CTI Certified Closed Cross Flow Type Cooling Tower (JNC-70T)

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Basic Info.
Model NO.: JNC-70T
Certification: Cti and ISO
Type: Refrigeration Equipment
Usage: Refrigerator
Control Type: Mechanical
Material: FRP and HDG and Others
Water Flow Rate: 70m3/H
Head Load: 350000kacl/H
Coil Pressure Drop: 57kpa
Spray Pump Power: 2.2
Overall Dimensions: 4200x2200x3575mm
Tower Body Height: 2860mm
Fan Diameter: 1800mmx1
Air Volume: 93000m3/H
Fan Type: Axial-Flow & V-Belt
Motor Rate Output: 5.5x1
Export Markets: Global
Additional Info.
Trademark: JINLING
Origin: China
HS Code: 8418699090
Production Capacity: 50, 000.00PCS/Year
Product Description
CTI Certified Cross Flow Rectangular Closed Type Cooling Tower JNC-70T( JNC Series)

Advantages:
1. Easy accessible driving system
2. CTI certified cooling tower
3. Patented cooling module desing
4. High efficient air-foil axial fan
5. Water distribution system
6. Signle piece casing basin
7. Rliable mainframe
8. Velocity recovery stack
9. Mechanical part
10. Factory assembled
11. High efficient spray water pump
12. Easy fill cleaning and replacement
13. Mechanical parts protection
14. Largest working platform

JNC Customer option
1. Automatic water lever control system
2. Low noise operation
3. Ladder, safety cage, external service platform and handrails
4. Vibration isolater
5. Vibration limit switch
6. Basin heater
7. High temperature fill
8. Variable speed drive
9. Corrosion resistant frame work
10. Chemical water treatment unit
11. Air inlet debris screen
12. Remote liquid sensor display

Skey Specifications/Special Feature:
1. Materials: FRP panels, HDG framework and PVC infill
2. With low noise or ultra low noise
3. Used all over the world

Delivery Details:
1. FOB Port: Ningbo or Shanghai
2. Lead Time: 30-45 days

Remark:

Why Choose JNC
1. CTI Certified closed type cooling tower
2. Comparing other same class closed type cooling tower, larger heat exchanging area and
efficient.
3. JNC series is high-tech products owing to many patents
4. Scientific and technological achievements apprasial: International Advanced Technology
5. Easy to access and sweep
6. Corrosion-free, leak free service
7. Short lead time-4 weeks target
8. Holistic cold water basin and no water splash
9. Quick installation, Quiet operation and Low maintenance costs
10. All the cross flow advantages.
Model Unit

Performance Index for JNC Series CTI Certification Cooling Tower
JNC
-
60T
JNC
-
70T
JNC
-
80T
JNC
-
90T
JNC
-
100
T
JNC-
120T
02
JNC-
140T
02
JNC-
160T
02
JNC-
180T
02
JNC-
200T
02
JNC-
210T
03
JNC-
240T
03
JNC-
300T
03
Water Flow
Rate
M3/
H
60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 210 240 300
Heat Load
Kcal/
h
300
000
350
000
400
000
450
000
500
000
6000
00
7000
00
80000
0
90000
0
10000
00
1050
000
12000
00
15000
00
Water Inlet C 37
Temp
Water Outl
et Temp
C 32
Wet Bulb T
emp
C 28
Coil Pressu
re Drop
kPa 56 57 70 96 87 56 57 70 96 87 57 70 87
Spray Pum
p Power
KW 2.2 2.2
1.5
X2
1.5
X2
1.5
X2
2.2X
2
2.2X
2
1.5X4 1.5X4 1.5X4
2.2X
3
1.5X6 1.5X6
Length(L) MM 4200
480
0
480
0
480
0
4200 4200 4800 4200 4800
Width(W) MM 2200
240
0
240
0
240
0
4400 4400 4800 6600 7200
Overall Hei
ght
MM 3575 3825 3575 3825 3575 3825
Tower Bod
y Height
MM 2860 3060 2860 3060 2860 3060
Fan Diamet
er
MM 1800X1 2000x1 1800X2 2000X2
1800
X3
2000X2
Fan Air Vo
lume
M3/
MIN
730
00
930
00
103
000
111
600
111
600
7300
0X2
9300
0X2
10300
0X2
11160
0X2
11160
0X3
9300
0X3
10300
0X3
11160
0X3
Fan Type & Driv
e System
Axial-Flow & V-Belt Reducer
Motor Type Total Enclosed Fan-cooled
Motor Power Sou
rce
3Phase220V/380V/440V
Motor Rate
Output
KW 4X1
5.5
X1
5.5
X1
7.5
X1
7.5
X1
4X2
5.5X
2
5.5X2 7.5X2 7.5X2
5.5X
3
5.5X3 7.5X3
Casing FRP
Framework STEEL(Hot Dip Galvanized)
Fill/Eliminator/L
ouver
PVC
Coiler Red Copper or Others
Distrbution Bsin FRP
Cold Water Basin FRP
Fan AL-ALLOY or FRP
Fan Stack FRP
Nozzle P.P
Water Inlet Pipin
g
125AX1 150AX1 125AX2 150AX2
125A
X3
150AX3
Water Outlet Pipi 125AX1 150AX1 125AX2 150AX2 125A 150AX3
ng X3
Drain Piping 50AX1 50AX1 50AX2 50AX2
50A
X3
50AX3
Over Flow Piping 50AX1 50AX1 50AX2 50AX2
50A
X3
50AX3
Make-
Up(Auto) Piping
25AX1 25AX1 25AX2 25AX2
25A
X3
25AX3
Make-
Up(Manual) Pipi
ng
25AX1 25AX1 25AX2 25AX2
25A
X3
25AX3
Evaporatio
n
% 0.833
Drigt Loss % 0.005
Shipping W
eight
kg
151
0
158
0
216
0
224
0
236
0
3020 3160 4320 4480 4720 4740 6480 7080
Operating
Weight
Kg
405
0
425
0
510
0
530
0
550
0
8100 8500 10200 10600 11000
1275
0
15300 16500
Remark:The cooling tower can be made-to-
measure according to customer`s design conditions and special requirement. "D": Double Fans.















CTI Certified Cross Flow Closed Type Cooling Tower (JNC-60T)



Basic Info.
Model NO.: JNC-60T
Certification: Cti and ISO
Type: Refrigeration Compressor
Usage: Refrigerator
Control Type: Mechanical
Material: FRP and HDG and Others
Water Flow Rate: 60m3/H
Head Load: 300000kcal/H
Coil Pressure Drop: 56kpa
Spray Pump Power: 2.2kw
Overall Dimensions: 4200x2200x3575mm
Tower Body Height: 2860mm
Fan Diameter: 1800mmx1
Air Volume: 73000m3/H
Motor Power Source: 3 Phase 220V/380V/440V
Motor Rate Output: 4kwx1
Export Markets: Global











Categorization by air-to-water flow
Crossflow




Mechanical draft crossflow cooling tower used in an HVAC application
Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow (see
diagram at left). Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill
material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues
through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum volume. Lastly, a fan forces the
air out into the atmosphere.
A distribution or hot water basin consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles in its bottom is
located near the top of a crossflow tower. Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles
uniformly across the fill material.
Advantages of the crossflow design:
Gravity water distribution allows smaller pumps and maintenance while in use.
Non-pressurized spray simplifies variable flow.
Typically lower initial and long-term cost, mostly due to pump requirements.
Disadvantages of the crossflow design:
More prone to freezing than counterflow designs.
Variable flow is useless in some conditions.
Counterflow




Forced draft counter flow package type cooling towers
In a counterflow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram at left).
Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media, and is then drawn up vertically. The
water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles near the top of the tower, and then flows downward
through the fill, opposite to the air flow.

Advantages of the counterflow design:
Spray water distribution makes the tower more freeze-resistant.
Breakup of water in spray makes heat transfer more efficient.

Disadvantages of the counterflow design:
Typically higher initial and long-term cost, primarily due to pump requirements.
Difficult to use variable water flow, as spray characteristics may be negatively affected.
Common aspects
Common aspects of both designs:
The interactions of the air and water flow allow a partial equalization of temperature, and
evaporation of water.
The air, now saturated with water vapor, is discharged from the top of the cooling tower.
A collection or cold water basin is used to collect and contain the cooled water after its
interaction with the air flow.
Both crossflow and counterflow designs can be used in natural draft and in mechanical draft
cooling towers.
Wet cooling tower material balance
Quantitatively, the material balance around a wet, evaporative cooling tower system is governed
by the operational variables of make-up flow rate, evaporation and windage losses, draw-off rate,
and the concentration cycles.
[12][13]

In the adjacent diagram, water pumped from the tower basin is the cooling water routed through
the process coolers and condensers in an industrial facility. The cool water absorbs heat from the
hot process streams which need to be cooled or condensed, and the absorbed heat warms the
circulating water (C). The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles
downward over the fill material inside the tower. As it trickles down, it contacts ambient air
rising up through the tower either by natural draft or by forced draft using large fans in the tower.
That contact causes a small amount of the water to be lost as windage/drift (W) and some of the
water (E) to evaporate. The heat required to evaporate the water is derived from the water itself,
which cools the water back to the original basin water temperature and the water is then ready to
recirculate. The evaporated water leaves its dissolved salts behind in the bulk of the water which
has not been evaporated, thus raising the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water. To
prevent the salt concentration of the water from becoming too high, a portion of the water is
drawn off/blown down (D) for disposal. Fresh water make-up (M) is supplied to the tower basin
to compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the windage loss water and the draw-off water.

Fan-induced draft, counter-flow cooling tower
Using these flow rates and concentration dimensional units:
M = Make-up water in m/h
C = Circulating water in m/h
D = Draw-off water in m/h
E = Evaporated water in m/h
W = Windage loss of water in m/h
X = Concentration in ppmw (of any completely soluble salts ... usually chlorides)
X
M
= Concentration of chlorides in make-up water (M), in ppmw
X
C
= Concentration of chlorides in circulating water (C), in ppmw
Cycles = Cycles of concentration = X
C
/ X
M
(dimensionless)
ppmw = parts per million by weight
A water balance around the entire system is then:
[13]

M = E + D + W
Since the evaporated water (E) has no salts, a chloride balance around the system is:
[13]


and, therefore:
[13]


From a simplified heat balance around the cooling tower:

where:
H
V
= latent heat of vaporization of water = 2260 kJ / kg
T = water temperature difference from tower top to tower bottom, in C
c
p
= specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ / (kg C)
Windage (or drift) losses (W) is the amount of total tower water flow that is evaporated into the
atmosphere. From large-scale industrial cooling towers, in the absence of manufacturer's data, it
may be assumed to be:
W = 0.3 to 1.0 percent of C for a natural draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators
W = 0.1 to 0.3 percent of C for an induced draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators
W = about 0.005 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators
W = about 0.0005 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators and
uses sea water as make-up water.
Cycles of concentration
Cycles of concentration represents the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the recirculating
cooling water. Draw-off (or blowdown) is used principally to control the buildup of these
minerals.
The chemistry of the make-up water including the amount of dissolved minerals can vary widely.
Make-up waters low in dissolved minerals such as those from surface water supplies (lakes,
rivers etc.) tend to be aggressive to metals (corrosive). Make-up waters from ground water
supplies (wells) are usually higher in minerals and tend to be scaling (deposit minerals).
Increasing the amount of minerals present in the water by cycling can make water less aggressive
to piping however excessive levels of minerals can cause scaling problems.
As the cycles of concentration increase, the water may not be able to hold the minerals in
solution. When the solubility of these minerals have been exceeded they can precipitate out as
mineral solids and cause fouling and heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or the heat
exchangers. The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces
determine if and where minerals will precipitate from the recirculating water. Often a
professional water treatment consultant will evaluate the make-up water and the operating
conditions of the cooling tower and recommend an appropriate range for the cycles of
concentration. The use of water treatment chemicals, pretreatment such as water softening, pH
adjustment, and other techniques can affect the acceptable range of cycles of concentration.
Concentration cycles in the majority of cooling towers usually range from 3 to 7. In the United
States, many water supplies are well waters and have significant levels of dissolved solids. On
the other hand, one of the largest water supplies, for New York City, has a surface rainwater
source quite low in minerals; thus cooling towers in that city are often allowed to concentrate to
7 or more cycles of concentration.
Water treatment
Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to
minimize scaling and fouling, the water should be filtered and also be dosed with biocides and
algaecides to prevent growths that could interfere with the continuous flow of the water.
[12]

Under certain conditions, a biofilm of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae can
grow very rapidly in the cooling water and can reduce the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling
water. Biofilm can be reduced or prevented by using chlorine or other chemicals. Other
technologies to control algae and biofilm include:
[14][15]

Pulsed Technology: applies high frequency electrical pulses to break open biosolid cell
membranes.
Ultrasonic algae and biofilm control: controls algae by emitting ultrasonic frequencies which
can rupture different cell organelles such as the vacuoles tonoplast, cell wall or membrane and
the gas vesicles of blue-green algae. Specific ultrasonic vibrations around a submerged surface
can inhibit bacteria from settling and thus forming a biofilm.
Chlorine Dioxide Generation Systems:
[16]
Chlorine dioxide is effective in the control of
microbiological growths in industrial cooling waters under conditions unfavorable to chlorine. It
is particularly effective in systems having a high pH, ammonia-nitrogen contamination,
persistent slime problems, or where the microbial contamination is aggravated by
contamination with vegetable or mineral oils, phenols or other high chlorine-demand producing
compounds.
For closed loop evaporative towers, corrosion inhibitors may be used, but caution should be
taken to meet local environmental regulations as some inhibitors use chromates.
Legionnaires' disease


Legionella pneumophila (5000x magnification)
Further information: Legionellosis and Legionella
Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers is to prevent the growth of
Legionella, including species that cause legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease, most notably L.
pneumophila,
[17]
or Mycobacterium avium.
[18]
The various Legionella species are the cause of
Legionnaires' disease in humans and transmission is via exposure to aerosolsthe inhalation of
mist droplets containing the bacteria. Common sources of Legionella include cooling towers
used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems,
fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include
freshwater ponds and creeks.
French researchers found that Legionella bacteria travelled up to 6 kilometres through the air
from a large contaminated cooling tower at a petrochemical plant in Pas-de-Calais, France. That
outbreak killed 21 of the 86 people who had a laboratory-confirmed infection.
[19]

Drift (or windage) is the term for water droplets of the process flow allowed to escape in the
cooling tower discharge. Drift eliminators are used in order to hold drift rates typically to 0.001
0.005% of the circulating flow rate. A typical drift eliminator provides multiple directional
changes of airflow while preventing the escape of water droplets. A well-designed and well-
fitted drift eliminator can greatly reduce water loss and potential for Legionella or other chemical
exposure.
Many governmental agencies, cooling tower manufacturers and industrial trade organizations
have developed design and maintenance guidelines for preventing or controlling the growth of
Legionella in cooling towers. Below is a list of sources for such guidelines:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) PDF (1.35 MB) - Procedure for Cleaning Cooling
Towers and Related Equipment (pages 225 and 226)
Cooling Technology Institute PDF (240 KB) - Best Practices for Control of Legionella, July, 2006
Association of Water Technologies PDF (964 KB) - Legionella 2003: An Update and Statement
California Energy Commission PDF (194 KB) - Cooling Water Management Program Guidelines For
Wet and Hybrid Cooling Towers at Power Plants
SPX Cooling Technologies PDF (119 KB) - Cooling Towers Maintenance Procedures
SPX Cooling Technologies PDF (789 KB) - ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 - Minimizing the Risk of
Legionellosis
SPX Cooling Technologies PDF (83.1 KB) - Cooling Tower Inspection Tips {especially page 3 of 7}
Tower Tech Modular Cooling Towers PDF (109 KB) - Legionella Control
GE Infrastructure Water & Process Technologies Betz Dearborn PDF (195 KB) - Chemical Water
Treatment Recommendations For Reduction of Risks Associated with Legionella in Open
Recirculating Cooling Water Systems
Terminology


Fill plates at the bottom of the Iru Power Plant cooling tower (Estonia). Tower is shut down, revealing
numerous water spray heads.


Telescopic handler used for moving fill inside cooling tower
Windage or Drift Water droplets that are carried out of the cooling tower with the exhaust
air. Drift droplets have the same concentration of impurities as the water entering the tower.
The drift rate is typically reduced by employing baffle-like devices, called drift eliminators,
through which the air must travel after leaving the fill and spray zones of the tower. Drift can
also be reduced by using warmer entering cooling tower temperatures.
Blow-out Water droplets blown out of the cooling tower by wind, generally at the air inlet
openings. Water may also be lost, in the absence of wind, through splashing or misting. Devices
such as wind screens, louvers, splash deflectors and water diverters are used to limit these
losses.
Plume The stream of saturated exhaust air leaving the cooling tower. The plume is visible
when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air, like the saturated air
in one's breath fogs on a cold day. Under certain conditions, a cooling tower plume may present
fogging or icing hazards to its surroundings. Note that the water evaporated in the cooling
process is "pure" water, in contrast to the very small percentage of drift droplets or water blown
out of the air inlets.
Draw-off or Blow-down The portion of the circulating water flow that is removed (usually
discharged to a drain) in order to maintain the amount of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and other
impurities at an acceptably low level. Higher TDS concentration in solution may result from
greater cooling tower efficiency. However the higher the TDS concentration, the greater the risk
of scale, biological growth and corrosion. The amount of blow-down is primarily designated by
measuring by the electrical conductivity of the circulating water. Biological growth, scaling and
corrosion can be prevented by chemicals (respectively, biocide, sulfuric acid, corrosion
inhibitor). On the other hand, the only practical way to decrease the electrical conductivity is by
increasing the amount of blow-down discharge and subsequently increasing the amount of
clean make-up water.
Make-up The water that must be added to the circulating water system in order to
compensate for water losses such as evaporation, drift loss, blow-out, blow-down, etc.
Noise Sound energy emitted by a cooling tower and heard (recorded) at a given distance and
direction. The sound is generated by the impact of falling water, by the movement of air by fans,
the fan blades moving in the structure, vibration of the structure, and the motors, gearboxes or
drive belts.
Approach The approach is the difference in temperature between the cooled-water
temperature and the entering-air wet bulb temperature (twb). Since the cooling towers are
based on the principles of evaporative cooling, the maximum cooling tower efficiency depends
on the wet bulb temperature of the air. The wet-bulb temperature is a type of temperature
measurement that reflects the physical properties of a system with a mixture of a gas and a
vapor, usually air and water vapor
Range The range is the temperature difference between the warm water inlet and cooled
water exit.
Fill Inside the tower, fills are added to increase contact surface as well as contact time
between air and water, to provide better heat transfer. The efficiency of the tower depends on
the selection and amount of fill. There are two types of fills that may be used:
o Film type fill (causes water to spread into a thin film)
o Splash type fill (breaks up falling stream of water and interrupts its vertical progress)
Full-Flow Filtration Full-flow filtration continuously strains particulates out of the entire
system flow. For example, in a 100-ton system, the flow rate would be roughly 300 gal/min. A
filter would be selected to accommodate the entire 300 gal/min flow rate. In this case, the filter
typically is installed after the cooling tower on the discharge side of the pump. While this is the
ideal method of filtration, for higher flow systems it may be cost-prohibitive.
Side-Stream Filtration Side-stream filtration, although popular and effective, does not
provide complete protection. With side-stream filtration, a portion of the water is filtered
continuously. This method works on the principle that continuous particle removal will keep the
system clean. Manufacturers typically package side-stream filters on a skid, complete with a
pump and controls. For high flow systems, this method is cost-effective. Properly sizing a side-
stream filtration system is critical to obtain satisfactory filter performance, but there is some
debate over how to properly size the side-stream system. Many engineers size the system to
continuously filter the cooling tower basin water at a rate equivalent to 10% of the total
circulation flow rate. For example, if the total flow of a system is 1,200 gal/min (a 400-ton
system), a 120 gal/min side-stream system is specified.
Cycle of concentration Maximum allowed multiplier for the amount of miscellaneous
substances in circulating water compared to the amount of those substances in make-up water.
Treated timber A structural material for cooling towers which was largely abandoned about
10 years ago.
[when?]
It is still used occasionally due to its low initial costs, in spite of its short life
expectancy. The life of treated timber varies a lot, depending on the operating conditions of the
tower, such as frequency of shutdowns, treatment of the circulating water, etc. Under proper
working conditions, the estimated life of treated timber structural members is about 10 years.
Leaching The loss of wood preservative chemicals by the washing action of the water flowing
through a wood structure cooling tower.
Pultruded FRP A common structural material for smaller cooling towers, fibre-reinforced
plastic (FRP) is known for its high corrosion-resistance capabilities. Pultuded FRP is produced
using pultrusion technology, and has become the most common structural material for small
cooling towers. It offers lower costs and requires less maintenance compared to reinforced
concrete, which is still in use for large structures.
Fog production


Fog clouds produced by Eggborough Power Plant (UK)
Under certain ambient conditions, plumes of water vapor (fog) can be seen rising out of the
discharge from a cooling tower, and can be mistaken as smoke from a fire. If the outdoor air is at
or near saturation, and the tower adds more water to the air, saturated air with liquid water
droplets can be discharged, which is seen as fog. This phenomenon typically occurs on cool,
humid days, but is rare in many climates.
This phenomenon can be prevented by decreasing the relative humidity of the saturated
discharge air. For that purpose, in hybrid towers, saturated discharge air is mixed with heated
low relative humidity air. Some air enters the tower above drift eliminator level, passing through
heat exchangers. The relative humidity of the dry air is even more decreased instantly as being
heated while entering the tower. The discharged mixture has a relatively lower relative humidity
and the fog is invisible.
Salt emission pollution
When wet cooling towers with seawater make-up are installed in various industries located in or
near coastal areas, the drift of fine droplets emitted from the cooling towers contain nearly 6%
sodium chloride which deposits on the nearby land areas. This deposition of sodium salts on the
nearby agriculture/vegetative lands can convert them into sodic saline or sodic alkaline soils
depending on the nature of the soil. The salt deposition problem from such cooling towers
aggravates where national pollution control standards are not imposed or not implemented to
minimize the drift emissions from wet cooling towers using seawater make-up.
[20]

Respirable suspended particulate matter, of less than 10 micrometers (m) in size, can be present
in the drift from cooling towers. Larger particles above 10 m in size are generally filtered out in
the nose and throat via cilia and mucus but particulate matter smaller than 10 m, referred to as
PM
10
, can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems. Similarly, particles smaller
than 2.5 m, (PM
2.5
), tend to penetrate into the gas exchange regions of the lung, and very small
particles (less than 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. Though
the total particulate emissions from wet cooling towers with fresh water make-up is much less,
they contain more PM
10
and PM
2.5
than the total emissions from wet cooling towers with sea
water make-up. This is due to lesser salt content in fresh water drift (below 2,000 ppm)
compared to the salt content of sea water drift (60,000 ppm).
[20]

Use as a flue-gas stack

Large hyperboloid cooling towers made of structural steel for a power plant in Kharkov (Ukraine)
At some modern power stations equipped with flue gas purification, such as the Power Station
Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg and the Power Station Rostock, the cooling tower is also used as a
flue-gas stack (industrial chimney), thus saving the cost of a separate chimney structure. At
plants without flue gas purification, problems with corrosion may occur, due to reactions of raw
flue gas with water to form acids.
Sometimes, natural draft cooling towers are constructed with structural steel in place of concrete
(RCC) when the construction time of natural draft cooling tower is exceeding the construction
time of the rest of the plant or the local soil is of poor strength to bear the heavy weight of RCC
cooling towers or cement prices are higher at a site to opt for cheaper natural draft cooling
towers made of structural steel.
Operation in freezing weather
Some cooling towers (such as smaller building air conditioning systems) are shut down
seasonally, drained, and winterized to prevent freeze damage.
During the winter, other sites continuously operate cooling towers with 40 F (4 C) water
leaving the tower. Basin heaters, tower draindown, and other freeze protection methods are often
employed in cold climates. Operational cooling towers with malfunctions can freeze during very
cold weather. Typically, freezing starts at the corners of a cooling tower with a reduced or absent
heat load. Severe freezing conditions can create growing volumes of ice, resulting in increased
structural loads which can cause structural damage or collapse.
To prevent freezing, the following procedures are used:
Do not operate the tower unattended. Remote sensors and alarms may be installed to monitor
tower conditions.
Do not operate the tower without a heat load. Basin heaters may be used to keep the water in
the tower pan at an above-freezing temperature. Heat trace ("heating tape") is a resistive
heating element that is installed along water pipes to prevent freezing in cold climates .
Maintain design water flow rate over the tower fill.
Manipulate or reduce airflow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.
[21]

Fire hazard
Cooling towers constructed in whole or in part of combustible materials can support internal fire
propagation. Such fires can become very intense, due to the high surface-volume ratio of the
towers, and fires can be further intensified by natural convection or fan-assisted draft. The
resulting damage can be sufficiently severe to require the replacement of the entire cell or tower
structure. For this reason, some codes and standards
[22]
recommend that combustible cooling
towers be provided with an automatic fire sprinkler system. Fires can propagate internally within
the tower structure when the cell is not in operation (such as for maintenance or construction),
and even while the tower is in operation, especially those of the induced-draft type, because of
the existence of relatively dry areas within the towers.
[23]

Structural stability
Being very large structures, cooling towers are susceptible to wind damage, and several
spectacular failures have occurred in the past. At Ferrybridge power station on 1 November
1965, the station was the site of a major structural failure, when three of the cooling towers
collapsed owing to vibrations in 85 mph (137 km/h) winds. Although the structures had been
built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the cooling towers caused westerly winds to
be funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling
towers were destroyed, and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were later
rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions.
Building codes were changed to include improved structural support, and wind tunnel tests were
introduced to check tower structures and configuration.















































Counter Flow Type

This cooling tower uses power driven fan to push or draw air through the filling of tower without
being influenced by weather conditions (except for wet bulb temperature). The major principle of
mechanical draft counter flow tower is that air flows upward through the filling vertically and
water falls down in opposite direction, so water and air are encountered in parallel.
Menara pendingin ini menggunakan daya driven fan untuk mendorong atau mengalirkan udara
melalui pengisian menara tanpa dipengaruhi oleh kondisi cuaca (kecuali untuk suhu bola basah).
Prinsip utama rancangan kontra menara aliran mekanik adalah bahwa udara mengalir ke atas
melalui mengisi vertikal dan air jatuh di arah yang berlawanan, sehingga air dan udara yang
ditemui secara paralel.

LDC Series | LBC Series


Cross Flow Type

The major principle of mechanical draft cross flow uses fan drive for ventilation, so the air
velocities can be higher. The water is gravitating through the filling and air is crossing the filling
and water horizontally. For same water distribution area and horsepower, a crossflow design
usually provides a low air resistance thus enabling the tower to pass more air than counter flow
design.
Prinsip utama mekanik rancangan lintas aliran menggunakan fan drive untuk ventilasi, sehingga
kecepatan udara bisa lebih tinggi. Air gravitasi melalui mengisi dan udara melintasi mengisi dan
air horizontal. Untuk sama daerah distribusi air dan tenaga kuda, desain crossflow biasanya
memberikan hambatan udara rendah sehingga memungkinkan menara untuk lulus udara lebih
dari desain aliran yang berlawanan.

LRC Series | LHC Series


FanLess Type

This cooling tower is taking the advantage of the water pressure circulation pump forming the
water screen through special ejection pipe nozzles. High speed ejected water screen drives
ambient air nearby by moving the air and converting it into kinetic energy. Meanwhile, heat
exchange is proceeding. When water is mixed with air, it will enter the diffuser to increase the
pressure, when the heat is reaching the top of cooling tower, the high efficient eliminator can
separate water from hot air.
Menara pendingin ini adalah mengambil keuntungan dari tekanan sirkulasi pompa air
membentuk layar air melalui pipa khusus ejeksi nozel. Kecepatan tinggi dikeluarkan layar air
mendorong udara ambien terdekat dengan menggerakkan udara dan mengubahnya menjadi
energi kinetik. Sementara itu, pertukaran panas melanjutkan. Ketika air dicampur dengan udara,
itu akan memasuki diffuser untuk meningkatkan tekanan, ketika panas mencapai puncak menara
pendingin, eliminator efisien tinggi dapat memisahkan air dari udara panas.