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as
on
ly
ma
gn
itu
de
.
(ii) Vector quantity:
h
as
bo
th
ma
gn
it
ud
e a
nd
di
re
cti
on
ng
th
of
the
ath
ta
ke
(ii) isplacement:
di
sta
nc
e o
f a
ob
jec
t f
ro
a p
oi
nt
in
a c
er
tai
n d
ir
ect
io
he
sp
eed
n a
ie
n d
ir
ect
io
n o
r r
at
f c
ha
ng
e o
f d
is
pla
ce
ent
...
total distance traeled! s "m# ! $ s m s
%&
!. 6)era"e of speed:
time taken! t "s# t
displacement! s "m# ! $ s ms
%&
#. 6)era"e of )elocity: ...
'ime taken! t "s# t
.. $%ample:
6n aeroplane flies from 6 to '+ which is located !00 -m east of 6. 8pon reachin" '+ the
aeroplane then flies to ,+ which is located #00 -m north. The total time of fli"ht is #
hours. ,alculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The )elocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
C
#00 -m
i( )peed $ *istan c e
'ime
$ +,, - 4,,
4
$ &./ km h
%&
6
!00 -m
6
!00 -m
'
,
#00 -m
'
ii( elocity $ disp l a ce m e nt
time
"*etermine the displacement denoted by 0C and
its direction#
= . 5 00 .
4
$ &2/ km h
%&
"in the direction of ,/+
,
#
A cce l er a tion a n d d ece le r a tion
1. Study the phenomenon below9
0 m s
51
20 m s
51
#0 m s
51
:bser)ation:
'
he
lo
cit
y o
f t
he
ca
r i
nc
rea
se
s(
2. 6cceleration is+
th
e r
at
e o
f c
ha
ng
e o
el
oc
ity
.
Then+ a 1
Final e locity 1 in i ti al e locity
'ime of change
Or, a = v
u t
!. $%ample of acceleration9
t 1 2 s
t 1 2 s
6 ' ,
0 m s
51
20 m s
51
#0 m s
51
%2
,alculate the acceleration of car9
i) from 6 to '
ii) ;rom ' to ,
a
02
$ 2, 1 , $ &, m s
%2
2
a
2C
$
4, 1 2, $ &, m s
2
#. eceleration happens ...
3h
en
th
el
oc
ity
of
an
bje
ct
de
cr
eas
es
! 4
cal
cu
lat
io
ns!
ill
be
eg
ati
.. $%ample of deceleration9
6 lorry is mo)in" at !0 m s
51
+ when suddenly the dri)er steps on the bra-es and it stop .
seconds later. ,alculate the deceleration of lorry.
0ns3er : $ , m s
%&
! u $ +, m s
%&
! t $ / s
'hen ! a $ , 1 +, $ %5 m s
%2
/
Ana l ysi n g o m o tion
1. <inear motion can be studied in the laboratory usin" a tic-er timer and a tic-er tape.
=efer te%t boo- photo picture 2.# pa"e 2/.
(i) etermination of time:
. . . . . . . .
the fre6uency of the ticker timer $ /, 78 " /, ticks in & second#
so! & tick $ & se c ond $ ,(,2 seconds
/,
(ii) etermination of displacement as the len"th of tic-er tape o)er a period of time.
. . . . . . . .
% y
t $ . ticks
(iii) etermine the type of motio
$
n9
,(&4 s
. . . . . . . .
9n
ifo
rm
elo
ci
ty
..
. . . . . . . .
0cceleration
...
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
0c
cel
er
ati
on
! th
en
ece
le
ra
tio
n
..
. . . . . . . .
displacement 1 time 1
(i)) etermination of )elocity
:(5 cm . ; ,(,2 $ ,(&4 s
..
Velocity+ ) 1 :(5 $ 5&(4+ cm s
%&
,(&4
()) etermine the acceleration
<en"th>cm
?
@
/
.
)
a $
$
$
1 u
t
4,(, 1 &/(, ((
/",(2#
2/(,
&(,
$ 2/(, m s
%2
#
u
!
2
1
0
T! e e"# ation o motion
tic-s
1. The important symbols :
s
dis
pl
ac
em
en
t!
: f
ina
el
oc
ity
..
u :
in
iti
al
loc
ity
t :
tim
e!
: a
cc
el
era
tio
u
t
4( s = ut +
1
at
2
2
!. $%ample 1 : 6 car tra)elin" with a )elocity of 10 m s
51
accelerates uniformly at a rate of !
m s
52
for 20 s. ,alculate the displacement of the car while it is acceleratin".
gien : u $ &, m s
%&
! a $ + m s
%2
! t $ 2, s( s $ <
s $ ut - = at
2
s $ "&,#"2,# - = "+#"2,#
2
$ 4,, m
;i"ure 2.1
$%ample 2 : 6 )an that is tra)elin" with )elocity 1/ m s
51
decelerates until it comes to rest.
7f the distance tra)eled is ? m+ calculate the deceleration of the )an.
gien : u $ &5 m s
%&
! $ ,"rest# ! s $ : m a $ <
2
$ u
2
- 2 as
,
2
$ &5
2
- 2 a":#
a $ %&5 ms
%2
E$ ec ise 2.%
1. ;i"ure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consistin" of .5tic- strip. escribe
<en"th > cm
1/
the motion represented by 6' and ',.
7n each case+ determine the 9
12
(a) displacement
?
s $ 4 - : - &2 - &5 - &5 - &5
$ .2(, cm
#
(b) a)era"e )elocity
@2.0
0
aerage
$
/(0.1)
6 ' , Time>s
$ &2,(, cm s
%&
(c) acceleration
Note : $
1/.0
0.1
$ &(5 cm s
%&
a $
u
$
1./ 0.#
u $
#.0
$ ,(4 cm s
%&
t 0.. 0.1
$ 2(4 cm s
%2
t $ / ",(&# $ ,(/ s
2. 6 car mo)in" with constant )elocity of #0 ms
51
. The dri)er saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the bra-e pedal and mana"ed to stop the car in ? s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the dri)er spotted it was 1?0 m. 4ow far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u $ 4, ms
%&
$ , t $ : s
s
initial
$ &:, m "from car to obstacle 3hen the drier start to step on the brake#
s
final
$ < " from car to abstacle 3hen the stopped#
s $
1
(u + )t =
1
(#0 + 0)? =
1/0m
s
initial
s s
final
obstacle
2 2
s
final
$ s
initial
1 s
$ &:, 1 &5,
$ 2, m
2.2 ANA&'SIN( MOTION (RA)*S
0m 100m 200m !00m #00m .00m displacement
0s 10s 20s !0s #0s .0s time
The data of the motion of the car can be presented
in
th
for
of
gr
ap
h c
al
led
m
.
otion graphs
T! e d isplace men t+ti me (rap !
a) displacement+s>m Araph analysis:
nif
or
dis
pl
ace
en
t a
ll t
he
tim
>
ra
ph
gr
ad
ien
loc
ity
Time+t (s)
'he object is stationary or is not moing
...
b) displacement (m) Araph analysis:
is
..
p
la
cem
nt
inc
re
as
es
un
ifo
rm
ly
>
ra
ph
ra
die
nt
is
fi;
ed
time (s)
'
he
o
.
b
je
ct
mo
ith
un
ifo
rm
elo
ci
ty
'
he
.
ob
je
ct m
s 3
ith
ni
for
loc
ity
fo
r t
se
co
nd
s(
fte
t se
co
nd
s!
th
e o
bje
ct
re
tu
rns
to
rig
in
"re
rs
e#
3i
th
uniform elocity
time (s) ..
'
ot
al
dis
pl
ace
en
t is
8e
ro
>
ra
ph
is
ua
dra
tic
fo
rm
.
is
pla
ce
ent
in
cr
ea
ses
ith
ti
me
(
..
time (s)
>
ra
ph
radie
nt
in
cre
as
es
un
ifo
rm
ly
'
he
ob
je
ct
mo
s 3
it
h i
nc
rea
si
ng
lo
cit
y 3
ith
nif
or
acceleration(
e) displacement (m) Araph analysis:
>r
ap
h i
s 6
ua
dr
at
ic f
or
m(
..
*i
spl
ac
em
en
t i
nc
rea
se
s 3
it
h t
im
e(
..
>
rap
gr
ad
ien
t d
ec
re
ase
un
ifo
rm
ly
..
time (s)
'h
e o
bj
ect
es
3i
th
de
cr
eas
in
el
oci
ty!
ith
un
if
orm
..
deceleration(
f) displacement (m) Araph analysis:
6 '
?
un
ifo
rm
elo
ci
ty
"po
si
ti
e 1
e a
he
ad
#
..
loc
ity
is
8e
ro
"r
est
#
..
: , time (s)
T! e velocity+ti me (rap!
2C
nif
or
loc
ity
"n
eg
at
ie
re
er
se
a) )> m s
51
Araph analysis:
N
ch
an
ge
in
lo
cit
y
..
@
er
gra
di
en
t th
ob
jec
t m
es
ith
co
ns
tan
el
oc
ity
..
or
t
he
ac
ce
ler
at
ion
is
8e
ro
t t > s
'he area under the graph is e6ual to the displacement of
the moing object :
s $ ; t
b) )> m s
51
Araph analysis:
4t
elo
ci
ty
inc
re
ase
un
ifo
rm
ly
....
'
he
gr
ap
ha
s a
co
ns
ta
nt
gra
di
en
'
he
ob
je
ct
mo
s 3
it
h a
nif
or
acc
el
era
ti
on
t t > s
'h
ar
ea
un
de
r t
he
gr
ap
h i
s
e
6u
al
to
th
'h
ob
jec
t m
es
ith
un
ifo
rm
..
ac
ce
ler
ati
on
fo
r
.
t
&
s
fte
r t
&
s!
th
e o
bj
ec
t d
ece
le
ra
tes
un
ifo
rm
ly
"n
eg
at
ie
gr
ad
ien
# u
nti
l
it
co
es
to
re
st
t
1
t
2
t (s)
'he area under the graph is e6ual to the displacement of
the moing object : s $ = t
2
AB
d) ) (m s
51
) Araph analysis:
.
'
..
he
sh
ap
e o
f t
he
gr
ap
h i
s a
ur
e
....
4ts
lo
cit
y i
nc
rea
se
s 3
it
h t
im
e(
..
'h
e g
ra
di
en
t o
f th
gra
ph
ncr
ea
se
s(
t (s)
'h
e o
bj
ec
t m
es
ith
in
cre
as
in
g a
cc
ele
ra
tio
n(
.
'
e a
re
a u
nd
er
th
e g
ra
ph
is
e6
ua
l t
o t
he
to
tal
di
sp
.
l
.
a
.
cement of the
moing object(
e) ) (m s
51
) Araph analysis:
'h
e s
ha
..
p
of
gra
ph
is
cu
e
..
..
4ts
lo
.
c
ity
in
cr
ea
ses
ith
ti
me
(
..
'h
e g
ra
di
en
t o
f th
gra
ph
ec
rea
se
s u
ni
for
ly(
t (s)
'h
e o
bj
ec
t m
es
ith
de
cre
as
in
g a
cc
ele
ra
tio
n(
E$amp les
'h
e a
re
un
der
th
gra
ph
s
th
tot
al
di
spl
ac
em
en
t of the
moing object(
1. s>m
P
Q
,alculate:5
(i) Velocity o)er :B+ C= and =S
(ii) isplacement
Solution :
O
R
>ien : )
?P
$ 2, m )
?A
$ 2, m )
?B
$ , m
)
?)
$ % &, m
t
?P
$ 2 s t
PA
$ + s t
AB
$ 2 s
t
B)
$ & s
0 2 # / ? t>s
"i# C
?P
$
20
=10ms
1
C$
2
0
20
2
= 10ms
1
S
C
B)
$
-10
0
1
= 10ms
1
2.
)>m s
51
,alculate:5
"ii# ) $ 2, 1 &, $ &, m
(i) acceleration+a o)er :B+ BC and C=
(ii) isplacement
10
P
Q
>ien : C
?
$ , m s
%&
! C
P
$ &, m s
%&
!
Solution :
C
A
$ &, m s
%&
C
B
$ , m s
%&
t
?P
$ 4 s t
PA
$ 4 s t
AB
$ 2 s
.
10
0
10
10
"i# a
?P
$
O
R
=
2.5ms
4
,
&,
2
a
PA
$
4
= 0 ms
2
0 2 # / ? 10 t>s
a
AB
$
1
= /(, ms
2
2
"ii# ) $ ( 4 +10) ( 10)
2
= 70.0m
E$ cerc ise 2.2
1. (a) s>m (b) s>m (c) s>m
10
t>s 0 2 # t>s t>s
5. 510
;i"ure 2.21
escribe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time "raphs in ;i"ure 2.21
a# 'he body remains in rest / m at the back of initial point
b# 'he body start moe at &, m infront of the initial point! then back to initial
point in 2 s( 'he body continue it motion back3ard &, m((
'he body moe 3ith uniform elocity(
c# 'he body moe 3ith inceresing it elocity(
2. escribe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the )elocity5time
"raphs shown in fi"ure 2.22. 7n each case+ find the distance co)ered by the body and its
displacement
(a) )>m s
51
(b) )>m s
51
10
t>s 0 2 # t>s
5. 510
;i"ure 2.22
"a# 'he body moe 3ith uniform elocity ! / m s
%&
back3ard(
"b# 'he body start it motion 3ith &, m s
%&
back3ard and stop at initial
point in 2 s! then continue it motion for3ard 3ith increasing the
elocity until &, m s
%&
in 2 s(
2., -NDERSTANDIN( INERTIA
I d e a o in er tia
1.
0 p
il
lio
n r
id
er
is
hu
rle
d b
ac
k3
ar
ds
he
n t
he
mo
to
rc
ycl
e s
ta
rts
to
e(
2.
2u
s p
as
se
ng
ers
re
thr
us
t fo
r3
rd
3h
en
th
bu
s s
top
im
ed
ia
tel
y(
!.
Da
rg
eh
icl
e a
re
ad
e t
o m
or
st
op
ped
ith
re
ate
r d
iff
icu
lty
4and5on acti)ity 2.. in pa"e 1? of the practical boo- to "ain an idea of inertia
#. Deanin" of inertia :
'h
e i
ne
rti
.
a
.
of
an
bje
ct
is
the
te
nd
en
cy
of
th
e
o
bj
ec
t to
em
ain
t r
est
r! i
f m
in
g!
to
.
co
nti
nu
e i
ts u
ni
fo
rm
oti
on
in
str
ai
gh
t li
ne
M ass a n d in er tia
1. =efer to fi"ure 2.1# of the te%t boo-+ the child and an adult are "i)en a push to swin".
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be mo)ed
0n
du
lt
...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stopE
0
ad
ul
t
2. The relationship between mass and inertia :
.
'h
e l
ar
ger
th
ma
ss
! th
lar
ge
.
r
it
s i
ner
tia
(
..
!. The lar"er mass
ha
th
ten
de
nc
y t
o r
em
ai
n i
ts
sit
ua
tio
n e
ith
er
t re
st
or
in
.
ing
(
E ects o in ertia
1. Bositi)e effect :
0
pp
lic
at
ion
f i
ner
tia
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
*
ryi
ng
of
f
a
n u
br
ell
a b
mo
in
an
d s
to
pp
ing
it
6u
ic
kly
uil
di
ng
flo
ati
ng
dr
ill
ing
ig
tha
t h
as
bi
g m
as
in
ord
er
to
e s
tab
le
an
sa
fe(
'o
ti
gh
t th
loo
se
am
me
2. Fe"ati)e effect :
E
sh
ou
ld
tak
a p
re
ca
uti
on
to
oi
d t
he
ef
fec
t(
.
(i)
(ii)
*
uri
ng
ro
ad
ac
ci
den
t!
pa
ss
eng
er
s a
re
th
ru
st
for
3a
rd
he
n t
he
ir
...
ca
r i
s s
ud
de
nly
top
pe
d(
..
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs
ar
e h
ur
led
ac
k3
ar
ds
3h
en
th
eh
ic
le
sta
rts
to
e a
nd
re
hu
rle
fo
r3
ar
d 3
he
it s
to
ps
im
me
di
ate
ly
(iii)
(i))
0
pe
rso
3i
th
a h
ea
erF
lar
ge
r b
od
3i
ll f
ind
it
e d
iff
icu
lt
to
sto
his
em
en
t(
he
ier
hi
cle
ill
ta
ke
a l
on
g t
im
e t
o s
to
p(
ne
tia
is
th
e t
en
en
cy
f th
ob
jec
t t
o r
em
ai
n a
t r
es
t
o
r!
if m
in
g!
to
co
nt
inu
its
ni
for
mo
ti
on
in
str
aig
ht
lin
e(
es
! th
ine
rt
ia
inc
re
as
e
3
ith
th
ma
ss
in
cr
eas
ed
(
2.
;i"ure 2+!
6 wooden dowel is fitted in a hole throu"h a wooden bloc- as shown in fi"ure 2.!1.
$%plain what happen when we
(a) stri-e the top of the dowel with a hammer+
0 3ooden block moe up of a 3ooden do3el(
as
om
en
tu
m(
fen
ds
on
it
s m
ss
an
el
oc
ity
the
ro
du
ct
of
its
ma
ss
an
its
lo
cit
y!
tha
t i
s
.
me
nt
um
! p
it$
g m
%&
b
Startin" position before
she catches the ball
(m
b
2 m
"
)
v
b&g
Beceiing a massie ball
Momentum $
"m
b
-m
g
#
bHg
v
b
v
g
m
b
Momentum $ m
b
b
'hro3ing a massie ball
Startin" position
before she throws
the ball
m
"
Momentum $ %
m
g
g
T ! e p r in c ip le o c o n s er vation o m o m e n t# m /
n t
he
ab
se
nc
e o
f a
e;
ter
na
l fo
rc
e!
the
to
ta
l m
me
ntu
of
sy
ste
re
ma
in
un
ch
an
ged
1. $lastic collision .
'
he
co
lli
din
ob
jec
ts
oe
epa
ra
te
ly
aft
er
co
llis
io
n(
..
u
1
m
1
u
2
)
2
m
2
m
1
m
2
'efore collision after collision
Momentum : m
&
u
&
- m
2
u
2
$ m
&
&
- m
2
2
m
2
%&
m
2. 7nelastic collision :
'h
co
llid
in
g o
bj
ec
ts m
to
ge
the
r a
fte
col
lis
ion
(
...
u
1
m
u
2
1 0
m
2
1
)
2 m
2
'efore collision after collision
Momentum : m
&
u
&
- m
2
u
2
$ "m
&
- m
2
#
!. e%plosion :
'h
e
.
o
..
b
..
j
ect
s i
ol
ed
ar
in
co
nta
ct
3i
th
ea
ch
ot
he
r b
efo
re
;pl
os
ion
a
.
n
..
d are
separated after the e;plosion(
(m
1
2 m
2
)+ u 1 0
)
1
)
2
'efore e%plosion after e%plosion
Momentum : "m
&
- m
2
#u $ m
&
% m
2
2
$%ample 1 :
,ar 6 ,ar '
,ar 6 of mass 100 -" tra)elin" at !0 m s
51
collides with ,ar ' of mass 30 -" tra)elin" at
20 m s
51
in front of it. ,ar 6 and ' mo)e separately after collision. 7f ,ar 6 is still mo)in" at
2. m s
51
after collision+ determine the )elocity of ,ar ' after collision.
Solution :
>ien : m
0
$ &,, kg ! u
0
$ +, m s
u
2
$ 2, m s
%&
!
2
$ <
!
0
$ 2/ m s
%&
! m
2
$ I, kg!
$%ample 2 :
m
0
u
0
- m
2
u
2
$ m
0
0
- m
2
2
"&,,#"+,# - "I,#"2,# $ "&,,#"2/# - "I,#"
2
#
2
$ 2/(/5 m s
%&
,ar 6 of mass 100 -" tra)elin" at !0 m s
51
collides with ,ar ' of mass 30 -" tra)elin" at
20 m s
51
in front of it. ,ar 6 is pulled by ,ar ' after collision. etermine the common )elocity
of ,ar 6 and ' after collision.
Solution :
>ien : m
0
$ &,, kg ! u
0
$ +, m s
%&
! m
2
$ I, kg! u
2
$ 2, m s
%&
!
"0-2#
$ <
m
0
u
0
- m
2
u
2
$ "m
0
- m
2
#
"2-0#
"&,,#"+,# - "I,#"2,# $ "&,, - I,#
"2-0#
"0 - 2#
$ 2/(25 m s
%&
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
$%ample ! :
6 bullet of mass 2 " is shot from a "un of mass 1 -" with a )elocity of 1.0 m s
51
. ,alculate the
)elocity of the recoil of the "un after firin".
Solution :
E$ercise 2..
>ien J m
b
$ 2 g $ ,(,,2 kg! m
g
$ & kg! u
"g-b#
$ , !
b
$ &/, m s%
&
g
$ <
, $ m
g
g
1 m
b
b
!
, $ "&#"
g
# 1 ",(,,2#"&/,#!
g
$ ,(+ m s
%&
1. 6n arrow of mass 1.0 " is shot into a wooden bloc- of mass #.0 " lyin" at rest on a
smooth surface. 6t the moment of impact+ the arrow is tra)ellin" horiIontally at 1. ms
51
.
,alculate the common )elocity after the impact.
m
a
$ &/, g m
3b
$ 4/, g m
"a-3b#
$ 5,, g
a
$ &/ m s
%&
3b
$ ,
"a- 3b#
$ <
m
a
a
- m
3b
3b
$ m
"a-3b#
"a-3b#
! ",(&/ ; &/# - ",(4/, ; ,# $ ,(5
"a- 3b#
"a- 3b#
1 !.@. m s
51
2. 6 riffle of mass ..0 -" fires a bullet of mass .0 " with a )elocity of ?0 m s
51
.,alculate
the recoil )elocity. $%plain why the recoil )elocity of a riflle is much less than the
)elocity of the bullet.
m
r
$ /(, kg m
b
$ /, g
r
$ <
b
$ :, m s
%&
m
r
r
$ m
b
b
! " /(, #
r
$ " ,(,/#":,#
r
$ ,(: m s
%&
2.0 -NDERSTANDIN( T*E EFFECT OF A FORCE
I d e a o o rc e
1. Ghat will happen when force act to an obHectE
or
ce
ca
n m
ke
an
ob
je
ctJ
&(
2(
top
th
mo
ng
+(
ha
ng
e t
he
sh
ap
e o
the
ob
je
ct
ol
d t
he
ob
je
ct a
res
I d e a o 1 al a n ce d o rce s
1. 6n obHect is said to be in balance when it is:
&(
4n
st
ati
on
ar
y s
tat
2(
in
g a
t u
ni
for
loc
ity
2. Stationary obHect
or
ma
l r
ea
cti
on
! N
e%planation :
Stationary obHect
ag
ni
tud
$ E
bu
t B
ac
ts
in
an
pp
osi
te
dir
ec
tio
to
the
eig
ht
3e
igh
t!
mg
"
ob
jec
.
t is
in
e6
ui
lib
riu
#
..
or
ma
l r
ea
cti
on
! N
.. e%planation :
Fr
.
i
.
c
tio
na
l f
or
ce
.
Fo
rce
! F
Fo
rce
$
F
ri
cti
on
..
Be
sul
ta
nt
$ F
ric
tio
n
..
"o
bj
ect
is
in
e6
ui
lib
riu
#
..
3e
igh
t!
mg
K;
am
pl
.
e
.
s :
.
&(0
ar
mo
t c
on
sta
nt
loc
ity
(
..
2(0
lan
fly
ing
t c
on
sta
nt
loc
ity
(
..
I d e a o # n1 ala n ce d o rce s
1. 0 body is said to be in unbalanced((
3h
en
it
is
oi
ng
in
cce
le
rat
io
n(
2.
B
esu
lt
an
t fo
rc
e
.. $%planation9
'h
e b
al
l m
e i
n a
cc
el
era
tio
bec
au
se
th
e f
or
ce
s a
ct
ar
e n
ot
ba
la
nce
d(
F L
F
F
M
..
)o
! th
ba
ll m
in
dir
ec
tio
it
is
fo
un
d t
ha
tJ
3h
en
is
co
ns
tan
an
&
Fm
en
is
co
nst
an
t(
'
he
ref
or
e!
FF
ro
Fm
'
he
ref
or
e!
F $
a N
k $
co
ns
ta
nt
e c
ha
ng
of
mo
me
nt
um
.
2. 7mpulsi)e force is
'h
e r
ate
f c
ha
ng
e o
f m
me
nt
um
uri
ng
co
lli
sio
an
d e
;p
lo
sio
n(
4m
pu
lsi
fo
rce
&
F
t
'h
ere
fo
re
! F
de
cr
ea
ses
he
n t
he
tim
of
co
lli
sio
inc
re
as
es
" r
efe
r t
o e
;a
ple
s #
.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.< -NDERSTANDIN( (RA8IT'
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.? on pa"e !. of the practical boo-.
A cce l er a tion d# e t o g r a vity.
1. 6n obHect will fall to the surface of the earth because
4t
pu
lle
d b
the
fo
rc
e o
f g
..
r
.
aity(
2. The force of "ra)ity also -nown
as
ea
rth
Ms
gr
ita
tio
na
l f
or
ce(
F
...
!. Ghen an obHect falls under the force of "ra)ity only+
the
bje
ct
is
sa
id
to
be
fr
.
e
..
e
all
in
s k
no
3n
s a
cc
ele
ra
tio
du
e t
o g
ra
it
y(
on
th
e s
tre
ng
th
of
th
e g
ra
tat
ion
al
fie
ld
!
g
(ravita tion
(
al ield
1. The re"ion around the earth is
the graitational field of the earth(
2. The obHect in "ra)itational field
is on the force of graity(
th
e g
ra
tat
ion
al
fo
rc
2. ;or an obHect of mass m+ the wei"ht can be calculate as :
3eight! E $ mg
3here! g $ acceleration due to graity(
a
cti
ng
on
th
ob
jec
t(
..
$%ample : The mass of a helicopter is /00 -". Ghat is the wei"ht of the helicopter
when it land on the pea- of a mountain where the "ra)itational field is
E$ercise 2.<
3.@? F -"
51
E E $ mg
$ 5,,, ; I(.:
$ /: 5:, N
1. S-etch the followin" "raphs for an obHect that fallin" freely.
(a) isplacement5time "raph+
(b) Velocity5time "raph
(c) 6cceleration5time "raph
"a# s F m "b# F m s
%&
"c# a F m s
2
t F s t F s t F s
2. The followin" data was obtained from an e%periment to measure the acceleration due to
"ra)ity.
Dass of steel bob 1 200 "+ distance co)ered 1 !.0 m+ time of fall 1 0.@3 s.
,alculate the acceleration due to "ra)ity of steel bob.
Ai)e the e%planation why your answer different with the constant of "ra)itational
acceleration+ " 1 3.? m s
52
.
m $ 2,, g s $ +(, m t $ ,(.I s u $ , g $ <
$ ,(2 kg
s $ ut - = g t
2
+(, $ , ",(.# - = g ",(.I
2
#
g $ I(5 m s
%2
'he ans3er less than the constant because of the air frictional force(
2.= IDEA OF E>-I&I:RI-M FORCES
6n obHect is in e"#ili1ri#m when :
1.
4
t i
s i
n a
st
ati
on
ar
y s
ta
te
2.
4
t i
s m
in
g 3
it
h u
ni
for
lo
cit
re
su
lta
nt
for
ce
is
sin
gl
e f
orc
the
..
ep
res
en
ts
in
ma
gn
it
ud
e a
nd
di
re
cti
on
t3
or
mo
re
fo
rc
es
ac
tin
g o
an
ob
je
ct
esu
lta
nt
th
e t
ota
l o
f f
or
ce
s "
in
clu
di
ng
th
e d
ire
ct
ion
of
the
fo
rc
es#
er
se
pr
oc
ess
f fi
nd
ing
th
res
ul
tan
t f
or
ce
F
y
F is the resultant force of F; and Fy
'herefore! F can be resoled
into F; and Fy
F
Certical
Component
F
;
hori8ontal component
=efer to tri"onometric formula: Cos $
+
,
! therefore F $ F cos
+
+
"
)in $
+
! therefore F
y
$ F sin
$%ample : The fi"ure below shows 6li moppin" the floor with a force .0 F
at an an"le of /0
0
to the floor.
; 1 .0 F
F
;
$ F cos $ /, cos 5,
F
;
$ /, ",(/#
$ 2/ N
60
0
Fy $ F )in $ /, sin 5,,
F
y
$ /, ",(:55,#
$ 4+(+ N
$%ample of resolution and combination of forces
F = ?
200 N
40
0
F $ mg sin 4,, - 2,,
$ :,,",(542.# - 2,,
$ /&4(2 - 2,,
$ .&4(2 N
40
0
mg $ :,, N
) r o 1 le m solvi n g
1. Ghen a system is in equilibrium+
th
e r
esu
lt
an
t fo
rc
e i
s e
6u
al
to
8e
ro
(
2. 7f all forces actin" at one point are resol)ed into horiIontal and )ertical
.
components+
t
he
su
of
ea
ch
co
po
ne
nt
is
e6u
al
to
8e
ro
(
!. $%ample 19 Show on a fi"ure9
70
0
70
0
a)
T b) TJ T
m
lamp
1 1.. -"
a) the direction of tension force+ T of strin"
b) the resultant force act to lamp
c) calculate the ma"nitude of tension force+ T
"c # 'M $ 2' sin .,
,
'herefore! m
lamp
g $ 2' sin .,
,
m
lamp
g
' $
-sin.0
0
E$ercise 2.=
G
lamp
1 1#.@ F
$
/.5#0.1&
$ .(:2 N
-sin.0
0
1. Two force with ma"nitude 1? F and / F act alon" a strai"ht line. Gith the aid of
dia"rams+ determine the ma%imun possible )alue and the minimum possible )alue of the
resultant force.
F
ma;imum
3hen both of forces act in same directionJ
F
ma;imum
$ &: - 5 &: N 24 N
$ 24 N 5 N
F
minimum
3hen the forces act in opposite direction J
F
minimum
$ &: 1 5 &: N &2 N
$ &2 N 5 N
2. 6 football is -ic-ed simultaneously by two players with force 220 F and 200 F
respecti)ely+ as shown in ;i"ure 2.3. ,alculate the ma"nitude of the resultant force.
F $ Besultant of Force
F
2
$ 22,
2
- 2,,
2
F $ 2I.(+2 N
220 F
F
30
0
200 F
2.%? -NDERSTANDIN( ;OR@3 ENER(' AND EFFICIENC'
;o r A
1. Gor- is done+
E
he
n a
fo
rc
e t
ha
t a
cts
n a
ob
jec
t
m
es
th
ob
jec
t t
hro
ug
a
..
di
sta
nc
e i
n t
he
di
rec
tio
of
th
e fo
rc
e(
f a
fo
rce
nd
th
e d
ist
an
ce
tr
ele
d i
n t
he
di
re
cti
on
of
.
th
e f
orc
e(
ten
tia
l e
ne
.
r
..
g
y!
ki
net
ic
en
erg
y!
el
ec
tric
al
ner
gy
! s
ou
nd
en
er
gy
! n
uc
lea
r e
ne
rg
y a
nd
he
mi
ca
l en
er
gy
(
#. $%ample of the ener"y transformation9
en
3e
re
ru
nn
ing
p a
tai
rca
se
th
e 3
rk
do
ne
co
ns
ist
s o
f e
ne
rg
y c
ha
ng
e f
ro
he
ica
l K
ne
rg
Oi
ne
tic
Kn
er
gy
ot
en
tia
l K
ne
rg
y
..
'
he
en
er
gy
6u
an
ti
ty c
on
su
ed
is
e6
ua
l to
th
3o
rk
do
ne
(
$%ample :
f &
,,
of
3o
rk
is
do
ne
! it
ea
ns
&,
J o
f e
ne
rg
y i
s c
on
sum
d(
...
;o r A d o n e a n d t! e c ! a n ge in A in e tic e n er gy
Force, F
s
1. *inetic ener"y is
en
erg
of
an
ob
je
ct
du
e t
o i
ts m
tio
n(
1. $ner"y cannot be
) r in c ip le o c o n s er vati o n o e n er gy
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.10 on pa"e !? of the practical boo-.
To show the principle of conser)ation of ener"y.
created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to
another form(
2. $%ample : a thrown ball upwards will achie)e a ma%imum hei"ht before chan"in" its
direction and falls
Ma;imum Potential energy
Oinetic energy decrease potential energy decrease
and potential energy and kinetic energy
4ncrease increase
Ma;imum kinetic energy
!. $%ample in calculation : 6 coconut falls from a tree from a hei"ht of 20 m. Ghat is the
)elocity of coconut Hust before hittin" the earthE
>ien : h $ 2, m! u $ , ! g $ I(: ms
%2
! $ <
K
p
$ K
k
mgh $ = m
2
m"I(:#"2,# $ =m
2
2
$ +I2! $ &I(: m s
%&
) o 2 e r
the rate of doing 3ork(
1. Bower is
'herefore! po3er! P $
3orkdone
! so! P $
E
timetaken t
Ehere! P : po3er in 3attFE
E : 3ork in jouleFJ
t : time to do 3ork in secondsFs
2. 6 wei"htlifter lifts 1?0 -" of wei"hts from the floor to a hei"ht of 2 m abo)e his head in a
time of 0.? s. Ghat is the power "enerated by the wei"htlifter durin" this timeE
" 1 3.? ms
52
) )olution : >ien : m $ &:, kg! h $ 2 m! t $ ,(: s and g $ I(: ms
%2
( P $ <
P $
E
$
t
mgh
t
$
/10 0.1 -
$ 4 4&, E
0.1
Device/
mechie
E ici e n c y
1. efined
as
..
t
he
pe
rc
en
tag
of
the
en
er
gy
in
pu
t t
ha
t is
tr
an
sfo
rm
ed
in
to
us
ef
ul
en
er
gy
.
(
2. ;ormulae of efficiency :
Kfficiency
=
9seful energy output
100K
Knergy input
!. 6nalo"y of efficiency9
un3anted energy
Knergy input! K
input
Device/
mechie
9seful energy! K
output
$ner"y transformation
#. $%ample9 6n electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 -" wei"ht throu"h a hei"ht of
0.# m in . s. urin" this time+ the batteries supply 0.? & of ener"y to the motor. ,alculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
)olution : >ien : m $ ,(&2 kg! s$ ,(4 m! t $ / s! K
input
$ ,(: J
"a# K
output
$ <
K
output
$ F ; s
$ ",(&2 ; &,# ; ,(4
$ ,(4: J
"b# Kfficiency $ <
K
Kfficiency =
o u tp u
t
K
in p u
t
; 100K
=
0.48
0.80
x
100%
= /0K
,arry out hands5on acti)ity 2.11 on pa"e !3 of the practical boo- to measure the power.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
E$ erc ise 2.%?
1. Ghat is the wor- done by a man when he pushes a bo% with a force of 30 F throu"h a
distance of 10 mE State the amount of ener"y transferred from the man to the force.
E $ F s 'he energy transferred to the force $ I,, J
$ I, ; &,
$ I,, J
2. 6 sales assistant at a shop transfers .0 tins of mil- powder from the floor to the top shelf.
$ach tin has a mass of !.0 -" and the hei"ht of thee top shelf is 1.. m.
(a) ,alculate the total wor- done by the sales assistant.
m $ +(, ; /, $ &/, kg h $ &(/ m
E $ mhg $ &/, ; I(: ; &(/
$ 22,/ J
(b) Ghat is his power if he completes this wor- in 2.0 sE
P $
E
t
$
2205
$ :(:2 3
250
2.%% A))RECIATIN( T*E IM)ORTANCE OF MABIMISIN( T*E EFFICIENC'
OF DE8ICES
1. urin" the process of transformation the input ener"y to the useful output
ener"y+
so
e o
f e
ne
rg
y t
ra
nsf
or
me
d i
nt
o u
n3
an
te
d f
or
ms
of
en
er
gy
(
..
2. .
'h
e e
ffi
cie
nc
y o
f e
ne
rg
y c
on
rte
rs
is
al
3a
ys
les
tha
&,
,Q
(
..
!.
'h
un
3a
nte
en
erg
pr
od
uce
in
the
ice
go
es
to
as
te(
Oi
ne
.
t
.
i
c e
ne
rg
th
e b
es
t p
os
sib
le
us
e o
f t
he
in
pu
t e
ne
rgy
ng
ine
us
t b
e d
es
..
i
gn
ed
3i
th
the
ap
ab
ilit
y t
o p
ro
du
ce
gr
ea
te
r a
mo
un
of
ec
ha
nic
al
ork
i"#
t $
it
tin
"s
rep
la
ce
fil
am
en
t l
igh
t b
ul
b 3
it
h f
luo
re
sc
en
t la
ps
3h
ic
h h
e h
ig
he
eff
ici
en
cy(
use
la
mp
ith
re
fle
cto
so
tha
t t
he
il
lum
in
at
ion
an
be
di
re
cte
d t
sp
ec
ific
rea
f t
he
us
er
ir%
co
itio
ers
cho
os
a m
del
ith
hi
gh
eff
ici
en
cy
acc
om
od
at
e t
he
po
3e
of
air
%c
on
dit
ion
er
an
the
i8e
of
th
e r
oo
Kn
su
re
tha
t t
he
ro
om
ota
lly
los
e s
tha
t t
he
te
mp
er
atu
re
in
th
e r
oo
ca
n b
int
ai
ned
fri
"er
!t
or
ch
oo
se
th
cap
ac
ity
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o t
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e fa
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ed
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ys
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he
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rat
ing
2. Broper mana"ement
co
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n
..
d
.
itio
n(
3i
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rea
se
th
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sp
an
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!.
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;a
ple
:
..
%th
e f
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in
an
ai
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r a
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lin
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oi
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ef
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er
ato
r m
st
be
pe
rio
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cl
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ned
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pr
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ty
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ct
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urn
it
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gin
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n
.
d
im
en
sio
ns
fte
r a
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pp
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ter
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is r
em
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he
pr
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er
ty
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ty
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the
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ten
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es
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o
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th
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it
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tor
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rin
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en
it
is
e;t
en
de
d o
com
p
.
r
.
essed
sprin" with the ori"inal len"th
% sprin" compressed %
; % 1 compression %
% ; sprin" e%tended
; compression
% 1 e%tension ;+ e%tension
:ther situation where the sprin" e%tended
and compressed
Type of material different same same same
iameter of sprin" wire same different same same
iameter of sprin" same same different same
<en"th of sprin" same Same same different
R e latio n s ! ip 1 e t2 ee n 2o r A a n d e lastic pot e n tial e n er gy
F/N
Araph ; a"ainst %
F
(
0rea under the graph $ 3ork done
$ = F;
)o! Klastic potential energy $ = F;
$%ample 9
., cm
( / cm
, /g
+ cm
; $ &/ 1 :
$ . cm
$ ,(,. m
Force act to the spring!
F $ / ; &, $ /, N
Klastic potential energy $ = F;
$ = /, ",(,.# $ &(./ J
F a c to r s t!at e ec t e las t icity
4ands5on acti)ity 2.1! on pa"e #2 the practical boo- to in)esti"ate the factors that affect
elasticity.
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
;actor ,han"e in factor $ffect on elasticity
<en"th
Shorter sprin" <ess elastic
<on"er sprin" Dore elastic
iameter of sprin"
Smaller diameter <ess elastic
<ar"er diameter Dore elastic
iameter of sprin" wire
Smaller diameter Dore elastic
<ar"er diameter <ess elastic
Type of material the elasticity chan"es with the type of materials
E$ erc ise 2.%2
1. 6 / F force on a sprin" produces an e%tension of 2 cm. Ghat is the e%tension when the
force is increased to 1? FE State any assumption you made in calculatin" your answer.
'o sole the problem! determine the spring constant to use the formula F $ k ;
F $ 5 N ! ; $ 2 cm
F $ k; Ehen! F $ &: N! ; $ <
5 $ k "2# &: $ + ;
k $ + N cm
%&
; $ 5 cm
2. 7f a 20 F force e%tends a sprin" from . cm to 3 cm+
(a) what is the force constant of the sprin"E
F $ 2, N! ; $ I 1 / $ 4 cm! k $ < F $ k;
2, $ k "4#
k $ / N cm
%&
(b) ,alculate the elastic potential ener"y stored in the sprin".
K $ = F;
$ = "2,#"4#
$ 4, J
Rein orce men t C!ap ter 2
)art A / O1Dective >#estions
1. Ghen a coconut is fallin" to the
"round+ which of the followin"
quantities is constantE
6. Velocity
'. Domentum
!. ,alculate the wei"ht of a stone with
mass /0 " on the surface of the
moon.
(The "ra)itational acceleration of the
moon is 1>/ that of the $arth.)
(. Acceler!tion
. *inetic ener"y
2. 7n an inelastic collision+ which of the
followin" quantities remains
constant before and after the
A. ).1 N
'. 0.2 F
,. 0.# F
. 0./ F
$. 0.? F
5, g $ ,(,5 kg
E $ ,(,5 "&F5#"&,#
$ ,(& N
collisionE
6. Total acceleration
'. Total )elocity
(. Tot!l momentum
. Total -inetic ener"y
#. The momentum of a particle is
dependent on
6. mass and acceleration
'. wei"ht and force
(. m!ss !n velocit*
,0 Ghich of the followin" dia"rams
shows a body mo)in" at constant
)elocityE
A. 2 N 2N '.
12 F @ F
,. 12 F 1# F
. 20 F 1@ F
?. m 1 0.! -"
. m
Ghat is the momentum of the stone
Hust before it hits the "roundE
6. 0.1. -" m s
51
'. 0.! -" m s
51
,. 1.. -" m s
51
+. ,.) -" m s
%1
51
/. The "raph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.. -".
Velocity > ms
51
#
0 2 # / Time > s
,alculate the momentum of the
trolley from t 1 2s to t 1 #s.
$. 1..0 -" m s
Solution :
P $ m "find first to calculate the P#
K
p
$ K
k
mgh $ = m
2
",(+#"&,#"/# $ = ",(+#
2
$ &, m s
%&
P $ ",(+#"&,#
$ +(, kg m s
%&
3. 6 bi" ship will -eep mo)in" for some
distance when its en"ine is turned off.
This situation happens because the ship
has
6. 1.. -" m s
51
'. !.0 -" m s
51
,. #.0 -" m s
51
+. ..) -" m s
%1
$. @.. -" m s
51
P $ m
$ &(/ ; 4
$ 5(, kg ms
%&
A. "re!t inerti!
'. "reat acceleration
,. "reat momentum
. "reat -inetic ener"y
@. This fi"ure shows an aircraft flyin"
10. 6n iron ball is dropped at a hei"ht of
in the air.
<ift
10 m from the surface of the moon.
,alculate the time needed for the
iron ball to land.
(Ara)itational acceleration of the
Thrust 6ir friction
moon is 1>/ that of the $arth and
" 1 3.? F -"
52
)
Gei"ht
The aircraft abo)e accelerates if
6. <ift > Gei"ht
'. Thrust > <ift
,. <ift > 6ir friction
+. T#rust > Air friction
6 0./ s
' 1.# s
, 1.@ s
+ ,./ s
$ 12.0 s
s $ ut - = gt
2
$ ",#t - =
"I(:F5#t
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
)art : / Str#ct#re >#estions
1.
(i) ,ar 6 (ii) ,ar '
ia"ram 1.1
ia"ram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to mo)e a brea-down
car. 6 constant force+ ; 1 .00 F is used to push and pull the car in method 6 and '.
(a) (i) Ghich method is easier to mo)e the carE
et
ho
d "
a#
'h
e f
orc
es
gi
n p
ar
al
lel
3i
th
th
e s
ur
fac
e o
f m
tio
n!
(b) The frictional force actin" between the car and trac- surface in both methods is
200 F. ,alculate+ the
(i) horiIontal resultant force in method 6.
F $ F
gien
% F
friction
$ /,, 1 2,,
$ +,, N
(ii) horiIontal resultant force in method '.
F $ F
gien
Cos /,
,
1 F
friction
$ /,, cos 5,
,
1 2,,
$ /,(, N
(iii) acceleration of the car in method '.
F $ m a
/,(, $ &,,, a
a $ ,(,/ m s
%2
( c ) Su""est a method to mo)e ,ar ' so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method 6.
'he acceleration of Car 0 $ ,(+ m s
%2
....
'o
oe
ar
ith
th
e s
am
ac
cel
er
ati
of
ar
0!
in
cr
ea
se
the
fo
rc
e g
en
to &,,, N
2. ceilin"
Tin water D F
hand
B C =
(i) ia"ram 2.1 (ii)
a) ia"ram 2.1(i) shows tin B that is empty and tin C that is filled with water. 6
student find difficult to pushed tin C. Grite the inference about the obser)ation.
'he difficulty to moe the tin depends to its mass(
b) ia"ram 2.1(ii) shows a tin bein" released from the different positions D and F.
The hand of a student at position = needs "reater force to stop the motion of the
tin fallin" from position D. $%plain this obser)ation.
From position M the elocity of tin is more than the elocity compare 3hen it is
fr
om
( K
k
i
nc
re
ase
th
en
th
for
ce
to
st
op
it
3i
ll b
inc
re
ase
d(
c) 'ased on the obser)ation (i) and (ii)+ state two factors that affect the ma"nitude of
the momentum of the obHect.
ma
ss
an
el
oc
ity
d) 7f water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin C+ how would the inertia of
Tin C depends on time E
ine
rti
a o
f t
in
3i
ll d
ec
re
as
e b
ec
au
se
th
e
m
as
s o
f t
in
de
cr
ea
sed
!. 2 ms
51
B iron ball ( 2 -" )
!.0 m smooth surface
S T
1.0 m 2.0 m
C =
ia"ram ! =ou"h surface
The fi"ure shows a iron ball that is rolled throu"h BC=ST. The rou"h surface of C= has
frictional force of # F.
a) ,alculate
(i) the -inetic ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K
k
$ = m
2
$ = "2#"2
2
# $ 4(, J
#2
a) (i) Ghat is the meanin" of momentumE
(ii) 'ased on the obser)ations of ia"ram (i) and (ii)+ compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. 4ence+ relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept+ and name this concept.
(ii) the potential ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K
p
$ mgh
$ "2# "&,# "+(,#
$ 5,(, J
(iii) the total of ener"y of the iron ball at B.
K $ K
k
- K
p
$ 4(, - 5,(,
b) $ 54(, J
c) (i) ,alculate the total of ener"y of the iron ball when it reaches at C E
54(, J " the conseration of energy #
(ii) ,alculate the wor- done a"ainst friction alon" C=.
E $ F
f
; s
$ 4 ; &(,
$ 4(, J
d) ,alculate the total -inetic ener"y of the iron ball at S.
K
s
$ K 1 K
f
K
k
at ) $ K
s
% K
p
at s
$ 54(, 1 4(, $ 5,(, 1 "2#"&,#"2(,#
$ 5,(, J $ 2,(, J
e) ,alculate the speed of the ball at position T.
K
k
at ' $ 2,(, J
2
$ 2,
$ = m
2
$ 4(/ m s
%&
$ = "2#"
2
#
)art C / Essay >#estions
1.
(i) (ii)
ia"ram 1.1
ia"ram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car mo)in" at hi"h )elocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
ia"ram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
#!
b) $%plain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playin".
c) 7n launchin" a roc-et+ a few technical problems ha)e to be o)ercome before the
roc-et can mo)e upri"ht to the s-y. 'y usin" appropriate physics concepts+
describe the desi"n of a roc-et and the launch techniques that can launch the
roc-et upri"ht.
0ns3er
a# "i# momentum is product of mass and elocity
"ii# % 'he shape of car changed but the shape of 3all remained(
% 'he shape of ball remained but the shape of the rac6uet string 3as
changed( "'he rac6uet string is elastic but the 3all is harder#
% 'he time taken of collision bet3een the ball and rac6uet string more than
the time taken 3hen the car hit the 3all(
% 'he impulsie force 3ill decrease 3hen the time of collision increased(
% 'he concept is the impulsie force(
b# % 'o decrease the time of collision bet3een the ball and the rac6uet string(
% 4mpulsie force 3ill be increased(
% 'he force act to the ball 3ill be increased(
% 'he elocity of ball 3ill be increased(
c# % Make a gradually narro3er at the front shape "tapering#
: 'o decrease air friction
% Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials
: 'o decrease the probability to become dented "kemik#(
% Made by the lo3 density of material(
: 'o reduce the massF3eight
% 'he structure is fractional engine
: 'he mass 3ill be decreased and the elocity 3ill increase(
% Made by the high of heat capacity of materials
: 4t 3ill be high heat resistance(
2.
Broperties
'rand
=eaction time > s Dass > -"
$n"ine thrust
force > F
=esistance force
> F
6 0.! 1.. 10.0 #.0
' 0.. 1.? 12.. 2.#
, 0.2 0.3 /.. 2.2
0./ 2.. 1/.0 /..
7n a radio5controlled car racin" competition+ # mini5cars branded 6+ '+ , and too-
part. The information of the # cars is "i)en in the table abo)e. etails of the abo)e
information are "i)en as below9
=eaction time 5 uration between the moment the radio5controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts mo)in".
=esistance 5 6)era"e )alue of opposin" forces includes the friction between
wheels and trac-+ and air resistance.
(a) Ghat is the meanin" of accelerationE
(b) raw a "raph of )elocity a"ainst time that shows a car mo)in" initially with
constant acceleration+ then mo)in" with constant )elocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) $%plain the suitability of the properties in the abo)e table in constructin" a radio5
controlled car racin" purpose. 4ence+ determine which brand of car will win the
.05metre race.
(c) 7f ,ar ' in the abo)e table is mo)ed up the plane at the an"le of !0
o
to the
horiIon+
(i) Show that the car is able to mo)e up the plane.
(ii) etermine the acceleration of the car.
0ns3er :
"a# 4ncrease the elocity
"b# F ms
%&
displacement $ area under the graph
t F s
"c# % time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its moe
% has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia! then easier to start moe and to
stop its moing(
% thrust force is high : has more po3er during its moing F increase the
acceleration
% friction force is lo3 : decrease the lost of force
% the best car is 0 : because it has short of time reaction! small of mass! high of
thrust force and lo3 friction of force(
"d# "i# K
2
$ "&2(/ 1 2(4 # "/,# $ /,/(, J
/, m /,)in+,
,
K "suitable to moe up# $ &(: "&,#"/,)in+,
,
#
!0
0
$ 4/, (, J
K
2
L K " car 2 can moe up the plane#
"ii# F $ ma ! &2(/ 1 2(4 $ &(: a! a $ /(5& ms
%&