GEOMETRY: Triangle Angle Properties

Diagram:








Example:

1. Measure the magnitude of each angle and name this triangle according to its angle propertise:







Solution:
A =28
o
B =123
o

C =29
o


One angle is between 90
o
and 180
o
therefore, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.


A
c
u
t
e

-
a
n
g
l
e
d
In an acute-angled
triangle, all the
angles are acute,
that is, all the
internal angles are
between 0
o
and 90
o
.
R
i
g
h
t

-
a
n
g
l
e
d
In a right - angled
triangle, one of the
internal angles is
90
o
.
O
b
t
u
s
e

-
a
n
g
l
e
d
In an obtuse -
angled triangle, one
of the internal angle
is obtuse, that is,
between 90
o
and
180
o
.

85
o

38
o

57
o

35
o

115
o

30
o

A
B
C
2. Consider a triangle in which we dont know the size of one of the angles.







Solution:
There is 180
o
in a triangle so,
A + B + C =180
o
Substituting the vales of B and C, we have
x +77
o
+65
o
= 180
o

x + 142
o
= 180
o
x = 180
o
- 142
o
x =38
o


3. Consider an example where we dont know the size of two of the angles in the triangle.







Solution:
A + B + C =180
o

Substituting their values, we have
x +x +42
o
=180
o

2x +42
o
=180
o
2x =180
o
- 42
o
=138
o
x =69
o



A C
B
77
o

65
o
x
A
B
C
x
x
42
o

Calculus: The Chain Rule

3.6.1 THEOREM
The Chain Rule



Illustration#1:

Let f(x) =x
10
g(x) =2x
3
5x
2
+4

Then the composite function f g is defined by
(f g)(x) = f(g(x))
=(2x
3
5x
2
+4)
10

To apply the theorem, we need to compute f(g(x)) and g(x). Because f(x) =x
10
, f(x) =10x
9
; thus
f(g(x)) =10[g(x)]
9

f(g(x)) =10(2x
3
5x
2
+4)
9

Furthermore, because g(x) =2x
3
5x
2
+4,
g(x) =6x
2
10x
Therefore, we have
(f g)(x) = f(g(x))g(x)
=10(2x
3
5x
2
+4)
9
(6x2 10x)

Illustration#2:

Let f(x) =sin x g(x) =x
2
+3

Then the composite function f g is defined by
(f g)(x) = f(g(x))
=sin(x
2
+3)
We compute f(g(x)) and g(x). Because f(x) =sin x, f(x) =cos x. Hence,
f(g(x)) =cos[g(x)]
f(g(x)) =cos(x
2
+3)
Because g(x) =x
2
+3
g(x) =2x
Thus, we obtain
(f g)(x) = f(g(x))g(x)
=cos(x
2
+3) (2x)
=2x cos(x
2
+3)



If the function g is differential at x and the function f is differentiable at
g(x), then the composite function f g is differentiable at x, and (f g)(x)
=f(g(x))g(x)
Number Theory: Properties of Summation

For m, n Z, m n and a
k
, m k n, we write
n
k=m
a
k
as shorthand for the sum a
m
+... +a
n
.
The variable k is a dummy variable, it is just a placeholder.
Note that
n
k=m
ca
k
=c(
n
k=m
a
k
) if c is a constant not depending on k. This is just distributive.
Even if c has subscripts but they do not depend on k, c is a constant with respect to the
summation and we can factor them out.

The properties of summation may be deduced by examining closely the examples cited.
1. c =c +
n
=1
c +... +c =cn

Ex. 5 =5+
4
=1
5 +5 +5 =5 4 =20
2.

n
=1
cx
1
=c
n
=1
x
1

Ex. 4
n
=1
x
1
=4 x
1
+4 x
2
+... +4 x
n

=4(x
1
+x
2
+... +x
n
)
=4
n
=1
x
1


3.
n
=1
(x
1

y
1
) =
n
=1
x
1
+
n
=1
y
1


Ex.
n
=1
(a
1
+5) =(a
1
+5) +(a
2
+5) +... +(a
n
+5)
=(a
1
+a
2
+ ... +a
n
) +(5 +5 +... +5)
=
n
=1
a
1
+
n
=1
5n
Example:
If x
1
=3, x
2
=-1, x
3
=5, find
a.)
3
=1
x
1
2

b.) (
3
=1
x
1
)
2
Solution:


a. The summation is expanded as
3
=1
x
1
2
=x
1
2
+x
2
2
+x
3
2
.
Substituting the values given above for x
1
, x
2
, and x
3
, we have

3
=1
x
1
2
=3
2
+(-1)
2
+5
2
=35

b. (
3
=1
x
1
)
2
=(x
1
+x
2
+x
3
)
2
=[3 +(-1) +5]
2
=49

It is interesting to note that the symbol
3
=1
x
1
2
means that we square each of the number and
add them together, while (
3
=1
x
1
)
2
means that we add the three xs together to obtain a sum
and then square the sum.

Algebra: Function Arithmetic














Example: Let f(x) =6x
2
2x and g(x) =3 -
1
x


1. Find (f +g) (-1) 2. Find (fg)(2)

Solution:

1. To find (f +g) (-1), we first find f(-1) =8 and g(-1) =4.

By definition, we have

(f +g) (-1) =f(-1) +g(-1)
=8 +4
=12

2. To find (fg)(2) , we first need f(2) and g(2). Since f(2) =20 and g(2) =
5
2
, our formula yields

(fg)(2) =f(2)g(2)
=(20)(
5
2
)
=50





Function Arithmetic
Suppose f and g are functions and x is both the domain of f and g.
The sum of f and g, denoted by f +g, is the function defined by the formula
(f +g) (x) =f(x) +g(x)
The difference of f and g, denoted by f - g, is the function defined by the formula
(f - g) (x) =f(x) - g(x)
The product of f and g, denoted by fg, is the function defined by the formula
(fg) (x) =f(x)g(x)
The sum of f and g, denoted by
]
g
, is the function defined by the formula
(
]
g
) (x) =
](x)
g(x)

Linear Algebra: Row - echelon Form and Reduced Row echelon Form

Definition 1.2.1 ( Row - echelon form) A matrix is in row echelon form if

(i) All zero rows (if any) are at the bottom of the matrix and

(ii) If two successive rows are non-zero, the second row starts with more zeros than the
first (moving from left to right)

For example, the matrix

_
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 0
1
0
0
0
0
0
_

is in row echelon form, whereas the matrix

_
0 1
0
0
0
1
0
0

0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_

is not in row echelon form.

The zero matrix of any size is always in row echelon form.

Definition 1.2.2 (Reduced row echelon form) A matrix is in reduced row echelon form if

1. It is in row echelon form.

2. The leading (leftmost non-zero) entry in each non-zero is 1.

3. All other elements of the column in which the leading entry 1 occurs all zeros.
For example, the matrices

j
1 0
0 1
[ and _
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0

2 0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0 2
0
1
0
3
4
0
_

are in reduced row echelon form, whereas the matrices

_

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
2

_ and _

1
0
0

2
1
0

0
0
0

_

are not in reduced row echelon form, but are in row echelon form.






Trigonometry: Pythagoras Theorem

Pythagoras theorem describes the important relationship between the lengths of the side of a
right angled triangle.












Example 1
Calculate the lenghth of the side AB of this triangle:

Solution:
In this triangle,
AB
2
=AC
2
+BC
2

=5
2
+9
2

=25 +81
=106

AB =106 =10. 29563014 cm
=10. 3 cm
Example 2
Calculate the lenghth of the side XY of this triangle:

Solution:
In this triangle,
YZ
2
=XY
2
+XZ
2

14
2
=XY
2
+6
2

196 =XY
2
+36
XY
2
=160
XY =160 =12. 64911064 cm
=12. 6 cm




Pythagorass Theorem

In a right angled triangle,

a
2
+b
2
=c
2

The longest side, c in a right angled

triangle is called the hypotenuse.



a
b
c
A
C
B
5 cm
9 cm
X
Z
Y
6 cm
14cm
GEOMETRY: Angle Sum of Polygons


Name of Polygon


Polygon split into
triangles


Number of triangles

Angle sum of the
polygon


Triangle


1


1 x 180
o
=180
o


Square


2


2 x 180
o
=360
o



Pentagon


3


3 x 180
o
=540
o




Hexagon



4



4 x 180
o
=720
o



Heptagon


5


5 x 180
o
=900
o



Octogon


6


6 x 180
o
=1080
o


Note: We can extend the table to to generate the angle sum of any polygon.




Example: Find the value of the missing angle in each of the following polygons:


1.









Solution:
A + B + C + D + E + F =720
o

113
o
+ 92
o
+ 92 + r + 115
o
+ 97
o
=720
o
509
o
+ r =720
o

r =720
o
- 509
o

r =211
o


2.











Solution:
A + B + C + D + E =540
o

92
o
+ r + 97
o
+ 115
o
+ 113
o
=540
o

417
o
+ r =540
o

r =540
o
- 417
o

r =123
o

92
o
113
o
92
o
97
o
115
o
r

A

B
C
D
F
E
A

B
C
D
E
92
o
r

97
o
113
o
115
o