Real Time Realization of Properties of Fourier Transform Using Op-Amps

A report submitted by -
Prashant Gupta (20099016)
Akshay Mukhi (20095041)
Ankit Agrawal (20095131)
Sushil Kumar (20095088)
B.Tech V Semester, Electronics & Communication Engineering (2011-2012)
Under the guidance of
Asim Mukherjee
Asst. Professor
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
MNNIT, Allahabad





To the
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ALLAHABAD- 211 004
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Real Time Realization of Properties of Fourier
Transform Using Op-Amps submitted by Prashant Gupta, Akshay Mukhi, Ankit Agrawal
and Sushil Kumar of B.Tech, Third Year, Electronics and Communication Engineering to the
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology (Deemed University), Allahabad is the bonafide record of the students own work
carried out under the supervision and guidance of Professor Dr. Asim Mukherjee.



(Asim Mukherjee)
Asst. Professor
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad 211004







MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
Allahabad 211004


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great privilege for us to express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide, Asst. Professor
Asim Mukherjee of ECED, MNNIT for his stimulating guidance and profound assistance. We
shall always cherish our association with him for his constant encouragement and freedom to
thought and action that he rendered to us throughout the project.
We also feel a great pleasure to thank all the staff members of the department for their
cooperation which led to the successful completion of our project work.
Finally, we deem it a great pleasure to thank one and all whose valuable suggestion and in time
cooperation helped us to carry out this project successfully.
We are also thankful to our friends and colleagues for their support.
Prashant Gupta (20099016)
Akshay Mukhi (20095041)
Ankit Agrawal (20095131)
Sushil Kumar (20095088)







Operational Amplifiers-
An operational amplifier abbreviated as op-amp is a versatile device that can amplify both A.C.
and D.C. Op-amp was basically designed to perform mathematical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication etc.
Circuit symbol of Op-Amp-
Circuit symbol an Op-Amp is of three terminals. Two are input terminal and one is output
terminal. One of the input terminals is known as Inverting type and in symbol it is denoted by a
negative (-) sign and other terminal is known as Non-Inverting type and in symbol it is denoted
by a positive (+) sing.


Ideal Op-Amp and its characteristics-
An ideal Op-Amp shows following properties-
1. Infinite voltage gain A.
2. Infinite input resistance R
i
.
3. Zero output resistance R
o
.
4. Infinite bandwidth.
5. Infinite common-mode rejection ratio.
6. Infinite slew rate.

Pin diagram of Op-Amp IC-
General purpose Op-Amp IC is UA741CN. It is 8 pin Dual-in-Line Package (DIP) IC. In Dual-
in-Line IC package, the chip is mounted inside a plastic or ceramic case. .Its pin diagram is as
follow:-

Electrical characteristics of Op-Amp:
Electrical characteristics of Op-Amps are as follow:-
1. Input offset voltage- Input offset voltage is the voltage which must be applied between
the two input terminals of an op-amp to null the output. Figure() shows that two dc
voltages are applied to make the output voltage zero.
V
io
=V
dc1
-V
dc2


Maximum value of V
io
is 6mV. This matching is done to reduce the input offset voltage.
2. Input offset current- The algebraic difference between the currents into the inverting
and non-inverting terminals is referred to the input offset current.
I
io
=|I
B1
-I
B2
|

Maximum value of input offset current is 70nA for 741op-amp. As matching improves,
between two terminals the difference of the current flowing in two terminals or input
offset current goes down.
3. Input bias current- Input bias current is the average of the currents that flow into the
inverting and non-inverting input terminals of the op-amp.
I
B
= (I
B1
+I
B2
)/2
Maximum value of input bias current for is 200nA.
4. Differential input resistance- Differential input resistance is equivalent resistance
measured when input signal is applied to one terminal and other is grounded. Typical
value of differential input resistance for 741 op-amp is 2M.
5. Input capacitance- Input capacitance is equivalent capacitance that can be measured
when input signal is applied to one terminal and other is grounded. Typical value of input
capacitance for 741 op-amp is 1.4pF.
6. Offset voltage adjustment range- Pin 1 and 5 of 741 op-amp is marked as offset null.
These pins are used to adjust the offset voltage to null by connecting a potentiometer
between them and the jack of potentiometer is connected to pin 4 (V
EE
). Jack is adjusted
to nullify the offset voltage.

7. Input Voltage range- Input voltage range is the range of a common mode input signal
for which a differential amplifier remain linear. It is used to determine the degree of
matching between the inverting and non-inverting input terminals. For 741 op-amp value
of input voltage range is 12V.
8. Common mode rejection ratio- The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is defined
as the ratio of the differential voltage gain A
d
to the common- mode voltage gain A
cm
.
CMRR = A
d
/A
cm


9. Supply voltage rejection ratio-
10. Large signal voltage gain-
11. Output voltage swing-
12. Output resistance-
13. Output short circuit current-
14. Supply current-
15. Power consumption-
16. Transient response-
17. Slew rate-





Equivalent circuit of an Op-Amp-
Figure() shows the equivalent circuit of an Op-Amp. This circuit includes important value of
datasheet. Equivalent circuit is basically designed by using thevenin equivalents.

From the figure()-
A = large signal voltage gain
v
1
= voltage at the inverting terminal with respect to the ground
v
2
= voltage at the non-inverting terminal with respect to the ground