Skeletal Materia From Attica PDF

SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
(PLATES XL-,IX)
INTRODUCTION
THIS paper presents the results of work done chiefly at the Agora Excavations
on material which can give us some notion of the racial composition of ancient
inhabitants of Attica. Through the help of a number of archaeologists and anthro-
pologists 1 I have studied the unavoidably scanty groups of Attic skulls and skeletons
listed in Tables I-IV. These tables make clear the key position in this mnaterial of
the Agora crania, which dominate the Neolithic and Geometric periods and provide
important continuity from Neolithic to Med'ieval times. All together there are 69
dateable males, 42 females, and 8 children from Attica, compared with the total for
mainland Greece of 255 dateable ancient males, 132 females, and 28 children,2 dis-
tributed chiefly around the Corinthian isthmus but including scattered individtuals
from Arcadia, Acarnania, Leukas, Thessaly, and small series from Chalcidice,3 and
from Cephallenia.' Most of the total series comes from the geologically riven isthmian
1
Professor T. L. Shear put my project on a firm foundation in giving me access to the cranial
material he has excavated at Athens and Corinth and in providing me with laboratory space at the
Agora excavations. The chance to sttudy remains of ancient Greeks came to me through the fore-
sight of Professor E. A. Hooton. And the work was supported bv travelling-fellowships from the
Departments of Anthropology and of Classics of Harvard University, fellowships granted through
the good offices of Dr. Hooton, of Dr. G. H. Chase, and of Professor C. N. Jackson. Too many
others have helped me in different stages of this -investigation for me to be able to thank each
adequately. I should like to thank especially Dr. C. H. Morgan and Dr. H. L. Crosby, former Di-
rectors of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and Mr. Lincoln MacVeagh, American
Ambassador to Greece, and Mrs. MacVeagh for many kindnesses to myself and my wife. I am pecu-
liarly indebted to Professor John Koumaris, Curator of the Greek Anthropological Museum, for
access to the large collection of skeletal material in his care. For help in the work for this report
I am most grateful to the following: J. B. Birdsell, C. W. Blegen, 0. Broneer, A. Brues, E.
Breitinger, C. S. Coon, M. Crosby, W. B. Dinsmoor, S. Dow, iMI. Farnsworth, A. Frantz, H. O'N.
Hencken, B. Hl. Hill, C. K. M. Kluckhohn, K. Kourouniotis, A. L. Kroeber, K. Kiibler, Dr.
Lorandos, S. Marinatos, T. D. McCown, G. Mvlonas, G. P. Oikonomos, A. W. Parsons, A.
Philadelpheus, D. M. Robinson, C. C. Seltzer. H. L. Shapiro, M. H. Swindler, L. Talcott, D. B.
Thonmpson, H. A. Thompson, J.
Travlos, E. Vanderpool, W. D. Wallis, G. Davidson Weinberg,
S. S. Weinberg, R. Young, J3.
Young. For statistical assistance I am deeply grateful to the staff
of the Peabody Museum Statistical Laboratory under Dr. Hooton and Mrs. C. M. Kidd. And
for unflagging help as field-recorder and in copying the original statistical tables I am deeply
grateful to mv wife.
2 J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks: an Essay on the Use of Morphological
Types," Am1. Journ. of Phys. Anthrop., N. S., II, 1944, pp. 329-376.
3J. L. Angel,
" Classical Olynthians," in D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthus, XI,
Necrolynthia (Baltimore, 1942), pp. 211-240.
4J. L. Angel, "Ancient Cephallenians," AHn. Journ. of Phys. Anthrop., N. S., I! 1943, pp.
229-260.
Hesperia, XIV, 4
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280 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

area, with its zigzag formation and sharp environmental contrasts, and fits into a
square with eighty-five mile sides. Even the total area is small enough to treat as a unit
at any one chronological period. And in spite of regional diversity apparent in the racial
separation of the insular Cephallenians from the Greeks to the east of thenm 5 at a
period of rapid change and cultural confusion, we need not expect the population of
Attica as represented by the Agora crania to differ very markedly from the total series.
The clearest way to show the value of the skeletal remains from the Agora is
to outline the aims and methods of Physical Anthropology, the science which studies
the evolution, growth, and physical variety of human social groups.6 The chief aim
is to add to knowledge of inheritance in man (both as it affects large groups and
family lines) and eventually to define the mutually inseparable actions of genes and
of environment in producing the multiplicity of human phaenotypes. A corollary aim
is to discover how far either genic linkage or multiple effects of a single gene may
connect mental with physical traits or temperament with body build. Neither aim is
likely to be achieved for several generations. But we know enough to state that man's
present
variety does not derive from mixture of pure breeds which existed in the
remote past,7 and that any connection between temperament and physique must be
of a general and overlapping nature 8 so intricately complicated by social selection
and gene shift that ethnic group associations of inherited 1nental and physical traits
may never be demonstrable and can have little or no social significance.
Since Physical Anthropology has scarcely reached the positive stage in study of
which bodily characters are inherited, its methods tend to be elaborate. In general
we measure head and body as objectively as possible, determine blood group if possible,
and make carefully standardized observations 10 of those features which do not fit
5
Loc. cit., pp. 235-239.
6
M. F. Ashley Montagu,
"
Physical Anthropology," in Medical Physics, edited by Otto Glasser
(Chicago, 1944), pp. 1014-1036.
7
M. F. Ashley Montagu, Man's imnost Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race (New York,
1942), pp. 47-50. Compare T. D. McCown and A. Keith, The Stone Age of M'ount Carnel, II
(Oxford, 1939), for data supporting hybridisation and general physical variability of Neanderthal
man; especially p. 17. Compare T. Dobzhansky, Genetics and the Origin of Species (New York,
1937), pp. 185-191 for discussion of roles of isolation and selection.
8 W. H. Sheldon and S. S. Stevens, The Varieties of Temperamcent (New York, 1942).
9
E. A. Hooton, Crime and the Man (Cambridge, 1939), pp. 205-252, shows
striking
average
physical differences between criminals committing different types of crime, an example where
hereditary as well as social diff:erences appear to be involved.
"
Measurements and observations used in the present study are those of the Peabody Museum
Laboratory of Physical Anthropology under Dr. E. A. Hooton, the measurements corresponding
with Martin's definitions (R. Martin, Lehrbnch der Anthropologie, II, Jena, 1928) with certain
exceptions: auricular height
is taken from the Frankfort, or eye-ear, plane to vertex (the Frankfort
plane intersects the upper borders of both ear-holes and the lowest edge of the left orbit) ; for
facial angles measured from nasion and the eye-ear plane Martin's imaginary nasospinale is replaced
by the point where a straightedge touching the lateral walls of the piriform (nasal) aperture
rests
SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 281
into millimetres or degrees. And we use arithmetical means, parameters indicating
spread around the mean, and sometimes more analytic methods (such as grouping
similar individuals into arbitrary types) in describing a population. Almost all the
features we measure (such as skull length or facial angle) or observe (such as
occipital curvature or form of orbital opening) are determined by many genes and
are a functional expression of heredity plus environment. Hence in a comparison of
two groups inhabiting similar environments degree of phaenotypic similarity is
assumed to reflect closeness of genetic relationship. On this basis even now study of
skeletal remains and of the living descendants of ancient populations gives valuable
evidence on the general relationships between and origins of various geographically
or chronologically separated populations," even without precise genetic knowledge
which would shed light on the genetic makeup of single individuals.
Although archaeology, linguistics, and tradition may suggest migrations or in-
vasions which are not matters of historical record, the ultimate test of the reality and
effect of any such hypothetical movement of people is study of their physical remains.
This is probably the main contribution which Physical Anthropology can make to
the archaeologist.
The following general problems can be partly illuminated by study of the present
skeletal remains from the Agora: ( 1 ) What racial changes took place chronologically,
whether from invasions, environmental factors, or selective migrations. (2) How
the Athenians compare craniologically with Greeks as a whole, how definite a tendencv
on the upper edge of the nasal spine; dakryon, the point where frontal, maxillary, and lacrimal bones
meet, is used as the medial point in orbital breadth; horizontal circumference is measured just above
the browridges. The measurements listed in the tables are mainly self-explanatory in meaning,
but certain measuring points and regions do need explanation. " Basion" is the midpoint of the
anterior rim of the foramen magnum. " Nasion" is where frontal and nasal bones meet just above
the nose root.
"
Prosthion
"
is a point on the alveolar border (bony gums) between the upper median
incisor teeth; it varies somewhat, like basion, according to the direction of particular measurements.
" Gonion " is the most lateral point at the angle of the jaw. Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
regions refer to areas occupied by the bones of the front, sides, back, and lower corners of the
braincase respectively. " Norma verticalis" is the top of the skull seen from above, perpendicular
to the Frankfort plane. Characters studied include in
general:
(1) Size, proportions, and general
shape of braincase or vault; whether it is linear (dolichocrane), short and compact (brachycrane),
or intermediate; high or low; well-filled as if the ballooning brain had stretched the membrane bones
around it or ill-filled as if there were a superfluity of bone, producing respectively ellipsoid, ovoid,
byrsoid, or spheroid normae verticales as opposed to rhomboid, pentagonoid, or sphenoid forms.
(2) Similar characters for the face, including its massiveness relative to the vault, its relative
linearity or squatness, its outline in front view, and degree of protrusion (prognathism) of various
parts of the mouth region relative to a perpendicular from nasion to eye-ear plane. (3) Similar
characters of nose, orbits, palate, and jaw. (4) Many detailed skull features, such as the shape
of the ear hole. (5) Lengths, thicknesses, proportions, and morphological peculiarities of the other
bones of the skeleton when available as clues to stature, body build, posture, and gait, also for sex
and age characteristics supplementing those of the skull. Further definitions: cranium, the complete
skull with jaw; calvarium, braincase plus upper face; calvaria, braincase alone; calva, skull-cap alone.
11 C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe (New York, 1939), Chapters I-VII.
there was toward a characteristic Athenian physical appearance, and whether artists
represented the average Athenian or a selected type. (3) What degree of racial
heterogeneity was characteristic of Athenians, important in considering for example
the supposed purity of type of Classical Athenians as suggested by their exclusion of
metics and slaves from citizenship (though not of course from the total population) 12
or on the other hand the effects of hybrid vigour and social stimulation which may
be expected to result from racial and ethnic mixture.13 (4) The incidence of diseases
which affect bone, medical skill shown in setting fractures, age at death, data on
posture and gait, and on some social practices.
Man is not only a social animal but also a partially domesticated one, hence even
more heterogeneous than wild species even if not subdivided clearly into a number of
breeds.14 This greatly complicates interpretation of data on physical type, since we
must allow for the effects of selective migrations 15 as well as more obvious environ-
mental factors such as diet and public health. Full solution of the problems outlined
above with full allowance for social factors will require many times the number of
skeletons now available from the Agora or elsewhere. But simply because of the
numerical paucity of material from this root area of our Western civilization the
importance of each individual skull is proportionately increased and each deserves
the fullest possible description.
DESCRIPTIVE BACKGROUND
The usual method of describing a population of potentially interbreeding in-
dividuals is to use the stereotype of the " average individual " created from the arith-
metic means of all measurements and to show the degree of variation around him.
Though convenient and objective with an adequate sample, this stereotype corresponds
with a mathematical rather than a genetic or a social reality. And with small samples
the average individual means little. In the present study, therefore, six contrasting
morphological types
which have been statistically validated for Ancient Greeks as a
whole
"
will serve in analytic description of the Agora crania against the background
of the synthetic average Ancient Greek male compiled from the total series of skulls.
Such types have many disadvantages. They are inflexible and artificial. They are
less real than either the actual individuals or the gene frequencies in a population.
But in so far as they can be made to suit those tendencies toward individual variety
12
F. Hertz, Rasse und Kulttr (Leipzig, 1925), p. 192.
13
Op. Cit., pp. 191-195. M. F. Ashley Montagu, The Fallacy of Race, pp. 97-130. F. H.
Hankins, The Racial Basis of Civilimation (New York, 1926), pp. 271-286, 344.
14
Discussed in C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 3-12.
15
H. L. Shapiro, Migration and Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939),
pp. 187-202.
16
J.
L.
Angel,
"
A Racial Analysis
of the Ancient Greeks."
which correspond mnost closely to the most frequently occurring genic linkages in the
population they carry more reality than does the stereotype average individual.
The types were selected by careful comparison and matching of mounted photo-
graphs of each skull until 23
"
mutual resemblance subgroups " each containing closely
similar skulls had been achieved.7 By an extension of the same process, with con-
sideration of extremes to find out where the greatest discontinuities occurred, the
subgroups were combined into six morphological types 18 listed in order of importance
as follows: Type A, Basic White, 24%; Type B, Classic Mediterranean, 23.5%;
Type C, Alpine,
16.5%c;
Type D, Nordic-Iranian, 17%; Type E, Mixed Alpine,
1107o:
Type F, Dinaric-Mediterranean, 8%.
The percentage frequencies are those for the
total series of both sexes, since, although the types have been validated only for
males,"9 the combined percentages are almost identical with those for males alone.
As a basis of contrast for the six type groups and of comparison for ancient
inhabitants of Attica we can use the skull and skeleton of the average Ancient Greek
male.20 He had a skull vault of medium-small size compared to modern N. W. Euro-
peans or Americans, and of median proportions on the linear side of intermediate,
with a cranial index of 76.0. Greek browridges are well marked and set off a rela-
tively low, broad, and smooth forehead which slopes back only slightly. The parietal
bones are smooth and well filled out, rounded on top, with widely separated but smooth
bosses and rather flat sidewalls. In profile a consistent but slight flattening in the
hinder quarter of the parietals (obelion-lambda region) leads down to the evenly
rounded occiput whose unimpressive neck muscle impressions contrast with big mas-
toid processes and well-developed supra-mastoid crests. The base of the skull follows
the sharply cut relief of the temporals.
The face is more characteristic than the vault because of striking lowness.
especially i-n the subnasal region where it is emphasized by squareness of jaws. Like-
wise the orbits are lowv, angular, and less drooping than in N. W. Europeans, and
the cheekbones are robust without the compression which sometimes goes with
orbital droop. The nose is mesorrhine and hence might have had roomy rather than
pinched nostrils. But the bony nose is high and narrow at root and bridge, leaving
the forehead with relatively slight depression at nasion and with slightly less angular
17
This method combines the type selection from actual skulls devised by E. A. Hooton, Indians
of Pecos (New Haven, 1930), especially pp. 185-186, with the standardized photograph technique
suggested separately by WV. Wright, " Skulls from the Danes' Graves, Driffield," Journ. of the Royal
Anthrop. Inst., XXXIII, 1903, pp. 66-73, especially pp. 69-70, and by C. M. Fiirst, " Zur Anthro-
pologie der p-rThistorischen Griechen in Argolis," Lutnds Univ. Arsskrift, N. F., Avd. 2. XXVI,
No. 8, 1930, and ",Zur Kenntnis der Anthropologie der prahistorischen Bev6lkerung der Insel
Cypern," L.U.A., N. F., Avd. 2, XXIX, No. 6, 1933.
18 A few published skulls were tvped from measurements alone, since R. Virchow did not
publish illustrations of all crania.
19
J. L. Angel, op. cit.
20
Op. cit., Table II.
saliency than in N. W. Europeans, so that nose profile tends to continue that of the
forehead in as many as
23.5%
of males. The mouth seldom protrudes. The palate
is both broad and high-arched,
and the jaw is correspondingly broad, shallow, and
robust posteriorly rather than in the chin region. Here occurs the most striking
feature of the face: an excessive breadth at the angles emnphasizing the squareness
of jowl which still marks Greeks. Ancient teeth were good, with medium degree of
wear at death, little crowding, relatively few caries or abscesses, and often a mill-like
type of bite in which the incisor teeth meet edge to edge instead of overlapping. The
younger age at death of the Ancient Greeks 21 is not adequate to explain their contrast
to the dental degeneration of modern times.22
Sex differences are about average for Europeans both in size and morphology,23
and are greater than among Egyptians or Palestinians. Females are shorter-headed
as well as smaller, with more bulging foreheads, weaker browridges and muscle
attachments, less prominent noses,
and narrow faces and jaws relative to cranial
breadths. Female facial constriction goes with large and high orbits, narrower mouths,
and greater prognathism. But the leptoprosopic tendency of the females, resulting
from their marked facial height,
is an unexpected sex difference sharpening the facial
contrast. The average Ancient Greek male combines a well-filled vault of inter-
mediate size and
proportions
with a low and square face whose broad and strong jowls
contrast with the high and narrow nasal skeleton: a striking face compared to the
more triangtular and conventional face of the Ancient Greek female.
From this summary it is obvious that the Ancient Greeks must show a combina-
tion of Alpine with generalized Mediterranean characters, and that analysis of this
combination's dynamics among the Agora skulls will be the chief function of the
types. Type contrast partly explains the colossal variability of the total series,
a
chronological comnposite spanning 4500 years, since the period groups are likew'ise
unexpectedly variable as shown by W. W. Howells' Sigma Ratio 24 and Coefficients
of Variation. Such high variability certainly suggests diversity of origin for Greeks
in general.
Though comparable heterogeneity should occur also in body build the data barely
suffice to define the average Ancient (reek. Mean male stature of 162.2 cm. (5 feet
21
Between 35 and 40 for males and abont 30 years for females, omitting children and adoles-
cents from consideration: life expectancy
at 18.
See
'A. KptKoS, 'H
kEte$vX
TNS
r
epr8OYvo iiv 080'vTwv E'v TEXa8t
'&r
rzo Jv aJpxatoraTwv lExptw
rwv Ka
As xpo'v(w 'EXX. 'AvOp. 'Er., TpaKTtKa, XII, 1935 pp. 3-18. Confirmed by J. L. Angel,
"
A Racial
Analysis of the Ancient Greeks,"
Table 9.
23 L. Borovansky, " Pohlavnli rozdily na lebce cloveka,"
Czech Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Prague, 1936. D. I. Risdon, " A Study of the Cranial and Other Human Remains from Palestine
Excavated at Tell DuWeir (Lachish),"
B iometrika, XXXI, 1939, pp.
99-166.
24"' The Early Christian Irish: the Skeletons at Gallen Priory," Proc. of the Royal
Irish Acad.,
Section C, XLVI, No. 3, 1941, p. 146.
3% inches) and female stature of 153.35 cm. (5 feet 7/16 inches) are both short.25
Limb-bones appear small-jointed, short, but thick, with rugged muscle markings. The
forearm is medium to long compared to the upper arm (not approaching ancient
Egyptian or negroid
elongation),
and arm and shin are of medium length compared
to leg and to thigh respectively. The clavicle is long relative to the upper arm, and
the relatively broad scapula also
suggests
broad shoulders. Hip breadth is greater
than usual among taller groups, and this completes the indications of a stocky Euro-
pean type of body build. Low grade platymeria and mesocnemia suggest that growth
economy of bone probably typical of extreme flattening of femur and tibia 26 is less
important than functional factors. Mean age at death deduced from phases of the
pubic symphysis is 35 vears for 22 males and 27 years for 16 females. Pelvic sex
differences are well-marked, with the usual amount of overlap.
A convex lumbar curve (especially in the females) indicating a good degree of
pelvic tilt, medium development of torsion of the neck of the femur,27 platymeria witlh
strongly developed gluteal crest, marked retroversion of the tibial head,28 high fre-
quency of " squatting facets " or joint surface extensions on tibia and talus, and strong
femoral, tibial, and calcanear attachments for calf muscles, all combine to suggest a
"bent-knee gait." A good balance at the hips correlates with hypertrophy of glutei
and other abductors, external rotators, and extensors of the thigh to control sidesway,
toeing in, and bent-knee posture, and hyperdorsiflexion at the ankle joint and con-
sequent squatting facets go with opposition of strong calf muscles. The whole com-
plex of posture traits appears an adaptation to the steep and rocky paths normal in
Greece through development of posture and
gait
like those of a skier."
Detailed validation of the six morphological types is unnecessary here, since in a
previous publication the types have been shown to be significantly divergent from the
average Ancient Greek male in the directions of outside series representing various
racial tendencies within the white stock, and to be much more homogeneous than the
Greeks in general.30 The Plates, especially Plate XL, illustrate the following de-
scriptions.
Basic Whites (Type A: Plate XL, u-y) are sturdy. They have large and long
25
Just below the norm for modern Spaniards, Portuguese, or South Italians, and based on
61 males and 43 females.
26
Hypothesis advanced as
general
explanation by L. H. D. Buxton,
"
Platymeria and Platyc-
nemia," Joutrnal of
Anatomy,
LXXIII, 1938, pp. 31-36.
27
Especially in the males. Cf. WI. W. Howells,
"
The Early Christian Irish," p. 162.
28
op. cit., pp. 167-173, for comparative discussion.
29
Ascent or especially descent of slippery talus slopes in Greece in various postures will
convince anyone of the efficiency of the bent-knee position, wlhich of course need not be used on
level ground.
30
J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Tables 3-7. See this publication
also for full list of authorities and references for outside groups used in comparisons with the G-reek
morphological types and for subdivisions of these types (e. g., Al, etc.). These are not repeated
in the present paper.
heads with somewhat low and receding bony foreheads, massive browridges, and a
generally angular and ill-filled appearance emphasized in slight 1midline gabling of
parietals and latmbdoid flattening just above the projecting occiput. Their almost
trapezoid faces lack height, and show rectangular orbits, short, straight, coarse noses,
angular profile, and strong chin and teeth. They were
probably
above mediunm stature,
strong, dark-brown haired, and swarthy. They show noteworthy similarity to Chalco-
lithic Palestinians, Siculans,
Chalcolithic Sardinians, and Neolithic type
British,
and
are obviously also comparable to Atlanto-1V[editerraneans in Mesopotamia. They
are less homogeneous as a group than the other types, covering the range from a
linear and high-skulled
"
Megalithic " "' variant with high, thin-nosed hatchet-face
(A 1 and A 2: Cephallenian and Athenian in Plate XL, v, w), to a low-headed and
squat-faced extreme with wide nose and low orbits (A 4: S. C. Macedonian in Plate
XL, u), with a central group (A 3 and A 5: Corinthian of Argive parentage and
Lemnian in Plate XL, x and y) connecting these divergent tendencies.
Classic Mediterraneans (Type B: Mytilenean, W. Cretan, and Corinthian of
Argive parentage in Plate XL, r, s, and t) are light-boned, almost fragile. They have
small, barely dolichocrane heads, pentagonoid in outline in both vertical and occipital
views, contracted neck muscle area, and low and almost vertical rounded foreheads.
Their slender, fine-featured faces have square orbits, thin noses smooth and low in
the nasion region, and a triangular taper down to pinched jaws with shallow and
pointed chin,
weak
prognathism,
and an overbite linked with subnormal
degree
of
teeth wear. They were probably just below miedium stature, gracile, slender-necked,
brtinet, with black or dark hair. They are virtually identical with ancient Libyans and
with modern Sicilians, and similar to Upper Egyptians of prehistoric and Early
Dynastic dates, and to modern Spanish. Type B is the most homogeneous one, with
only slight tendencies in longer-headed, linear-faced and smaller, more squat-faced
directions.
Throughout the Mediterranean.region Type B occurs in various proportion.s
with the Basic White type, and a composite made up of Types A and B in equal pro-
portions is very close to Minoan Cretans and somewhat resembles Lower Egyptians
of XXVI to XXX Dynasties and Iron Age South Palestinians.
Nordic-Iranians (Type D: Plate XL, m-q) have long and high heads with pecu-
liarly deep occiputs, smnooth ovoid-ellipsoid contour, sharply-cut muscle impressions,
strong browvridges, and tilted and capacious foreheads. Marked facial height and
narrowness of cheeks compared to wide forehead and jowls makes a rectangular,
horse-faced impression. Large but slightly retreating cheekbones enclose drooping
orbits, and big, salient, and aquiline noses, long-arched palates, muscular jaws wide
at the angles,
and cleft chins lacking prominence all add to the same effect. Nordic-
31 C. S. Coon, TIe Races- of Europ,pe p. 85.
Iranians were tall and muscular, strong-necked, and probably included tawny-
haired blue- or green-eyed blonds as well as brunets. Approximate identity with
Bajuvars, and noteworthy resemblances to North Iranian Bronze Age Proto-Nordics,
to Anglo-Saxons, and to medieval Irish Monks show the divided eastern and north-
wATestern relations of this Greek type. And though Type D has a low variability, it
includes four slightly different tendencies: a cylindrical-skulled, slab-faced Iron Age
Nordic one (D 1: Chalcidian and E. Thracian, in Plate XL, n and o), a high-skulled,
ellipsoid, " Corded " tendency (D 2: Chalcidian in Plate XL, p, slightly " dinari-
cised
"),32
a long byrsoid, deep-skulled, huge-nosed, convex-profiled Iranian trend
(D 4: Athenian of Arcadian parentage, in Plate XL, m), 3 and a small-faced Iranian-
Mediterranean divergence approaching Coon's Cappadocian and Danubian types (D 3:
Athenian in Plate XL, q).34
Dinaric-Mediterraneans (Type F: Chalcidian, Corinthian, and E. Thessalian in
Plate XL, j, k, and 1) are the least Alpine of two intermediate, hybrid, Alpinoid forms.
Their short (high mesocrane) and relatively high byrsoid heads have pinched and
flatly sloping foreheads and non-projecting occiputs. They have big and drooping,
houndlike, faces with an elongated hexagonal outline stemming from striking (though
variable) flare of the cheek region. Face height is emphasized in their long and thin
noses pulled down almost parallel with their foreheads, in high palates, and in long,
deep jaws. Dinaric-MAlediterraneans are medium tall, long-necked, and presumably
mainly brunet. They resemble both dinaricised Mediterraneans ? from Lower Egypt
in the third and second millennia B.C. and dinaricised Alpines including inhabitants
of the Roman Troad, modern Greeks of Anatolia and European Turkey, Serbs and
Croats, and Slovenes. Type F is homogeneous but does show divergences toward
linearity on the one hand and toward true brachycrane Dinaric makeup on the other.
Mlixed Alpines (Type E: Plate XL, f-h) are closer to Alpines morphologically
than in their proportions. Their large mesocrane heads are well-filled, with peculiarly
large and wide foreheads with little slope and smooth parietals with a long flat plane
in the obelion-lambda region. The massive foreheads dwarf their low faces which
have an inverted trapezoid outline and a retreating profile, high-rooted but insignificant
noses, and shallow and relatively delicate jaws despite respectable size. They were not
especially short but probably heavy-bodied, probably with some mixed blonds among
a brunet majority. Their approximations to Etrusco-Roman Tarquinians and Mero-
32
Op.
cit., p. 85 and Table 12.
3
'W. M. Krogman, " Racial Types from Tepe Hissar, Iran," Verhandel. der kon. Neder-
landsche Akad. vant Wetensch., Afd. Natuurkunde, Tweede Sectie, XXXIX, No. 2,
Amsterdam,
1940. H. V. Vallois, " Les ossements humains de Sialk," in R. Girshman, " Fouilles de Sialk, 1933,
1934, 1937," II, Louvre Dept.
Ant. Orient., Serie Arch., V, 1939, pp. 113-192, for earlier Proto-
Iranian type.
34
C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 85, 137-139.
35
op. cit., pp. 601-602, for definition of term " dinaricisation."
vingian Franks are both good, and they resemble adequately Bessarabian Scythians,
Carniola Illyrians, Basques, and Teneriffe Guanche. This parallelism stresses their
hybrid origin. Trype E is homogeneous, but with some inner divergences including
Nordic-Alpine (E 2: W. Macedonian and E. Arcadian, in Plate XL, g and h) as
opposed to Mediterranean-Alpine (E 1, E 3: N. W. Macedonian in Plate XL, f)
tendencies.
Alpines (Type C: Plate XL, a-e, and i) have shortened and laterally bulging
heads, with weakly-curved occiputs equipped with strong torus for neck muscles,
broad and full foreheads (narrow relative to bulging parietals), and a short ovoid to
sphenoid or spheroid outline in normna verticalis. Their heads as a whole range from
" square " to globular. The Alpine face is low and orthognathous with square to
hexagonal outline rounded at the angles. Non-retreating cheekbones and dominantly
short, low-rooted, non-salient and concave nose combine to give the face a certain
flatness emphasized further by alveolar retraction with short and low palate, and by
a prominent chin linked with an edge bite and much worn and somewhat poor teeth.
Alpines were notably short and probably stocky, and dominantly brunet. They re-
semble significantly both recent Carinthian villagers and medieval citizens of Hythe
in Kent, with good approximations to Foothill Bavarians and to Bronze Age Eastern
Cypriotes. This suggestion of divided resemblance is confirmed fully by Type C's
s'lightly elevated variability. And various divergent tendencies are appreciable: C 1,
C 2, and C 3 (Maniote, E. Thracian, and Athenian in Plate XL, a, b, and c) tend
respectively toward the globular Central European Alpine, its paedomorphic extreme,
and a rugged, slab-faced Borreby-like type; 36 an Eastern Alpine trend (C 4: Ithacan
and Athenian in Plate XL, d and e) toward a high, sphenoid vault with flat occiput
and high-nosed, square-jowled face,37 and a squat Eastern Alpine tendency (C 5:
S. E. Messenian in Plate XL, i) toward sphenoid-byrsoid and broad-based vault with
short face and puffy nose 38 both have obvious Near Eastern rather than European
appearances.
Basic Whites and Mediterraneans dominate the series as a whole. Dinaric-
Mediterranean, Nordic-Iranian, and Basic White types are nearest to the average
metrically, with the small-headed Mediterraneans particularly close in proportions.
But Alpine and Alpine hybrid types are closest to the average Ancient Greek in mor-
36
C. S. Coon, op. cit., p. 291, for definitions of both Borreby and Central European Alpines.
37
C. M. Fiirst, " Prahistorische Bevolkerung der Insel Cypern," for many examples
of this
tendency which Fiirst mistakenly calls Armenoid. It may contribute to the later Armenoid type.
38
W. M. Krogman,
"
The Cranial Types," in E. F. Schmidt,
"
The Alishar Hiiyiik, 1928 and
1929," Part II, Oriental Inst. Pub., XX, Ch.icago, 1933, pp. 122-138; and "Cranial Types from
Alisar Hiiyiik and their Relations to Other Racial Types, Ancient and Modern, of Europe and
Western Asia," in H. H. von der Osten, " The Alishar Hiiyiik, 1930-32," Part III, Or. Inst. Putbl.,
XXX, Chicago, 1937, pp. 213-293. The Early Bronze and Hittite Empire crania illustrate this
squat Eastern Alpine type, which is often less shortened than Type C 4 and looks more " European."
phological details. Thus the Ancient Greeks as a whole combined linear and lateral
type tendencies in such a way that the former dominate measurements and the latter
dominate the general form. This conclusion and the extent of contrast between types
are both of importance in the following descriptions of individual skulls from the
Athenian Agora and other sites in Attica.
CRANIA ATTICA
With the exception of the Submycenaean skeletons fromn the Kerameikos and
the previously published material not measured by the author, every skull studied had
first to be cleaned and mended or restored. These operations might take either a few
minutes or several weeks, depending on the importance as well as condition of the
individual skull or skeleton. As seen in Figures 5 and 8, Greek skeletal material is
usually poorly preserved, being dissolved, warped, crushed, and cracked by the alter-
nate winter soaking of limey, clayey soil and summer baking and dry contraction of
the soil. In sarcophagi the skeleton may be either dissolved or incrusted, and in the
communal ossuary rite basic in the Aegean the disarranged skeletons are usually in
still worse condition. Likewise rock-cut or earth burials under a marketplace are put
under many disturbing pressures. Yet in any one of these situations bone is well
preserved if resting under fixed conditions: in the wet mud of shaft graves or wells,
or in either wet or dry sand in chamber tombs or ossuaries. In the same cemetery,
graves at sea level and continually wet produce better skeletons than those in loamy
soil farther from the sea.39 Normally, therefore, fragments of a skull must be
hardened after cleaning and drying by impregnation with a plastic, such as Alvar,
either by long soaking or preferably under negative pressure in a vacuum jar. If all
fragments of a skull were recovered from the ground the mending process is a simple
three-dimnensional jigsaw puzzle: Alvar is sufficiently slow-drying so that a whole
skull may be put together with all joints still flexible, and warping may thus be cor-
rected without repeated trials 40 by lining up all sagittal points of the skull into a single
plane. Vault and lower jaw are mended first, and the jaw used as a check in placing
temporal bones. The mended face is adjusted with all upper teeth in perfect occlusion
with the lowers, and face and jaw are then attached to the vault with careful adjust-
ment of nasals, malars, and sphenoids
and attention to proper position of the condyles
of the jaw. Usually an archaeological skull is
incomplete
and restoration of missing
parts may be desirable if the individual skull is important and the restorationl reasona-
bly certain.
39Noted from material from Hagios Kosmas excavated by G. E. Mylonas, "Excavations at
Hagios Kosmas," A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 258-279, and paralleling the contrast between
material fromn wells and from earth graves in the Athenian Agora.
40
J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson,
Necrol.ynthia,
p. 211.
In addition to the measurements and observations listed in Table I, from four
to eight Leica photographs were taken of each skull; pelvis, and lonig bones were also
photographed; and these picttures were later enlarged to a standard scale for study.
A good many hours must therefore be spent on every skull examined, apart from the
time spent later in visual and statistical comparative analysis of the whole material.4"
And I thank my wife for an inestimable amount of help in this labor.
In publishing Greek skeletal material I have used the numbering system started
by C. M. Fiirst. A key to the site abbreviations follows:
AA Athens, Agora
AK Athens, Kerameikos
AP Athens,
Polis
Ant Antiparos
Ast Astakos
Ba Babak6y
C Corinth
Ce Cephallenia
Di Dimnini
El Eleusis
Eu Eutresis
FA Fuirst, Asine
FD FTirst, Dendra
FH Fiirst, Heraeum
FM FTirst, Mycenae
FCE Fiirst, Cyprus, Enkomi
FCL FTirst, Cyprts, Lapithos
FCM FTirst, Cyprus, Melia
H Argive Heraeum
Hag Hageorgitika
HaK Hagios Kosmas
Hal Halae
K Kouvara
Le Leukas
Ma Markopoulos
Mar Marathon
Men Menildi
M\lyC Mycenae
Ne Nemea
01 Olynthtis
Rh Rhitsona
S Sounion
Sal Salamis
Ser Servia
Sk Skopelos
Sp Spata
Tan Tanagra
Th Thebes
The Thermi
Ths Thespiae
Tr Troyland
Ts Tsangli
41
Field technique is something which cannot be overlooked,
since on its scientific perfection
depends preservation of otherwise unreclaimable data. Yet it can seldom be taught. Further details:
photographs were taken with the skull oriented approximately in the Frankfort plane with a white
cloth background of raw silk or raw cotton from which shadows were partly eliminated by cross-
lighting from two windows and. mirrors (elaborate equipment for vertical photography with arti-
ficial light and ground, glass background was not practicable). At first a Sumrnar 5 cm. lens with
front lens was used at a 24 in. separation from the object.< Later an Elmar 9 cm. lens at 4 ft. was
substituted to give flatter perspective, though the contrast in
perspective
is onlv obvious in corre-
sponding pictures of the same skull.
NEOLITHIC PERIOD
Of the twelve skulls of this date from Greece
five come from the Athenian Agora excava-
tions, including one with a
complete skeleton.42
1, 1 AA. Section OA, Well 5, 1937 (Hesperia,
Vi, 1938, p. 336). Calvarium of a child about
7 years old, in good preservation (Plate XLI).
Rhomlboid headform with wide-spaced parietal
bosses, a steep forehead, and a relatively low
face mark this skull, in which the second molars
and permanent incisors are just visible in their
crypts. Typing immature skulls is hazardous,
but 1 AA combines relative shortness of skull
with marked lateral bulging, and hence its
obvious Mediterranean character seems to be
modified into a Mixed Alpine one. Similar
Alpine characters in a Mediterranean context
occur equally early in the Choirospilia skull
from Leukas
43
and in skulls from Kum Tepe
in the Troad and from Trov 1.44
From the same well come a gracile but un-
measurable adult humerus and the right tem-
poral of an adult male. This hone is marked
by a flat squamous portion, a long mastoid pro-
cess, and a ridged and rather sharply flaring
zygomatic process. The whole bone is reminis-
cent of a Type B 4 Mediterranean skull from
Neolithic Astakos which I studied in the Athens
Anthropological Museum, but its consequent
attribution to a small but rugged longhead with
a relatively wide face is guesswork
2, 27 AA. Section E, Shaft Grave 2 m. east of
Metro6n, 1935 (Hesperia, V, 1935, pp. 20-21).
Almost complete skeleton of a young adult
male, probably between 30 and 35 at death
(Plate XLI), and of tall stature for the period
in which he lived (5' 534"). Postural indica-
tions include platymneria' and platycnemia, as-
tragalar squatting facets, strong gluteal in-
sertions on the femora and possibly a compara-
tively straight lumbar section of the vertebral
column. Of more interest is a mushrooming of
the body (anterior portion) of the 5th cervical
vertebra, thinning of the arch, with anterior
hyperostosis of the 3rd and 4th cervicals and
lateral affection of the 6th cervical. This might
result from a partial dislocation followed by
chronic arthritis or possibly from a retro-
pharyngeal abscess; there is no direct sign of
any neck wound. It is illustrated in Figure 1
together with an eroded and cribriform fossa
formed on the anterior surface of the femaoral
neck just below the rim of the head and thus
within the joint capsule. This area, known as
Poirier's empreinte or Allen's cervical fossa,
has been attributed to pressure or constriction
by the circular fibres of the capsule of the hip
joint and less plausibly to rubbing by the ilio-
psoas tendon.45 It occurs a number of times on
later skeletons from Attica.
The well-preserved cranium lacks some parts,
notably a large section of the occipital plate
which has been restored as carefully as possible.
42
For other Neolithic skulls see J. L. Angel in D. M. Robinson, op. cit., pp. 215-217, Plate LXX
(Servia); W. L. H. Duckworth,
"
Report on a Human Skull from Thessaly," Man, XI, 1911, pp.
49-50 (Tsangli skull); C. M. Fuirst,
"
tGber einen neolithischen Schadel aus Arkadien," Lunds
Uni. Arsskrift, N. F., avd. 2, XXVIII, No. 13, 1932 (Hageorgitika skull);
'I.
Kov,6apq3,
>
tw/in
aVOpw7roXoyLK0 v
z7rapaTrqp'rwf(v,
'EXA. 'AvOpozr. 'ET., lIpaKTLKa, XII, 1935, pp. 26-27 (Astakos skulls);
and S. Benton, " The Ionian Islands," B.S.A., XXXII, 1931-32, pp. 213-246. All except the
Tsangli skull were remeasured by the writer.
43
G. Velde, "
Anthropologische Untersuchungen und Grabung in einer H6hle der jiungeren
Steinzeit auf Leukas," Zeitschr. fiur Ethn., XLIV, 1912, pp. 845-865. Velde gives almost no
measurements (though photographs) of a number of E. H. skulls as well as the neolithic skull
none of which the writer remeasured.
44
Unpublished observations of the
writer, and S. A. Kansu, "I-tude
anthropologique sur les
ossements de Kumtepe," Tirk Tarih
Kururu, Belleten, I, 1937, pp. 570-590.
45
P. N. B. Odgers, " Two Details about the Neck of the Femur, (1) the.
Eminentia, (2) the
Empreinte," Journal of Anatomty, LXV, 1931, pp. 352-362.
Figure
1. 27 AA's cervical vertebrae
(anterior surface)
and
right
femoral neck
(antero-
superior surface).
Neck vertebrae show
flattening
and bone
absorption
of bodies with arthritic
lipping
and exostoses. Femoral neck shows
"
erosion
"
patch
where outer table of bone is
removed, probably through rubbing by portions
of the
joint capsule (zona
orbicularis and ilio-
f emoral ligament) in certain positions. Inner trabeculae show through. Neolithic period.
The skull is of medium proportions, and com-
bines an ovoid (-byrsoid) headform with a
sloping forehead, flat lambda region, and
" rising " vertex profile. The face is big, ro-
bust, and somewhat crude, mesorrhine, with
low and sloping orbits, a strong and deep-
chinned though relatively compressed jaw, and
a big palate linked with alveolar fullness. No
caries were found, and only one tooth was lost
in life, though a large alveolar abscess is
present, and there is a very slight tendency
toward crowding of teeth. Definite skull and
face broadening and other Alpine traits modify
the basically Type A 1 (Megalithic) tendencies
of this skull in a Dinaric-Mediterranean (Type
F 1) direction, because of linkage of a high
face with a relatively short skull vault together
with the total morphological impression. As in
the case of the Neolithic B skull (Type F 1)
from Servia in S. Macedonia, and the Tsangli
skull from Thessaly, 27 AA's Dinaric-Medi-
terranean traits are not adequate proof of a
strong Alpine element in Greece at this time.48
3, 31 AA. Section OA, Well 18, skull a, 1939
(Hesperia, VIII, 1939, p. 298). Calva of young
46 J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, op. cit., p. 216, plate LXX. W. L. H. Duckworth, loc. cit.
adult, apparently female (Plate XLI). The
vault is brachycrane and well-filled, with a
rhomboid form seen from above, and an im-
pression of relatively great height in profile, a
forehead of medium height and slope, and a
rather flat occiput. Alpine fullness and short-
lness are sufficiently modified by Basic White
f rontal region and Mediterranean rhomboid
headform to group this skull with the Mixed
Alpines.
4, 32 AA. Same provenience, skull b. Calva of
young adult male (Plate XLI), of relatively
small size, with mesocrane and ovoid headform
and an apparently broad f orehead. Marked
browridges, a fairly sloping forehead, definite
postorbital constriction, and non-projecting oc-
ciput complete the description. An unusually
large osteoma projects from the left side of the
occipital bone, just under the middle of the left
lambdoid suture. Here again an incipient Al-
pine fullness is perceptible in an
obviously
Mediterranean, Type B 1, skull quite compara-
ble to the Neolithic skulls f rom Astaka in
Acarnania. And similar Mediterranean skulls
modified in Mixed Alpine or Dinaric-Medi-
terranean direction occur in Early Helladic
Corinth.47
5, 33 AA. Same provenience, skull c. Calva of
child of indeterminate age, short, but probably
not brachycrane, and with pentagonoid head-
form and a generally Mediterranean appearance.
EARLY HELLADIC TO ca. 2000 B.c.
Nineteen of the fifty-two skulls and frag-
ments of Early Bronze Age date come from
Attica, from the 1930-31 excavations of G. E.
Mylonas at Hagios Kosmas on a promontory
near Phaleron and within a few miles of the
Athenian Agora. Most of these skulls (1 HaK-
12 HaK) have been carefully published by J.
Koumaris 48 in Greek, and he generously al-
lowed me to use his measurements and original
photographs of three skulls (7 9 10 HaK)
which were subsequently damaged beyond re-
pair and not available to me.
BASIC W H ITE
6, 2 HaK (Plate XLII) is a Type A 4 calvaria
with facial fragments. The dolichocrane vault
is a low and well-filled long ovoid with strong
browridges and some constriction of the base
in rear view. The face is low and probably
broad, with low, rectangular, and sloping orbits,
and nmassive cheekbones.
7, 4 HaK, Type A 3 (Plate XLII), is a notably
large and rugged calvarium. Except for its
expanded vault and " Mephistophelean " gla-
bella and nose formation (cf. Iranian Nose),
it is typical. Very long mastoids and flat sweep
of the cerebellar region down to them are note-
worthy. Teeth are excellent, with wisdom teeth
suppressed.
8, 5 HaK, Type A 5, female (Plate X,II), is
a rhomboid calvaria, high, with narrowing of
both steep forehead and skull base, and a wide
inter-orbital distance.
9, 6 HaK, untyped since not a complete enough
skull, is a broad-jowled lower jaw suiting
2 HaK.
10, 12 HaK, Type A 3, female (Plate XLII),
is a long and high, sphenoid-byrsoid calvarium,
with narrow base, long mastoids, and some
postorbital constriction. The face was probably
low, but contains a narrow nose, compressed
cheek-bones, and square but sloping orbits.
Very slight trend toward Dinaric-Mediterranean.
47'J.
Kov,ua'pq,
op. cit., and unpublished material examined in the Smithsonian Institution and
American Museum of Natural History.
48K'v*
KOlavpV,
'AVOp7roOXyLKa' 7rapaTh)p?TEV ErA
(V&yV
KpavULW rs ev wA7tz Kouy*4 avaUKWs, 'EAR.
'AvOpQn7r. 'Er., llpaTr6a, VIII, 1931, pp. 45-53. Condensed by J. Koumaris, Revue Anthrop. (Paris),
XLIV, 1934, pp. 248-251. In following description sex is not noted if skeleton is adult male.
11, 16 HaK, Type A 4 (Plate XLII), is a
slightly warped calva, rugged, long and proba-
bly low. It is rounded pentagonoid in form,
with capacious forehead and massive brow-
ridges, depressed nasion, and probably slightly
narrowed skull base.
MEDITERRANEAN
12, 13 HaK, Type B 2, female (Plate XLIII),
is a large brachycrane but pentagonoid cal-
variumn, with marked bosses, steep and metopic
forehead, pentagonoid rear view with narrow
base and long mastoids. The narrow face has
square and sloping orbits, pyorrhea, and 4 teeth
lost in life.
13, 20 HaK, Type B 2, is a warped calva, cer-
tainly long-headed and pentagonoid, probably
narrow-based.
14, 21 HaK, Type B 2, female, is a large and
rhomboid calvaria.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
15, 7 HaK, Type D 4 Iranian, is a very large
and well-filled dolichocrane with elongated byr-
soid headform, heavy browridges, sloping and
constricted forehead, well-curved, deep occiput,
and pointed mastoids. The atypically low face
49
has a narrow and high aquiline nose, rhomboicl
orbits, strong, drooping cheekbones, and deep
canine fossa.
16, 11 HlaK, Type D 2 (Plate XLIII) is be-
tween Coon's Corded and Danubian types. The
ovoid vault is rugged, although small, high,
well-filled, with marked browridges and inion,
and elongated mastoids springing from a flatly
descendinlg cerebellar region. The long rect-
angular face has a narrow and probably high
nose, high rhomboid orbits, a high and hyper-
bolic palate, well-worn and excellent teeth, and
oblique impaction of the lower wisdom teeth
with consequent bevelled wear.
17, 15 HaK, Type D 2, is a long and ellipsoid
calvaria, muscular, with sloping forehead and
projecting nasalia, a trace of lamnbdoid flatten-
ing and thick mastoids. Indefinite Type A 3
suggestions.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANEAN
18, 10 HaK, Type F 1, female, has a brachy-
crane and sphenoid vault, relatively high, with
slight forehead slope. The narrow face has a
pinched but not prominent nose, compressed
cheekbones, and square and tilted orbits.
ALPINE
19, 1 HaK, Type C 1, female (Plate XLIII),
has a short and rounded sphenoid braincase,
relatively high, with a low, straight forehead.
The face is short and rounded, with big palate,
excellent teeth, with a minimum of caries, ab-
scesses, and teeth lost before death.
20, 3 HaK, Type C 4, subadult male high-
headed Eastern Alpine (Plate XLIII), has a
short and high puffed-out braincase which is
almost spheroid, with high and steep forehead,
weak browridges, and long mastoids. The small
and narrow triangular face has a pinched nose,
rhomboid orbits, conapressed cheekbones, a
light jaw, probably suppressed wisdom teeth,
and excellent teeth quality.
21, 8 HaK, untyped since only part of a skull,
is a broad and shallow jaw with pyorrhea an(l
six teeth lost before death.
22, 9 HaK, Type C 3, is a broad and high, mas-
sive calvaria, with strong occipital muscle mark-
ings and long mastoids, below a deep occiput.
23, 17 HaK, Type C 2, female, is a squat ovoid
calva, with low vertical forehead and short
occiput.
24, 19 HaK, Type C 5, is the posterior two-
thirds and fragments of a brachycrane calvaria.
It has a short occiput with strong torus.
49
It seems possible that Koumaris' upper face height underestimates because of breakage at
prosthion.
Long bones from the ossuary tombs at
Hagios Kosmas indicate a short stature.
MIDDLE HELLADIC ca. 2000-1600 B.C.
Conmpared to 24 skulls of definitely Middle
Helladic date from Greece, eight or more skulls
from Eleusis excavated by D. Philios are either
M. H. or Geometric, or possibly later in date.
Some of these may be M. H. in date and in-
dicate the presence of Mediterranean and Basic
White as well as a very long-faced smooth-
vaulted version of Coon's Corded type,50 COM-
parable to 1 FA, 4 FA, and 21 FA from Asine.51
Excavation photographs of four Middle Hel-
ladic skulls from Eleusis published by Kourou-
niotes and Mylonas show this same Type D 2
almost unequivocally. The vault fullness of
these skulls is enough to suggest a Mixed
Alpine, E 2, trend, found not only in the L. H.
I Shaft Grave skulls from Mycenae but also
in a Middle Hfelladic Boeotian from ELtresis.52
H3owever, conclusions based on the Eleusis data
are mere speculation.58
LATE HELLADIC II ca. 1500-1400 B.C.
Out of fourteen skulls from L. H. I-II tombs
from Greece, one individual comes from Attica,
excavated by V. Stais in 1893 from one of the
two Thorikos beehive tombs and dated by L. H.
lI vases preserved with it in the Greek Na-
tional Museunm.
25, 1 Tho, is the complete skeleton of a middle-
aged adult male ( ?), probably over fifty when
he died (Plate XLIV). The 157 cm. stature is
short (5' 134") according to the Pearson for-
mula, and the long bones are slender and sm-all-
jointed enough to be f emale, especially when
small feet and small scapulae are added. Muscle
attachments are rugose, however, clavicles are
long compared to the arms, and lumbar verte-
brae are large: a stocky and broad-shouldered
build is implied, with long shins. Postural in-
dications include a sharply bent lumbar region
with coincident lack of femoral torsion, strong
gluteal insertion on the femur, nmedium retro-
version of the tibial head and definite squatting
facets: this is much the same combination as
occurs in the " average Ancient Greek
"
already
described, except for greater pelvic tilt in the
Thorikos skeleton. The pelvis shows more male
than female characters, though the pre-auricular
sulcus is of medium size. Ilia tend to flare and
iscliia to converge, the sacro-sciatic notch is
medium or almost narrow, and the pelvic inlet
is heart-shaped. The short and sharply curved
hyperbasal sacrum includes six vertebrae and
is intermediate in sex characters. Slight arth--
ritic exostoses on the pelvis and on tendon in-
sertions of long bones are the only signs of
pathology
on this
probably
male skeleton.
The cranium is notably heavy and not small.
The smooth and well-filled vault is mesocrane
and ovoid, with weak browridges, high, steep
forehead, som-lewhat flat lambda region, and
average or weak neck muscle attachments. The
very orthognathous face is rather small and of
median proportions, with broad nose root,
rhomboid orbits, and a broad and shallow jaw
with high coronoid process, pointed chin, and a
slight overbite. Five teeth were lost before
death, the teeth show a little more than average
wear, and caries and an abscess are present.
The combination of a low and unimpressive
face with large mesocrane vault labels this skul'
50
Skulls which I handled in the Athens Anthropological Museum but was not able to measure.
Cf. C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe, pp. 85, 107, Table 12.
51
C. M. Fiirst,
"
Zur Anthropologie der prThistorischen Griechen in Argolis," pp. 12-13, 16,
30-31, and plates I, III, and IX. Material re-examined by the writer.
52
Unpublished youth's skull measured in the Thebes museumn.
53
A. ItXtosn 'AVt WXa3 'Yxatwv rc/v ev 'EXEv vt, 'E3 ps
'Ap
XcoX7, 1889
pp. 171-177.
G. Mylonas, " Eleusis in the Bronze Age," A.J.A., XXXVI, 1932, p. 104. K. Kourouniotes and
G. Mylonas, " Excavations at Eleusis," A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 271-286, fig. 8.
Mixed Alpine, Type E 1, since it is somewhat
less rugged than the two Nordic-Alpine skulls
from the Mycenaean Shaft Graves.
LATE HELLADIC III ca. 1400-1150 B.C.
Remains of twenty-one Late Bronze inhabi-
tants of Attica have been preserved out of
sixty-nine from all Greece. The Attic material
includes a complete skeleton from the Agora
excavations, a skull fragment from the North
Slope of the Acropolis excavated by 0. Broneer
in 1938, two skulls and fragments discovered
by Stamatakis in 1877 in a chamber tomb at
Spata, and seventeen skulls from Markopotlos
chamber tombs excavated by V. Stais in 1894.
BASIC WHITE
26, 1 Ma, Type A 1, female, from Markopoulos,
is a long calvaria with low and steep forehead
and prominent occiput.
27, 2 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), is a rugged
and pentagonoid-ellipsoid calvarium, not es-
pecially large. Except for size and relative
vault height it is typical of the modal Basic
White. As in other Mycenaean skulls vault
fulness and some face details suggest minor
Nordic influence.
28, 4 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), is a larger
and more robust version of the same thing, with
broader nose and some slight alveolar progna-
thism. It is reminiscent of Upper Paleolithic
rather than minor Nordic trends.
29, 5 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), duplicates
the preceding two except f or greater profile
angularity of the ellipsoid vault and a much
longer face, both trends in a Megalithic type
(A 1) direction.
30, 6 Ma, Type A 3, female, is an angular do-
lichocrane calvaria likewise approaching the
Megalithic subtype.
31, 9 Ma, Type A 3, subadult female (Plate
XLIV), is a very similar calvarium, slightly
better filled out, with small face, rhomboid
orbits, and non-projecting nose.
32, 10 M\/a, Type A 3 (Plate XLV), is a large
ovoid-ellipsoid calvaria, notably high, with
low and wide f orehead, slight lambdoid flat-
tening, and a deep occiput. The nasalia are not
salient and upper orbital borders are horizontal.
Smoothness and muscularity also suggest a
Type D 2 Corded Nordic strain.
MEDITERRANEAN
33. 3 Ma, Type B 1, female (Plate XLV), is a
small and narrow cranium, gracile, but with
some forehead slope and flattening at lambda.
The face has horizontal, oblong orbits, a pointed
chin, and slight overbite, with alveolar abscesses
also present.
34, 7 Ma, Type B 2, is a comparatively large
pentagonoid calvaria and mandible, with low
vertical forehead, and well-curved occiput with
weak torus. The orbital border slopes con-
siderably, the low nose root is hardly depressed
at all behind the forehead, and the chin is sur-
prisingly deep and strong.
35, 11 Ma, Type B 2, is a fairly small, meso-
crane and pentagoid calvaria, with low f ore-
head, some lambdoid flattening and a deeply
curved occiput.
36, 12 Ma, Type B 1 (Plate XLV), is a very
similar calvaria, but is ovoid in form and con-
siderably higher, with more bulging temporal
regions, and a suggestion of the Dinaric-Medi-
terranean.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
37, 28 AA. Athenian Agora, Section A, cist
grave, 1935 (Hesperia, V, 1935, pp. 21-23).
The skeleton of this middle-aged adult male
was transected from hips to shins by a later
wall and the estimated stature of 162 cm.
(5' 4") is lower than that indicated by an
almost complete tibia. This Mycenaean Athe-
nian was thick-boned, with large joints, and
well-marked muscle ridges on humerus, scapula,
pelvis,
and
upper femur. He had
notably broad
shoulders, with large scapulae as well as clavi-
cles, and large lumbar vertebrae indicating a
long waist, partly modified by the high and
flaring iliac crests of the big innominate bones
set onto a smiall and hyperbasal sacrum. The
pelvic sex characters are very marked, with
large false pelvis and small and narrow oval
inlet. The only postural indications are a sharp
lumbar curve and slightly developed squatting
facets at the ankles.
Without much doubt this Athenian was a
warrior: a rounded wound depression in the
posterior rim of the joint socket of the right
shoulder-blade might easily result from arrow
or spear thrust from behind (Figure 2). And
Figure 2. Posterior view of glenoid rim of right
scapula of 28 AA, showing pathological pit plausibly
resulting from a thrust wound.
the right radius shows a fracture about 11 cm.
from the proximal end, well healed in good
position, with overlapping of the lower frag-
ment on the palmar side and rotation toward
the ulna of about 30 degrees, the lower frag-
ment being thus pronated relative to the upper
one through opposite actions of pronator teres
and supinator plus biceps respectively. A spiral
channel formed in the origin area of the ab-
ductor pollicis longus is perhaps connected with
action of the supinators on the upper bone f rag-
ment. Since the ulna does not appear to have
been fractured, though spurs from both bones
are almost in contact in the interosseous space,
the fracture might have resulted from applica-
tion of direct force in a fight. Possibly it was
a compound fracture (Figure 3). Further, the
first, second, and third metacarpals of the right
hand are
"
bent " in a palmar direction just
beyond the proximal joint and show incipient
lipping and erosion around the joint surfaces
indicating degenerative arthritis from some un-
known cause (Figure 4). This probably has no
connection with the forearm fracture, since a
very severe arthritic (?), gouty (?), or infec-
tive erosion of the entire metacarpo-phalangeal
joint of the second digit of the left hand occurs,
and there is also an area of periostitis on the
back of the lower half of the right tibia.
The cranium, illustrated in Plate XLV, is of
long ovoid form with a well-rounded profile,
sloping forehead, and rugged nuchal.muscle in-
sertions. The long oblong face is marked by its
drooping orbits and very narrow, long nose
which was certainly high-bridged, though the
nasal bones are missing. A well-developed and
high-arched palate goes with enough alveolar
fullness to overshadow the chin in profile, and
to contribute to the total horse-faced impres-
sion. An edge to edge bite accompanies average
wear of teeth which are very good in quality
except for a large cavity in the upper third
molar linked with a peri-apical abscess which
penetrated the floor of the maxillary sinus. As
a whole the skull is typical of a partly " modern-
ised" version of the Corded type parallel to
that found among
Aunjetitz
and Hallstatt Nor-
dics, and grading into the Mediterranean type
in Greece and in western Europe.
38, 8 Ma, Type F 1 (Plate XLVI), from
Markopoulos, is a mesocrane- and byrsoid
cranium with heavy browridges and pinched
and sloping forehead. The narrow face has
drooping elliptical orbits, salient nose, and a
strong chin.
39, 14 Ma, Type F 2 (Plate XLVI), is a broad
ovoid brachymorph calvarium, high-headed,
with narrow and sloping forehead and short
occiput associated with strong and high-placed
torus for neck muscles. Face and nose are
Figure
3.
Right
f orearm and f ractured radius of 28 AA, showing extensor, radial
(lateral),
flexor.,
and ulnar
(medial)
surfaces of the radius. Note that lower two-thirds of radius is
rotated about
thirty degrees
ulnarward
(pronated)
relative to the
upper
f
ragment, through
opposing
action of
supinator
and
biceps
on the
upper fragment
and
pronator
teres on the lower
fragment.
The abductor
pollicis longus
has
grooved
the bone.
Figure 4. Proximal ends of first three metacarpals
of right hand of 28 AA, showing ulnar, joint, and
radial surfaces (from top to bottom of figure), show-
ing incipient arthritic lipping and " bending " of first
metacarpal. Below are shown the metacarpo-phalan-
geal joint surfaces of the metacarpal and basal
phalanx of the second finger of the left hand. Com-
plete destruction of the joint. Infection? Gout?
narrow, with rhomboid orbits, compressed
cheekbones, high nose root, and high palate.
40, 15 Ma, Type F 2 (Plate XLVI), is a female
calvarium showing similar traits except for
more rounded headform and deeper inflation
of the skull base. Oblong orbits set close to-
gether, high and pinched nose and incipient
alveolar protusion mark the low face.
MIXED ALPINE
41, 13 Ma, Type E 3 (Plate XLVI), is a fairly
broad and high-headed rounded pentagonoid
rugged calvaria, with lambdoid flattening and
deep cerebellar bulge. The face must have been
broad.
42, 34 AA, child's frontal bone from the fill of
the spiral staircase leading to the Mycenaean
fountain beneath the North Slope of the Acro-
polis
54
(Plate XLV), seems to belong to a
comparatively broad skull, though too uncertain
to type. The forehead is notably low, and traces
of a metopic suture persist.
ALPINE
43, 16 Ma, Type C 1, female, is a large brachy-
crane calvaria with low forehead and rounded
occiput with deep cerebellar bulge.
44, 17 Ma, Type C 4, female (Plate XLVI), is
a brachycrane and sphenoid calvarium, with
low, narrow, almost vertical forehead, and
slight occipital flattening. The extremely low
face has drooping orbits and definite alveolar
prognathism. Five or six teeth were lost in life.
45, 1 Sp, Type C 5 from Spata (Plate XLVII),
is a byrsoid brachycrane, very low-vaulted, with
broad base and strong neck-muscle attachments.
The low and retreating face is marked by
salient concave nose and low, rhomboid orbits
bounded by retreating cheekbones.
054 . Broneer, " A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia, VIII,
1939,
pp. 317-430.
UNTYPED
46, 2 Sp, untyped, is the frontal bone of a skull
plausibly similar to the preceding, but too in-
complete to type.
SUBMYCENAEAN AND EARLY PROTOGEOMETRIC
ca. 1150-1000 B.C.
Twenty-two skulls are included in the Attic
Submycenaean group: 19 skulls and 12 skele-
tons come from the German excavations at the
Kerameikos and have been fully published by
Breitinger
55
with photographs; two skulls
probably excavated by Kavvadias come from
Salamis; and one skeleton of earliest Proto-
geometric date was found in the Athenian
Agora.
BASIC WHITE
47, 58 AK, Type A 1, Athenian Kerameikos
Grave 55 (Plate XLVII or Breitinger plate 83,
lower), is a long, narrow, high calvaria, perhaps
less angular than the typical Megalithic type
skull.
48, 1 Sal, Type A 3, female (Plate XLVII),
from Salamis, is a relatively robust ovoid
cranium, with broken frontal region and face.
It deviates from the type in its deep lower
occiput.
49, 2 Sal, Type A 3, female, is a similar cal-
varium, slightly more gracile and with wider
placed parietal bosses and pentagonoid top view.
MEDITERRANEAN
50, 55 AK, Type B 2, Athenian Kerameikos
Grave B (Plate XLVII or Breitinger plate 82),
is a rather low-headed, rounded pentagonoid
calvarium, with well-curved occiput, well-
marked parietal bosses, and almost flat side-
walls. The face is small and sharply modelled,
with narrow projecting nose. Three teeth were
lost in life, and pyorrhea and two large ab-
scesses are present.
51, 45 AK, Type B 2, Grave 48 (Plate XLVII or
Breitinger plate 84), female, is a small and rela-
tively high, pentagonoid cranium, with low fore-
head and deep occipital region. The face is long
and narrow, deep-jawed, and rectangular, with
concave and non-salient nose. Resemblances to
Type D 2 or D 3 are detectable. The pubic
symphysis shows Phase III (age ca. 24 years),
and the skeleton deviates from the Greek aver-
age in a sharply curved, short, lumbar region,
and in mlore linear body type. An " erosion
fossa" is present on the femoral necks.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
52, 42 AK, Type D 3 or Nordic-Mediterranean,
Grave 93 (Plate XLVIII or Breitinger plate 79),
is a massive, high-headed, flat-sided, ovoid
cranium, with high forehead and deep occiput.
The rectangular face is aberrantly low, and has
a broad nose. Cheekbones are compressed and
retreating, nasal profile is concavo-convex with
notable saliency, about 15 teeth were lost in life,
and three abscesses are present. The skeleton is
that of a muscular and short-statured man of
about 43 (pubic symphysis Phase VIII), eury-
cnemic, with relatively short upper armi, fairly
sharp lumbar curve, marked femoral torsion,
and well-developed squatting facets. An erosion
fossa occurs on the femoral necks, the vertebrae
show arthritic exostoses, and the left ulna shows
a healed fracture with callus formation and
osteitis.
53, 44 AK, Type D 4 Iranian, Grave 100 (Plate
XLVIII or Breitinger plate 80), is a strikingly
high and narrow cranium, pentagonoid, with flat
sides, sagittal keeling, and apparently a deep
cerebellar bulge. The exceedingly compressed,
long face contains a large, high-rooted and high-
bridged nose with concave-convex profile, high
rhomboid orbits, a narrowed jaw, and excellent
dentition except for pyorrhea. Mediterranean
traits occur.
,,'E. Breitinger, "Die Skelette aus den submykenischen Grabern," in W. Kraiker and K.
Kiibler, Kerameikos, Ergebnisse der
Ausgrabungen, I, Die Nekropolen des 12 bis 10 Jahrhunderts
(Berlin, 1939), Part III.
54, 9 AA, Type. D 3, female skeleton from
Athenian Agora Section$4, Grave at 67: , 1937,
of earliest Protogeometric date (Hesperia, VII,
1938, p. 325), was a tall and slender-boned
woman, with relatively short upper arm,
straight lumbar region and unexpectedly slight
degree of femoral torsion. The pelvis is f rag-
mentary: small innominates without flaring ilia
suit the slender build indicated by the long
Figure 5. 9 AA, Early Protogeometric female,
before cleaning and mending.
bones, and sex criteria such as wide ischiatic
notch, deep pre-auricular sulcus, and lack of
ischiatic convergence are all clearcut.
The skull (Plate XLVIII) is narrow and
high, ellipsoid, with very deep occiput. The face
is median in proportions, with high-bridged
nose hardly set back at nasion, square orbits,
compressed cheekbones, and weak-jowled jaw.
Teeth are excellent. Three of the wisdom teeth
failed to erupt. This skull obviously approxi-
mates ordinary Mediterranean crania, and is
described as Nordic-Mediterranean mainly be-
cause of its vault form. Distinction between
Types D and B amoilg the females are subtle.
Considerable warping had to be corrected before
the skull could be studied.
55, 41 AK, Type F 1, Athenian Kerameikos
Grave 2 (Plate XLVIII or Breitinger plate
78), is a rhomboid (-ovoid) mesocrane cranium,
with " rising" vertex profile, pinched forehead,
slightly curved and muscular occiput sloping
down to long mastoid processes. The high face
is marked by strong nasality, rhomboid orbits,
protrusive mouth, retreating but deep chin, and
flaring jowls.56 Type D 2-4 traits appear.
56, 43 AK, Type F 1, Grave 24 (Plate XLIX
or Breitinger plate 81), is an ovoid mesocrane
cranium like the preceding skull except for
lower vault, more prominent and deeper occiput,
narrower nose, and narrower and deeper jaw.
57, 46 AK, Type F 1, female, Grave 60 (Plate
XLIX or Breitinger plate 85), is a mesocrane,
ovoid, and low-headed cranium, with rising
vertex profile and deep occiput. The long face
has drooping orbits and compressed cheeks atnd
jaw. One tooth was lost in life, few caries and
abscesses occur, and one wisdom tooth is sup-
pressed. Pubic symphysis of early Phase V in-
dicates age of about 27. The skeleton deviates
from the mean in short forearms, somewhat
narrow shoulders, platycnemia, sharply curved
and long lumbar region. Erosion patches on the
necks of the femora occur.
58, 52 AK, Type F 2, typical Dinaric, Grave C
(Plate XLIX or Breitinger plate 83, upper),
is an almost brachycrane blunt pentagonoid
cranium, with high forehead and flat sides. The
56
Breitinger considers this skull Reihengraber Nordic, interesting considering the definite
Alpine-Dinaric element apparent among the Bajuvar Reihengraiber series used by him. Cf. P.
Kramp, " Die bajuvarischen Reihengraiberskelette von Rieranger in Miinchen-Giesing," Anthr. Anz.,
XV, 1938, pp. 162-204. R. S. Wallis in C. S. Coon, " The Races of Europe," Table 44, p. 664, and
unpublished photographs in possession of A. S. Wallis.
big, broad-cheeked and broad-jawed face is very
deep jawed, with low rhomboid orbits. Two
teeth were lost before death.57 The skeleton is
that of a relatively tall and robust man, with
large joints, big feet, and squatting facets. A
deep wound (?) depression (healed) occurs in
upper left frontal region and a deep healed
groove or pit at the left nmaiar-maxillary junc-
tion below left eye, suggests a thrust wound
from above and from the right.
MIXED ALPINE
59, 50 AK, Type E 1, Grave 15 (Plate XLIX
or Breitinger plate 88, note that this skull is
switched with skull 49 AK in Breitinger's
plates), is a notably large and full-vaulted
brachycrane cranium, pentagonoid-spheroid in
form, with high forehead and pentagonoid rear
view. The low and shallow-chinned face is
hexagonal wNvith drooping orbits, high-rooted,
concavo-convex and broken nose, and alveolar
absorption, pyorrhea and few abscesses, fol-
lowing loss in life of 16 teeth from the rear
half of the mouth. Slightly ulcerated wound
(?) depression on left upper frontal region.
60, 53 AK, probably Type E, Grave E (Brei-
tinger plate 92, niddle), is the ovoid and almost
brachycrane calvaritim of a child almost eight
years old, with relatively narrow skull base and
low face. It resembles 1 AA.
ALPINE
61, 49 AK, Type C 1, Grave 3 (Plate L or
Breitinger plate 89), is an almost brachycrane
ovoid cranium, well-filled, with erect forehead,
and bulging cerebellar region. The eurypro-
sopic inverted trapezoid face has a narrow and
low nose, high, square orbits, and eighteen
teeth lost in life from the rear portion of the
mouth, with pyorrhea and a few abscesses.
62, 47 AK, Type C 1, Grave 34 (Breitinger
plate 86), female, is an almost brachycrane
blunt pentagonoid cranium, with wide forehead
and strong nuchal musculature. The hexagonial
face is low, but has a narrow nose. Teeth are
excellent, with one caries and one tooth lost in
life. Pubic symphysis late phase V indicates an
age of 30. The skeleton differs from the mean
in platycnemia, a very sharp lumbar curve, and
sacrum skewed to the right associated with a
noticeably short right femur. Erosion fossae
occur on the femoral necks, and a ripple-surface
osteitis occurs on the lower right forearm bones.
plate 91), late adolescent or subadult female, is
a broad ovoid brachycrane, well-filled, with
vertical forehead. The low face has rhomnboid
orbits, non-projecting cheekbones, and excellent
teeth, with no sign of eruption of third molars.
64, 54 AK, Type C 1, Grave 47 (Plate L or
Breitinger plate 90), female, is a capacious
ovoid brachycrane cranium with deep occiput,
slightly pentagonoid rear view, and mesopro-
sopic and non-profiled face with excellent denti-
tion and partially errupted third molars. Pubic
symphysis Phase II, aige 20. This woman was
tall (5' 3") with the expected relative elonga-
tion of shins, a linear though not gracile build,
and unexpectedly slight degree of either feemo-
ral torsion or lumbar curve. The pelvis has a
large inlet and outlet of female form, but other-
wise sex characters are intermediate. Erosion
fossae occur on femnoral necks, and squatting
facets on femoral heads.
plate 92, lower), child over eight years, is a
broken calvaria, brachycrane, rounded rhom-
boid in form, with steep and flattened lambdoid
region, and drooping orbits. Trend toward
Type E.
66, 57 AK, Type C 3 (Beaker-Borreby type),
Grave D (Plate L or Breitinger plate 92,
upper), is an. ovoid brachycralie calvaria, both
capacious and rugged, high with
"
risinig ' ver-
tex profile, short occiput, robust mastoid pro-
cesses, and deep chin.
57This skull is comparable to 33 C from Geometric Corinth, not yet published.
67, 64 AK, untyped since too fraginentary,
Grave SM Po 12, is an unrestorable cranium,
conceivably short-headed, with massive and
deep-chinned jaw, not broad, and showing 4
caries and a few abscesses in dental remains
fromi both jaws. The short (5' 11/2")
skeleton
has relatively short arms, and narrow shoulders.
68, 51 AK, Type C 5 (Low-headed Eastern
Alpine), Grave A (Plate L or Breitinger plate
87), is a heavy and robust short-headed byrsoid
cranium, low, with constricted and low fore-
head, exceedingly heavy browridges, and
sharply developed occipital torus. The broad-
cheeked, trapezoid, face has rhomboid orbits,
a nose almost certainly prominent with large
spine, and a square jaw, overbite, few abscesses,
one tooth lost in life, and arthritic pitting in
temporo-mandibular joints.
UNTYPED SKELETONS
69, 59 AK, Grave SMVI Po 5, with short stature
(4' 91/2"'),
small joints, slender bones, sharp
lumbar curve, and clear female pelvic traits.
Distorted flattening of femoral head, depression
of femoral neck, accompany superior shallow-
ing of acetabulum and rugosity up across ilium
indicative of hip dislocation, not necessarily
congenital.
70, 60 AK, Grave SM Po 7, female, is marked
by relatively long forearms.
71, 62 AK, Grave 28, is the skeleton of a tall
8") and robust man with relatively long
upper arm and straight lumbar region.
72, 63 AK, Grave SM Pompeion tower, pubic
symphysis Phase III (ca. twenty-three years),
short stature (5' 212`), relatively short fore-
arms, marked platycnemia, only slight feimoral
torsion linked with straight lumbar region, and
sacralisation of the fifth lumber vertebra with
probably corresponding reduction in the number
of ribs.
GEOMETRIC AND LATEST PROTOGEOMETRIC
ca. 930-650 B.C.
In addition to two fragile later Protogeo-
metric crania, ten Geometric skulls with
eight
skeletons have been found in the Agora Ex-
cavations, while a skull from near Omonoia
Square excavated in 1871 by Palaiologos, a
skull fromn Marathon found with Geometric
pottery and presented to the Athens Anthropo-
logical Museum through Dr. Lorandos in 1938,
and a complete skeleton from Eleusis excavated
in 1938 from a dateable stratum bv K. Kourou-
riiotes and J. Travlos bring the total of Athenian
Geometric remains up to fifteen individuals
compared with the twenty-five preserved in all
of Isthmian Greece.
BASIC WHITE
73, 15 AA, Type A 1, Athenian Agora, Section
KK, Grave 16, 1936 (Plate LI) is a high,
narrow, pentagonoid calva, with sloping fore-
head and sharply bent occiput. It shows- ap-
proximations to Type B 4. Skeletal fragments
show slender bones and strongly suggest short
stature.
74, 16 AA, Type A 4, Section KK, rock-cut pit
at 52 MO near Hephaisteion, 1936 (Plate LI),
is the left half of the cranium of a decapitated
subadult with incomplete eruption of third
molars. The low and ellipsoid vault has a low,
sloping forehead, notable lambdoid flattening
above a sharply bent occiput, and massive mas-
toid processes. The low face has relatively
horizontal low orbits, and shows slight progna-
thisin which was almost certainly masked by a
salient nose. In spite of youth and lack of teeth
wear a few caries and abscesses occur. The
executioner's ( ?) blade severed the neck from
the front at the level of the fifth cervical verte-
bra with a diagonal blow sloping up toward
the right, following a deeply penetrating but
incomplete stroke about 1 cm. higher (Figure
6). Both are about the level of the chin of a
victim in a supine position, and it seems possi-
ble that the decapitator may have stood on the
victim's left side.
75, 29 AA, Type A 2 (?),child almost 6 years
old, Protogeometric grave in plateau S. of
Hephaisteion, 1935 (Plate LI) (Hesperia, V,
Figure 6. Posterior, anterior, left, and inferior views of the second to fifth cervical verte-
brae of 16 AA, from the Geometric period, to show direction and number of unsuccessful and
successful blows used to sever the head from the body.
1935,
pp.
23-24), is a warped, broken, and ex-
ceedingly fragile calvarium, large and long-
headed and of ovoid-pentagonoid shape, with
low forehead and infantile lack of relief at the
nasal root.
MEDITERRANEAN
76, 4 AA, Type B 2, late adolescent female,
Section B, Grave XVII, 1935 (Plate LI) (Hes-
peria, V, 1936, p. 29), is a still more f rag-
mentary cranium lacking lower forehead and
upper face. The rhomboid vault is gracile and
has a projecting occiput. The mouth region
suggests slight prognathism, shows an overbite,
weak pointed chin, and incomplete eruption of
second premolar, although the wisdom teeth
are already visible in their crypts. Pubic
symphysis
Phase I. Short-statured, slender-
boned skeleton, with clearcut third trochanters
and femoral epiphyses unfused.
77, 7 AA, Type B 1, subadult female, Section
B, Grave XVIII, 1935 (Plate LI), is a frag-
mentary cranium, probably long-headed and
high-headed, with high and metopic forehead,
flat sides, and deep occiput. The broad-jawed
face appears relatively low, with mouth region
identical with 4 AA. However, resemblances
exist both with the Submycenaean B 2 Medi-
terranean 55 AK and the Early Protogeometric
D 3 Nordic-Mediterranean 9 AA. The skeleton
of 7 AA, with pubic symphysis Phase I, is of
less than average stature, (4' 1 1/4"), small-
jointed, relatively narrow-shouldered and broad-
hipped, with sharp lumbar curvature, little
femoral torsion, and squatting facets.
78, 8 AA, Type B 1, Section B, Grave XIV,
1935 (Plate LII), is a small-skulled, ovoid
mesocrane vault, with lambdoid flattening. The
much-broken face was probably narrow com-
pared with the forehead, and marked by a high,
concave nose, projecting chin, and accompany-
ing loss of about 27 teeth before death, though
suture closure indicates a " young adult
"
age.
Skeleton fragmentary.
79, 1 Mar, Type B 2, from Geometric grave
near Marathon (Plate LII) is a long-headed
pentagonoid calvaria, fairly robust, with low
and narrow forehead and flat sides. The jaw
has square angles and strong though only
slightly projecting chin, and a few caries and
abscesses occur.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
80, 11 El, Type D 1, Geometric baked-earth
grave under tumulus, S. E. of Acropolis
of
Eleusis (Plate LII), is a fairly large, ovoid,
mesocrane, and notably low-vaulted cranium,
Figure 7. Left lateral, antero-inferior, antero-superior (inlet) views of pelves of 11
El,
6 AA, and 5 AA (sacra of 6 AA and 5 AA too fragmentary and innominates impossible to
orient perfectly),
with dorsum of hand of 5 AA showing deformity of first metacarpal.
with sloping forehead, large mound-shaped oc-
cipital torus, short mastoids, and deep occiput.
The strong, oblong face is characterised by
rhomnboid orbits, flaring jowls, high concave
nose approaching continuity with the forehead
profile, slight general prognathism, and deep
cleft chin under a mouth marked by extreme
teeth wear, loss of eight teeth in life, 3 caries,
pyorrhea, and few abscesses. Pathology in-
cludes much enlarged right carotid and jugular
foramina. Although lowness and cylindrical
form of its well-filled vault cause this skull's
resemblance to Iron Age mesocrane Nordics
from Central and Western Europe, the whole
face, jaw form, and occiput approximate an
Iranian norm.
The pubic symphysis of late Phase V found
in 11 El indicates an age of about thirty. The.
complete skeleton indicates a rugged body build,
with solid, not hyper-male pelvis (Figure 7),
broad shoulders, long arms, and probably a big
chest. Femora are bowed and much flattened
and show only slight torsion. Tibiae are platy-
cnemic, and have squatting facets. Slight arth-
ritic exostoses occur on the lumbar vertebrae
and costo-manubrial junctions. Healed frac-
tures of 8th and 9th right ribs and 11th left rib
and possibly of the tips of spines of 5th to 8th
thoracic vertebrae indicate an active life.
81, 2 AA, Type D 2, female, Late Protogeo-
metric from Agora Section II3, Grave 18, 1936
(Plate LII), is a fragile cranium, blunt ellipsoid
and almost dolichocrane, with relatively long
face, at least five teeth lost in life and a few
abscesses.
82, 3 AA, Type D 2, female,58 Section B, Grave
XXXI, 1935 (Plate LIII), is a large broken
cranium, almost dolichocrane, rhomboid with
steep and narrow forehead, lambdoid flatten-
ing, and a projecting and deep occiput. Elonga-
tion and sharp alveolar protrusion combine with
compression of cheekbones to give a horse-
faced impression. The dentition is poor, with
about seven teeth lost in life, and four large
abscesses, though no caries occur. Though in
some vault characters and prognathism the skull
appears Basic White, in other details it is closer
to such female representatives of Type D 2 as
15 FM from L. H. III Mycenae and 3 01 from
classical Olynthus.59 Skeletal fragments show
hyperplatymeria and suggest tall stature.
58 For further illustrations and discussion of slkeletons 3-8 AA see J. L. Angel, " Geometric
Athenians," in R. Young, " Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora,"
Ilesperia,
Supplement II, 1939, Appendix III, pp. 236-246, figs. 145-156.
59
C. M. Fiirst, " Praihistorische Griechen in Argolis," plate XXII; and personal observation
of 15 FM. J. L. Angel in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia,
plate LXX.
83, 6 AA, Type F 2, Athenian Agora Section
B, Grave XX, 1935 (Plate LIII) (Hesperia,
V, 1936, p. 29), is a rounded pentagonoid and
wide-based skull, with definite postorbital con-
striction of the high and scarcely sloping fore-
head, full upper occiput and rugged mastoids.
The large and elongated hexagonal face has
strong and laterally flaring cheekbones bound-
ing tilted orbits, strong jaw with cleft chin, few
caries and large abscesses, edge bite, and sup-
pressed wisdom teeth. The skull shows Basic
White and Mixed Alpine tendencies
60
which
complicate its typing. The skeleton is just above
the average Greek in stature (5' 412"), is
robust, and has a large and high pelvis lacking
a wide ischiatic notch or pre-auricular sulcus
but not exaggeratedly male. Forearms and
shins are relatively short, and the muscular
femora show slight torsion and hyperplaty-
meria.
MIXED ALPINE
84, 30 AA, Type E 1, Section B, Grave XI,
1935
(Plate LIII),
is a
high
and smooth-
vaulted mesocrane with large and vertical f ore-
head, strong browridges, and rounded rear
view. The face is marked by low orbits, well-
developed cheekbones, narrow, straight nose,
lower facial protrusion, deep jaw, and much-
worn teeth with a low frequency of caries,
abscesses, and loss. Basic White and possibly
Dinaroid tendencies appear in this skull. The
skeleton shows short stature (5' 212") and a
broad, very male pelvis with flaring ilia. Six
sacral vertebrae result from incorporation of the
top coccygeal segment. Sharp lumbar curve
accompanies medium rather than small femoral
torsion. Signs of "bent-knee gait
"
appear at
knee and ankle and the astragali are relatively
low.
85, 17 AA, E 1, female, Athenian Agora, Sec-
tion r, B 183, Burial at 72-79 KE (HIesperia,
IV, 1935,
p.
359), is a very fragile, rhomboid
and almost short-headed calva, with low and
wide forehead.
ALPINE
86, 5 AA, Type C 3 or Borreby-Beaker type,
Section B, Grave XIX, 1935 (Hesperia, V,
1936,
p.
29), is a rugged, blunt ovoid, brachy-
crane skull, with broad base and slightly less
occipital curvature than usual (Plate LIII).
The relatively long and hexagonal face re-
sembles that of 30 AA, except for higher orbits,
broader-rooted and concave nose, and more
teeth loss accompanied by excessive wear of the
upper incisor teeth to a degree greater than in
either 6 AA or 30 AA. The average size skele-
ton combines straight lumbar region with in-
dications of a sharply concave lower thoracic
region, and with medium feemoral torsion and
squatting facets. Pathological changes include
arthritis of metacarpals and of lumbar verte-
l)rae, and probably fracture of left first meta-
carpal.
87, 80AP, Type C3, Geometric grave 3.5 m.
deep below Peiraeus Street near Omonoia
Square, is a small and relatively high-vaulted
brachymorph cranium, with deep occiput.61 The
relatively narrow face is marked by high and
straight nose, tilted orbits, and shallow chin.
It shows approximations to Type F 1.
CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC ca. 650 TO 1 50 B.C.
Out of ninety skulls of Classical date, twenty-
five are of Attic origin: one complete skeleton
and one skull from the Agora Excavations,
three complete skeletons excavated in 1893 from
the Athenian Kerameikos now in the National
Museum in Athens, a skull excavated before
1879 by K. Melissinos from the Keramneikos, a
60
Skull 6 AA shows an approximation to some of the more rugged Late Mesolithic Teviec
skulls from Brittany and even to the Obercassel male from the Magdalenian of the Rhineland. Cf.
M. and S-J. Pequart, M. Boule, and H. Vallois, "'Teviec, Station-Necropole Mesolithique du
Morbihan," Archives de l'Inst. de Paheontol. Hutmaine, XVIII, 1937, pp. 111-227, plates XIV-XIX.
61 R. Virchow, " Altgriechische Schadel von der Piraiussstrasse in Athen," Zeitschr. fur Ethnol.,
IV, 1872, Verhandiungen, pp. 146-152. Not remreasured.
. | l I
l
i I
.
. l
. l I
. l
. I s
l
.
.
. l
i
. I
b | I
| I I
. | I
| I
i | I
| I
| I ';
I
I
. I | t
I I i
i' I , i
. l
I i [
. i i i
. l
. I i i
. I it I
. I |
I I
i l
I I
. l
. l
. I
| l
| l
__ I
| I i i | I i
| I . i
| I i
i
i I
li l
i,, I i
| l
I i
,_ l
__ I
_; I . i
| I i
______ | ,
| l ! i
- I s r
____r_ l .i
I : g
-_ l
___-_ l , >,
_-____-_ l S
I .-
S --_ l
__ | _
Figure 8. 2 AA, 6 AA (upper right) and 5 AA before cleaning and mending.
skull from Peiraeus Street excavated by Palaio-
logos in 1871,62 four skulls from University
Street excavated in 1889 by H. Schliemann,83
seven skulls from Museum Hill excavated by
Pervanoglu in 1862,64 a skull from a marble
sarcophagus found between Acharnai (Menidi)
and Deceleia and once believed to be Sophocles',65
and seven skulls now in the Athens Anthropo-
logical Museum excavated by Chr. Tsountas in
1906 from Kouvara, at the southern extremity
of the Mesogeion.
BASIC WHITE
88, 84 AP, Type A 3, Athens, University Street
(4th century B.C.), is a fairly large calvaria, of
median proportions, with a long parietal region.
89, 94 AP, Type A 4, Athens Museum Hill, is
a large, very low, and exceedingly long calvaria,
hyperdolichocrane, and too low for Type D.
90, 96 AP, Type A 3, Athens Museum Hill, is a
large dolichocrane calvaria.
6f2 Virchow, loc. cit. Not remeasured.
63
R. Virchow,
"
Schliemann's letzte Ausgrabung," Sitzungsberichte der Kon. Akad. der Wiss.
zu Berlin, 1891, p. 819. IVth century date definite. Not remeasured.
64
R. Virchow,
"
Uber griechische Schaidel aus alter und neuer Zeit, und iiber einen Schaidel
von Menidi die fur den des Sophokles gehalten ist," Sitz. der Kon. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1893,
pp. 680-699. The particular skulls mentioned above in the text are dated in the IVth century, but
Virchow suggests some may be later in date.
65 Loc. cit. This skull is definitely mid-Vth century in date, although through some confusion
in identification it is dated Mycenaean by J. L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks? (Berkeley, 1930),
p. 48. Not remeasured by the present writer.
91, 6 K, Type A 3, female, Kouvara, is an ovoid
iuiesocrane broken calvarium, with low vertical
forehead, and rhomboid orbits.
MEDITERRANEAN
92, 82 AP, Type B 1, female, Athens University
Street, is a long and broken calvarium with
r,arrow nose.
93, 83 AP, Type B 1, University Street, is a
small mesocrane calvaria with long parietal bone.
94, 85 AP, Tvpe B 2, Peiraeus Street, named
Glykera and buried ca. 300 B.C. is a long and
angular cranium with deep occiput and marked
lambdoid flattening. The compressed face has
square and tilted orbits, high and pinched nose
with slight development of "classic profile," and
shallow and narrow jaw. Some approach to
Type D 2 m-iay be evident.
95, 92 AP, Type B 2, Museum Hill, is a high-
headed dolichocrane calvarium with long parie-
tal bone, small face, and low orbits.
96, 93 AP, Type B 1, Museum Hill, is a similar
calvarium, with broader vault, much longer nose
and face, and higher orbits. Type F 1 tendencies.
97, 2 K, Type B 1, Kouvara (Plate ILIV), is a
mesocrane and high-vaulted ovoid calvarium
with certain Type F 1 trends. The otherwise
unremarkable face shows cheekbones placed far
forward, narrow nose, and excellent teeth.
98, 5 K, Type B 2, Kouvara (Plate LIV), is
a pentagonoid mesocrane calvaria with salient
parietal bosses, low vault, narrow forehead, and
lambdoid flattening.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
99, 91 AP, Type D 2, Museum Hill, is a long-
based dolichocrane calvariulm with broad fore-
head and apparently full, high vault, and long
face.
100, 1 Men, Type D 2, sarcophagus near Achar-
nai (Menidi. Buried ca. 450 B.C.), is an ovoid
long-head, with lambdoid flattening, prominent
and deep occiput with sharp torus, and long
mastoids. The unusually long and oblong face
is compressed in its middle section, with tilted
oblong orbits, and long, high, straight nose with
a salient spine. The lack of marked prominence
of the cleft chin completes the contrast of re-
treating mouth and cheekbones contrasted with
salient nasality of profile. The skull shows
enough gracility to suggest Mediterranean,
Type B 4, tendencies.
101, 65 AK, Type D 1, Athenian Kerameikos
(National Museum no. 2597. Dated 460-450
B.c. by vases), is a large ovoid long-headed and
broad-based cranium (Plate LIV), very similar
to the preceding skull except for more sloping
and narrowed forehead, and larger size. The
face is large and elongated lozenge shaped, with
rhomboid orbits, pinched cheekbones, and nota-
bly salient, concavo-convex and narrow nose,
orthognathous mouth-region with good, well-
worn dentition, one tooth lost bef ore death,
pyorrhea, and one large abscess. Type B con-
vergencies are subtly present. Pubic syiTphysis
Phase VII indicates an age of about 39. Re-
constructed stature of 5'
41/2" is slightly below
the period average, though the skeleton is robust
and has relatively broad shoulders and long
thighs. It is eurymeric and eurycnemic. The
pelvis is very male (Figure 9), and hypobasal
sacrum has six vertebrae including the fused
uppermost coccygeal. The lumbar column is
concave forward instead of convex, continuing
the thoracic curve, and clearcut torsion of
femnoral necks accompanies this. Astragali are
short and high. Arthritic hyperostosis has
ankylosed thoracic vertebrae 5-11 together with
some ribs (Figures 10 and 11), and exostoses
occur on all vertebrae, shoulder and hip girdles,
sternum, patellae, and feet, but not on long
bones. Calcification of thyroid, cricoid ( ?) , and
arytenoid cartilages of the larynx occurs.
102, 66 AK, Type D 1, same provenience and
date, no. 2598 (Plate LIV), is a pentagonoid-
ovoid mesocrane skull similar to 65 AK, except
for shorter vault, wider and less sloping f ore-
head with less marked browridges, and longer
Figure
9.
Right lateral, antero-inferior, antero-superior (inlet)
views of
pelves
of 65 AK,
66 AK, and 10 AA
(all males)
and of 67 AK
(female)
f rom Classical Athens.
Figure 10. Lateral views of fifth to eleventh Figure 11. Inferior surface of lumbar vertebra
thoracic vertebrae of 65 AK, to show effects of
of 65 AK, showing effects of arthritis.
arthritis.
mastoids. The face is much longer and more
rectangular, with large drooping orbits, straight
and narrow nose which is high but not salient
and thus approximates the "classic profile," high
palate, and long jaw with excellent teeth. Some
Type F 1 trends are apparent, and the resem-
blance to 65 AK is sufficiently marked to sug-
gest some sort of blood relationship. Pubic
symphysis Phase VIII indicates an age of about
forty-one. The skeleton is tall, 5' 6", very
robust, and heavy-boned, with relatively short
upper arms, eurymeria and eurycnemia. The
pelvis is markedly male, and a straight and
elongated lumbar region accompanies medium
femoral torsion, very marked tibial head retro-
version, squatting facets, and high astragali.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANF.AN
103, 81 AP, Type F 1, female, University Street,
is a fairly high-headed ovoid mesocrane cal-
varium with lambdoid flattening and long mas-
toids. The relatively large face is marked by
high and elliptical orbits and long nose with
well-developed spine.
104, 3 K, Tvpe F 1, Kouvara (Plate LV), is an
almost brachycrane and high-headed ovoid-
byrsoid cranium, with narrow forehead, rising
vault profile, lambdoid flattening, and long mas-
toids. The long, broad-jawed and broad-cheeked
face has a long, pinched, and salient, concavo-
convex nose, tilted orbits, and excellent teeth
with clear-cut overbite. In many ways this an-
ticipates crania of the Roman period.
MIXED ALPINE
105, 11 AA, Type E 1, Athenian Agora, Sec-
tiOl A, well at
2011
ET, 6.00 mn., 1932, ca. 300
B.C. (Plate LV), (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 453-
454, Fig. 3). This is a heavy, capaciotus, blunt
pentagonoid cranium, with wide frontal, smooth
profile curve, and definite left fronto-parietal
asymmetry too slight to equal plagiocephaly.
The face, of median size and proportions, is
overshadowed by the large braincase. Orbits
are wide and rhomboid, the concavo-convex and
high nose contrasts with retreating cheekbones
and orthognathous profile, and the dentition
shows loss of one tooth in life, suppression of
wisdom teeth, and one periapical alveolar ab-
scess associated with a decayed premolar.
106, 74 AK, Type E 3, Keramneikos,66 is an
ovoid anld almost brachycrane calvaria, well-
filled, though almost flat-sided.
107, 95 AP, Type E 3, Museum Hill, is a some-
what low-headed mesocrane calvaria.
108, 7 K, Type E 3, Kouvara, is a f ull-vaulted,
blunt pentagonoid, low mesocrane calvaria,
robust, with *lambdoid flattening and massive
mastoids.
ALPINE
109, 97 AP, Type C 1, female, Museum Hill,
is a slightly low-headed brachycrane calvaria.6
110, I K, Type C 1, child, of about seven, Kou-
vara, is a capacious spheroid-rhomboid brachy-
crane calvarium, with erupted M 1 and I 2.
111, 67 AK, Type C 4 or High-headed Eastern
Alpine, female, Athenian Kerameikos (Na-
tional MVitiseutm, no. 2599; dated 470-460 B.C. by
vases), is a very broad, blunt sphenoid, brachy-
crane skull (Plate LV), relatively high and
short, with rising vault profile, and almost verti-
cal flattening of lambda and upper occiput. The
long oblong face is characterized by high and
markedly drooping orbits, short snub nose,
slight prognathism, slight teeth loss, few caries,
and marked teeth wear. As a whole this skull
resembles the Bell-Beaker type of Central
Europe less than such Cypriotes as 25 FCM and
37 FCE,68 Early Iron Age brachycranes from
Tepe Sialk in North Iran 69 or historic period
pre-Islamic Anatolian
brachycranes,70 and is
therefore equivalent to Coon's East Mediter-
ranean type or even a proto-Armenoid type.
Pubic symphysis Phase V indicates an age of
twenty-eight. Reconstructed stature of 5' 1",
relatively long shins and forearms, pelvis some-
what narrow compared to shoulder-blades and
clavicles but showing an almost ideal female
morphology with a deeply marked pre-auricular
sulcus. A straight and rather short lumbar
66
Virchow, loc. cit., 1893, Dipylon no. 4, placed with Classical skulls in Athenian Anthropo-
logical Museum. I remeasured this skull.
67
Descriptions of skulls from Menidi, Omonoia Square, Peiraeus Street, University Street, and
Museum Hill are all based on Virchow's published measurements, supplemented by truncated in-
spection of these skulls and 21 others from Classical Athens at present unpublished and kept in the
Athens Anthropological Museum: these give a total impression of a Type E mode tending toward
Type A miore than Type D.
68
C. M. Fuirst, "Praihistorische Bevolkerung der Insel Cypern," plates X, XI, and XXXVII.
69 H.
V. Vallois, "Les ossements humains de Sialk," Group IV.
70
Q. Schumacher,
"
PYber altgriechische Schxidel von Myrina und Ephesus," Zeitschr. fiir
Morphol. und Anthrop., XXV, 1926, pp. 435-463, Group VII. Such brachycranes occur also among
crania from Troy examined by the writer.
column is combined with f emora which lack
torsion of their necks, but with tibiae
showing
marked retroversion and squatting facets and
implying a bent-knee posture balance. Arthritic
exostoses occur on manubrium and calcanea.
112, 4 K, Type C 4, female, Kouvara, is a sini-
lar but smaller and more rhomboid-sphenoid
subadult brachycrane. The face has the same
compressed cheekbones, rhomboid orbits, and
rather broad jowls as 67 AK, and the wisdomi
teeth are in process of erupting.
113, 10 AA, Type C 5, Athenian Agora, Section
HI@, well at
11317T3,
1937 (ca. 425
B.c.), is a
relatively low-headed, sphenoid, brachycrane
calvarium, with retreating forehead, full occi-
put, and large mastoids (Plate LV). The broad
face shows a curiotus combination of low oblong
orbits suited to the puffed anid flaring cheek-
bones with leptorrhine nose, concavo-convex
in profile and definitely inflated in the bridge
region. Dentition is good. Facial sim'ilarity
with 51 AK (Cat. No. 68) suggests a robust,
broad, and well-squared jaw with bigonial
breadth between 105 and 115 mm. Pubic sym-
physis Phase II and unfused epiphyses of iliac
crests indicate an age of twenty. The skeleton
is robust, just above average Greek stature,
with relatively long shins, and an almost ideal
male pelvis (Figure 9). The only other pecu-
liarity is a strong development of deltoid tu-
berosities and triceps areas of
origin
on the
humerus, especially on the left.7'
LATE HELLENISTIC 150-1 B.C.
The four Hellenistic skulls from the Greek
Mainland are all Attic: two skulls and skeletal
fragments from the Agora Excavations, and
two skulls and skeletal fragments collected by
the author and J. Young from rifled graves in
the deme of Sounion and dated by accompany-
ing potsherds.
BASIC WHITE
114, 25 AA, Type A 1, child about
eleven,
Athenian Agora, Section AA, well at 97/r 362
( Plate L VI), is a comparatively large, low
mesocrane, rhomboid cranium, with angular
profile. The face appears basically low and
canines and second premolars are about to
erupt, while the second molar is erupting.
Slight cribra orbitalia are present.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
115, 24 AA, Type D 3, same provenience (Plate
LVI), is a small but robust, high-headed, ovoid
dolichomorph cranium, with deep occiptut con-
stricted at lambda. The low and trapezoid face
is marked by
drooping
orbits outlined by com-
pressed cheekbones, a large and exceedingly
salient concavo-convex nose, cleft chin in a
shallow and squat jaw, well-worn teeth, sup-
pressed wisdom teeth, and a minimal number
of caries, abscesses, and lost teeth. The left
lower canine has two roots. A small crescentic
depression 17 mm. above the otuter corner of
the right eye, and slight deflection of the nose
to the right
suggest
violence.
116, 26 AA, from the same well (Figure 12),
is the number given to bones of about 175
infants
72
of which the overwhelmning majority
are newborn or full term foetuses, together with
several older infants. Even if archaeological and
historical evidence agree in ascribing the well's
contents of infants, dogs, and a scattering of
larger domestic animals to the occasion of
Sulla's siege of Athens in 84 .c., the remains
themselves shed no direct light on cause of
death: either starvation or plague would seem
most plausible.73 There is no-evidence for direct
violence.
71
Is it possible that this youth was a heavy-armed hoplite?
72
155 pairs of scapulae counted, simultaneous deaths which hint at decrease in population.
73
The human infant bones and fairly complete skulls of about 100 dogs are in good preserva-
tion, and a statistical study of each will be of interest to
anthropologist, mammalogist, or dog-breeder.
Figure 12. Scapulae of infants from a Hellenistic well in the
Athenian Agora, to show general identity in size and presumably
in age. It is assumed that Hellenistic Athens could have produced
this number of infants in a sufficiently short period so that their
bodies could have been deposited simultaneously. Their deaths
may have resulted from starvation.
MIXED ALPINE
117, 5 S, Type E, female (Plate LVI), tomb
on slope above ancient mine road several miles
N. W. of Sounion, is a high-headed ovoid meso-
crane fragmentary cranium, with flat vertex
and lambda region. The face is square-jawed,
and appears to have been rectangular, with defi-
nite alveolar protrusion indicated by the deep-
chinned mandible. Resemblance to Type D 2
might be noted. Skeletal fragments confirm the
sex, but suggest some rugosity.
ALPINE
118, 4 S, Type C 1, same location as preceding
(Plate LVI), is a rugged spheroid brachycrane
and high-headed calva, with clear sagittal ele-
vation, flat-curved occiput, and rugged mastoids.
Pubic symphysis Phase VIII indicates age of
forty or more. Skeleton is that of a robust and
heavy-boned man with big joints, tall (5' 6"),
with big scapulae and pelvis, and a long and
much curved lumbar vertebral column combined
with probable lack of femoral torsion.7'
ROMAN PERIOD 1-ca. 450 A.D.
Out of thirty-five individuals of Roman date
from isthmian Greece nine come from Attica:
six skulls with four skeletons from the Agora
Excavations, and three skulls from the Athenian
Kerameikos, two of which with skeletons are
sisters excavated with gold and rich gifts from
a single sarcophagus by G. Vaphas in 1879,
while the remaining skull is described by
Virchow.75
74
Several unpublished skulls from the Sounion-Laurion mining district are said to be markedly
brachycrane by R. Virchow. And one of the two skulls of Classical date obtained from the Laurion
mines and seen by the author in the Athens Anthropological Museum is of Type C 5, though the
other is dolichomorph. Cf. R. Virchow, " tYber altgriechische Funde," Zeitschr. fur Ethnol., V,
1873, Verlzandluntgen, pp. 114-118.
75
R. Virchow, "tYber griechische Schidel aus alter und neuer Zeit," Dipylon III. Virchow's
measurements of the two sisters, Dipylon I and II, closely check mine.
BASIC WHITE
119, 18 AA, Type A 1, female, Athenian Agora
(Plate LVII), no data except condition of skull
which shows no contact with earth and indicates
sarcophagus burial.6 This is a long penta-
gonoid calvaria with very low, narrow, and
slightly sloping forehead, and prominent occiput
with marked lambdoid flattening.
MEDITERRANEAN
120, 14 AA, Type B 1, Athenian Agora, Section
Y, well at 9/s, 1936 (Plate LVII), is a small
low mesocrane, rounded pentagonoid craniutm,
unexpectedly heavy and muscular, with clearcut
lambdoid flattening and deep occiput. The low
face is marked by rhomboid orbits, unimpres-
sive cheekbones, and a salient, concavo-convex,
narrow-bridged nose, contrasting markedly in
profile with the medium or "civilized" degree
of overbite and concomitant prominent pointed
chin. Loss of two lower median incisors in life
appears a result of the overbite, and five or
more caries, a large abscess, and pyorrhea all
are present. In some respects the skull appears
to be a diminutive version of Type D 3. Pubic
symphysis Phase VII suggests age about thirty-
eight. Skeleton, separated by patination, anato-
my, and pairing of bones from the female
13 AA, shows short stature (5' 31/2/')
with
somewhat short shins, narrow shoulders, light
bones with small joints, and am-lbiguous pelvic
sex characters which combine clearly male with
female details. A healed fracture of the left
tibia just above the ankle was set with good
position but some lateral and anterior displace-
ment. Post-mortem breakage prevents estima-
tion of shortening, which appears slight.
121, 73 AK, Type B 1, Athenian Kerameikos,
Virchow Dipylon no. III, is a small and low-
headed mesocrane calvarium, with broad nose
and low orbits set in a small face.
DI NARIC-MEDITERRANEAN
122, 12 AA, Type F 1, female, Pnyx hill, 1936
(Plate LVII), is a brachvcrane pentagonoid
cranium, with low, full, but slightly pinched
forehead, and well-rounded occiput. The linear
face has low but rhomboid orbits, a long, nar-
row, high, and concavo-convex nose, deep mouth
region with unexpectedly developed overbite,
and excellent teeth.
123, 71 AK, Type F 1, f emale, Athenian Kera-
meikos, sister named Philotera, f rom double
tomb, 1879 (Plate LVII), is a byrsoid, brachy-
crane, and low-headed cranium (jaw now lost),
with sloping and constricted forehead, well-
filled temporals, and sharp occipital torus. The
face is of long hexagonal shape, with high and
rhomboid orbits, thin flaring cheekbones, very
long, high, thin, and straight nose with big spine
and a definite " classic profile," a shallow chin,
and marked pyorrhea contrasting with a mini-
mum of lost teeth, caries, and abscesses. Re-
semblances to Type C 5 skulls, such as 1 Sp
(Cat. No. 45), 51 AK (Cat. No. 68), and
10 AA (Cat. No. 113) are clear and puzzling.
Pathology includes marked arthritic erosion of
the articular eminences on both sides. Pubic
symphysis of late Phase VI indicates an age of
thirty-five. The long, non-muscular, and spidery
bones of the skeleton suggest a tall stature
(5' 212/'), relatively long arms, and short shins,
with predominantly female pelvic characters.
An extremely long and straight lumbar column
goes with medium f emoral torsion, eurymeria,
third trochanter, an "erosion fossa" on the neck
of the femur, and definite retroversion of the
tibial head.77
124, 72 AK, Type F 1, female, Athenian Kera-
meikos, sister named Amymone, from the double
tomb, 1879 (Plate LVIII), is almost a duplicate
of the preceding skull, except that it is broader,
with higher forehead and less bulging sides.
76
Hence of post-Classical date, since regular burial not permissible within the city limits in
Classical times.
77
Pelvis and long bones together suggest a combination of linearity and corpulence in body build.
The face is still higher with bigger and stronger
jaw, and a generally better dentition that 71 AK.
Only a minor degree of arthritis shows in the
left glenoid fossa, but a pathological foramen
Figure 13. Perforation in right mastoid process
behind the suprameatal triangle, its position and un-
healed edges suggesting that it is a result of mas-
toiditis, which conceivably might have caused the
death of 72 AK. Below is the eroded left articular
eminence of the same skull, shorwing arthritis in the
temporo-mandibular j oint. This might suggest
chronic otitis preceding the mastoid infection.
or lacuna in the sulcus beneath the right supra-
mastoid crest connects the upper air cells in the
mastoid with the exterior, and might possibly
be diagnosed in connection with slight but defi-
nite enlargement of both jugular and oval fora-
mina to indicate mastoiditis. This is illustrated
in Figure 13.78 Retro-mastoid foramina are not
enlarged. Pubic symphysis Phase VI with an
age about thirty-three confirms the cranial evi-
dence that 72 AK is the younger sister. The
skeleton is that of a big-framed, spidery-boned
woman, but differs from that of 71 AK in being
taller (5' 3") and relatively longer-legged, with
much bigger joints, bigger feet, broader shoul-
ders and hips, a large and unexpectedly deep
pelvis (Figure 14), and a six-segment hypo-
basal sacrum with incorporation of the top seg-
ment of the coccyx. Many details of skeleton
and skull of 72 AK appear male, but are contra-
dicted by the pelvis as a whole, the extreme
slenderness of long bones, and feminine name.
125, 20 AA, Type F 1, female, Athenian Agora,
Section 02, well at IV-2 64/r, no. 14a, 1938,
Late Roman date (Plate LVIII), is an almost
brachycrane, byrsoid cranium, with constricted
forehead, " rising
"
vault profile, lightly curved
and non-projecting occiput, and no lateral bulge.
The face is large and of elongate trapezoid
shape, with high square orbits, and a leptorrhine
nose, concavo-convex, and high enough to give
the profile an aquilinity which contrasts with
the orthognathous mouth region, and chin of
medium prominence. No caries occur, and only
one tooth was lost in life, but four abscesses,
marked pyorrhea, and minimal traces of arth-
ritis in glenoid fossae with perforation of the
tympanic plate are not healthy signs. A possible
approximation to Type D 3 is noted in this
skull. Pubic symphysis Phase V suggests age
of twenty-eight. The skeleton shows stature
just above the average Greek, and a compara-
tively strong build, with relatively short shins
78
It is paradoxically interesting to note that both Dixon and Myres, confused by the word
" Dipylon," dated these skulls in the Geometric period, and made generalisations concerning the
pre-Classical Greeks which later correctly dated skulls have in general confirmed. Cf. R. B. Dixon,
The Racial History of Man (New York, 1923), p. 503, and J. L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks?, p. 48.
Figure 14. Pelves of 19 AA (male), 72 AK and 20 AA (females) from Roman period
Athens. Pelvis of the male negroid 21 AA from the period of Turkish occupation. Note sex
and racial contrasts. All pelves illustrated are adjusted to the same scale (as far as photographic
perspective allows).
and forearms, short arms compared with legs,
broad shoulders, and a pelvis of ideal female
form (Figure 14). The sacrum has six seg-
ments, incorporating one from the coccyx, and
erosion fossae occur on the femoral necks. The
left radius is twisted sharply in a palmar di-
rection 15 mm. above the wrist suggesting a
reversed Colles' fracture, healed with some
osteitis.
ALPINE
126, 19 AA, Type C 3, Agora Section AA,
Grave III, 1937, Late Roman date (Plate
LVIII), is a large, heavv, brachycrane, and
ovoid cranium, with high and broad forehead,
lambdoid flattening, short occiput, and long
mastoids. The face is strong and broad, with
oblong orbits, salient straight nose which is
broad as well as high-bridged, non-projecting
mouth and deeply cleft chin. The upper right
wisdom tooth is suppressed, a minimal number
of caries and abscesses occur with pyorrhea, and
shovel incisors and an edge bite show clearly
a pronounced degree of wear. Pubic symphysis
Phase VI indicates age of about thirty-three.
The skeleton belongs to a strongly built and tall
(5' 5?") man,79
with a
large
and hyper-male
pelvis (Figure 14), a well-curved lumbar region,
medium ( ?) femoral torsion. A healed fracture
of the left ulna just above the wrist was set
with good position and only slight deviation.
Pathologic change at the junction of upper and
middle thirds of the left radius may conceivably
result from a fracture with some callus forma-
tion. Periostitis explains a spongy swelling of
the lower third of the left fibula, the real cause
of which could be a healed ulceration of some
sort.
127, 13 AA, Type C 4, female, Agora Section Y,
Well at 9/a, 1936 (Plate LVIII), is a very
short brachycrane, sphenoid cranium, with nar-
row forehead and almost vertically flat lamb-
doid-occipital region. The low face tends to be
hexagonal, with oblong and slightly tilted orbits,
small cheekbones, leptorrhine and high-bridged
concavo-convex nose, a suggestion of progna-
thism, a cleft chin, suppressed wisdom teeth
79 Reconstructed stature is valid only for groups: in the case of individuals it may err by several
centimeters because of peculiarities of posture or vertebral column height. But it does give the only
single estimate possible of body size for individuals. Likewise age estimated from phases of the
pubic symphysis may fall far from the true chronological age at death, though it is probably a good
indication of the physiological age of the individual.
(except
upper left), one abscess and few caries,
pyorrhea, and a slight (to medium) overbite.
The) ragged hole in the upper left occipuit was
probably received post mortem. The skeleton
shows a stature hardly above medium, with
short forearms, and long bones with fairly well
developed muscle attachments. The very broad
pelvis is hyper-female in general character, and
the sacrum has six segments through incorpora-
tion of the topmost coccygeal.
BYZANTINE ca. 450-1300 A.D.
Only two fragmentary skulls of Byzantine
date are extant from Attica, from the Agora
Excavations. This contrasts with thirty-eighat
available for Central Greece as a whole.
MEDITERRANEAN
128,22 AA, Type B 2, female, Agora Section Y,
communal tomb at 26-28/ME, 1937, is a high-
headed, rhomboid, dolichomorph calvaria, with
low and narrow forehead, sharp parietal bosses,
lambdoid flattening, and a sharply bent occiput.
A jaw fragment has a shallow chin and one
abscess.
ALPINE
129, 23 AA, Type C 2, same provenience (Plate
LIX), is a mesocrane ( ?), ovoid-byrsoid calva,
with a low and broad forehead, and nasalia sug-
gestinig a straight nose with high and broad root
and little depression at nasion.
TURKISH OR "MODERN" 1400-1900 A.D.
Attic remains of this hazy period include one
skeleton from the Agora Excavations, and three
skulls and skeletal fragments from unauthorized
digging at Sounion, two of them f rom beneath
the floor of the temple of Poseidon, and all of
them removed to the Athens Anthropological
Museum through order of Dr. G. P. Oi-
konomnos.80
130, 21 AA, Agora Section AA, Grave I, 1937
(Plate LIX), is a high-headed, mesocrane,
ovoid calvarium, with a low and constricted
forehead, large and close-set frontal bosses, a
prominent occiput, and peculiarly thin mastoids.
The face is strikingly short and broad, trans-
versely flat with forward-thrusting cheekbones
enclosing low and rhomboid orbits, and a
markedly chaemerrhine, broad-rooted and broad-
bridged nose with "
waisted" or "corset-
shaped" nasalia space and no trace of lower
borders f or the nasal aperture. But the most
striking thing is the excessively prognathous
and concave facial profile, protruding especially
in the alveolar region, and in spite of loss of
the central incisors (evulsion?). The low and
large U-shaped palate shows no abscesses, slight
pyorrhea, and three-cusped wisdom teeth. Pubic
symphysis of early Phase VII indicates an age
about thirty-six. The skeleton is tall (5' 612ff),
heavy-boned, with linear body build indicated
by short clavicles and very narnow pelvis, and
indication of relatively long shins compared to
thighs. The pelvis is small, with much con-
stricted inlet and outlet, contrasting with large
hip sockets. The lumbar vertebral column is
short and relatively straight, and femoral tor-
sion is absent. Platymeria and platycnemia are
absent.
All the pathological changes in the bones of
21 AA (Figure 15), probably including the loss
of teeth, are results of violence. A depressed
skull fracture in the hinder part of the lower
left parietal has a rounded and sharp rim not
unlike the print of a horse's shod hoof. The
left humerus shows a healed midshaft fracture,
with poor position, overriding laterally of lower
fragment, and anterior deviation of this frag-
ment apparently from tension of the biceps
muscle. The right femur shows a healed green-
stick fracture in the midshaft region, involving
only slight bowing. And the pelvis shows a
pathological exostosis welding the whole an-
terior edge of the sacroiliac joint, anld apparently
80
Provenience is witnessed by the local phylax, and by human bones weathering out beneath
the temple floor.
Figure 15. Pathology in 21 AA, from the Athenian
Agora. Arthritic
lipping
and
incipient
"mushrooming" of lumbar vertebrae
(upper left); horseshoe-shaped depressed
fracture of
left parietal (lower left); greenstick fracture of
right
f emoral
shaft, and fracture of left
humerus (riglht side of
illustration).
connected with a f racture of the sacrum.
Arthritic exostoses and " mushrooming" mark
the lower three lumbar vertebrae.
A careful racial analysis of the skull and
skeleton of 21 AA leads to the unexpected but
inevitable conclusion that this man was a negro,
probably of Sudanic or Ethiopian origin, and
possibly
with a little white
blood.8'
131, 1 S, from beneath floor of temple of Po-
-eidon at Sounion, 1937 (Plate LIX), is a
large and rather high-headed, pentagonoid and
almnost short-headed craniumii, with heavy brow-
ridges, high and sharply sloping forehead, large
parietal bosses, and large mastoids. The broad
face shows almost horizontal orbits, and profile
marked by nasality, retreating cheekbones, al-
veolar prognathism, medium overbite. and
medium chin projection. Dentition is excellent.
The skull as a whole approaches closest to Type
Fl, as a compromise between Basic White and
Alpine tendencies apparent in it.82 The skeletal
scraps indicate a short stature and platymeria.
132, 2 S, female, same provenience (Plate
LIX), is a somewhat frailer version of 1 So,
with sphenoid head form, clearer lambdoid flat-
tening, lower and smaller face, and slightly less
salient nose.
133, 3 S, Type D 2, from a cave on Sounion
promontory (Plate LIX), is a strikingly high-
headed, smooth-vaulted but pentagonoid, long-
headed cranium, with erect forehead and deep
occiput. The rectangular and relatively thin
face is marked by compressed cheekbones,
drooping orbits, large and concavo-convex
nose,
and shallow jaw with marked overbite alnd very
prominent chin. The dentition is poor, with
1 to 4 teeth lost in life, 5 to 8 caries, a few
abscesses, and pyorrhea, together with marked
wear in spite of barely incipient closure of
sagittal and coronal sutures. Pubic symphysis
Phase VII indicates an age ot about thirty-six,
however. The stature equates that of the aver-
age Ancient Greek, and is thus short compared
to that of modern Greeks. The build is broad-
shouldered, with relatively long legs, and the
pelvis is markedly male, with six sacral seg-
ments, incorporating the 5th lumbar vertebra.
General condition of bone as well as state of
dentition suggest that this is a modern Greek,
buried within the last generation or two.
RACIAL CHANGE IN ATTICA
We are now ready to discuss the four problems outlined at the beginning of
this paper. In a comparison of Tables V and VI 83
it is clear that Attica shows in
general the same succession of racial changes as Isthmian Greece as a whole. The
interdigitation of biological with cultural change will be clarified through super-
81
Together with the fractures, which suggest that the man may have been severely kicked by a
horse when he was a childl, the negroid features point toward the following speculation: that this
man was a groom or stable-manager imported by a Turkish pasha with a team of Arab horses. This
suggestion is not meant as a final explanation, however.
82 The skulls 1 and 2 S would not seem out of place in a Roman period series, or of course one
of later date, though the dental condition is far better than that of a modern Greek. On the other
hand it might be just conceivable, though unlikely from a racial standpoint, that these bodies were
buried before the erection of the temple rather than
during the Later Middle Ages. These and the
other "
Turkish" period skulls are of course excluded from the total series of ancient Greeks and
the types.
83 And Table VIII with Tables 8 and 9 in J. L. Angel,
" A Racial Analysis of the Ancient
Greeks."
imposing the following discussion on the ethnic scheme proposed by Blegen,84 and
will gain interest in correlation with the svntheses of Childe, Hawkes, Myres, Diller,
Tod, and Tarn.85
NEOLITHIC
The first known inhabitants of Attica must have been Mediterranean in type,
like 32 AA (Cat. No. 4) 86 with some short-headed Alpine tendencies as in 1 AA
(Cat. No. 1) and 31 AA (Cat. No. 3).87 These original invading farmers included
also " Megalithic " (Type A 1) individuals as a minor element, apparent in 27 AA
(Cat. No. 2) in dinaricised form.88 This first influx during the fourth millennium
B.C. was followed by intrusion of the Dimini culture into Greece, introducing Nordic-
Iranian or Dinaric-Iranian racial influences.89 Probably Alpines eventually of Central
European iMesolithic origin"9 also reached as far as Attica. In any case, mixture
84
C. W. Blegen,
"
Athens and the Early Age of Greece," Athenian Stutdies Presented to W. S.
Ferguson, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Suppl. Vol. I, 1940,
pp.
1-9, especially pp. 5-9.
" Preclassical Greece," Studies in the Arts and Architecture, Univ. of Penn. Bicentennial Conference
(Philadelphia, 1941), pp. 1-14, especially pp. 7-14.
85 V. G. Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization (New York, 1939), pp. 65-85. C. F. C.
Hawkes, The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe (London, 1940), pp. 238, 377.
J.
L. Myres, W,0ho
Were the Greeks? (Berkeley, 1930), passim. A. Diller, "Race Mixture among the Greeks before
Alexander," Illinois Stud. in Languagc and Literature, XX, Nos. 1-2, tJniv. of Illinois, Urbana,
1937, especially pp. 18-32, pp. 60-158. M. N. Tod, "The Economic Background of the Fiftl
Century," The
Camiibridge Ancient History, V, Athens, 478-401 B. C. (New York, 1927),
pp.
1-32.
WV. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisation (London, 1930), passim.
86
Possibly of Southeastern origin. Cf. T. D. McCown, The JN'atufian Crania from Mllt. Carmel,
Palestine, and Their Interrelationships, Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1939.
87
Cf. the somewhat angular, short-faced brachycrane from Neolithic Leukas, in G. Velde,
"Anthropologische Untersuchungen auf Leukas."
88
Obvious in comparison of the long-jawed and scaphoid hyperdolichocrane from Neolithic
Hageorgitika in east Arcadia with certain of the Mesolithic Natufians described by McCown,
loc. cit., and by 1I. V. Vallois, " Les ossements Natoufiens d'Erq-el-Ahmar (Palestine)," L'Anthro-
pologie, XLVI, 1936, pp. 529-543; with Chalcolithic skulls from Megiddo cursorily described in
A. Hrdli6ka, " Skeletal remains," in P. L. 0. Guy and R. M. Engberg, " Megiddo Tombs," Or. Inst.
Publ., XXXIII, Chicago, 1938, pp. 192-208; with Bronze Age Mesopotamians described by A. Keith,
"Report on the Iuman Remains," in H. R. Hall and C. L. Woolley, Ur Excavations. Al 'Ubaid, I
(Oxford, 1927), pp. 214-240; with the Thermi III skull from M\ytilene; and with elements in the
Submycenaean population of Cephallenia which plausibly continue Neolithic tendencies (though
the Astaka skulls are Mediterranean).
89 Cf. J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, pp. 216-217 for data mainly from K.
Droncilov and D. Jaranov showing that Boian, Gumelnitsa, and Cucuteni culture sites in North
Bulgaria and Moldavia show both Dinaroids and prognathous, broad-nosed Danubians or Pontic
Mediterraneans, as well as hawk-nosed Corded Nordics and low-headed Alpines. The Servia and
Tsangli Neolithic skulls (J. L. Angel, loc. cit., and W. L. H. Duckworth, "Human skull from
Thessaly") illustrate gracile Dinaric-Mediterranean and slightly dinaroid Iranian individual comn-
binations in Macedonia and in Thessaly respectively.
90 W. Scheidt, Die Eiszeitlichen Schddelfunde aus der grossen Ofnet-Hohle, und von Kauferts-
berg bei N6rdlingen (Miinchen, 1923).
of all four elements, MNlediterranean, "Megalithic," Dinaric-Iranian and Alpine, would
conveniently explain the features of 27 AA in particular and those of the other Agora
Neolithic skulls. This formation of hybrid groups in relative isolation in Neolithic
Attica must have intensified subsequent mixture with Early Helladic intruders.
EARLY HELLADIC
This metal-using, mercantile sea culture is said to penetrate via the Cyclades,"
though the original source of the population may be southeastern as well as Anatolian.
Anatolian skeletal material of third millennium B.C. date 92 shows a Mediterranean-
Iranian combination (wvhich Coon labels Cappadocian) sometimes with pseudo-negroid
prognathism and nasal breadth, a definite
"
Megalithic" element, and some Alpine
influence. Three third millennium east Cypriote skulls are of low-headed Alpine
(Type C 5) form with Mediterranean traits."' And the early existence of Eastern'
Alpines as well as Basic Whites in this general area is plausible on the basis of the
plentiful Late Bronze Age material from east Cyprus. Cypriote-Syrian, S. Anatolian,
and N. W. Anatolian connections for Early Cycladic islanders are plausible as far
as the inadequate island material is concerned.94 Syros and Thera have produced
dolichocrane skulls, Naxos mesocrane, and Amorgos, Paros, Antiparos, and Siphnos
mainly brachycranes with cranial indices from 80-83: Mediterranean and some
Basic White types tend to occur peripheral to a cenitral Cycladic nucletus of high-headed
Eastern Alpines or Dinarics and probably low-headed Alpines also. At this time Crete
probably contained Mediterranean and short-faced Basic White (Type A 3) types
91
Cf. G. Mylonas,
"
Excavations at Hagios Kosmas," p. 277. H. Goldman, Excavations at
Eutresis in Boeotia
(Cambridge, 1931), pp. 227-228.
92 W. M. Krogmaan, " Cranial types from Alisar Hiuyiik." M. S. Senyiirek,
"
Anadolu Bakir
qaki
ve eti sekenesinin kraniyolojik tetkiki," Tirk Tarih Kururtu, Bell., XIX, 1941, pp. 219-254.
R. W. Ehrich, " Preliminary Notes on Tarsus Crania," A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, pp. 87-92. And my
own studies of human remains from Troy, Babakoy, and Thermi.
93
C. M. Fuirst, "Prahistorische Bev6lkerung der Insel Cypern," pp. 58-63. Following pages
for Late Bronze Age material, pp. 11-47.
C. Stephanos, " I1es tombeaux Premyceniens de Naxos," Congres mt. d'ArcI., Athens, 190$,
pp. 216-225. J. G. Garson, " Notes on Ancient Greek Skull from Antiparos," Journ. Hell. Stud.,
V, 1884, pp. 58-59. I.
Kovtapry,
"O E/Kap(TtO' KpavtacKO, &tKThJS frt Kapaic
rrys
TXXJaos, EAX.
Avppwat.
'Er., HpaKrKa', VII, 1930, pp. 18-40. And my own impressions of unmeasured crania in the Athens
Anthropological Museum.
95
Island ATo. skulls: both se.;res Cranial index
Syros 9 75.77 (72-83) Dolicho-mesocrane
Amorgos 1 82 Brachycrane
Naxos ? ............ Mesocrane
Paros 5 80.00 (72-85) Brachy-mesocrane
Antiparos 2 males 81.33 (80-81) Brachycrane
Siphnos ? ............ Hypobrachycrane
Thera 5 73.00 (70-78) Dolichocrane
with only a trace of Alpine influence. Neolithic Cretan crania excavated from lime-
stone caves in N. E. Crete by J. D. S. Pendlebury, and seen but not studied in the
Athens Anthropological Museum, include rugged Basic Whites as well as the ex-
pected Mediterraneans stressed by other observers
"
and included in Duckworth's
E. M.-M. M. series.97
E. H. Attica shows evidence of eastern or southeastern intruders both among
long-heads such as 2 HaK (Cat. No. 6-) and 4 HaK (Cat. No. 7) and short-heads
like 3 IHaK (Cat. No. 20) and 9 HaK (Cat. No. 22). A
Basic-White, Mediterranean,
Eastern-Alpine loose combination is characteristic of the period, with emphasis on
the central Basic White (Type A 3) rather than " Megalithic." 98 Iranian traits in
7 HaK (Cat. No. 15) and 4 HaK (Cat. No. 7) are comparable to the Basic White,
Iranian mixture current in West Anatolia. Nordic-Iranian 11 HaK (Cat. No. 16)
and 15 HaK (Cat. No. 17) are comparable to northeastern " Corded" and " Danu-
bian" types.99 Mixture with the Neolithic population established a Basic White,
Mediterranean pre-Greek population substratum, and began the blending of Eastern
and European Alpines with this and with each other: a process forming the dynamic
basis of Greek racial change ever since. But these stocks did not form a homogeneous
blend in their physical characteristics. Mutually exclusive minute similarities between
skulls of contrasting racial type suggest family resemblances in a highly variant, small,
and isolated local group. The mean measurements of the Hagios Kosmas group are
larger than those of Greece as a whole at this time, but with little divergence in pro-
portions except perhaps for more leptorrhine nose.
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
rThis is held to be marked by the entrance of the first Greek-speakers. Un-
measured Middle Helladic skulls or dubiously dated
"
Geometric or M. H."' skulls
from Eleusis include Corded Nordic and Nordic-Alpine as well as Mediterranean
types, and suggest strongly that Attica shared in the racial change which Table V
shows sweeping enough to point to an invasion. The Argolis crania are Corded Nordic
6WV. B. Dawkins, " Skulls from Cave Burials at Zakro," B.S.A., VII, 1900-01, pp. 150-155.
W. L. H. Duckworth,
"
Hunan Remains at Hagios Nikl aos," B.S.A., IX, 1902-03, pp. 344-355.
97
"c Archaeological and Ethnological Researches in Crete," Brit. Assn. for Adv. of Sci., 82nd
'meeting report, Dundee, 1912 (London, 1913),
pp.
224-268.
98 Dinaric-Mediterranean trends among the E. H. Corinthians from Cheliotomylos, with other
details remind me of Lower Egyptian crania. Cf. Elliot Smith's " Giza type." Nothing comparable
appears among the Attic skulls, where 27AA (Cat. No. 2) shows dinaricisation already in the
Neolithic period.
9`
Cf. G. Debetz,
"
Les cranes de Verchny-Saltov," Anthropologic, Kiev, IV, 1930, pp. 93-105.
The cord-marked potterv from E. H. Eutresis may reflect northern intrusions antedating the Middle
Bronze Age. H. Goldman, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia (Cambridge, 1931), pp. 122-123, and
C. F. C. Hawkes, The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe (London: Methuen, 1940), pp. 237-240.
in type with some Iranian traits. The single adolescent male from Eutresis is of
Nordic-Alpine type.100 But Eastern Alpines (Types C 4 and C 5) also occur at this
time at sites along the eastern coast of Greece."0' In Middle Helladic timnes
sharp
separation between types is characteristic,102 and it is in L. H. I and II periods that
Mixed Alpines are striking. This is the context of the Thorikos skeleton from Attica,
whose Basic White similarities recall the pre-Greek racial substratum. Such blending
must have continued as the hybrid population expanded and an incipient urban eco-
nomic level was reached.
IATE HELLADI1C III
In this period absorption of Nordic-Iranian and Alpine types is complete enough
for striking dominance of Mediterraneans and Basic Whites in Attica. Individual
Alpines, like 1 Sp (Cat. No. 45) or 16 Ma (Cat. No. 43), Nordic-Iranians like 28AA
(Cat. No. 37), or Dinaroids, like 8 Ma (Cat. No. 38) emphasize persistence of
Nordic-Iranian and Alpine single traits in basically Mediterranean skulls.103 And the
average Mycenaean inhabitant of Attica, with slightly smaller vault and longer and
more orthognathous face than the average Mycenaean Greek, shows a definite Dina-
roid trend within the limits of dominance by the old pre-Greek racial combination.
S UBMYCENAEAN
Athenians of this date are as varied as the name Pamphyloi implies, though they
inhabited a city which a generation or more earlier had resisted siege by the first
wave of Dorians.104 The average Submycenaean is close to the average Early Iron
100
H. Goldman, op. cit., Grave 12 ( ?) ; skeleton studied in Thebes museum. This suggests
mixture with hypothetical Macedonian Alpines if Corded Nordic invaders came by a northern route.
An eastern one is likely. Comparative data suggest South Russian, Kuban, North Iranian ultimate
origins for the Nordic-Iranians reaching Greece. Cf. G. Debetz, op. cit., and W. M. Krogman,
"Racial Types from Tepe Hissar, Iran," fig. 4.
101
Especially 10 FA; 12 FA, 20 FA from M. H. Argolis; 1 Sk, an unpublished type C 5 skull
from an L. H. II chamber tomb at Staphylos on Skopelos; and 1 Sp (Cat. No. 45) from Spata, 2 FD,
the " queen " from Midea, and 4 FH from the Argive Heraeum all of Mycenaean date. Cf. C. M.
Fiirst, " Prahistorische Griechen in Argolis," especially p. 57, noting Fiirst's inapplicable use of the
term " Armenoid." W. M. Krogman, " The Cranial Types," 1933, and " Cranial Types from Alisar
Huiyuik," 1937, describes low-headed Alpines of Bronze and HIittite Empire dates in central Anatolia
which are close to a " European-Pamir" type and identical with the Greek Type C 5; a Troy IV
calvaria fits in here.
102 A Sigma Ratio of 119.44 for Isthmian Greece (dominantly an Argolis series) at this period,
indicates great variability, confirming the subjective impression made by the period group on
museum shelves.
103 It is not possible to determine definitely whether this absorption results from numerical or
genetic preponderance of the earlier population in Attica, or whether reinforcement by any closely
similar Minoan or Cycladic people could have occurred and assisted in absorption of Nordic-Iranians
and Alpines.
104 Q. Broneer, " A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia, VIII, 1939,
pp. 317-430.
Age Greek male. And increase in European Alpine, Dinaric-Mediterranean, and
Nordic-Iranian types over their frequencies in Late Helladic III suggests that the
amazing Submycenaean type diversity obvious in Plates XLVII to L is a result of
the arrival of invaders.105 Except for too definite an Iranian element the new tendencies
in Attica approximate
the Alpine and Dinaric (-Nordic) combination which present
material suggests as typical of the Dorians,106 though such a combination was probably
typical of many North or West Greek and Illyrian-speaking peoples at this time.
MVediterraneans maintain themselves well in Attica 107 and a minor Basic White ele-
ment continues. Emigration to Asia Minor or elsewhere might be a factor in racial
change at this time, and might tend to reduce variability through selective effect.108
GEOMETRIC
The average Athenian of this period is similar to the average Early Iron Age
Greek male, but with a subtly more Dinaroid total impression. Both Mediterraneans
and intermediate individuals are frequent. Subjectively the group appears less hetero-
geneous than in the Submycenaean period,`9
and blending begins to approach the
smooth interlocking of types characteristic of the Classical period. Thus two racial
processes were going on in Attica at this time: qualitatively the absorption of Alpines
and Dinaroids by the dominantly Mediterranean type leftovers from the full 1\/Iy-
cenaean period (L. H. III) or Early Bronze Age; quantitatively the gradual fusion
of the variable types formed and admitted in the short period of invasion, local isola-
tion and piracy which intervened between L. H. III and Classical periods of relative
prosperity.
CLASSICAL
This period sees the re-created dominance of Mediterraneans and Basic Whites
so combined with the Early Iron Age intruders as to form Mixed Alpines like 11 AA
105
Probably from the north and northwest judging by the Iron Age crania from Illyria and
Classical Macedonians from Olynthus. Cf. 1. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, Table IV.
106
Unpublished skulls from Geometric Corinth, supplemented by a small minority in the
Cephallenian Submycenaean series and by Geometric inhabitants of Asine, in C. M. Fiirst, op. cit.,
pp. 112-117.
107 Notably among the females, and possibly as a result of refugees from the Peloponnese as
well as Mycenaean survivals.
108 Aeolians and Ionians of 6th to 1st century B.C. date show added Basic White and Mixed
Alpine elements combined with local Iranian and Dinaric-Alpine types as seen in series combined
in J. L. Angel, loc. cit., from data of Schumacher, Zaborowski, and Virchow. A parallel change in
Cyprus shows still clearer Mediterranean reinforcement. Cf. C. M. Fiirst, " Praihistorische Bev6l-
kerung der Insel Cypern," pp. 58-59, 62-63, 90-91, plates XLVII-XLVIII, and L. H. D. Buxton,
"The Anthropology of Cyprus," Journ. Royal Anthrop. Inst., L, 1920, pp. 183-235.
109 Though sharp racial differences show between members of one " clan " or kinship group,
as in any mixed people. Cf. J. L. Angel, " Geometric Athenians," pp.
237-241.
(Cat. No. 105) and to continue the Nordic-Iranian minority generally with one or
two Basic White, Mediterranean, or Alpine traits apparent in individuals, as 66 AK
(Cat. No. 102). A very probable increase in Athenian stature and body size occurs,
perhaps as a result of improved diet and public health conditions. A stature of 5' 5?/4",
based on only three individuals (though consonant with that of Greece as a whole at
this date), is half way between that of the Early Iron Age and modern Greece and
equivalent to that of modern France or North Italy.1"0 The Classical culture climax
(like the Mycenaean) follows a period when individuals of both rugged and gracile
Mediterranean type, of Alpine, and of Nordic-Iranian type were freshly interacting
and were crossing to produce a normally variable, or " homogeneous " blend. Athenian
skulls definitely appear more evenly blended than those of the Early Iron Age in spite
of addition of large numbers of metics and slaves. Apparently outbreeding and popu-
lation increase were sufficiently marked to allow considerable absorption of foreigners."'
The average Classical Athenian has a lower skull than the average Greek of the period,
a broader forehead, a higher face with bigger, less salient, and leptorrhine nose, and
bigger jaws. This agrees with the tendency among the males for more Mixed Alpine
and Mediterranean-Iranian strains, the former apparent in vault form and in non-
saliency of nose, and the latter in face characters."1' In these very slight differences
the classical Athenian approximates more closely the artistic ideal. Athenians now
appear to be somewhat closer in average measurements to Anatolian coast Greeks of
mostly Hlellenistic date than to contemporary Egyptians, Etruscans, Illyrians, or even
Macedonians."3 This may indicate parallel development rather than effects of earlier
colonisation. It might mask Aeolian or Ionian additions to Athenian inheritance also.
A slight degree of local heterogeneity in Classical times may be illustrated by the few
Kouvara skulls listed in Table VII.
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN
Certainly the scanty data from Attica suggest less blending of racial elements
than in Classical times. Poor dentition as seen in overbites, shallow and projecting
110
C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe, pp. 251-256.
1 This
"
blended " appearance is not accounted for- by social selection in cemeteries of the
upper classes, since observation in the Athens Anthropological Museun of both ordinary Athenians
and fettered
"
slave" skeletons from Phaleron show the same Mediterranean, Nordic-Iranianl,
Mixed Alpine blend in each group. Such skulls as 10 AA (Cat. No. 113), 67 AK (Cat. No. 111 ),
and 4 K (Cat. No. 112) of Eastern Alpine type perhaps furnish evidence for metic or slave immi-
gration from the southeast.
112
Photographs of two otherwise undescribed 4th and 3rd century B.C. Athenians are pre-
dominantly Mixed Alpine (combining Type C 5 and A) and Iranian (Type D 3 with Mediterranean
traits), conforming with this generalisation. See L. H. D. Buxton, " Greek Skulls from Attica,"
Biom,tetri ka, XIII, 1920-21, pp. 92-112, plate III.
113 See Table IV of J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, pp. 238-239. Data of
Schumacher, Zaborowski, Virchow, Sergi, Pearson and Davin, Weisbach and Schwidetzky.
chins, crowding and suppression of wisdom teeth may be linked with dietary and
cultural factors. The average Athenian now has a slightly smaller and shorter vault
than the average contemporary Greek, with big and salient nose.114 Attica is more
Dinaric-Alpine than Greece as a whole, but with a Mediterranean minority. Iranian
traits occur in both contexts. And the racial change from Classical times may result
from absorption of Mediterranean and Eastern Alpine immigrants as well as the
more obvious Dinarics and Alpines.1"5 Selective effects of warfare and starvation on
a decreasing population as suggested by the infant slaughter shown in Figure 12,
must also be a cause of racial change at this time.
BYZANTINE AND LATER
In the virtual absence of Athenian skulls of Byzantine date one can only guess
that immigration trends probable in Roman times continued (as in modern tirnes):
a Mediterranean and Eastern Alpine (later also Armenoid) one from the sea,
and
an Alpine and Dinaric one from the north. In Byzantine times such Alpines spoke
Slavic dialects; now they speak Albanian. Avar mercenaries and other intruders with
Avar gear were intermediate between a Corded Nordic and delicate Pontic Medi-
terranean norm,
16
which disagrees with the above generalisation but accords with
data on the early Slavs.1"7 No " Avar " skulls from Attica have been examined, and
none of those from Corinth is of the mixed Mongoloid type of true Avars.
The three Turkish period skulls from Attica do not contradict the hypothesis
just proposed. And in modern times Athenians give the impression of mainly Mixed
Alpine or Alpine with Basic White tendencies, without reinforcement of the Dinaric
trend already iiiportant in Roman times."ls
This comparative analysis of skeletal remains from Attica shows that a Basic
White, Mediterranean combination with Eastern and European Alpine influence
formed the original pre-Greek substratum of the population. Evidence for a Middle
Bronze Age invasion of Nordic-Iranians with Nordic-Alpines, and of Eastern Alpines
114
The male averages in Table VII show an exaggerated gracile Mediterranean tendency, to be
corrected by the Dinaric trend in the females, as in Table VI. Here it is
possible
to check the
inaccuracy (apparently) of a sample of inadequate numbers.
115 19 AA (Cat. No. 126), 4 S (Cat. No. 118), 20 AA (Cat. No. 125), 71 AK (Cat. No. 123),
and 72 AK (Cat. No. 124) could all be of northwestern origin.
116
According to nine rather fragmentary skulls from graves in Corinth. See also G. Davidson
Weinberg, " The Avar Invasion of Corinth," Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 227-240, with note on Avar
skulls by J. Koumaris, p. 230.
117
G. Debetz,
"
Les crines de Verchny-Saltov." C. S. Coon, The Races of Eutrope, p. 218.
118
Personal impressions. I measured only five living Athenians, Duckworth measured three,
and there are few more published. A small sample of 37 modern Greek males from the whole area
south of Thessaly shows a generally Alpine trend, with only slight deviations in either Dinaric or
Basic White and Mediterranean direction. See also C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 606-607.
is almost lacking at present in Attica. But continuation of the original population
in Mycenaean times is clear, except for individuals like 28 AA (Cat. No. 37) who
might be descendants of Middle Bronze Age invaders. There is good evidence for
an Early Iron Age intrusion of peoples bringing Alpine, Dinaroid, ancl even Nordic-
Iranian characteristics, with subjective evidence that absorption of these new strains
was fairly rapid. Continuation of the long-headed subgroups (Nordic-Iranian, Basic
White, and especially Mediterranean) during this time and into greater strengtlh in
the Classical period indicates successful absorption of invaders more than reinforce-
ment of the original population strains. The Roman period sample is too small for
useful conclusions, though the Dinaric-Alpine dominance in single skull descriptions
is noteworthy in the light of the Alpine, Basic White, Dinaric combination dominant
among modern Greeks of this general region.
From present data, therefore, we have a partial solution to the first problem
suggested in this paper. The character of the central race mixture in Attica is clear,
and it is clear that racial changes great enough to indicate an invasion are demonstrable
from at least one period: the Early Iron Age. But considering the sundering effects
of Greek geography the evidence for racial continuity is more remarkable than that
for sharp changes.
IS THERE AN ATHENIAN "TYPE"?
The second problem also cannot be answered definitely with small samples.
Athenian averages in Table VII differ fairly consistently from those of period groups
of Greek males
"'
in the following directions: Athenians tend to be longer-nosed,
slightly longer-faced, and slightly bigger-jawed than Greeks as a whole. Possibly
Athenians had broader foreheads with lower and relatively broader heads. The
probable reality of differences of this nature is reinforced by Athenian excesses of
Dinaric-Mediterranean and Alpine types, though allowance must be made for over-
weighting of the Athenian total series by the Early Iron Age group, with its Alpine-
Dinaric type dominance. In any case it is quite clear that there is no clearcut
Athenian type.
How close to reality are the artistic representations
of Athenians? Classical
sculpture portrays in general a central type with a well-filled, mesocephalic,
and
perhaps rather low head, with broad and low forehead; a face notable for its stan-
dardized, beak-like, high-rooted,
and long nose, an orthognathous face, not small in
size, intermediate in proportions, with prominent chin, and with a definite suggestion
of lateral strength of jowls and cheekbones. The body build is dominantly lateral,
" mesomorphic," often with disharmonic elongation of extremities. Classical Athenian
skeletal material does not disagree with this, and tends to confirm it, so far as it can.
119 J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks,"
Table 8.
Lack
of continuity of nose-forehead profile in the majority of skulls might be changed
among the living by fleshy bridging of the nasion depression. But it seems likely
that this nasal hallmark of Greek drawing and sculpture is dominantly an exaggerated
convention.
HETEROGENEITY
As for the third problem, we lack any objective measure of variability of the
series from the Agora and elsewhere in Attica. But the skulls appear subjectively
to be as lacking in homogeneity as the total series of Greeks, with Early Helladic
and Early Iron Age material seemingly more heterogeneous than Mycenaean
or
Classical groups. This is less certain.
The Geometric crania from the Agora provide some very interesting data on the
minute " family " similarities which can be detected between individuals of divergent
racial type buried in what is presumably a family cemetery.120 The individuals 3 AA
(Cat. No. 82), 5 AA (Cat. No. 86), and 6 AA (Cat. No. 83) represent the earlier
generation, born probably ca. 770-740 B.C. The individuals 8 AA (Cat. No. 78),
30 AA (Cat. No. 84), 4 AA (Cat. No. 76), and 7 AA (Cat. No. 77) represent a
younger generation or generations, born ca. 725-700 B.C. Common jaw features unite
5, 30, and 6 AA on the one hand, and 4, 7, and 8 AA on the other. The former con-
form to robust Alpinoid features, and the latter more to Mediterranean. The individual
3 AA appears intermediate, though nearer to the former. Similar cheekbone and
lower orbital modelling unite 6, 5, and 30 AA, reminding the observer of Mesolithic
Alpine and Basic White characteristics. A horseshoe-shaped norma occipitalis vault-
ing unites 5, 8, 30, and 4 AA, contrasting with a slightly gabled and flat-sided form
seen in 6, 7, and 3 AA. Further examples of cross-similarities occur in the teeth,
mastoid processes, and occipital bone. The group as a whole represents a mixing of
dominantly Nordic, Mediterranean, Iranian leftovers from the Submycenaean
popula-
tion (3 AA for examiple) themselves retaining some Alpine traits, with a fresh Alpine-
Dinaroid group (cf. 5 AA and 6 AA). The mixed characters of 3, 5, and 6 AA all
suggest several generations of combination before the end of the eighth century B.C.,
when the younger generation definitely shows some segregation and some loss of
Alpine traits.
Such shifting heterogeneity as this example illustrates is a natural product
of
Greek environment. And the extent to which genetic mixture of the type exemplified
in the Agora material helped to build the basis for Hellenic cultural achievement
will
be clarified by correlation with Blegen's model of the dynamics of fusion of diverse
material, social, and even psychological elements to form the culture of Classical
Athens.
120
J. L. Angel,
"
Geometric Athenians."
He simplifies the prehistoric influxes and cultural changes into three main layers: 121
Neolithic (with outside origin unplaced though necessary); Early Bronze (with
southeast origin, linguistic kinship of the whole Aegean including Crete and S. W.
Anatolia, and a premature end by violence except in Crete); and Middle Bronze (with
intrusion of first Greek-speakers, probably proto-lonians, a destructive cultural revo-
lution, and gradual resumption of dominating Minoan trade relations with gradual
addition of more Indo-Europeans perhaps from ca. 1600 onward toward the period's
end in the climax of Mycenaean culture soon after 1400 B.C.). Skeletal material is
inadequate to test for a biological shift corresponding to the Neolithic, Early Bronze
ethnic change, though I believe more material may show such a biological change as
well as the local diversity logical in Greek geography. Although scanty Attic skeletal
remains can do no more than tentatively agree, remains from Isthmian Greece as a
whole confirm an invasion in the Middle Bronze Age (Tables V and VI).
Blegen posits 122 that Mycenaean civilization as evolved at the start of the four-
teenth century lasted for three hundred years of slow progressive decline, both ma-
terial and artistic; that Early Greece wvas a melting-pot for fusion of elements of
diverse origins,123 with local variations in the proportions of the three chief ingre-
dients mentioned above; and that after Dorian destruction of Mycenaean towns by
fire (except in Attica? 124) Mycenaean tradition continued into Protogeometric times
and an era of fusion of population elements ensued more successfully than before,
since the Dorians were akin to the Mycenaean stock. By 900 B.C. amalgamation had
produced the Hellenes.
Skeletal material certainly confirms a lively biological blending in full Mlycenaean
times (L. H. III): outbreeding probably linked 'With population increase as well as
with achievement of an early urban " civilization." And this Late Helladic III blend
rettirns to the direction of biological change established in pre-Greek times, before
the Middle Bronze Age.
But although it may be true that actual Dorians never succeeded in settling in
Attica, the process of fusion there was interrupted 12' by an invasion in Submycenaean
times of people not closely similar biologrically to the Mycenaean stock,126 though simi-
lar linguistically and probably produced by late Mycenaean racial blending parallel
to that of Attica. This meant a fairly short interlude of striking heterogeneity before
resumption of the process of amalgamation whose details in Geometric times are
suggested by the Athenian Agora material discussed above. Just as in full Mycenaean
121
C. WV. Blegen,
"
Athens and the Early Age of Greece," pp. 5-7;
"
Preclassical Greece," pp. 7-14.
122
C. W Blegen,
"
Preclassical Greece," loc cit.
123
C. W. Blegen,
"
Athens and the Early Age of Greece," p. 8.
124 C. W. Blegen,
loc.
cit., p. 9.
125
Contrast C. W. Blegen, loc. cit., p. 9.
126
Contrast C. W. Blegen,
"
Preclassical Greece," pp.
7-14.
times, this fusion achieved a fairly definite blend, relatively homogeneous, to form the
Athenians 12 in a complex mould not precisely like the biological combinations else-
where in Classical Greece. Changes in the scarcely useable Attic samples of Roman
and later times are in the direction of modern Greeks.128
Blegen gives the rather surprisingly strong continuity of culture in Greece, an
almost inevitable corollary of cultural fusion, as deep a value in formation of the
Athenians as amalgamation of the three main folk layers.129 And as pointed out above
racial continuity is an outstanding process, a steady fire which underlies the Phoenix-
like survival of the Hellenic people.
It is natural to find genetic mixture accompanying the cultural and social blend-
ings involved in the growth of the Athenians. And the discovery that it is a process
of biological blending, rather than dominance by any single racial type, which pre-
cedes the Classical culture climax shows that genetic mixture is one of the real and
probably indispensable little factors which help to produce a great people and which
underlie the whole history of civilization.130
This correlation of race with culture change gains force from three considera-
tions. First, genetically determined physical heterogeneity should roughly match a
psychological heterogeneity heavily overlaid by all kinds of social conditioning. Yet
such basic psychological diversity, which we all take for granted in our own mongrel
people, may be a stimulating factor toward that tremendous scope of personality and
behaviour patterns necessary for the multiple roles in civilized society and for what
we call progress. In the second place, such an effect must gain special force at a time
when great heterogeneity in facial and bodily appearance accompanies cultural mixture
with its diversity of strange materials, new modes of speech and action, and con-
sequent poor fit between ideal and real situations to confuse or stimulate everybody
in the society.131 Finally, genetic mixture of relatively widely differing and stable
stocks increases the number of possible trait combinations, for a short time greatly
expands variety, and leads to increased vigor and bodily exuberance of the hybrid
group. Though the contributions to the Athenian ethnic whole were not extremely
widely separated or genetically pure, some degree of hybrid exuberance was probably
produced.
Hence the process and timing of genetic mixture among the Athenians may have
definite meaning for study of ourselves as well as ancient Greeks. The process as now
dimly perceived agrees well with the still tentative model of culture change constructed
127
Though they and the other Hellenes can scarcely be blended as early as 900 B.C.
128
J. L. Angel,
"
A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Table 8.
129
C. WV. Blegen,
"
Athens and the Early Age of Greece," pp. 7-8.
130
Cf. Clyde Kluckhohn,
"The American Culture: Studies in Definition and Prophecy, II.
The Way of Life," Kenyon Review, 1941, pp. 160-179, especially pp. 160-162.
131
Clyde Kluckhohn, loc. cit.. pp. 175-179.
330 J. LAWRENCE
ANGEL
by Blegen. And a brighter
understanding of the
problem, fed
by more material
than
yet available, will be of intense interest.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
The fourth set of more or less social problems is well illustrated by the Agora
material, though this often tends to complicate rather than to solve them. For
examiple, it is clear that many ancient Athenians had arthritis, most frequently ap-
parent in cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. But it is not clear
what were the causes or whether arthritis was more prevalent in Athens than in
modern Anmerica. Similarly, the "eroded" areas on the femoral necks within the
capsule of the hip joint would seem to result from rubbing by the zona orbicularis
of the capsule when the ilio-femoral lig,ament was stretched, as in combined extension
and external rotation of the fenmur. But it is hard to find any activity which would
produce such stretching, except possibly rapid descent of a steep slope, when the
trailing leg at each stride might get into the required position.
The Agora nmaterial provides relatively few examples of fractures, all well set.
Examples of caries and abscesses are common, though the teeth as a whole are good.
At least three puzzling problems arise. The first of these is 16 AA's (Cat. No.
74) evidence for capital punishnment in the Geometric period, unless this head was
severed in a private quarrel and then carefully buried.
The second puzzle is the occurrence of remains of about 175 infants (Cat. No.
116), mainly newborn, with 100 dogs, one adult, and one child in a single Hellenistic
well deposit, sealed in with masses of stones. Similarity in age of infants, virtual
lack of adults inclusion of dogs (and a few other domestic animals), and simul-
taneity of dumping all suggest sudden and drastic starvation as the most probable
cause of death of this group. This gives us good evidence that civilized maen are
scarcelv more barbarous now than two millennia ago. But connection with a definite
historical event, such as the Sullan siege of Athens in 84 B.c., depends on the exact
dating of the deposit on the basis of archaeological evidence.
The third puzzle is provided by the Turkish period skeleton, 21 AA (Cat. No.
130), which is unquestionably the remains of a negroid individual. though possibly
with very slight white admixture. Suggestions that the man was an enslaved groom
or blacksmnith connected with a team of Arab horses need not be taken seriously. They
are based mainly on the limb fractures and especially the skull fracture showi,n in
Figure 15, with its horse-shoe shaped outline.
CONCLUSIONS
A single important conclusion derives from consideration of these four general
problems and from the descriptions of the skeletal remains from the Athenian Agora.
It is that the Classical Athenians were much mixed biologically, a web of diverse gene
complexes woven together with the same dynamic synthesis which Blegen 132 stresses
in making the fusion of diverse cultural and ethnic elements a key to understanding
the splendid flowering of classical Greek civilization."
The mnaterial allows glimpses of the exact processes of this biological mixture
and inferences about the part it may have played in the cultural originality of Athens.
The material is unique so far as its chronological time span is concerned and even
considering the statistically inadequate numbers of skulls available for the various
period subgroups, the Agora material is as valuable as any European skull collection
from a comparable area. This provides a foundation. Patient addition to this skeletal
collection will lead with accelerating speed to a clear understanding of the relation
of race to history in Greece.
J. LAWRENCE ANGEI
THE DANIEL BAUGH INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY
OF THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE
APPENDIX: STATISTICAL TABLES I-VII
NOTE To TABLES I AND II: No measurements
encJosed in parentheses can be used for statistical
purposes, since these are estimates made where one
landmark on skull or skeleton is badly damaged or
missing. Doubtful measurements, affected by possible
errors in restoration (which undoubtedly tend to cancel
out in a large enough series), are marked with a ques-
tion mark and have to be used in describing any series
of archaeological skulls.
R. Virchow's measurements of 80-97 AP, 1 Men, and
of 73 AK have been used, since there was no chance to
measure these crania. Virchow's technique, judged by
skulls which we both measured and by his own state-
ments, is identical with mine except in auricular height.
Here 1 mm. has been added to the published auricular
height of all skulls except 81 AP, where 2 mm. were
added, 93 AP where no addition was made, and 1 Men,
where the height was taken from the published draw-
ings. These heights are thus adjusted to the auricular-
vertex height which I use. No correction has been
made for Virchow's orbital breadth, where he may
have used Fronto-maxillare rather than Dakryon as
his medial terminus. As noted on p. 293, Professor
Koumaris' published measurements of 7, 9, 10 HaK are
used. His technique agrees with mine except for
auricular height, which was omitted.
Skeletons 1-26 AA and 31-34 AA are now preserved
in the storehouse of the Athenian Agora Excavations.
27-30 AA are in the American Museum of Natural
History, where they had already been partly repaired
by Dr. H. L. Shapiro before he generously allowed me
to study them. 11 El is in the Eleusis Museum. 1 and
2 Sal, 1 Tho, and 65-67 AK are in the National Mu-
seum at Athens. All the other remains listed in Tables
I and II are preserved in the Athenian Anthropological
Museum in the Athens University Medical School at
Goudi, with the exception of the Submycenaean crania
which are in the Kerameikos Museum and perhaps
some of the skulls published by Virchow which may
have been in Berlin.
132
C. W. Blegen,
"
Athens and the Early Age of Greece," pp. 8-9.
TABLE I
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF ATHENIAN MALE SKULLS
Measurements in parentheses are estimates, omitted in statistics
Neolithic Early Helladic
Athens, Agora Hagios
Kosmas
Section E
Section OA
Shaf tgrave
Well 18, Tomb 23 1
fi
9 9 2fl
2
2m.Eatrofn
Skull "b"
T. L. Shear
George E. Mylonas, 1930-3 1
1935 1939
Character .............27 AA 32 AA 2 HaK( 3 HaK( 4 HaK( 7 HaK( 9 HaK( 11 Hak 15 HaK( 16 HaK 19 HaK( 201a(6Ha(8HL
Catalogue Number ......... 2 4 6 20 7 15 22 16 17 11 24 13 9
2
Horizontal Circumference ......516?? 522 528?? 544 547 50 500 518? 516?(5)
Sagittal Arc ............384? (385) (375) 390 366 376 (380) ...
Frontal Arc.............126 133 133 136 ... ... 128 122 123
Parietal Arc ...... ...... 135 . .. 124 130? 125? . .. 129 133? (141)15
Occipital Arc............123?? (128) (112) 129? 109 121? ... 118 (17
t~Transverse Arc ...........312? 308 338?? 327 302 311 ...
Cranial Length ...........189?? 174 190 180?? 197 200 186 181 191 187? (166)
(18
Cranial Breadth...........143 134? 138 151? 150 147 152 134 131 139 141 13
Basion-Bregma Height........138
132? 140? 137 (135) (144) 137 (134) (135)
(13
Auricular Height .. ........ 120 .... 116 126? 123 (117) (127) 116 118 (110)
(12
Minimum Frontal Breadth...... 98 98 100 105 94 102 93 99 98..
Maximum Frontal Breadth...... (115) . .. 118 (122) 128 . ..116? 112?
Left Parietal Thickness ....... 5 5 4 7 ...5 6 5
5
Frontal Angle............
55 46 57 47 49 46 46 ...
Frontal Chord .111........ l 116 117 122 ... 114 108 106
Parietal Chord ...........118 112 112? 111? ...115 113 (117)
128.
Occipital Chord...........101 (109) (101) 109? 95 101 ... 98
Basion-Nasion Length........
102 104? 100 106 99 ... ... ...
Basion-Prosthion Length....... 102.(95) (96) 100.... ... 94
Total Facial Angle ......... 85 (87) (87) 88 89
84,
.. ..
Midfacial Angle...........
91 94 ...89
Alveolar Angle ........... 70 66 74 ...
Bizygomatic Breadth ........139 (129) (121) 139? 132 121? 124? (128) ...
Bigonial Breadth .......... 98 85 108 105.102
Total Face Height..........
119 110 .... 120 ...
Upper Face Height ......... 71 ... (63) (70) 70 67 73? 74 (69)
Nose Height ............
50 (47) (45) 53 51 57? 52 ...
Nose Breadth............ 25 (21) (22) 26 24 24 24? ...
Nasalia Angle ...........(56) ...50
Upper Nasalia Breadth. ...12 (12) 12 13 12.? 13 12
Lower Nasalia Breadth .. ..... 18 (13) (15) 16? (18) ... ...
Left Orbit Height.......... 31? 32 34 33 (38) (30) ... ...
Right Orbit Height ......... 32 ...3 5 3 .. 6 (9 ..
Left Orbit Breadth .. ....... 41? .... 38 ... 35 33 .. 36? (29)
(3)
...
Right Orbit Breadth......... 40 37 40 37 39 (37)
Interorbital Breadth......... 24 21 22? 24 21 22? 23? 23 23?
Biorbital Breadth.......... 104 (95) (95) 101 . ..97 (97) (100)
External Palate Length ....... 56 (47) 54 ..... 51
External Palate Breadth. .......... 69 (62) 70 66 65 63
Symphysis Height (jaw)....... 39 ...31 32??34
3
Condylo-symphysial Length .. ... 103 . .. ... (88) 101? (104) (103)
Bicondylar Breadth .........121 (104) ... 123? (11).(22
Mandibular Angle..........115 127? ... 12412
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus..... 33 29 29
(1
Thickness of Corpus......... 14 16 1314
j
Cranial Index............ 75.66?? 77.01 72.63 83.89? 76.14 73.50 81.72 74.03 68.59 74.33? (84.94)
(7.7
Length-Height
Index .. ...... 73.02?? 69.47? 77.78? 69.54 (67.50) (77.42) 75.69 (70.16)
Breadth-Height Index........ 96.50 95.65 92.72 91.33 (91.84) (94.74) 102.24 (102.29)
Length-Auricular Height Index.. 63.49?? 61.05 70.00? 62.44 (58.50) (68.28) 64.09 61.78?(5.7
Breadth-Auricular Height Index. 83.92 84.06 83.44 82.00 (79.59) (83.55) 86.57 90.08? . .
(78.01)
(8.5
Fronto-Parietal Index ........ 68.53 . 71.01 66.23 70.00 63.95 67.10 69.40 (75.57) 70.50?.
Cranio-Facial Index......... 97.20 . .. (93.48) (80.13) 92.67 89.80 79.61? 92.54? (97.71)
Zygo-gonial Index.......... 70.50.(70.25).... ...87.10?.
Fronto-gonial Index......... 100.00 85.00 . ..... 116.13
Zygo-frontal
Index .. ....... 70.50 (75.97) (82.64) 75.54? 71.21 84.30 75.00?
Total Facial Index ......... 85.61.(90.91).96.77?.
Upper Facial Index ......... 51.08 .
(48.84) (57.85) 50.36? 50.76 60.33? 5 6.45?.
Nasal Index ............ 50.00 .
(44.68) (48.89) 49.06 47.06 42.11 46.15?.
Left Orbital Index.......... 75.61 84.21 87.18 89.19
Right Orbital Index......... 80.00 91 .89 87.50 89.19 92.31
Interorbital Index. ......... 23.08 (22.11) (23.16) 23.76 23.71
External Palatal Index........ 123.21 (131.91) 129.63 123.53
Mandibular Index......... 85.12 ... (84.62) 82. 11??.
Morphological Type......... FI B I A 4 C 4 A3 D4 C3 D 2 D2 A4 CS B2 (3) (3
Age at Death............Young Young Middle Subadt. Young Middle Middle Middle Middle Young Young
Youn
TABLE I-CONTINUED
L. H. II Late Helladic III
Thorikos
Athens,
SpataMakpuo
Chamber
Agora
ChamberMakpuo
Tomb
Section A
TobAMycenaean
Chamber Tombs
Cist Grave
Tm
V. Stais T. L. Shear Stamatakis
V. Stais, 1894
1935 1877
Character .1........... Tho 28 AA 1 Sp 2 Sp 2 Ma 4 Ma 5 Ma 7 Ma 8 Ma 10 Ma 11 Ma 12M 13a 14a
Catalogue Number ......... 25 37 45 46 27 28 29 34 38 32 35 3 419
Horizontal Circumference ......532 522 509 ... 512 527 533 527 494 540 500 50 51 53
Sagittal Arc ............386 381 360 372 385 389 383 358 383 357 36 35 38
Frontal Arc................. 132 127 125 ...
Parietal Arc .............129 126... ... ...
Occipital Arc ............120 106 ... ... ... ...
Transverse Arc...........322 306 302 .... 30.16 31. 27 32331 36
Cranial Length ...........187 191 180 183 193 190 187 181 189 177 17 18 14
Cranial Breadth...........146 137 144 134 142 141 141 138 146 135 13 14 17
Basion-Bregma Height........134 134 125 137 136 133 (133) 123 136 (121) 12 13 18
Auricular Height ..........118 113 109 117 119 118 115?? 110 122 112? 13 1 2
Minimum Frontal Breadth......100 96 96 97 97 94 96 94 88 104 93 9 5 9
c~Maximum Frontal Breadth ......117 120 119 ...
Left Parietal Thickness . ........ 7 6 6 5 6 6 .
Frontal Angle............ 51 47 47 53 52 50 46 5358 59 4
Frontal Chord ...........117 111 113 ... ...
Parietal Chord ...........118 114 .....
Occipital Chord............97 85 ... ...
Basion-Nasion Length........100 104 99 102 100 100 (95) 98 108 (101) 92 12 8
Basion-Prosthion Length.......
92 99 91 94 99 93 94 9
Total Facial Angle ......... 93 87 90 89 86 92 85 8
Midfacial Angle........... 99 94 97 98 100 96 92 9
Alveolar Angle ........... 82 66 70 64 62 81 61 6
Bizygomatic Breadth ........130 131 128 130 134? 139? ... 126?? (136) (133) 12? (4) 30
Bigonial Breadth .......... 94 98 ...(103) 97
Total Face Height.......... 110 124 . .. ... ... ... 117
Upper Face Height ......... 70 74 63 ... 64 68 77 ..... 65 7
Nose Height ............ 50 58 48 49 48 50 47 5
Nose Breadth............ 25 25 24 22 27?? 25? 22 23..
Nasalia Angle............ 68 (52) 58 56? 52 72 51 6261
Upper Nasalia Breadth ....... 16 9? 11 14? 16 11 11 12 14 16 11? 12 113
Lower Nasalia Breadth ....... 20? 14? 17 18? 18? 22? 1720
Left Orbit Height.......... 33 34 33 31 32? 32 3
Right Orbit Height. 33 34 35 31 30 33 33 3
Left Orbit Breadth ......... 39 42? 42
(3)
39 38? 40 37? (36) (4(39)338
Right Orbit Breadth......... 39 42 41? (38) 40 41 39 36? 37 (42) (36) (6 4) 3
Interorbital Breadth......... 24 20 20 25 19 19 22 21 21 25 2 2? 2 0 2
Biorbital Breadth.......... 99 100 97 (100) 96 97 101 94 96 107? 96? 9? 9? 9
External Palate Length ....... 53 55 51? 52 56 51 51 5
External Palate Breadth....... 61 67 60? 66 67 68 (62) 6
Symphysis Height (jaw)....... 29 33 39 32
Condylo-symphysial Length ..... 96 106 ... ...(111) (103)
Bicondylar Breadth.........132 121
... ... (126) (124) ...
Mandibular Angle..........123 119 119? 120
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus..... 31 32
..... 33 33
Thickness of Corpus......... 15 12 ...14 15
Cranial Index............ 78.07 71.73 80.00 73.22 73.58 74.21 75.40 76.24 77.25 76.27 7.4 785
799
Length-Height Index ........ 71.66 70.16 69.44 ... 74.86 70.47 70.00 (71.12) 67.96 71.96 (68.36)
728 760
750
Breadth-Height Index ..... 91.78 97.81 86.81 ... 102.24 95.77 94.33 (94.33) 89.13 93.15 (86.63)
941 978
938
Length-Auricular Height~ Index ... 63.10 59.16 60.56 63.97 61.66 62.11 61.50? 60.77 64.55 63.28 694 651
6.2
Breadth-Auricular Height Index... 80.82 82.48 75.69 87.31 83.80 83.69 81.56? 79.71 83.56 82.96 897 831
8.6
Fronto-Parietal Index ........ 68.49 70.07 66.67 72.39 66.20 68.09 66.67 63.77 71.23 68.89 681 6.9
625
Cranio-Facial Index ......... 89.04 95.62 88.89 ... 97.01 94.37 98.58 91.30? (93.15) (98.52)
8.9 (85)
8.4
Zygo-gonial Index.......... 72.31
74.81.76.98?.
Fronto-gonial Index......... 94.00 102.08
...(109.57) 110.23
Zygo-frontal Index ......... 76.92 73.28 75.0 74.62 70.15 69.06 69.84? (76.47) (69.92)
7.3 (78)
7.7
Total Facial Index
.........
84.62
92.37.......
92.86?.
Upper Facial Index ......... 53.85 56.49 49.22 49.23 50. 75 55. 40 51.59? 5.2
Nasal Index ............. O.00 43.10 SO.00 ... 44.90 56.25? SO.00 46.81430
Left Orbital Index.......... 84.62 80.95 78.57 79.49 84.21 80.00 89.47
Right Orbital Index......... 84.62 80.95 85.37 ... 77.50 73.17 84.62
89.19897
Interorbital Index.......... 24.24 20.00 20.62 ... 19.79 19.59 21.78 22.34 21.88 23.36 22.92? 247? 0.?
216
External Palatal Index........115.09 121.82 117.65? .... 126.92 119.64 133.33 ... (121.57) .....9
Mandibular Index.......... 72.73 87.60
... ... (83.06)
Morphological Type......... EI D 2 CS5 ?? A 3 A 3 A 3 B 2 Fl1 A 3 B 2 B3
F
Age at Death............Middle Middle Middle Young Young Young Middle Middle Young Young MiddleYon Mide
idl
TABLE I-CONTINUED
Submycenaean
Grave Numbers: ~~~~~~~~Athens,
Kerameikos
2 93 24 100 3 15 A C B D
5
SM 2 SM 93 SMPM 4 SM 100 SM 3 SM 15 SM 101 SM 103 SM 102 SM 10 MDO0SMO1
K. Kiibler and W. Kraiker, 1936
Character.............41 AK 42 AK 43 AK 44 AK 49 AK 50 AK 51 AK 52 AK 55 AK 57 AKR 8K 6A
Catalogue Number......... 55 52 56 53 61 59 68 58 50 66476
Horizontal Circumference......518 526 525 (512) 527 538 519 (515) 500 (525) (5)
Sagittal Arc............384 394 373 (385) 374 394 377 (390) 361 (376) (30
Frontal Arc............ 129 132 128 125 128 141 131 (141) 122 (127) (15
Parietal Arc............ 126 142 120 136 127 134 127 ... 118 (134) 14
Occipital Arc ........... 130 120 125 (124) 119 119 118 120 11515
Transverse Arc ..........307 313 308 300 317 327 317 317? 291 32530
Cranial Length........... 184 189 187 187 183 188 182 182? 180 182?? 19?
Cranial Breadth.......... 145 139 146? 130? 145 152 151 144? 135 150 16
Basion-Bregma Height ....... 137 145 133 141 132 130 128 (139) 125? 141?? (14
Auricular Height.......... 118 119 112 117? 118 118 117 116 108 122? 17
Minimum Frontal Breadth .... 93 95 89 98 99 92 96 (105) 95 (103)
Maximum Frontal Breadth .....(113) 115 114 113 125 134 118 122 110 124 2
C" Left Parietal Thickness....... 4 5 6 8 7 6 8 5 5 6
Frontal Angle ........... 51 54 53 50 51 50 52 (48) 46
Frontal Chord........... 114 116 112 112 110 120 114 (119) 110
Parietal Chord........... 113 126 111 123 114 121 114 108 115?? 12
Occipital Chord .......... 108 101 101 (100) 95 97 94 ... 99? 99 9
Basion-Nasion Length ....... 96 104 104 103 101 100 94 (98) 98??
Basion-Prosthion Length ...... 97 96 101 93 93 96 91 (92) 97?? ...
Total Facial Angle......... 81 86 87 88 88 90 89 (83) 84...
Midfacial Angle .......... 88 93 95 93 94 98 95 (94) 92
Alveolar Angle........... 61 68 67 73 66 67 75 (64) 61
Bizygomatic Breadth........ 128?? 126?? 131?? 122?? 132 130 139 141? 125 (138)
Bigonial Breadth.......... 105 105 95 (92) 96 98 110 (109) ..
Total Face Height......... 117 106?? 118 118 108?? 104?? 109 123? ...
Upper Face Height......... 70 60 69 75 64 66 67 70? 67
Nose Height............ 51 47 50 52 46 50 47 50 50
Nose Breadth............ 23 25 21 24 23 27 23 24 22
Nasalia Angle ........... 48 44 54 (66) 55 (52) 46
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 13 11 9? 17 11 8 11 (10) 14
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... (17) 20 (15) 20 16 17 18 (17) 20
Left Orbit Height ......... 32 31 32 33 36 33 31 32...
Right Orbit Height......... 32 31 (32) 34 35 33 32 30 32
Left Orbit Breadth......... 40 36 40 3.7 39 39 40 ... 38
Right Orbit Breadth ........ 38 36 38 39 40 40 39 37
Interorbital Breadth ........ 21 20 19 24 23 20 25 (19) 23
Biorbital Breadth ......... 96 90 96?? 95 100 95 100 (100) 95
External Palate Length....... 58 51 54 54 51 53 53 56? 56...
External Palate Breadth ...... 68 (53) 67 62 (56) (56) 65 59 62
Symphysis Height (jaw) ...... 33 31 38 34 32 25 33 39 35 3?3
Condylo-symphysial Length..... 109 99 105 (98) 99 100 90 (109) 18
Bicondylar Breadth .. ...... 131 128? 130 (120) 129 126 125 (130) 122....
Mandibular Angle ......... 133 127 128 (123) 125 122 104 126 (30
Mininum Br. Ascend. Ramus .... 29 32 33 33 32 35 32 31320
Thickness of Corpus ........ 15 13 12 14 15? 14? 15 13
Cranial Index ........... 78.80 73.54 78.07 69.5 2? 79.23 80.85 82.97 79.12? 75.00 82.42? 6939
Length-Height Index........ 74.46 76.62 71.12 75.40 72.13 69.15 70.33 (76.37) 69.44? 77.47? (6.7
Breadth-Height Index .. ..... 94.48 104.32 91.10 108.45? 91.03 85.53 84.77 (96.53) 92.59? 94.00? (8.3
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 64.13 62.96 59.89 62.57 64.48 62.77 64.29 63.74? 60.00 67.03? 5.9
Breadth-Auricular Height Index .. 81.38 85.61 76.71 90.00? 81.38 77.63 77.48 80.56? 80.00 81.33 60
Fronto-Parietal Index ... ..... 64.14 68.35 60.96 75.38? 68.28 60.53 63.58 (72.92) 70.37 (68.67)
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 88.78? 90.65? 89.73? 93.85? 91.03 85.53 92.05 97.92? 92.59 (92.00)
Zygo-gonial- Index ......... 82.03? 83.33? 75.40? (75.41) 72.73 75.38 79.14 (77.30)
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 112.90 110.53 106.74 (93.88) 96.97 106.52 114.58 (103.81)
Zygo-fro'ntal Index......... 72.66? 75.40? 67.94? 80.33? 75.00 70.77 69.06 (74.47) 76.00 (74.64) 1
Total Facial
Index.........
91.41? 84.13? 90.08? 96.72? 81.82? 80.00? 78.42 87.23?
Upper Facial Index......... 54.69? 47.62? 52.67? 61.48? 48.48 50.77 48.20 49.64? 53.60
Nasal Index............ 45.10 53.19 42.00 46.15 46.00 54.00 48.94 48.00? 44.00
Left Orbital Index ......... 80.00 86.11 80.00 89.19 92.31 84.62 77.50 84.21
Right Orbital Index ........ 84.21 86.11 89.47 89.74 82.50 80.00 76.92? 86.49
Interorbital Index ......... 21.88 22.22 (19.79) 25.26 23.00 21.05 25.00 (19.00) 24.21
External Palatal Index ....... 117.24 (103.92) 124.07 114.81 (109.8) (105.66) 122.64 105.36? 110.71
Mandibular Index ......... 83.21 76.56 80.77 (81.67) 76.74 79.37 72.00 (83.85) 8.2
Morphological Type........ Fl D 3 F1 D 4 Cl El CS F2 B2 C3Al(3
Age at Death ........... Young Middle Young Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle ide on
TABLE I-CONTINUED
Geometric
Athens, Agora
Section B Section KK Mrto
E le u s is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _A h n n A h n
K. Omnj nhoooia
Kourouniotis, Gr. XIX XX xi XIV 3.5 .de!uem
J. T rav ios,
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P a eo gu ,iv n b
1938 16 zr 52 MO 17 r oads
(725-700) (700-680 B. C.)
13
T. L. Shear, 1935
Character ............ 11 El S AA 6 AA 30 AA 8 AA 15 AA 16 AA80A1Ma
Catalogue Number ........ 80 86 83 84 78 73 74879
Horizontal Circumference........ 532 507 529? 525 506 (498) (509)4851
Sagittal Arc............ 371 367? 374?? 382 364 (365) (351)3537
Frontal Arc............ 131 124? 125?? 129 126 (125) (115)1213
Parietal Arc ........... 119 130? 126 133 123 128 1201218
Occipital Arc ........... 121 112 124 120 115 (112) 1161015
Transverse Arc........... 300 307? 311I? 318 296? (301) (294)3030
Cranial Length .......... 190 177 185?? 185 180 (193) 1831718
Cranial Breadth.......... 146 143 144? 141? 138 132? (142)1316
oo Basion-Bregma Height....... 128 129?? 137 134?? 133? (135) 132 1312
Auricular Height ......... 108 115 116 124 112? 117? 109?(1313
Minimum Frontal Breadth . ... 94 98? 103 101 100 (97) (92)(8)9
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... 116 124? (124) (122) (120) (119)
10
Left Parietal Thickness. .......... 7 5 5 6 6 3
Frontal Angle........... 43 53?? 51?? 57? 47 (5 1)49
Frontal Chord .......... 114 1 10? (106) 108 110 (112) (104)16
Parietal Chord .......... 108 1 15? 114 119 108 116 11313
Occipital Chord ......... 97 93 99 100 95 (93) 88 9
Basion-Nasion Length ....... 105 94? 100? (97) 102 (111) 9 6
Basion-Prosthion Length...... 104 97? 92 (100) . .....(105)
9
Total Facial Angle.........
82 83? 87?? 84? ... .. (80)
Midfacial Angle..........
88 91? 93?? 91? ....(84)
Alveolar Angle .......... 67 68? 67 61? ...*(62)
Bizygomatic Breadth .. ..... 135? 134 149 134?? (135) ...(.133) 11 12
Bigonial Breadth .111...... I 96 102 98 (97) (95)908?
Total Face Height.........
117 117 121 ?? 115? 111?14(12
Upper Face Height ........ 71 68 70?? 68? ...66??(7)64
Nose Height ........... 56 50 52?? 49? (50) .50? 5
Nose Breadth........... 27 24? 25? 22 (22) .(22)
2
Nasalia Angle...........
50 56? 50? 56
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 14 15 10?? 14 16....)
Lower Nasalia Breadth ....... 19 17? 17? 17? (18)...
Left Orbit Height......... 33 33 32? 30? 3133(2
Right Orbit Height ........ 35 32?? 32?? 31 36? .3
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 42 39 43? (40) 36..39?
Right Orbit Breadth........ 42 38?? 42? 42 42 39?....
Interorbital Breadth........ 22 23 28?? (23) (22)20
Biorbital Breadth ......... 99 98? 108?? (103) 104? (93) 9?
External Palate Length. ......... 59 54? 54 56 48 (54)
External Palate Breadth...... 63? 61? 62 64 (60) (60)67
Symphysis Height (jaw). ........ 34 35 32 35 (26) 30?303
Condylo-symphysial Length 111.. il 112 103 105 (101) (100)(12
Bicondylar Breadth ........ 125 122? 129? 131? (124) (111)(12
Mandibular Angle .125 129 124 124 (120) 12112
MinimumBr. Asend Rus33 31 33 34 36? 31 3
Thickness of Corpus........ 16 18 17 17 18 13 1
Cranial Index. .76.84 80.79 77.84? 76.22 76.67 (68.39) (77.60)782735
Length-Height Index'.'67.37 72.88? 74.05? 72.43? 73.89 (69.95) 72.13 7.47.5
Breadth-Height Index ....... 87.67 90.2 1? 95.14 95.04? 96.38 (102.27) (92.96) 9.59.6
Length-Auricular Height Index... 56.84 64.97 62.70 67.03 62.22 (60.62) 59.56610
Breadth-Auricular
Height Index.. 73.97 80.42 80.56 87.94 81.16 88.64 (76.76)823
c..Fronto-Parietal Index .......
64.38 68.53? 71.53 71.63 72.46 (73.48) (64.79)6.1
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 92.47? 93.71 103.47 95.04? (97.83) (93.66)903(7.6
Zygo-gonial Index.........
82.22 67.13 68.46 73.13? (71.85) (71.43)743(4.)
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 118.09 97.96 99.03 97.03 (97.00) ...(103.26)10.9
Zygo-frontal Index. ..... 69.63 68.53 69.13 75.37? (74.07) ...(96.17)(6.8
Total Facial Index......... 86.67? 87.31 81.21? 85.82 ...(83.46)942(8.5
Upper Facial Index ........ 52.59? 50.75 46.97? 50.75?
...(49.62)
Nasal Index ........... 48.21 48.00? 48.08? 44.90 (44.00) ...(44.00)480
Left Orbital Index......... 78.57 84.62 74.42? . ........86.11846
Right Orbital Index ........ 83.33 84.21 76.19 73.81 85.7 1?
8.2
Interorbital Index......... 22.22 23.47 26.17? 22.33? (21.15)
External Palatal Index....... 106.78? 112.96?. 114.81 114.29 (125.00) (1.1
Mandibular Index......... 88.80 91.90 79.84 80.15 (81.45) (90.09)(8.1
Morphological Type....... Dl C 3 F 2 El1 Bi Al1 A4*2B
Age at Death........... Young Young Middle Middle Young Middle Subadt Yug on
TABLE I-CONTINUED
Classic: Vth Century
Classic: lVth Century B. C. and Later
Athens Athens
Kerameikos Agora Agora
University St. Museum Hill
Krm Keramikos
Sec-tion 1110 Menidi Section Aeko
# 2597, # 2598
Well at Marble Well at
# 4 # 2 # 4 # 6 "iyo
Now in National
113/7B3
Sar- 20/1 2ZT
I3V"# 2 3 #
Museum at
T. L. Shear, cophagus T. L.
Shear,Mlsio
Athens 1937 1932
~~~~~~H.
Schliemann, 1889
Pervanoglu,
1862189
Character ............65 AK 66 AK 1O AA 1 Men 11 AA 83 AP 84 AP 91 AP 92 AP 93 AP 94 AP 95A 6P 7A
Catalogue Number ........101 102 113 100 105 93 88 99 95 96 89 17 9 0
Horizontal Circumference........535 529 509 512 545 511 528 517 508 504 538 5052
Sagittal Arc............382 384 366 367 389 369 ... 368 377 374 37738
Frontal Arc.............126 125 139 121 122 117 118 125 130 1112
Parietal Arc ................ 130 120 122 129 136 127 140 130 121 1219
Occipital Arc ...........110 122 127 119 .. 124 116 119 12612
Transverse Arc ..........309 313 307 ... 331 ...310 304 311 290 30(32
Cranial Length. ~.........195 189 177 187 193 179 187 187 182 182 201 17 1918
Cranial Breadth..........145 143 146 137 149 136 141 140 134 137 135 13 1415
Basion-Bregma Height.......138 137 131 130 145 128 132 138 135 127 120 12
Auricular Height .........117 115 115 114? 123 109 118 116 118 115 105 107 i9 18
Minimum Frontal Breadth. . .. 96 100 101 99 107 96 99 95 94 97 9 0
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....(123) (121) 123 (117) 132 120 110 110 1011
Lef t Parietal Thickness. .......... 7 6 5 6 6..
Frontal Angle........... 47 45 49 (49) 49
0
Frontal Chord.
.............(114)
12211
Parietal Chord ...........(116)
111 117.
Occipital Chord............... (96) 107 99..
...
Basion-Nasion Length .......107 98 97 98 107 94 101 106 100 95
Basion-Prosthion Length......101
93 91 (95) 97 99 95 90
86 85 88 (85) 90
92 91 92 (90) 95... ...
Alveolar Angle .......... 74 68 75 (71) 75
Bizygomatic Breadth .......133 132 142 122 134 127 126
Bigonial Breadth ......... 99 109 101 105
Total Face Height.........117 125 126 116 ...
Upper Face Height ........ 71 77 70 75 70 71 68 70 ...
Nose Height ........... 51 54 54 59 53 51 49 55
Nose Breadth........... 25 24 24 25 25 25 24 22 ...
Nasalia Angle...........
50 64 65 (50) 56
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 11 12 12 (10) 14 16?16
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... 20 18 15 (16) 15 .
Left Orbit Height. ...32 36 32 33 33 32 32 33
Right Orbit Height ........ 31 35 33 33 33 32 32 33
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 40 43 42 41? 41 39? 41? 37?
Right Orbit Breadth........ 40 43 43 41? 40 ...39? 41? 37?
Interorbital Breadth........ 19 20 21 (19) 24 ... (5
Biorbital Breadth ......... 99 103 103 (97) 101
External Palate
Length. ......... 53 55 54 (54) 55... ...
External Palate Breadth. ........ 66 66 69 (63) 63
Symphysis Height (jaw). ... 34 33 34 34... ...
Condylo-symphysial Length. .. 112 112 (109) 110
Bicondylar Breadth ........126 132 ... (1 19) 123
Mandibular
Angle......... 124 132 . .. (124) 131... ... ... ...
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... 36 32 31 29
Thickness of
Corpus........ 14 15 14
Cranial
Index........... 74.36 75.66 82.49 73.26 77.20 75.98 75.40 74.87 73.63 75.27 67.16 785 733
796
Length-Height Index........ 70.77 72.49 74.01 69.52 75.13 71.51 70.59 73.80 74.18 69.78
59.70670
Breadth-Height Index .......95.17 95.80 89.73 94.89 97.32 94.19 93.62 98.57 100.75 92.70
88.89841
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 60.00 60.85 64.97 60.96? 63.73 60.89 63.10 62.03 64.84 63.19 52.24 604 613
6.8
Breadth-Auricular
Height Index..
80.69 80.42 78.77 83.21
.82.55
80.15 82.98 82.86 88.06 83.94 77.78 769
832810
Fronto-Parietal Index .......66.21 69.93 69.18 72.36 71.81 70.59 70.71 70.90 68.61 71.85
6906.6
Cranio-Facial Index. 91.72 92.31 97.26 89.05 89.93 ... 90.71 94.03 ... ...
Zygo-gonial Index......... 74.44 82.58 82.79 78.36
Fronto-gonial Index ........103.13 109.00 98.02 98.13
Zygo-frontal Index. .......-.----
72.18 75.76 71.13 81.15 79.85... 77.95 75.40 ...
Total Facial
Index.........87.97 94.70 ... 103.28 86.57
Upper Facial Index ........53.38 58.33 49.29 61.48 52.24 55.91 53.97 ... ...
Nasal Index
...........49.02 44.44 44.44 42.37 47.17... 49.02 48.98
40.00
Left Orbital Index.........80.00 83.72 76.19 80.49? 80.49.82.05? 78.05?
89.19?.92.10.
Right Orbital Index ........77.50 81.40 76.74 80.49? 82.50.82.05? 78.05? 89.19? . 21 .
Interorbital
Index.........19.19 19.42 20.39 ... 23.76
External Palatal
Index.......124.53 120.00 127.78 114.55
Mandibular
Index.........88.89 84.85 ...89.43 ... ...
Morphological Type........Dl1 D 1 C 5 D2 E1 Bi1 A 3 D1 B 2 B3 A 4 E3
E
Age at
Death...........Middle Middle Young Middle Young
Mdl Middle
Middle
TABLE 1-CONTINUED
Hellenistic Roman-AthEn
Sounion
Lt oa
Classic
Athens
graveAgr
Kouvara
Agora
previously Agora ScinA
Now in Athens Anthropological Museum
Section M
exposed by Section Y Keranio rv
Chr. Tsountas, 1906?
Well at
97r
robbers. Well at 9 ~- "Diplon~ T .Ser
T. L. Shear,
J. Young T. L. Shear,
(Stamaai?
1938
~and 1937 13
1938
~J. L. Angel,
1938
Character ............ 2K 3 K 5K 7 K 24 AA 4S 14 AA73K9A
Catalogue
Number ........ 97 104 98 108 115 118 1201216
Horizontal Circumference........ 512 503 514 (516) 506 (497) 5084851
Sagittal Arc............ 377 361 366 (382) 376 (370) 3613438
Frontal Arc............ 129 123 126 (130) 124 (121) 1241514
Parietal Arc ........... 125 128 121 136 134 138 1201219
Occipital Arc ........... 123 111 119 (116) 118 121 1161013
Transverse Arc .......... 312 306 311 (318) 314 (325) 3012937
Cranial Length .......... 183 178 185 183 180 169?? 1811718
Cranial Breadth.......... 142 141 142 140 136 148 1371315
Basion-Bregma Height....... 140 131 128 (130) 134 (140) 1351214
Auricular Height ......... 120 116 116 118? 121 123? 1121012
Minimum Frontal Breadth . ... 93 89 92 95 93 (109) 93 8
0
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... 116 109 118 (123) 118 (127) 11412
C)
Lef t Parietal Thickness.
.......... 6 5 5 5 6 57
'~Frontal Angle...........
52 50 50 ...54 51...52
Frontal Chord .111....... l 111 112 (113) 110 (105) 10812
Parietal -Chord .......... 112 109 111 121 118 121 10715
Occipital Chord.......... 101 89 96 (94) 97 93 93 9
Basion-Nasion Length ....... 97 96 97 95 ...101 9
0
Basion-Prosthion Length...... 98 91 91 95 9
0
81 90 87 86 8
88 92 94 92...94
Alveolar Angle .......... 63 82 ...75
73 6
Bizygomatic Breadth ....... (133) 129? (124)
128 (140) 130 1111
Bigonial Breadth .........99
108 8910
Total Face Height . .......119
106 10112
Upper Face Height ........ 69 70 (66) ...68 67647
Nose Height ........... 48 53 50 50485
Nose Breadth........... 22 24 ...25 24277
Nasalia Angle........... (42) 51 42 49 4
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 13 12 12 18 8..13
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... 17 16 ...(17) 15 1
Left Orbit Height.........
34 31 ...31 33301
Right Orbit Height ........ 33 31 32 31 32302
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 39 37 ...40 38.38?
38
Right Orbit Breadth........ 40 37 38 40 39? 3?3
Interorbital Breadth........ 19 21 20 22 22...26
Biorbital Breadth ......... 96 93 93 8)99
9710
External Palate Length. ... 54 51 (52) 52 52 5
External Palate Breadth...... 60 58 (56) ...(55) 60 6
Symphysis Height (jaw) . ....32 . ..28 25 3
Condylo-symphysial Length ....(95) 99 9110
Bicondylar Breadth ........(119) 117 121?13
Mandibular Angle ... ..... ...118? 125 11112
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... 29 29 .32 3
Thickness of Corpus . ...... ...13 13
12...14
Cranial Index........... 77.60 79.21 76.76 76.50 75.55 87.57?? 75.69782818
Length-Height Index ........... 76.50 73.60 69.19 (71.04) 74.44 (82.84) 74.59735748
Breadth-Height Index ....... 98.59 92.91 90.14 (92.56) 98.53 (94.59) 98.54938921
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.57 65.17 62.70 64.48? 67.22 72.78?? 61.886356.2
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 84.51 82.27 81.69 84.29? 88.97 83.11 81.75812801
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 65.49 63.12 64.79 67.86 68.38 (73.65) 67.88661657
Cranio-Facial Index ........ (93.66) 91.49? (87.32) ...94.12 (94.59) 94.89908927
Zygo-gonial Index . .......76.74 . ..84.38 68.46780
Fronto-gonial Index ........111.24 116.13 95.70 100
Zg-frontal Index.(6. ..9.92) 68.99? (41)1: 72.66 71.54735709
Total Facial
Index.........
..... 92.25
...82.81
77.69794
Upper Facial Index ........ (51.88) 54.26 (53 .23) 53.13 51.54528471
Nasal Index ........... 45.83 45.28 ...50.00 48.00562519
Left Orbital Index......... 87.18 83.78 ...77.50 86.84 7.5 15
Right Orbital Index ........ 82.50 83.78 84.21 77.50 ...82.05
7.5 42
Interorbital Index......... 19.79 22.58 (21.51)' 22.22 22.68254
External Palatal Index....... 111.11 113.73 (107.69) (105.77) 115.38 152
Mandibular Index ... ..... ...(79.83) . ..84.62 75.21846
Morphological Type ....... Bi FI B 2 E3 D 3 CI Bi BiC
Age at Death ........... Young Young Middle Middle Middle Middle MiddleYon
TABLE I-CONTINUED
Byzantine
TurkishSonn
Athens
Athens
Agora Eleusis
Agora
Fr
bth
Section Y Undated (M. H. or Geometric)
Section AA
ro enaomcv
Tomb at Now in Athens Anthropological Museum
Grave
1 flooroftml nerepe
26-28 ME D. Philios, 1887
T. L. Shear,
of Psio fPsio
T. L. Shear,
1937
1937
Colletdb
.L ne,13
Character ............ 23AA l El 3 El 4 El 8 El lEl 21 AAisS
Catalogue Number ........ 129 1301313
Horizontal Circumference . -----.- (495) 509 (490) 532 502 543 5045253
Sagittal Arc ..... ......371 369? 370 365 (383) 3603739
Frontal Arc............ 123 131 126? 129 121 125 122
Parietal Arc ........... (125) 126 130 129 121 128 128
Occipital Arc ...........114 113 112 123 (130) 11031
Transverse Arc .......... ...308 (291) 313 90 307 303
Cranial Length .......... 184?? 182 181 186 186 199 1781818
Cranial Breadth.......... 140 136 135 ?? 145 128 148 1371410
Basion-Bregma Height....... (123) 134 127 132?? 124 (128) 1351415
Auricular Height .........114 109 117 111 112 1181219
c Minimum Frontal Breadth . ... 100 96 (96) 103 (96) 104 1001010
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... 117? 114 109 117 111 112 11756
Left Parietal Thickness....... 5 6 5 5 6 5 6
Frontal Angle ....... ... ...51 50 49 51 45 43535
Frontal Chord .......... 109 111 107 113 109 110 106
Parietal Chord .......... (113) 114 120 115 111 115 113
Occipital Chord .. .......96 103 93 97 (102) 95
Basion-Nasion Length .......101 92 (105) 104 1011019
Basion-Prosthion Length . ....95 88 (105) 102978
Total Facial Angle . .......87 87 80 78899
Midfacial Angle .. .......102? 90? 91 88983
Alveolar Angle ..........65? 73? 55 52676
Bizygomatic Breadth ....... ...(130) 128? 134? (123) (138) 137 1210
Bigonial Breadth ............103? 901016
Total Face Heigh . .......(109) 106?? (110)1416
Upper Face Height . ......6764 63 (64) 61702
Nose Height ............... 53 47 47 47522
Nose Breadth .... ......26 (21) 29 28266
Nasalia Angle 54............5446?..
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 14 13 (10) 15 13 51
Lower Nasalia Breadth . ..... ...16 (15) 24? 18199
Left Orbit Height . .......31 31 35 32 33334
Right Orbit Height ........31.37 33345
Left Orbit Breadth........ (39) 39 3843? 36? 42411
Right Orbit Breadth........ (39) 39 (42) ...(43) 42420
Interorbital Breadth........ 23 20 (19) 22? 22? (27) 25254
Biorbital Breadth .........96 (105) (95) (109) 1051011
External Palate Length ......52 48 57 . ..54?564
External Palate Breadth. . 57? (56) (57) 66.66 62
Symphysis Height (jaw). .28? 25? 28.30
Condylo-symphysial Length ....(102) 109 139
Bicondylar Breadth ........ ...(126) 120?1216
Mandibular Angle . .......128? 120 1341018
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus.-. 31 33 28354
Thickness of Corpus . ......14 16 14137
Cranial Index...76.09?? 74.73 74.59? 77.96 68.82 74.37 76.97792747
Length-Height Index .........73.63 70.17 70.97? 66.67 (64.32) 75.84747819
Breadth-Height Index .......98.53 94.07? 91.03? 96.88 (86.49) 98.54 9.6100
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 62.64 60.22 62.90 59.68 56.28 66.29654682
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 83.82 80.74? 80.69 86.72 75.68 86.138329.1
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 71.43 70.59 (71.11) 71.03 (75.00) 70.27 72.996717.4
Cranio-Facial Index ........(95.59) 94.81 92.41? (96.09) (93.24) 100.00953928
Zygo-gonial Index . .......76.87 (73.17)739815
~' Fronto-gonial Index ........100.00 (93.75) 1050010.0
Zygo-frontal Index. . (73.85) (75.00) 76.87 (78.05) 72.9 04 69
Total Facial Index......... ...(85.16) 79.10? (89.43).02893
Upper Facial Index
(51.5~~~~~~~-4) 5.047.01 (52.43) 44.534935.8
Nasal Index ...........49.06 (44.68) 61.70 59.575005.0
Left Orbital Index . .......79.49 81.58 81.40 88.89 78.57804829
Right Orbital Index ........79.49 . ..(86.05) 78.57809875
Interorbital Index . .......20.83 . ..(20.95) 23.16 (24.77) 23.8124723 6
External Palatal Index . .....109.62? (100.00) 122.22?17.6148
Mandibular Index ... ........(80.95) 90.838178.5
Morphological Type........ C 2 B 1 B 1 E 3 B4 A 4 See textFtD
Age at Death........... Young Middle Young Middle Middle Middle MiddleYonYug
TABLE 11
INDIVIDUAL MEASUTREMENTS OF ATHENIAN FEMALE SKULLS AND SKELETONS
Neolithic Early Hellladic
LaeHlaiII
Athens, Agora Hagios Kosmas
Seto ASection OA Section OA Tomb Number
Well 18
Seto
AWell 18 _________________________________
Skull "'a" WlV Skull "c"
________ ________ ________ 2 f3 9, #10 1(3 1 63, #2 13 a' 1 9, #8 20, #18Makpuo
T. L. Shear
V ti,19
George E. Mylonas, 1930-31
1939 1937 1939
31 AA
ChAA 33AAd
iHaK 5 HaK lOHaK 12 Ha'K 13 HaK 17 HaK 21 HaK ilMa 3a 6a 9a
Catalogue Number Child..... 3 Chl 19
.8
18 10 12 23 14 26 3 03
Horizontal Circumference...472 (478) 501 505 513 490 508? 504 (45 49 50
Sagittal Arc ...... ......(335) (355) (363) (365) 375? 345? (370) 367 (35 3636
Frontal Arc ............109 115 128 125 121 123 (130) ...
Parietal Arc.............103 129 134 117 130 128 130
Occipital Arc............(123) (126) (101) (123) 124 94? (110)
Transverse Arc...,..........287 293? (306) 311 305 299? 304 (27 29 30
Cranial Length ..........170 163 165 168?? 178 172 180 177 166? 179?? 181 17 18 11
c~Cranial Breadth..........139 134 137?? 140 141 140 147 142? 139? 130 12 13 18
Basion-Bregma Height.......(124)
134? (129) (125) 141? 129 125? 126 12 (20 13
Auricular Height .111...... I 112? 116? (111) 118 113 (108) 113? 116? 10 13 14
Minimum Frontal Breadth.....87 92 93? 99 99 97 96? (92) 91 9 1 9
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....107 .... 114? 116 113 121 (1 19) (115)
Left Parietal Thickness.......3 4 . .5 5
Frontal Angle .59....I......56 ... 48 51 53480
Frontal Chord...........96 102 112 111.il 103 105 (109)
Parietal Chord
..........96
... 115 119 108 115 110 114
Occipital Cord ..........(105) (94) (88) (109) 101 80? (96)
Basion-Nasion Length .......(91) 94 . ..105? 93 98 9 9)9
Basion-Prosthion Length......(84)
89? . .. (93) 82 93.89
Total Facial Angle.........88
84 101? (87) 91835
Midfacial Angle..........94 (90) 97?931
Alveolar Angle...........68 (60) 67?596
Bizygomatic Breadth .......105 119? (125) 113? (120) 120? 12? 16? 20
Bigonial Breadth .........(83)
9
Total Face Height 100.......104??0
Upper Face Height ........49 60 69 (62) 62 61..64
Nose Height ...........37 45 50 (50) 46466
Nose Breadth ...........19 21? 22 (20) 24??243
Nasalia Angle.64....55?...61?6
Upper Nasalia Breadth.......11 14? 14? 13 14? 12 15 14 2 9
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......15 (16) (16) 20.18
Left Orbit Height.....
29 30? 35 35? (32) 3 3)
3
Right Orbit Height.........30
32 35 36 34314
Left Orbit Breadth ........33 37? 40 41 .(36) 3 3)
3
Right Orbit Breadth........33 35 40 39 37?? (37)364
Interorbital Breadth........19 23 23 20 21 26? 20? 22 2 2
2
Biorbital Breadth .........82 93 (91) 98 (95) (92) 93? 9 1
9
External Palate Length. ............ 41 ... 47? 48? 51.47
External Palate Breadth .......53 62? (47) 53? 58.59
Symphysis Height (jaw) 29....292
Condylo-symphysial Length (87)..95??
Bicondylar Breadth ........ ...(108)12?
Mandibular Angle . .......(1 25) 125. ... ...
Mininiufn~ Br. Ascend. Ramus.. 30 27..
Thickness of Corpus 12......
Cranial Index........... 81.76 82.21 81.55? 78.65 81.98 77.78 83.05 85.54 7 7.65 ? 71.82 728 742
764
Length-Height Index ...... .. ... (76.07) 79.76? (72.47) (72.67) 78.33 72.88 69.83? 69.61 728 (6.)
7.9
Br'eadth-Height Index ...... .. . (92.54) 97.81? (92.14) (88.65) 100.71 87.76 ... 89.83 96.92 1000 9.3
56
Length-Auricular Height Index .. .. . 68.10 66.67? 65.17 (64.53) 65.56 63.84 (65.06) 63.13 ? 64.09? 624 638
6.9
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. ... . 82.84 81.75? 82.86 (78.72) 84.29 76.87 (76.06) 81.29 89.23? 857 849
826
s.Fronto-Parietal Index.....64.93 67.15? 66.43 70.21 70.71 65.99 67.61 (66.19) 70.00 730 684
6.1
NTCranio-Facial
Index
........78.36
86.86? (89.29) 76.87 (86.33) 92.31
9.3 72
69
Zygo-gonial Index............(67.75).76.03?
Fronto-gonial Index ........(90.2-2).100
Zgo-frontal Index.........82.86 77.31 79 .20 85.8 (7.7) 7.3 7.3 84
83
Total Facial Index . .......84.03
...59?
Upper Facial Index ........ ... 46.67 ... 50.42 ... ... (49.60) 54.87?
5.1 .33
Nasal Index. .. ..... 1.35 46.67 44.00 (40.00) 52.17? 27SO0
Left Orbital Index.......87.88 81.08 87.50 85.37861842
Right Orbital Index ........90.91 91.43 87.50
923 91.88618.0
Interorbital Index.........23.17 24.73 ...21.43 (27.37) 23.66 2S6 241
208
External Palatal Index...... . ... 120.45 131.91? 110.42?13.32S3
Mandibular Index ............76.00??.8.56
Morphological Type........
E E B 2 C 1-3 AS5 Fl1 A 3 B 2 Cl1-3 B 2 Al Bi A3
A
Age at Death...........Young Child Child Young Middle Young Young Young Young Young Young Subdi uat
uat
TABLE II-CONTINUED
Late Helladic III-Continued Submycenaean
Athens ~~~~~Athens,
Kerameikos
Ahn
AcropolisSeto
North Grave Numbers: Slms Gaea
M arkopoulos S liope
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ I a i n l6
Mycenaean Chamber Tombs Mycenaean
Msu, T .Ser
V. Stais, 1894 Staircase 48 60 34 59 47 E 44 Ahn
Fill SMPo 5 SMDp 8 SMPo 6 SMDp 6 SMPo 9 SM 105 SMPo 14 Kavda? 13
B r o n e e r , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 9 3 8 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _
K. Kiibler and W. Kraiker, 1936
15 Ma 16 Ma 17 Ma
Ch4AA
45 AK 46 AK 47 AK 48 AK 54 AK
53AKd 56AKd
il 2a1A
Catalog,ue Number ........40 43 445 57 6 63 44
42 ~~~ ~~~~~~~~60
65
Horizontal Circumference...492 511 480 ... 462 497 (488) 497 514? (494) 498 (494) 56 9
Sagittal Arc ......I...I... 361 363 346 335 357 351 366 373 364 (350) (6) 35
Front'al Arc .............116 110 123 118? 129 130 120? 125 (127 12 16
Parietal Arc ..............118 129 - 119 129 125 (133) (127) 127 2 3
Occipital Arc ........... ... ...107 105 104 107 118 111 11 (11 9
Transverse Arc .......... 34 30 29282 295 312 303? 304? . .. 298 3025
Cranial Length .......... 172 175 165 167 174 173 172 178 174 174 179? 10 7
Cranial Breadth.......... 137 147 138 123 315 137? 143 144? 139? 143
133 4? 17
Ia Basion-Bregm'a Height....... 128 132 127 1215 124 (131) 131 127? (129) (133) 125 10)12
00
Auricular Height ......... 113 1 18? 111 108 108 117 113 112? . .. 110 1 12
Minimum Frontal Breadth.....88 95 93 89 84 99 88 91 93? 95 93 90? 8? 9
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... ... ...107 103 115 (115) 118 (118) 122 115 112 1615
Lef tParietal Thickness. 5 6 5 ... 5 6 4 4 6 3 4 44
Front-al Angle...........
52 53 52 53 46 ... 54 50 (55) 5?5
Frontal Chord ............. 101 96 110 103 110 111 (108) 107 (105) 12 1
Parietal Chord...........104 112 108 114 114 (115) (115) 115 0 2
Occipital Cord ........... ... 89 90 92 91 98 95 95 9) 8
Basion- Nasion Length. 96 96 9 2 100 96 102 94 (92) (94) (9 6
Basion-Prosthion Length ..... 8) 90 98 90 85 91 (88) (92q 8) 8
Total Facial Angle.........84 81 85 88 89 88 86?94? 8
Midfacial Angle..........91
91 94 94 95 95 91? 10? 9
Alveolar Angle ..........63 51 68 65 72 66? 68?67? 7
Bizygomatic Breadth .. ..... 130?? (136) 123 . .. 114 123? (119) 115? 127 (112) (110) (123) (2) 12
Bigonial Breadth........... (84) 96 87 94 9385
Total Face Height . .......113 115 105? 102 108..10
Upper Face Height ........65 58 68 68 64? 61 65 55 (64) 6? 6
Nose Height ...........48 48 48 51 46 45 49 36 (46) 50 5
Nose Breadth...........22 ... 24 23 23 20 22 21? 22(2) 4
Nasalia Angle........... 51 ...60 60 60? (60).58
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 8 108 12 13 11 (8) (i 1) 10 1 2134
Lower Nasalia Breadth ...... 13 1 6 . ... 17 1 7 (18) (16) 1 6 (75
Left Orbit Height.........
31 34 ... 32 34 32 34 33 32343
Right Orbit Height ........ 32 34 ... 32 34 34 31? ... 31 30?
321
3
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 39 (37) 39 (31) 36 39 37 36 36 36398
Right Orbit Breadth........ 39 (37) 38 (32) 37 40 39 37 36 37 (37)3
Interorbital Breadth........ 15 20 18 20? 20 21 (17) 19? (25) 22 22192
Biorbital Breadth ......... 91? 94 92 (83) 91 96 (90) 89 94 92 89? 9
External Palate Length. 51 (48) 53 51 51 46 48? 44 (50) 4? 5
External Palate Breadth,.... 60? (51) 61 62 60? 56 (62) 59 59 5) 6
Symphysis Height (jaw) .....34? 32 27? 29 29 2
Condylo-symphysial Length ....(96) 98 97? 92 9996
Bicondylar Breadth ........(120) 112 122? 105 121 14
Mandibular Angle............ 133 131 124? 138 123 121?.119
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... ...31 25 26 29 '33 35 2
Thickness of Corpus . ......15 12 14 14 12 1
Cranial Index...79.65 84.00 83.64 73.65 77.59 79.19 83.14 80.90 79.89 82.18 74.0,77 21
Length-Height Index........ 80.23 75.43 76.97 74.85 71.26 (75.72) 76.13 71.35? (74.14) (76.44) 69.3 7.2 50
Breadth-Height Index .......100.73 89.80 92.03 101.63 91.85 (95.62) 91.61 89.19? (92.81) (93.01) 93.8 (28) 139
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.70 67.43 67.27 ... 64.67 62.07 68.02 63.48 64.37 ... 61.5 55 39
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 82.48 80.27 80.43 87.80 80.00 ... 81.82 78.47 80.58 827&24
48
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 64.23 64.63 67.27 ... 68.29 73.33 64.23 63.64 64.58 68.35 65.03 67.7? 35? 08
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 94.89? (92.52) 89.13 ... 92.68 91.11 (86.86) 80.42? 88.19 (81.16) (76.92)(9.8 (857 960
Zygo-gonial Index........... (73.68) 78.05 (73.11) 81.74? 73.23 6.3
Fronto-gonial Index .......... (100.00) 96.97 98.86 103.30 100.00 94.44?
Zygo4frontal Index......... 67 .69? (69 .85) 75.61 73.68 80.49 (73.95) 79.13? 73.23 (84.82) (84.55) (73.7 7.7) 7.7
Total Facial
Index...........
99.12 93.50 (88.24) 88.70? 85.04870
Upper Facial Index ........ 50.00? ... 47.15 59.65 55.28 (53.78) 53.04? 51.18 (49.11) (52.3 5.3 19
Nasal Index............ 45.83 50.00 47.92 45.10 43.48 48.89 42.86? 61.11(4.0 480
Left Orbital Index......... 79.49 87.18 88.89 87.18 86.49 94.44 91.67 88.89 (81.8 71 68
Right Orbital Index ........ 82.05 . 89.47 . 86.49 85.00 87.18 83.78 . 86.11.86.49
Interorbital Index......... 16.48 21.28 19.57 . 21.98 21.88 (18.89) 21.35 (26.60) 23.91 24.72.34
External Palatal Index.......117.65 (106.25) 115.09 121.57 117.65 121.74 (129.17) 134.09 (11.0 (166) 115
Mandibular Index ...........(80.00) 87.50 79.5 1? 87.62 81.82 8.1
Morphological Typ e........F 1 C 1-3 C 4-5 (E) B 2 F 1 C 1-3 C 1-3 C 1-3 E C 1-3 A3 3 D
Age at Death...........Young Young Young Child Young Young Young Adolsc. Young Child Child Youg Yng Mdl
TABLE II-CONTINUED
Geometric ClassicClsi
Athens, Agora AthensKovr
Section KK
Section r
Section ne0 Grave Section B
B 183
Grave S. of Gr. XXI, XVII, XVIII
Burial atK Piraeus Univer-
XVIII Hephais- (725-680) (725-700 B. C.)
72-79/KE
Keram-
University St. St. sity St.
NoinAhs
teion eikos
#,# Gyea 7 A
Natona
H. Schliemann, Palaio-
Per-Ch.Tona
T. L. Shear Museum~~Natona
1889 logos, vanoglu,
10 T. L. Shear Museum
~~~~~~~1871
1862
1936 1935 1934
2 AA
29 AA
3 AA 4 AA 7 AA 17 AA 67 AK 81 AP 82 AP 85'AP 97 AP 4K 6K Chl
Catalogue Number ........ 81
Child
82 76 77 85 111 103 92 94 109 11i1 1
75
Horizontal Circumference... (498) 508 515? ..509 488 496 495 484? 9 59
Sagittal Arc............369?? ... 383? (353) (375) 362 358 364 35236 (69
Frontal Arc............128 129 131 114 (144) 123 129 120 ... 127 12 (3)
Parietal Arc............125? 127 128 117 (127) 126 114 116 123 ... 133 13 (17
Occipital Arc ...........115 105 124 108 (112) 121 119 10913 (19
Transverse Arc ..........301 320 307? (302) (290) ... 317 287 ... 311 21 31
CA Cranial Length ..........179? 181? 184 (175) 178?? 178 171 170 178 176 177 167? 7 7
(J
Cranial Breadth..........135? 133 139 132? (125) 141? 150 131 128 128 145 146 14 11
Basion-Bregma Height.......123? 125? 133?? 128? 127?? (125) 136 130 126 126 132 (133) 3 4
Auricular Height.....106? 115 117? 107?? 113? 118 109 108 107 122 11 19
Minimum Frontal Breadth.'...' 92' 96 (98) 1OO 99 94 87 90 91 (3
Maximum Frontal Breadth..... (115) 119 (111) . .. 130 . .. 113 (13 (2)
Lef t Parietal Thickness. 6 4 5 6 55
Frontal Angle........... 47? 52? 54 50 57 5 3
Frontal Chord ..........110 115 112 ... 99 (118) 110 10 12
Parietal Chord ..........110 106 115 105 (108) 115 111 116 10
Occipital Cord .......... 95 90 95 92 (96) 9 16
Basion-Nasion Length. 90? 89? 103? 95 95 93 100 9 6
Basion-Prosthion Length...... 91? 82 86? 92? 90 90 (4
Total Facial Angle......... 84? 84? 94 86 ...... (85) 2
Midfacial Angle.......... 90?? 92 102 91 (98).
Alveolar Angle .......... 64?? 62 63? 72 70 (8
Bizygomatic Breadth .......120? 110? 125?? (126) (133) 123 130 ... 124 117? 2? 12
Bigonial Breadth ......... 87?? 98? 84 97 100 ...85 92
Total Face Height .111...... l? 120? (105) 106?? 114 ...106 93
Upper Face Height ........ 69? ... 68? (63) 62? 68 56?.....60?
Nose Height ........... 47? (38) 53? 46? 48 54 52 (41) 42
Nose Breadth........... 19? 23? (19) 25 24 24 (22) 18
Nasalia Angle...........62.3
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... (6)
. 12 .
(13)
. 10.10 . 1
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......(15).(15)
. 20?.(7
Left Orbit Height.........30? 33 (31) 35 34 38 3 2
3
Right Orbit Height ........31 31
3)5 348
Left Orbit Breadth ........39 37. ..(34)35 34 3832
31
Right Orbit Breadth........38 32
(38) 41 39 4137 6?
Interorbital Breadth........ (15) (8 0... 1 ..
Biorbital Breadth.......... 95? ..... .9 (18) 2019882) 2
External Palate Length. ......... 49? (55) 44 (49) 51(4)4)
External Palate Breadth ...... 55? . .. (60) 59 (56) 59 (5)
58
Symphysis Height (jaw). ..29? ... 27 27 29 ... 30 25 2
Condylo-symphvsial Length ....105? 112? 86 92 100 9
Bicondylar Breadth........ 110? 123? 112 126 125 110....
Mandibular Angle.........133? 122? 124 125 128 128.
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus. 29 . .. 33? 30 33 ..30 3
Thickness of Corpus........ 14 14 12 15 . .. 15 14. ... ..
Cranial Index........... 75.42? 73.48? 75.54 (75.43) (70.22) (79.21) 87.72 77.06 71.91 72.73 81.92 874? 8.2
72?
Length-Height Index........ 68.72 69.06 72.28? (73.14) 71.35? 79.53 76.47 70.79 71.59 74.58 (7.4 767
815
Breadth-Height Index ....... 91.11 93.98 95.68? 96.97? (101.60) 90.67 99.24 98.44 98.44 91.03 (11) 9.1
7.8
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 59.22 (63.54) 63.59 (61.14) 63.48? . .. 69.01 64.12 60.67 60.45 7.5 52
87
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 78.52 (86.47) 84.17 81.06? (90.40) 76.87 83.21 84.38 73.79
835 824
7.1
Fronto-Parietal Index .. ..... 68.15 . .. 69.06 (78.40) 70.92 66.00 71.76 67.97 6164
679.(1.9
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 88.89? 89.93 (95.45) (106.40) 82.00 99.24 96.88(8.4 910?
(97)
Zygo-gonial Index.........72.50 78.40 (66.69) (72.93) 81.30 (78.63
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 94.57 . .. 102.08 (98.98) 101.01 122
Zygo-frontal Index......... 76.67? 76.80 73.68? 80.49 72 .31
(76.2).4.59?.7.23
Total Facial Index......... 92.50 96.00? (83.33) (79.70) 92.68 85.48(749
Upper Facial Index......... 57.50 544?
(50.00) (46.62) 55.28 53.0(5.2 (418
Nasal Index ...........40.43 43.40? (41.30) 52.08 44.44 46.15(5.6(48)
Left Orbital Index......... 76.92? 89.19? .
(84.97) . .. 87.50 87.18 92.68914 (1.7
Right Orbital Index
........81.58.85.37 87.18
.
92.68
. 8.9
8.7?
Interorbital Index......... (15.79) (18.18) 20.41(2.9 (337
(174
External Palatal Index....... 112.24 . .. (109.09) 134.09 (114.29) 115.69
Mandibular Index.........95.45? ... 91.06? 76.79 73.02 80.00 83.64
Morphological Type........D 2 A3 D 2 B2 B I E C 4 Fl B1 B 2 C 1-3 C2
C-
Age at Death...........Middle Child Middle Adolsc. Subadt. Young Young Young ? Old SuatYon Chl
TABLE 11-CONTINUED
Hellenistic Roman
Athens, Agora ~Kerameikos
Late
Turkshto
Athens, Agora
~~~(Dipylon
Cemetery) Roman Byzantine
(M.
Undat
ed
odr
Sounion -Athens Athens
H.ErleomtrcsSuno
Grave
Section AA From Section Y
II
Agora Agora
Eleusis
Frmbeet
preiouly
ellat Sar- Well at Pnyx Hill "Philo-
"Amy
Section
Q
Section
Y
AnthropologicalMsu
tepeo
exposed 97 r cophagus 9 tera" myne
Well at Tomb at
Philios
by robbers. Poseidon6-8 M
J. Y oung
-_ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -# 14a T. L. Shear,
c le t d b
and
T. L. Shear
T. L. Shear, 1937 J .Agl
J. L. Angel, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
G. Vaphas,
1938 1 3
1938 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_-1879
1938 ? 1937 1936 1895 18
5
25 AA
18 AA 13 AA 12 AA 71 AK 72 AK
20OAA
22 AA 9
El
2
El
E2
Cata'-gue N mber ........... 117
Child
19121213141518 Catalogue Number . 117
~~114
11 12 12 13 14 15 1812
Horizontal Circumference . 500 (513) 521 493 507? 502 516 498 509? 490 500 .. 9
Sagittal Arc............371 369 378 350 367 342 348 360 372 351 372 .. 7
Frontal Arc............129 127 126 119 122 117 124 119 125 127 125 ..
Parietal Arc............ 125 125 ... 115 122 119 112 126 125 118 131.....
Occipital Arc .... ....... 117 117 .... 115 121 16112 114 123 106 116. ...
Transverse Arc ..........307? 304? 286 305 298 295 315 294 304? 300 301 (3830
Cranial Length ..........176 181 190 166 177 174 175 175 182 168 177 (1810
Cranial Breadth..........135 139 135 147 142? 143 151 139 137 135 134 1413
Basion-Bregma Height.......137 129 128 130 126 127 126 126 139 124 125 (1) 13
Auricular Height .........116 114 113 116 115 107 112 114 117 110 114 18 2
Minimum Frontal Breadth..... 97 (90) 92 92 92 93 94 90 93 94 94 . .8
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....115 119? 109 119 119 117 117 107 112? 121 114
Left Parietal Thickness . ----.---- 5 3 6 6 4 5 7 5 5 4 554
Frontal Angle........... 53?? 53 52 52 54 45 45 50 .... 50 52 ...5
Frontal Chord ..........110 109 110 107 .... 105 111 108 107 107 110
Parietal Chord ..........109 114 .... 106 .... 107 101 115 118 106 116
Occipital Cord .......... 96 96 .... 94 .... 88 90 94 98 88 96 ..
Basion-Nasion Length .......100 95 102 93 93 98 98 94 102? 92 95 ...9
Basion-Prosthion Length.......... (82) .... 91 93 88 92 89 .... 98 93 ...9
Total Facial Angle............. 94? .... 83 87 87 89 89 . ... 80 89 ..9
Midfacial Angle.............. .... .... 90 93 92 94 93 .... 89 96 .. 0
Alveolar Angle .............. .... .... 63 74 73 78 72 .... 63 73 7
Bizygomatic Breadth .......(129) 116 (125) 127 123 137 137 125 113 126? 123 .. 3
Bigonial Breadth ......... 95 (80) .... 90 88 98? 104 101 .... 94 .... ..9
Total Face Height......... (105) 90? .... 108 109 112 121 113 .... 98 ....10
Upper Face Height ............ 58 .... 65 69 74 76 68 .... 67 67 ...6
Nose Height ............... 43? .... 49 50 55 56 50 .... 48 47 ...5
Nose Breadth............... 17? .. .. 22 23 26 27 23 .. .. 25 24 ...2
Nasalia Angle............... .... 57 54 58 54 51 ... (70) (58) ...6
Upper Nasalia Breadth........... 11 10? 12 8 11 10 13 (12) 9 10 ... 1
Lower Nasalia Breadth........ .. (15) .... 14 15 15? 17 17 .... (17) 17 ...1
Left Orbit Height......... .... 33? ... . 31 30 39 40 34 ... 34 31...3
Right Orbit Height ...... ... ... (33) .. 32 30 40 39 34 .... 36 33...3
Left Orbit Breadth ........ (39) (36) (37) 39 37 42 43 40 .... 38 39...3
Right Orbit Breadth........ (39) 36 (37) 38 37 43 44 39 40 39 39...3
Interorbital Breadth........ 24? (20) 22? 21 19 20 18 21 19?? 21 19...2
Biorbital Breadth ......... (99) (88) (93) 95 89 99 102 97 .... 97 95...9
External. Palate Length. ...... (42) .... 53 51 53 50 59 .... 54 51...5
External Palate Breadth ...... .... (56) ... 60 55 61 72 60 .... 61? 63...6
Symphysis Height (jaw). ..... 32? 25 .... 29 31 26 30 30 24 24? .... ...2
Condylo-symphysial Length .... 93? (88) .... 98 91 .... 106 101 .... 104? .... .. 0
Bicondylar Breadth ........ (122) (95) .. .. 121 113 .. .. 116 115 .... (117) .... .. 1
Mandibular Angle......... 119 (130) ... . 121 124 . .. . 127 117 .... 12-9 .... .. 2
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus.. 31 28 .... 29 33 .... 33 32 .... 28 .... ...3
Thickness of Corpus........ 13 14' .... 14 15 .... 15 14 .... .... .... ...1
Cranial Index.. 76.70 76.89 71.06 88.55 80.23 82.18 86.29 79.43 75.27 80.36 75.71 7.0 72
Length-Height Index'.-'.77.84 71.27 67.37 78.31 71.19 72.99 72.00 72.00 76.37 73.81 70.62 ..750
Breadth-Height Index ....... 101.48 92.81 94.81 88.44 88. 73? 88.81 83.44 90.65 101.46 91.85 93.28 ..971
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.91 62.98 59.47 69.88 64.61 61.49 64.00 65.14 64.29 65.48 64.41 ..678
Breadth-Auricular Height Index. 85.93 82.01 83.70 78.91 80.99 74.83 74.17 82.01 .85.40 81.48 85.07C.
77
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 71.85 (64.75) 68.15 62.59 64.79 65.03 62.25 64.75 67.88 69.63 70.15 ..640
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 95.56? 83.45 (92.59) 86.39 86.62 95.80 90.73 89.93 82.48 93.33? 91.79 ..942
Zygo-gonial Index......... 73.64? (63.47) ... 70.87 71.54 71.88 75.91 80.80 .... 74.60 .... .. 48
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 97.94 (88.89) ... 97.83 95.65 105.91 110.64 112.22 .... 100.00 .... ...101
Zygo-frontal Index......... 75.19? (77.59) (73.60) 72.44 74.80 67.88 68.61 72.00 .... 74.60 76.42 ..679
Total Facial Index......... (81.40) 77.59 .. 85.04 88.62 81.75 88.32 90.40 .... 77.78? .... .. 24
Upper Facial Index ........50.00 .... 51.18 56.10 54.01 55.47 54.40 .... 53.17 54.47 ..496
Nasal Index ........... .... (39.53) .... 44.90 46.00 47.27 48.21 46.00 .... 52.08 510L.. 60
Left Orbital Index......... .... 91.67 .... 79.49 81.08 92.86 73.02 85.00 .... 89.47 79.49 .. 10
Right Orbital
Index..................
84.21 81.08 93.02 88.64 87.18 .... 92.31
84.62 .. 89
Interorbital Index......... (24.24) (22.73) (23.66) 22.11 21.35 20.20 17.65 21.65 .... 21.65 20.00C. 23
External Palatal Index....... .... .... .... 113.21 107.84 115.09 144.00 122.45 .... 1 12.96? 123.53 ..148
Mandibular Index......... 76.23? (86.32) .... 80.99 80.53 .... 91.38 87.83 .... .... . . .. 54
Morphological Type........ E AlI AI C 4 FlI F1 FI FI B 2 C 1-3 A2 ()F
Age at Death...........Young Child Middle Young Young Middle Young Young Young Young Young ide on
TABLE III
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF MALE SKELETONS FROM ATTICA
Neolithic
Early Helladic
LH yeaa
Athens,
Hagios Kosmas L.
Athens
-zora ~~~~~~~Collective
tombs Thorikos
Agora
~~~~~~~Individual
skeletons not separableAga
27 AA I Tho 2A
Catalogue Number.......... 2 25 3
Morphological Type.......... F 1 E 1I
R. L R. L R. L R. L. R R. L. R. L
Maximum Length Humerus.....(321) (323) 291 289 37c0
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus .. ...... ...41 40 94
Humero-femoral Index ........(70.90) (72.54) 72.57 72.5
Maximum Length Radius.......(2 38) 223 219 3 23
Humero-radial Index.........(74.14) 76.63 75.8 (41)7.4
Maximum Length Ulna ...... .. .. .. . 270 270 6 5
Maximum Length Clavicle .. .... 148? (150) 11111....149 140 5 6
Humero-clavicular Index ....... (46.10) (46.15) 48.11 48.4 (921 29
Bicondylar Length Femur....... (458) 448 . ..(400) (403) (430) . .. 401 400
Maximum Length Femur .......462? 451 (404) (408) (435) 403 401
Maximum Diameter Head Femur ..
43
42?+
44 ... 40 40 11
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 24 23 . .. 26 27 23 23 . .. 28 26
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter .. 30 30 30 32 31 31 33 31
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......29 27 32 32 25 27 25 26
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 25 25 .26 26 26 25 25 25
Platymeric Index........... 80.00 76.67 86.67 90.00 70.97 . .. 74.19 . .. 90.32 89.2
Diagonal Length Tibia ........(373) (373) ... (320) 350 3 47 (70
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 36 (35) 36 32 33
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . 22 (21) 23 22 21
Cnemic Index ............61.11 (60.00) 63.89 68.75 63.6
Stature.
in cm ..... ....... 167.13 (ca. 160) (ca. 155.18) (ca. 158.01) (ca. 163.08) 156.7616.7
Pubic Symphysis Phase.... . ..
Innominate Height..........(200) ... 200 197 231
Innominate Breadth .........(165) .....152 157 78 (17
Bi-iliac Breadth .............. 266?? 29
Interspinous Breadth..................... (90) (5
Inlet Breadth ...
.........129??12
Inlet Antero-posterior .(107)........
Inlet Index
.(86.99)...........
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ......... ....150 137 1413
Vertical Lumbar Index ....... .. ... 91.33931
Maximum Length Calcaneum.... 76 .. 75 75 4 8
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.....43 37.39.44743?
Maximum Length Astragalus .....49 48 47 54 4
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 41 . .. ...... ... 39 39 4 4
Projective Height Astragalus. ... 29- 28 28 1 1
TABLE 111-CONTINUE-D
SubmycenaeanGemti
AthensEeus
42 AK 62 AK 63 AK 52 AK 58 AK 64 AK lE
Catalogue Number.......... 52 71 72 58 47 67 8
Morphological Type ......... D 3 .......F 2 A 1 D...1
R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L L. R. L.
Maximum Length Humerus. .... 297 (295) 359 303 295 307 (302) (295) 290 1(1
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus. (45) ....48 47 49 44 42 7 4
Humero-femoral Index .. ...... 71.22 (71.25) 78.21 . .. (72.83) 71.08 73.09 (71.39) 707? 7.5 25
Maximum Length Radius.......229 228 261 226 246 23524 23
Humero-radial Index.........77.10 (77.29) 72.70 74.59 76.55?751 764
Maximum Length Ulna........(247) 248 281 ...269 (270)26 22
Maximum Length Clavicle..... ... 135 137 (130) (133) 122 (131) 1? 15
Humero-clavicular Index............ . ..44.55 46.44 (42.34) 42.07?.463 498
Bicondylar Length Femur.......417 414? 459 (462) (416) 415 448 420 423 41042 48
Maximum Length Femur .......420 417? 466 (469) (419) 417 452 421 427 41442 49
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 45 46 48 48 44 44 49 50 45? 46 45 44 8 4
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 25 27 28 28 28 27 30 27 26 24255
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. ... 34 35 33 33 31 34 . .. 37 32 32 34346
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......28 28 33 34 32 31 32 31 33 33 2625 6
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter......28 29 30 30 28 29 28 29 28 27 2729 9
Platymeric Index........... 73.53 77.14 84.85 80.00 90.32 79.41 81.08 84.38 81.25 70.59735 694
Diagonal Length Tibia ........344 342 341 342 362 (360) (353) (348) 3 27 5J39
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior..
32 33 . .. 41 40 35 35 36 35 31 29 3 3
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. 25 24 . .. 23 23 26 24 25 24? 24 21210
Cnemic Index ............78.13 72.73 56.10 57.20 74.29 68.57 69.44 68.57 77.42 72.1 6.7 88
Stature in cm............. 158.65 173.20 158.43 166.00 160.82 155.91 118
Pubic Symphysis Phase...... .. VIII VIII III (I II) ...
Innominate Height..........205 206 20020 29
Innominate Breadth .........156 (157)
19 18
Bi-iliac Breadth ........... 27227
Interspinous Breadth ........92
9?
Inlet Breadth ............ 123 127....
Inlet Antero-posterior......... 90 9
Inlet Index.............. 73.17 73.23...
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....133 128 135 137 126 129 18? 15
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 96.24 101.48 102.38 9.6
Maximumi Length Calcaneum.... (76) 80 79 78 (82) 86 80 82 7? (9
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.....42 44 39 39 47? 46? 41 41 44 5
Maximum Length Astragalus .....52 51 ...46 47 58 58 51 50 5152 2
Maximum Breadth Astragalus.....42 42 40 39 45 45 40 41 39 43.4
Projective Height Astragalus. .... 30 30 ... 28 28 + 31 32 30 29 29 3? 3
TABLE 111-CONTINUE-D
Classic
Geometric Athens
Athens
Agora
K?erameikosAga
5 AA 6 AA 30 AA l5 AA 65
AK
66 AK
lA
Catalogue Number.......... 86 83 84 73 101 10213
Morphological Type ......... C3 F 2 ElI AI DI Dl C5
R. L R L. R. L.RRL R. L. R. L. R. L.
Maximum Length Humerus......(317) 296 323? (309) (285) (283) 320 314 327 3 25 19 32
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus. 44 47 48 (44) 46 46 50 50 0 5
Humero-femoral Index ........(75.47) (70.14) 72.42 (75.00) 70.95 69.16 70.32 70.5 7.6 53
Maximum Length Radius.......(226) (220) 236 (204) (205) 238 237 254 254 46 24
Humero-radial Index.........(71.29) (74.32) 73.06?
...74.37
75.38 77.67 78.5 7.1 62
Maximum Length Ulna........256 (246) 260 259 267 265 288 281 7'7
Maximum Length Clavicle ......(145) (145) 152 144 145 161 158 154 161
H'umero-clavicular Index .......(45.74) (48.99) 47.06 (46.60) 50.31 50.32 46.79 49.5
Bicondylar Length Femiur.......420 422 443 446 412? 414? (420) (418) 451 454 465 4 62 33 43
Maximum Length Femur .......425? 430 447 447 414? 415? (422) (421) 454 456 471 466 3 3
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 48 49 49 48 47 46 *..47 49 51 51 8 4
ON Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 21 25 25 25 26 (29) 23 22.. 30 30 29 31 4 2
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. .. . 33 32 37 38 34 (34) 29 28 35 33 33 33 4 3
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 23 27 28 29 29 25 27 29 30 31 30 8 2
M id-shaf t Lateral Diameter. ....... 2 6 2 7 3 1 29 29 24 24 27 28 30 30 5 2
Platymeric Index........... 63.64 78.13 69.44 65.79 76.47 (85.29) 79.31 78.57 85.71 90.91 89.83 93.4 7.5 74
Diagonal Length Tibia ........358 341 338 ...360 362 377 376 5 5
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 29 33 36 36 34 34? 28 ~29 36 37 36 35 3 3
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . 21 23 24 25 22
22?+
21 21 26 26 28 26 3 2
Cnemic Index ............ 72.41 69.70 66.67 69.44 64.71 64.71 75.00 72.41 72.22 70.27 77.78 74.9 6.7 14
Stature in cm ............ 161.70 164.07 158.76 (ca. 158.43) 164.32 168.20 142
Pubic Symphysis Phase ........VII VII ViII VIII LI L
Innominate Height..........(185) 180? 224 212 212 217 218 217 2 17 0,0
Innominate Breadth .........(160) 163? ...(137) 158 158 155 157 167 167 67 18
Bi-iliac Breadth .............. 280.278 27826
Interspinous Breadth............104??.82 83 8
Inlet Breadth ...
....I.....127.
... 120 12112
Inlet Antero-posterior............91
??.110 108 9
Inlet Index .............71.65??....91.67 89.26786
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....130 131 ... 130 133 138 153 146 147,
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 100.77 ... ...94.62 110.87 100.68
Maximum Length Calcaneum.... 79 82 79 79 86 89 83 85'
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum..... 43? 43 ... 43 42? 46 45 47 48
Maximum Length Astragalus ..... 53 52 52 51 54 54 55 55
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 50 49 ... 43 43 ? 49 48 49 48
Projective Height Astragalus. ....... 29 30 28 28? 34 34 35 36
TABLE III-CONTINUED
Hellenistic Roman Late Roman Turkish Turkish rMdr
Sounion Athens, Agora Athens, Agora Athens, Agora
Sono
4 S 14 AA 19 AA 21 AA
S 3S
Catalogue Number .........118 120 126 130 13113
Morphological Type ......... C 1 B 1 C 3 See text F 1D2
R. L R. L. R L. R. L. R. L. R L
Maximum Length Humerus . ....(320) (320) 329 330? 319 311 311.31
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus.. ... (45) 47 47?44 5
Humero-femoral Index ........(74.59) (75.65) (73.27) (73.66)
Maximum Length Radius . .....230 246 (243) 251
Humero-radial Index .........(71.87) 74.77 (76.64) ...
Maximum Length Ulna ...........271 268 .. (275)
. .
Maximum Length Clavicle ......... 144 137 (154) 156 139 1321612
Humero-clavicular Index .......(45.00) (42.81) (46.81) 47.27
Bicondylar Length Femur.......(455) 458?? 429 423 (449) (448) 469 47240 41
Maximum Length Femur .......(462) 464 434 427 (452) (451) 473 476 442...444.
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 52 43 42 52 53 50 49 44.45
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 27 27 23 24 29 24 29 28 26266
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. 35 35 30 30 34 32 31 30 34 300
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 33 31 27 28 30 30 37 37 31 289
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 28 29 24 26 27 27 27 27 28.25 26
Platymeric Index........... 77.14 77.14 76.67 80.00. 85.29 84.38 93.55 93.33 76.47 66 66
Diagonal Length Tibia ........365? 343 .. (362) (362) (400)3534
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 35 30 31 36 39 3434 2
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . ... 24 20 20 24 23 28 26.25
Cnemic Index ............68.57 66.67 64.52 75.00 58.97 ... 82.35764 781
Stature in cm ............ 167.35 161.04 166.20 169.27 160.64 122
Pubic Symphysis Phase ........VIII? VIII VII VI .. VII VIIVI VI
Innominate Height..........240
208 230 227 199 20121
23
Innominate Breadth .........(175) (170) 170 (163) (163) 147 15416 14
Bi-iliac Breadth ........... 291?. ...(305) 24127
Interspinous Breadth............83 73? 9
Inlet Breadth ............ 135?. ...138 102 125....
Inlet Antero-posterior.........
109?.115 90 115.
Inlet Index ............. 80.74....83.33 88.24.20
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights .. .. 149? 139? 137 130 118 120... ...
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 93.29? 94.89 101.69
Maximum Length Calcaneum.....86 78 74 81 (80) . .. 83 82
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum ....(47) 40 39 44 43 . .. 45 (44)
Maximum Length Astragalus .....(57) 54 55
Maximum Breadth Astragalus.....(43)
42 42
Projective Height Astragalus .....(29) 33 33?
TABLE IV
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALE SKELETONS FROM ATTICA
Early Helladic Submycenaean
Hagios Kosmas Athens
Collective tombs Kerameikos
Individual skeletons 45 AK 46 AK 47 AK 54 AK 59 AK60A
Catalogue Number..........not separable
51 57 62 64 69 7
Morphological Type ......... ...B 2 F 1 C C ...
R. L. R. L. R. L R. L. R. L. R. L. R L
Maximum Length Humerus....... (288) (288) (304) 300 (285) 312 311 (263) 273 28
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus .. ...41 . ..44 45 (36)4
Humero-femoral Index........... . (71.66) (72.38) 71.94 (70.89) 69.95 70.36(7.4
Maximum Length Radius.......223 218 211 222 221 229 22922
Humero-radial Index.........(77.43) (75.69) 70.33 (77.89) 73.40 73.637.3
Maximum Length Ulna.............. 242 ...225 (244) (244)23
Maximum Length Cla'vicle ......(128) 131 132 135 (131) 126? 130?
Humero-clavicular Index .......... (48.44) (45.49) (43.42) 45.00 ... 40.38 41.80
Bicondylar Length Femur.......382 378 403 420 417 402 410 446 442(48
Maxim um Length Femur .......386 382 408 428 425 403? 413 451 447 375 (11
00 Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 37 37 42 42 45 44 42 43 45 44 39 39 4
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 22 21 23 25 25 25 23 25 24 21 20 2
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter .. 27 29 31 30 30 30 31 32 33 29 31 2
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......25 24 25 24 28 27 27 26 27 27 23 22 6 2
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter......25 26 25 25 25 24 26 27 24 25 23 22 4 2
Platymeric Index........... 81.48 72.41 74.19 83.33 83.33 83.33 74.19 78.13 72.73 72.41 645&96
Diagonal Length Tibia ........(329) (347) (345) 367 366 (347)
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 28 35 35 31 31 33 33 ...
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. 20 23 24 21 20 23 22
Cnemic Index ............71.43 65.71 68.57 67.74 64.52 69.70 66.67 ...
Stature in cm ............ 147.53 153.57 154.50 153.84 160.47 146.22 127
Pubic Symphysis Phase..111? ..... ... II III? v- V? V? II- II-
Innominate Height ......... 194 207 196 (196) 20520
Innominate Breadth .........(142) 148 (155) (158) 147 167 166 ...
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........252 ....... 201
Interspinous Breadth.........(117) 115 ...108?
Inlet Breadth ...
.........132
139 ...137
Inlet Antero-posterior.........89?
98 ...118
Inlet Index..............67.42
70.50 86.13
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....129 121 143 130 130 117 (127) 128 130 124
Vertical Lumbar Index.........93.80 90.91 90.00 (100.79) 95.38
Maximum Length Calcaneum.. ...80 79 (79) 78 78 7
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum ....(38) 41 (40) . .. (43) 42 44 3
Maximum Length Astragalus......50
53 51 52 45 4 4
Maximum Breadth Astragalus . ...36 (36) 40 40 42 34 4
Projective Height Astragalus. ......26? 27 29 29 30? 24...27
TABLE IV-CONTINUED
Early Protogeometric GeometricClsi
Athens Athens Ahn
Agora: Agora Krmio
9 AA 3 AA 4 AA 7 AA
6A
Catalogue Number..........54 82 76 7711
Morphological Type .........D 3 D 2 B 2 B 1I
R. L. R. L. R.L L. R. L.
Maximum Length Humerus...... 304 303? 2852928
Max'imum Diameter Head Humerus.. 39? 38433
Humero-femoral Index ........ (69.09) 68.38? 73.077307.6
Maximum Length Radius....... 235 233?? 224.22
Humero-radial Index......... 73.30 76.90?7647.3
Maximum Length Ulna . 257?...244. 242
Maximum Length Clavicle ......(145) (110) 1221319
Humero-clavicular Index ....... ...(47.85) 42.814994.1
Bicondylar Length Femur....... (440) 443 (449) 350 388 3904046
Maximum Length Femur ....... (442) 447 (453) 352 363974041
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.... 42 42 36 37.. 3963
Subtrochanteric Ante'ro-posterior . .. 22 23 23? ~ 23 20 20 24 23264
Subtrochanteric Lateral 'Diameter .... 30 32 33 33 22 23 30 29289
-n
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 25 26 27 27 20 20 23 23352
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 23 26 27 27 19 22 24 25243
Platymeric Index........... 73.33 71.88 69.70 69.70 90.91 86.96 82.76 79.319288.7
Diagonal Length Tibia ........355? 327 3313432
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 32 31 . ..28 27301
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter.. 20 19 19 18222
Cnemic Index ............ 62.50 61.29 67.86 66.67733709
Stature in cm ............158.50 (160.90) (141.30) 150.40 149
Pubic Symphysis Phase. I I V V
Innominate Height.......... (203) 186 187?1819
Innominate Breadth ......... (144) 11111132 132?1418
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........25925
Interspinous Breadth . .......109?16
Inlet Breadth ............12412
Inlet Antero-posterior . .......9310
Inlet Index ..............75.008.0
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights .... (129) (130) 122 1151219
Vertical Lumbar Index ........(100.78) ...94.26983
Maximum Length Calcaneum.... (75) 71 75 74735
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum..... (38) 40 39 38384
Maximum Length Astragalus ..... 49 49 ...43 42466
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 36 36 ...43 42394
Projective Height Astragalus. ...... 29 30 25 26288
TABLE IV-CONTINUED
Roman Late Roman
H e lle n istic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ u k s r M d r
SounionSonn
Athens, Agora Athens, Kerameikos Athens, Kerameikos Athens, Agora
55S
13 AA 71 AK 72 AK 2O AA
2
Catalogue Number..........117 127 123 124 12513
Morphological Type .........E C 4 F 1 F 1 F 1I
R .R. L. R. L. R. LRR. R. L
Maximum Length Humerus .....305 318 309 317 313 (300) 298
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus.. ... ... 41 41 44 45 43
Humero-femoral Index ......... ...72.10 73.78 70.39 70.60 69.56 (69.12) 68.9
Maximum Length Radius. 218 216 235 239 232 234 (210) 208
Humero-radial Index .........70.82 73.90 77.35 73.19 74.76 (70.00)
69.7
Maximum Length Ulna .......233 248+ 247 252 251 235
Maximum Length Clavicle ......144 155 165 151 150
Hum ero-clavicular Index .......46.60 48.89 52.72 (50.33) 50.3
Bicondylar Length Femur ......(393) 424 423 431 439 449 450 434 432
Maximum Length Femur .......(397) 427 426 435 442 452 456 438 537
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 43 42 41 41 - 41 44 43 44 43 4
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior ... 26 26 23 24 25 26 26
-
25 28 26
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter
..
27 27 31 31 27 27 27 29 30 29
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 28 30 27 28 26 27 27 27 26 25
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 24 24 27 28' 24 24 23 23 23 23
Platymeric Index........... 96.30 96.30 74.19 77.42 92.59 96.30 96.30 86.21 93.33 89.6
Diagonal Length Tibia ........332 334 351 353 371 370 353 351
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior..
32 33 26 29 31 30 31 31
Nutrient Foramen LateralI Diameter. 24 24 22 22 22 22 24 23
Cnemic Index ............75.00 72.73 84.62 75.86 70.97 73.33 77.42 74.1
Stature in cm .............154.78 158.80 160.09 155.17
Pubic Symphysis Phase ........ ... VI + .. VI- VI- V V
Innominate Height ..........200
204 200 201 213 212 202 200
Lnnominate Breadth .........176 177 (158) 157
- 170 167 161 162
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........305?
268 298?? 278
Interspinous Breadth.........100 (113) (112)
112
Inlet Breadth ............140?
133 148?? 141
Inlet Antero-posterior ........120? (135) 153 122
Inlet Index .............85.71?.....103.88??
86.52
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....155?
158 148? 146?
Vertical Lumbar Index ........101.94?
98.65 ?
Maximum Length Calcaneum.....76
76 81 82
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.... ... ...40 40 40 39
Maximum Length Astragalus .....48
48 53 53...
Maximum Breadth Astragalus ....39
38 37+? 38?
Projective Height Astragalus.
30
- 30
-
31 31
TABLE V
PERCENTAGE OF OCCURRENCE OF SIX MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES IN PERIOD GROUPS IN TOTAL
SERIES OF ANCIENT GREEKS. BOTH SEXES COMBINED. FOR COMPARISON WITH TYPE
FREQUENCIES IN ATTICA.
Morphological X X
i 0
0
c
8?c
Types C49
0
-
)c 0. ic ~. 0
Type C-Alpine ..........16.49 16.28 11.12 14.92 10.00 26.19 14.12 16.23 26.32
Type E-Mixed Alpine .11.09 6.98 16.67 8.96 15.00 11.90 12.94 13.51 2.63
Type F-Dinaric-Mediterranean... 8.25 6.98 8.33 4.48 0 16.67 5.88 24.32 5.26
Type D-Nordic-Iranian .16.75 11.63 33.33 10.45 10.00 14.29 23.53 13.51 15.79
Type B-Mediterranean .23.44 27.91 8.33 25.37 27.50 19.05 23.53 13.51 39.47
Type A-Basic White ............. 23.98 30.22 22.22 35.82 37.50 11.90 20.00 18.92 10.53
Number of skulls .... ....... 388 43 36 67 40 42 85 37 38
NOTE: Percentage frequencies which differ significantly (3 times probable error of difference) from previous
period's values are italicized. Significant fluctuations in combined percentages of Alpinoid types (C, E, and F)
occur in Early Iron Age, Classical, and Roman periods.
TABLE VI
PERCENTAGE OF OCCURRENCE OF SIX MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES IN PERIOD GROUPS IN ATTICA.
BOTH SEXES COMBINED. FOR COMPARISON WITH TYPE DISTRIBUTION IN TOTAL SERIES.
Morphological
4.-
E _
4?.
Types U-~~
Type C-Alpine.22.32 ......... 25.00 . ...15.79 27.27 16.00 25.00 (50.00)
Type E-Mixed Alpine . 9.82
...................
5.00 (1a00.0) 5.26
9.0 ) 16.00 8.3 4
Type F-Dinaric-Mediterranean. 14.29 ......... 10.00 . ...15.79 15.15 8.00 33.33 ...
Type D-Nordic-Iranian . 13.39 ......... 15.00 . ...5.27 18.18 16.00 8.33 ...
Type B-Mediterranean . 21.43 ......... 20.00 . ...21.05 18.18 28.00 16.67 (50.00)
Type A-Basic White . 18.75 ......... 25.00 . ...36.84 12.12 16.00 8.33 ...
Number of skulls ........... ... ... ......... 112 20 19 33 25 12 2
361
TABLE VI I
MEAN MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF ATHENIAN PERIOD GROUPS. NEOLITHIC GROUP FROM ALL GREECE. MALESKL .
All Greece ATTICA
S e rv ia , T s a n g li, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Athens (2),
Hageorgitika,
Hagios Kosmas
Athens (1), Athens (7), Athens (13)Ates()
Astaka (2),
(1)Spata
(2), Athens (12) Eleuisis (1), and Kouvar 4 ono 1
Leukas (1)
Markopoulos (10) Marathon (1) Acharnai (1)
Neolthic Earl Heladic
Late Helladic
Hemyeneaenimtrcstisial-l
Neolithic Early
HelladicIII
Sbyeaa emti lsia lsia oa
Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N en N
Horizontal Circumference .........507. 67? 6 525.62 8 516.60 12 521.85 7 514.00 7 520.46 13 5 09. 67 100
Sagittal Arc...............376. 75? 4 377.33 3 373.83 12 379.57 7 369. 71 7 375. 73 11 368.00 662
Frontal Arc...............130.00 3 129.17 6 128.00 3 129.50 8 128.00 7 123.64 11 126.00 257
Parietal Arc...............132.00 3 132.67 6 127.50? 2 130.00 9 125.56 9 127. 82 11 127.501 282
Occipital1Arc ...............123.
50? 2 119.25 4 113.00+ 2 120.11 9 115.12 8 121.00 9 114.33 156'
Transverse Arc .............391.60 5 317.50 5 309. 70 10 311.72 11 305.57 7 309.56 9 309. 67 087
Cranial Length .............181.57 7 189.00 8 184.41 12 185.45? 11 181.87 8 186.64 14 182.25 774
Cranial Breadth.............135.71 7 142.00 10 140.33 12 143.00 11 139.25 8 140.71 14 141.25 412
Basion-Bregma Height ..........134.25 4 136.50 4 133.00 10 133.67 9 132. 25 8 131.91 14 133.00 335
Auricular Height.............115.17 6 119.80 5 116.33 12 116.54 11 114.25 8 114.93 14 117.501 172
Minimum Frontal Breadth ........ 93.83 6 98.62 8 95.07 13 94.62 8 97.67 6 98.41 12 92. 25 ,35
Maximum Frontal Breadth........109.00 2 118.50 4 118.67 3 119.50 10 120.00 3 119.42 7 114.33 196'
Frontal Angle.............. 53.33 3 48.50 6 51.20 10 50.87 8 50.00 6 47.50 4 50. 67 '23
C\' FrontaliChord ..............113.50 2 113.83 6 113.67 3 113.50 8 111.60 5 116.50 2 111.33 3 125 3
ParietaliChord .............116.50 2 115.17 6 116.00? 2 117.10 10 113.25 8 114.09 2 113.25 152
OccipitaliChord................. 101.00 2 100.75 4 91.00? 2 99.00 9 95.29 7 103.00 2 195.33 9.7
Basion-Nasion Length ..........100.33 3 102. 25 4 100.40 10 100.00 8 99.33 6 100.30 10 96. 67 '80
Basion-Prosthion Length......... 99.67 3 97.09 2 94.42 7 95.50 8 96.00 4 95.14 7 94.501 55
Total Facial Angl
............
84.33 3 87.00 3 88.00 7 86.62 8 84. 00? 4 87.25' 4 85). 50 &3
Midfacial Angle............. 88.33 3 91.50 2 96. 29 7 93.50 8 90. 75? 4 92.50 4 90.00 33
Alveolar Angle ............. 69.67 3 70.00 2 67.43 7 67. 25 8 65. 75 4 73.00 4 72. 50 113
Bizygomatic Breadth...........128.00 4 129.00 4 129. 75 8 130.33 9 134.60 5 130.85 7 129 1 100
Bigonial Breadth ............ 95.33 3 99.33 3 97.50 2 100.85 7 99.16 6 104.33 3 99 1 123
Total Face Height............116.33 3 115.00 2 120.50 2 112.87 8 115.83 6 121.00 4 119 1 163
Upper Face Height.. .......... 68.33 3 71.00 4 68.85 7 67.55 9 68.60 5 71.50 8 69.501 65
Nose Height .............. 48.00 3 53.25 4 50.43 7 49.22 9 51.16 6 53. 25 8 50.50 100
Nose Breadth.............. 23.67? 3 24.50 4 24.00 7 23.55 9 24.40 5 24. 25 8 23.00 57
Nasalia Angle.............. 61.00 2 50 1 58.86 7 49.40 5 53.00 4 58. 75 4 511 463 3
Upper Nasalia Breadth.......... 13.00 3 12.40 5 12.38 13 11.75 8 13.80 5 13.50 6 12.33 30
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......... 17.00 3 16 1 18.00 7 18.50 6 17. 50 4 17.00 4 16.50 60
Left Orbit Height ............ 30.67 3 33.00 3 32.67 6 32.50 8 32.00 6 32.88 8 32.501 12
Right Orbit Height ........... 30.67 3 34.50 4 33.00 7 32.37 8 33.16 6 32. 75 8 32.00 12
Left Orbit Breadth............ 39.00 3 38. 25 4 39.42 7 38.62 8 39.80 5 40.50 8 38.00 85
Right Orbit Breadth........... 39.00 3 38. 25 4 39.37 8 38.37 8 40.83 6 40.50 8 38.33 87'
Interorbital Breadth........... 21. 75 4 22.37 8 21.38 13 21.87 8 23. 25 4 21.00 4 20.00 33
Biorbital Breadth ............ 99.33 3 99.00 2 97.67 12 95.87 8 101.60 5 101.50 4 94.50 (96
External Palate Length.......... 54.33 3 52.50 2 52. 71 7 54.00 9 54.20 5 54. 25 4 52.50 (43
External PalatefBreadth ......... 65.00 3 66.00 4 64.83 6 65.50 6 62.50 4 66.00 4 59.00 40
Symphysis Height (jaw) ......... 37.00 3 32.50 4 34.67 3 33.90 11 32. 71 7 33. 75 4 321 280 3
Condylo-symphysial Length........ 106.33 3 101 1 106 1 101.43 7 107. 75 4 111.33 3.. 100 3
Bicondylar Breadth ...........117.67 3 123 1 121 1 127. 29 7 126. 75 4 127.00 3 ...22.7.
Mandibular Angle ............128.00 3 124. 67 3 119.33 3 123. 57 7 125.00 6 129.00 3 ii8 1 106
MinimuniBr.Ascend.Ramus....... 32. 67 3 29.00 2 32.67 3 31.90 10 33.00 7 32.00 4 291 3.6 3
Thickness of Corpus ........... 13.67 3 13. 75 4 13.67 3 13.87 8 16.16 7 14.33 3 131 130 3
Stature.................159.59 cm. 2 (159. 76 cm. 3) 162.37 cm. 1 162.17 cm. 6 161.59 cm. 4 165.60 cm. 3 ...64.6.
Cranial Index'.............. 75.61' 8 75.60 8 76.13 12 77.17 11 77. 24 7 75.49 14 77.52 7.6
Length-HeightlIndex........... 73.29 4 73.14 4 71.95 10 72.33 8 72.79 8 70.71 12 73.1 3 43R
Breadth-Height Index .......... 99.82 4 95.48 3 94.52 10 94.03 9 94.39 7 93.81 12 93.88 3 957
Length-Auricular HeightlIndex ...... 62.99 6 63.87 5 63.12 12 62.87 11 62.05 7 61.67 14 64.48 6.3
Breadth-Auricular HeightlIndex...... 84.81 6 84.02 6 82.93 12 81.64 11 82.14 7 81.64 14 83.19 30
Fronto-ParietallIndex .......... 69.10 6 68.31 7 67.67 12 66.45 8 69.12 6 70.06 12 65.31 4 670 4
Transverse FrontallIndex......... (86.08)
* 83.22 * 80.11 * 79.17 * 81.38 * 82.41 * 80.77 7.1
Cranio-FaciallIndex ........... 95.14 4 88.65 4 92.72 8 91.29 9 95.00 5 92.14 7 91.49 31
Zygo-gonial Index ............ 73.83 3 87.10 1 75.89 2 78.00 6 73.06 5 79.54 4 76.74? 69
Fronto-gonial Index ...........100.49 3 100.56 2 106.15 2 108.40 6 104.20 5 102.07 4 111.24? 1 072 3
Zygo-frontal Index............ 73.37 4 76.51 4 72.63 8 73.39 8 70.67 4 76.20 7 68. 99? 1 748
Total FaciallIndex............ 90.31 3 96.77 1 92.61 2 86.03 8 87.04 5 93.13 4 92.25 8.4
Upper FaciallIndex ........... 53.00 3 54.47 4 52.47 7 51.90 9 50.26 4 54. 94 7 54.26 12
Nasal Index............... 49.52? 3 46.09 4 47.78 7 47.48 9 47.44 5 45.68 8 45.55 5.5
Left OrbitallIndex............ 78.91 3' 88.95 5 83.12 7 84.24 8 .81.67 5 82.47 9 85.48 12
InterorbitallIndex ............ 22.68 3 23.73 2 21.58 12 23.23 7 23.54 4 21.19 4 21.19 33
External Palatal Index ..........116.47 3 126.58 2 122.41 6 115.80 6 112.21 4 121.46 4 112.42 153
'Listed Cranial index for Neolithic period mal es from all Greece includes the published value of 81 given by Velde for the Neolithic cranium from ChoirospiliaiLeks Nothrda
except interorbital breadth and two photographs were. published for this skull, and I was not able to visit Leukas and measure it. The average cranial index withothisklis7.4
f
h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
MODERN GREEK EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES ARRLANGED VERTICALLY
AS IN TABLES V AND VI
ANGEL: SKELETAL MATERIAL FRom ATTICA
PLATE XLI
3 3
5~~~~~~ 5
NEOLITHIC
SKULLS.FROM THE ATHENIAN AGORA
ANGEL: SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
PLATE XLII
A~~~~~~~~~~~~A
10
1 0-
I
10
_ '..
hi~~~~~i
EARLY HELLADIC TYPE A-SKULLS FROM HAGIOS KOSMAS
PLATE XLIII
12
2
A
__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19
~~~~~r 12 129 1
_kE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19
16~~~~A L HE LA' TY E B,D 1 K LL R M H GI SK S A
ANGEL:../
SKLTLMTRA RMATC
PLATE XLIV
*~~~~ -' r
t ~~~~~~~~~~~~25 2 5n
.... .
.w
.
.
.
.
:~~~~~~~~~~
27 27
22
.
a....
l.829 29 ,,jr 7
L.H. II TYPE E SKULL FROM THORIKOS AND L.H. III TYPE A'S FROM MARKOPOULOS
PLATE XLV
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
32 2
36 36 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~36 363
7~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 X 3
3 7
L.H. III SKULLS, TYPE A, B, D, FROM MARKOPOULOS AND ATHENS
ANE:SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
PLATE XLVI
38~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
- 40 40' 40 - ,24
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
L.H. III TYPE F, E, C SKULLS FROM MARKOPOULOS
PLATE XLVII
4
47 4
A'
-
w47
L.H. III ALPINE SKULL FROM SPATA (45); SUBMYCENAEAN SKULLS, TYPE A AND B
ANGEL:.SKELETAL.MATERIAL
FROM ATrICA
50~~~~~~~~
PLATE XLVIII
552 5-2
53 53
S
54~~~~~~5
54~ 54
54 _ ;j
PLATE XLIX
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~56
._ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ S6 5 6
5 7
5L
SUBMYCENAEAN TYPE F AND E SKULLS FROM ATHENS
PLATE L
61~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
64~~~~~~~~~~6
64
6i
66 66 G666
66~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6
68~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6868 68 6 r,^
SUBMYCENAEAN ALPINE SKULLS FROM THE ATHENIAN KERAMEIKOS
PLATE LI
73 73
7
.SX
.
73
74
76
TYPE A AND B GEOMETRIC SKULLS FROM THE ATHENIAN AGORA
ANGEL SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
PLATE LII
78
78
78
78
s ~~~~~8
8
~~~~~~~~~~~so_
GEMERI SKLS7YE N RM TES AAHN LUI
ANEL SKLTLMAEILFRMArc
PLATE LIII
82 82 2X
..
_ _i _-
_~~~~~AGL SKEEA MAEiA FRM8TC
PLATE LIV
97 97
9
97- -
-_LE_~~~~~~~~~~~9
9h8f9
X t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g
i ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0(2
1)
10
CLASSICAL
SKULLS, TYPES B AND D, FROM KOUVARA AND ATHENS
PLATE LV
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5
105!
' 1 0 , e, ,~~10
10
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iL
113 1 1 3 11 _~~~~~~~~~~11
PLATE LVI
114
114 1 4
1150
115 1
1 5
115
11717 7 1 17-
HELLENISTIC SKULLS, TYPES A, D, E, C, FROM ATHENS AND SOUNION
PLATE LVII
119 119
_
120 120 l120
~ jrlS9
122 123
2'3 2 -
1D
ATHENIAN SKULLS OF ROMAN DATE, TYPES A, B, AND F
PLATE LVIII
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~12;_
4.,,;1
_~~~~~~~2
124i
~~~~~e ~ ~ ~ 4
125
~~~~~~~~~~~~1 2
f f l i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~125
. j1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
01~~~~~~
ROMAN PERIOD ATHENIANS, TYPES F AND C
PLATE LIX
ii -,
:
I O~~~~~
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
vgl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ol
BYZANTINE AND TURKISH SKULLS FROM ATHENS AND SOUNION

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SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA

280 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

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