by red
underl i ni ng on t he paper. He was now gi ven t he
choi ce: ei t her l eave i n t hi s st at e of perpl exi on or
ascend t o t he doct of f or f urt her i nf ormal i on. I t
seemed t hat t he doct or had l i t t Je more under-
st andi ng of t he red scri bbl es t han hi s cl i ent si nce,
once i n t he cl oct or' s room, every cl i ent was subj ect
Lo pul se di a8nosi s. But no one l f t wi t houl al l owi ng
hi msel f t o be gi ven t rcat ment f or l arge sun-i s of cash I
This group of health workers
fFisure
/B) came from
a worl < uni t i n Chengdu and spent several summer
mont hs pract i si ng auri cul ot herapy on one of t he
mai n avenues ot Kunmi ng, t he provi f ci al capi t al of
what they calld
,backward"
(louhou)Yunnan.
"We
afe serving the people (wei rennin fuwu)" Ihey said,
as t hey di sl rj buLed t hi s advert i sement f or auri cu
l ot hef apy (Fl gure / 9) among t he curi ous audi ence i n
f ront of t hei r st and.
Gaup oihcalth ||otke$ in a tnain avenue ol Kunming.
Adve ft f o I a u I i c u I othe Rp y
Evi dent l y, t he spreadi ng of a di scovery i n rnedi ci ne
can be promoted for reasons other than the
provi si on of heal t h care al one. Auri cul ot herapy
meet s i n t hi s case Jess t he needs of t he corrsunrers
t han t hos of t he di st ri but ors, a phenornenon wi t h
whi ch West ern doct ors are f ami l i ar, part i cul ari y i n
respect of cert ai n drugs-
Conclusion
To recapi t ul at e, Lhe exampl es of t he acupunct ure
depart ment i n Chengdu and t he i t i nerant doct ors i n
Yunnan cannol expl ai n how an i nvent i on of t he
Wst becarne an i nnovat i on i n Chi na, but t hey do
poi nt t o soci al f act ors f or i t s di f f usi on. I wi sh ro
emphasi se, however, t hat more t han soci al and
pol i t i cal f act ors have l ed t o t he wi despf ead pract i ce
of auri cul ol herapy i n t he PRC, and hope t o have
shown t hal t he concept ual f i amework whi ch f i l s
modes of reasoni ng i n Chi nese medi ci n pl ayed an
i mporl ant rdl e i n i t s ready accept ance.
Acknowledgements
l woul d Ji ke t o t hank Ci l bef t Lewi s, Vi vi en Law and
t he audi ence of t he Cl are Hal l hi st ory group l or t hei r
comment s on earl i er draf t s. The research was
f unded by t he Swi ss Nat i onal Foundat i on and t he
Wenner-Cren Foundat i on f or Ant hropol ogi cal
Research.
Elisabeth Hsii PhD
Needham Research lnstitute
Canbridge University
Add ress fo I co ft espo nde nce
Elisabeth Hsti
Eth nologi sc hes Sem i nar der U n ivers itet Zi) rich
Freiensiein,sfIasse 5
CH-8032 Z rich, Switzerland
Refercnces and source maletial
Puhli9tions by Dr Paul Nogier MD
1. No8i er PFM ( r 956) Le Pavi l on de l ' Ot e) l l e. Bul l et i n de ] a
toctete o ^.LpDn.rure zu. t
/
2. NoSer PFM ( 1957) Nouveal x Aper cus concer nant l es
poinc rf excs port6s par le pavillon de I oreille. 8ul/etln de
la SocieE d'Acupuncturc. 25:25-37
l . Nogi er PFM ( 1958) Modi f i cat i on de l a senr i b i l a des poi nt s
du pavi l l on aur i cul ai r e au col u ou; l a sui r e oe. enar ns
processus physioloSiques o! pathologiques. BLlletin de la
Sa.i4t4 d'.4.upuncturc. 29: 7 12
4. Nogi er PFM ( 1957) Ueber di e Akupunkt ! r der Ohmuschel .
Deutsche ZeiE.htift fiir AkDpunktut. 6 lnos. 3 1):25 33
5. Nogi er PFM ( 1957) Di e Akup! nkl ur der Ohr m! schel .
Deu$che Zenschrili fnr Akupunktut. t; (nos.5-6):58-63
6. NoBi er PFM ( 19s7) Di e Akup! nkr ur d- " r Ohr muschel .
Deutsche Zeitschtift fnr Akupunktu 6 (nos. 7-8): n7
-94
7. Nogi er PFM ( 1961) Zur Fr age der OhEk! punkl ur . Deul sche
Zeitschrift ftjr Akupunktut. 10lno. 3):52 9
8. Nogi er PFM ( l 9i r r l ) Modi f i kat i on der sensi bi i t : i t dr
Ohrmuschel waihrcnd oder nach gewissen physiologischen
und pathologischen Prozesen. Deoircre Zeitschrift fnr
Akupunk t r . 12 ( na. 1) : 14 19
9. Nogi er PFM { 19671 Da6t el l ung, Ent w. kl ung and Aussi cht
der Akupuiktur des Ohres. Delrs.he Zeitschtift ftl
Akupunkt ut . 16 ( no. 1) : 115 20
i it\
1992 Vol 1O Supplenent 117 \.upjn.turc n l\aPdrcne
group.bmj.com on March 5, 2014 - Published by aim.bmj.com Downloaded from
l 0. Nogi er PFM ( 1967) Ei nze punkt e ! nd Kar di nal punkt e sowi e
Seometrischc
BeziehunBen. DeuEchc Zenschtitt fijl
Akupunktu. 1 6
(no. 1): 12) 25
11. Nogi er PFM ( 1967) Dr i ni cht er wi i r Lel e kl i ni schc
Anwendungsnr.jglichkeiten der Ohrtherapie. Deuis.he
Zeitschtilt fijt Akupunktur 16 (no.1):125r)
I2. Nogier PFM 11972) Teatise at ALticulathetapy.
Maisoineuvc, Moulins eeMetz
l l . Comp l at i on of t he Abst r . cl s ot Acl pl nct ur e and
Mox bun on Pape*, the FiRl Wor d Conference on
c . . p r r l ur
' \ 4u\ r bu
l . n. N. \
' , )
6 I n8- I i i - a
14.l-latrinSton A (1l987) Medlcine, Mind, and the Da\lte Bnin.
Pr i ncet on Uni ! e6i l y Pr e$.
l 5. Hsi i E
( 1986) Ei n Ber cht z! r Rol e der Tr adi t i one en
Medi zi i i n der Vokvepubi k Chi na, Semi nar ar bei t i n
Et hnomedi zi n, Uni ver si t i i t Zi i r i ch : 20p
l 6. Lewi s G ( 1l 986) The Look of Mag c. Man, N. 5. 21
( Do. t ) :
414 37
17. 1! GD, Needhanr J { 1980) Ce/ er t l a/ l ar cet s. Cambr dS
18. Needham I
(r956) S.iencc & Civilisation in China. volume
-2. Cambri.lge Unive6ity Press
l 9. Penf i el d W
Bol dr ey E ( 1937) Sonal i c mot or and sensor y
reprsentation in the cerebnl coflex of man as studied by
elccirical stim!lition. AraD. a;t) : 349 443
20.Penfield W RrsmLrssen l (1950) Ihc Cerebr.)/ Corex ot
2r.Tatchel WA 119A9) Me.lical Missians
24. Woo
8ar
SW ( 1976) Wi t i nS an l nt e cct ua hi st of y ol
sc ent i f i c devel opnr ent : The r se ot di scover y r ( cor nt s.
Sacial Studies oi Scien.e. 6 : )95 422
25..^non r19 (1971) E.zhen Lt.ro/a. ZhongSlo Kexueyu.n
Dongw! Yanl i ! suo, Kexue Chubanshe
26. A. r o. ) 64 11972) Er zhe" . Shr f gha Chubanshe
27.Anof 165 119721) Zhenjiu rrzhe, Liaofa. Shanshaishi
Er zhen Xi ezuo Xi r ozLr , Wanye Chubanshe
28. Chen Congs! n
( 1987) Shi l un
" Zhot 8Euoshi
Er zhen" he
" FaBuoshi
Er zhen" de yi t ong. Unpub . p. r per t or Fi 6t Wor l d
Coi l er ence on Acupunct ur e Moxi bust i on. 6p.
29. Ye Xi aol i n ( 1958) ( t r ansl . ) Ezr en Li aot a
j i eshao.
Shan8r ; l i
ZhoDgyiyao Zazhi, Zhenjiu Zhuanye. A.upuncture Speclal
Number p. 45 8 { 571
. 1)
30.Zhan8 Rcn 11989) Zha.geua Zhenci Mazui fazhd'shi.
Shanshal Kex! e l i shu
wenxi an Chubanshe
Textbooks of rnditional chinese Medicine
ll.(1l963) Acumoxa (Zhenjiuxue), Re.ni
Mar. Macmi lan, New York
21.skorlpski I 119761
Synbol ancl
22. Wei TCWT ( 1987) sou i de Mof . nl
32.(198,1) A.umoxa lzhe,lluruel, Sh.nshai Kexuc llsh!
l.l98a) Chinesc Dtuls lzhonsraorre,
Shanshai Kex!e Jish!
34.(1984) Iracts and Channek 0lnsluoruel,
Shdnshai Kexle
ls.(1l984) Need/ins a,d Maxa Methads (Zhenfajiufaxue),
ShanBh. i Kexue
l i shu
Chubanshe
The lsrael Society of Auricular
Medicine and Acupuncture
Invi te you to
The
l nternati onal
Symposi um
"From
Auri cul otherapy to Auri cul ar
Medi ci nei Actual
Questi ons
of
Auri cul ar Di agnosti cs and Therapy"
Honouri ng the 40th anni versary of
Dr. Paul Nogier's discovery
The King Solomon' s Palace Hotel
Eilat on the Red-Sea, lsrael
November 22-24 1993
Detai l s from:
P.O. Box 3167. Bat-Yam 59131, l sreal
Tel .
(972-3)
86s616,
(972-57)
37o3o;
Fax.
(972-57)
37o3o,
(972-3)
528s298
Acupun.turc in Medicine 118 t
!92 vul 1A \uNlencnt
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doi: 10.1136/aim.10.Suppl.109
1992 10: 109-118 Acupunct Med

Elisabeth Hs

auriculotherapy
The history and development of
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