Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Submitted by:

Chavez, Cluie Marie
Enriquez, Irish Raychelle Ann
Ferrer, Irvin Andre
Flores, Dan Aceyork
Flores, John Salvador
Galang, Paola
Ladag, Jay Boy
Potian, Christine Mae
Tolentino, Rodley


Submitted to:
Prof. Christine Sarmiento
Environmental Issue Causes Effects
Solutions

1. FOREST DEGRADATION/
Agricultural activities: Due to Increase in Global Warming: With
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9175:
DEFORESTATION


Forest Degradation: is the long-term
reduction of the overall supply of
benefits from forest, which includes
wood, biodiversity and other
products or service



Deforestation: is the removal of a
forest or stand of trees where the
land is thereafter converted to a non-
forest use
overgrowing demand for food
products, huge amount of tress are
fell down to grow crops, build farms,
ranches, other food growing lands
and for cattle grazing.
Urban Construction: Wood based
industries like paper, match-sticks,
furniture etc also need a substantial
amount of wood supply. Wood is used
as fuel both directly and indirectly,
therefore trees are chopped for
supplies.
Urbanization: In order to gain access
to these forests, the construction of
roads are undertaken; here again
trees are chopped to create roads.
Overpopulation too directly affects
forest covers, as with the expansion
of cities more land is needed to
establish housing and settlements.
Therefore forest land is reclaimed.
Desertification of land: It occurs due
to land abuse making it unfit for
growth of trees. Many industries in
petrochemicals release their wastes
into rivers which results in soil erosion
and make it unfit to grow plants and
trees.
Urban Construction: the cutting down
of trees for lumber that is used for
building materials, furniture, and
paper products have a major impact
constant deforestation the ratio of
green house gases in the
atmosphere has increased, adding
to our global warming woes.
Floods: When it rains, trees absorb
and store large amount of water
with the help of their roots. When
they are cut down, the flow of
water is disrupted and leads to
floods in some areas and droughts
in other.
Wildlife extinction: Due to
massive felling down of trees,
various species of animals are lost.
They lose their habitat and forced
to move to new location. Some of
them are even pushed to
extinction
Carbon Emissions: Without trees,
more carbon and greenhouse
gasses enter the atmosphere. To
make matters worse, trees
actually become carbon sources
when they are cut, burned, or
otherwise removed.
Soil Erosion: Without tree roots to
anchor the soil and with increased
exposure to sun, the soil can dry
out, leading to problems like
increased flooding and inability to
farm.
known as the "Chain Saw Act of
2002". It is the policy of the
State consistent with the
Constitution, to conserve,
develop and protect the forest
resources under sustainable
management. The State shall
pursue an aggressive forest
protection program geared
towards eliminating illegal
logging and other forms of
forest destruction which are
being facilitated with the use of
chain saws. The State shall
therefore regulate the
ownership, possession, sale,
transfer, importation and/or use
of chain saws to prevent them
from being used in illegal
logging or unauthorized clearing
of forests.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3571: AN
ACT TO PROHIBIT THE CUTTING,
DESTROYING OR INJURING OF
PLANTED OR GROWING TREES,
FLOWERING PLANTS AND
SHRUBS OR PLANTS OF SCENIC
VALUE ALONG PUBLIC ROADS,
IN PLAZAS, PARKS, SCHOOL
PREMISES
OR IN ANY OTHER PUBLIC GROUND.

on forest life. Forests are cleared to
accommodate expanding urban areas.
This results in loss of forest area and
massive deforestation.
Illegal Logging: Trees are cut down
indiscriminately by logging
companies, to fulfill the demands of
the wood market. This does not give a
chance to the local wildlife and trees
to regenerate and sustain themselves.
Thus, leading to loss of wildlife
forever.


2. WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Proper Waste Management: is the
"generation, prevention,
characterization, monitoring,
treatment, handling, reuse and
residual disposition of solid wastes"

Improper Waste Management: it is
the misleading actions of all human
being about improper collection,
transportation, disposal of garbage,
sewage, and other waste products.

Lack of space
Increase in hygiene levels
Advancement in science and
technology
Pollution
Global warming.
Soil contamination
Hazardous chemicals that get into
the soil (contaminants) can harm
plants when they take up the
contamination through their roots.
If humans eat plants and animals
that have been in contact with such
polluted soils, there can be
negative impact on their health.
Air Pollution
Bad waste management practices
can result in land and air pollution
and can cause respiratory problems
and other adverse health effects.
Leachate
Liquid that forms as water trickles
through contaminated areas is
called Leachate. It forms very
harmful mixture of chemicals that
may result in hazardous substances
entering surface water,
groundwater or soil.
Economic Effects

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
(ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000)
Waste Management Procedures:
1. 3 RS
o Reduce: Reducing the
amount of waste we
produce is the best way to
help the environment.
o Reuse: Instead of throwing
things away, try to find
ways to use them again
o Recycle: Many of the things
we use every day, like
paper bags, soda cans, and
milk cartons, are made out
of materials that can be
recycled. Recycled items
are put through a process
that makes it possible to
create new products out of
the materials from the old
ones.
2. Prolysis:
Everyone wants to live and visit
places that are clean, fresh and
healthy. A city with poor sanitation,
smelly and with waste matter all
over the place do not attract good
people, investors and tourists. Such
cities tend to have poor living
standards.

o Is
a thermochemical decompo
sition of organic material at
elevated temperatures in
the absence of oxygen (or
any halogen).
o Decomposition or transfor
mation of a compound caus
ed by heat.
3. Incineration:
o is a waste treatment
process that involves
the combustion of organic s
ubstances contained in
waste materials.
4. Landfill: a place to dispose of
refuse and other waste
material by burying it and
covering it over with soil,
especially as a method of
filling in or extending usable
land.
5. Composting: is the biological
process of breaking up of
organic waste such as food
waste, manure, leaves, grass
trimmings, paper, worms, and
coffee grounds, etc., into an
extremely useful humus-like
substance by various micro-
organisms including bacteria,
fungi and actinomycetes in
the presence of oxygen.
3. Land Degradation

is a process in which the
value of the biophysical
environment is affected by a
combination of human-
induced processes acting
Soil erosion:
Removal of topsoil faster than
the soil forming processes can
replace it, due to natural, animal,
and human activity.
Salinisation:- refers to a build-up
causes deterioration in the
chemical and physical
properties of soils
reduces primary productivity
of plant communities
in the short term the
economic and social effects
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 622 - AN
ACT CREATING THE BUREAU
OF SOIL CONSERVATION,
DEFINING ITS POWERS,
DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
upon the land
Deterioration in the quality of
land, its topsoil, vegetation,
and/or water resources,
caused usually by excessive
or inappropriate exploitation.


of salts in soil, eventually to toxic
levels for plants.
Desertification: is a type of land
degradation in which a
relatively dry land region
becomes increasingly arid,
typically losing its bodies of water
as well as vegetation and wildlife.
Soil contamination: is caused by
the presence
of xenobiotic (human-made)
chemicals or other alteration in
the natural soil environment. It is
typically caused by industrial
activity, agricultural chemicals, or
improper disposal of waste.
Quarrying [the process of
extracting minerals and stones at
the surface of the (above)
earth] of stone, sand, ore and
minerals.


may come from the reduced
capacity of the soil to sustain
plant growth for crops or
pasture, resulting in reduced
yields.
leads to increased hazards
for human occupancy.
results in a decline in
biodiversity


4. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY-
EXTINCTION

1. Biodiversity: Is the variety of life in
the world or in a particular habitat or
ecosystem.

a. Genetic Biodiversity: the level
of biodiversity, refers to the
total number
of genetic characteristics in the
`
Habitat loss and destruction
This is one of the greatest threats to
biodiversity. Habitat loss is directly
linked to human induced pressures
on land.
Alterations in ecosystem
composition
Assemblages of species and their
interactions with their ecosystems is
critical for not only saving the

Extinction:
a. Population Risk:
Specific group or subgroup
that is more likely to
be exposed, or is more
sensitive to a certain
substance than
the general population.
b. Genetic Risk: refers to
inheriting a disorder or
disease.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147: An act
providing for the conservation
and protection of wildlife
resources and their habitats,
appropriating funds and or other
purposes
genetic makeup of a species. It
is distinguished from genetic
variability, which describes the
tendency of genetic
characteristics to vary.
b. Species Biodiversity: is the
effective number of different
species that are represented in
a collection of individuals
c. Ecosystem Biodiversity: refers
to the diversity of a place at the
level of ecosystems. The term
differs from biodiversity, which
refers to variation in species
rather than ecosystems.
Ecosystem diversity can also
refer to the variety of
ecosystems present in a
biosphere, the variety of
species and ecological
processes that occur in
different physical settings.
1. Endangered: (of a species) seriously
at risk of extinction.
a. Rare Species: is a group of
organisms that are very
uncommon, scarce, or
infrequently encountered
b. Threatened Species: are
any species which are
vulnerable to endangerment in
the near future.

Examples of endangered species:
Philippine eagle
(Pithecophaga jefferyi)
Philippine spotted deer (Rusa
alfredi)
Philippine
freshwater crocodile (Crocod
species, but also for their successful
future evolution. In the event of
alterations, either ecosystems can
begin to change. Alterations to
ecosystems are critical factor
contributing to species and habitat
loss.
Over-exploitation
Over-hunting, over-fishing or over-
collecting of a species can quickly
lead to its decline. Changing
consumption patterns of human is
often cited as the key reason for this
unsustainable exploitation of natural
resources.
Invasive alien species
The introduction of exotic species
that replace local and native species
is cited as the second largest of
biodiversity loss. Alien invasive
species replace, and offer result in
the extinction of native species.
Pollution and contamination
Biological systems respond slowly to
changes in their surrounding
environment. Pollution and
contamination cause irreversible
damage to species.
Global climate change
Both climate variability and climate
change cause biodiversity loss.
Species and populations may be lost
permanently, if they are not provided
with enough time to adapt to
changing climate conditions.
c. Environmental Risk: Actual or
potential threat of adverse
effects on living organisms
and environment by effluents,
emissions, wastes, resource de
pletion, etc., arising out of
an organization's activities.
d. Natural Catastrophe: is a
major adverse event resulting
from natural processes of the
Earth; examples
include floods, volcanic
eruptions,earthquakes, tsuna
mis, and other geologic
processes.
ylus mindorensis)
Tamaraw (Bubalus
mindorensis)
Philippine tarsier (Carlito
syrichta)