Different Types of Questions based on Bloom's Taxonomy

Lower Order
Knowledge (Remembering)
These types of questions test the students ability to memorize and to recall terms, facts and details without
necessarily understanding the concept.
Key Words: Memorize, Define, Identify, Repeat, Recall, State, Write, List & Name
Examples of knowledge questions
Comprehension (Understanding)
These questions test the students ability to summarize and describe in their own words without necessarily relating it
to anything.
Key Words: Describe, Distinguish, Explain, Interpret, Predict, Recognize & Summarize
Examples of comprehension questions
Higher Order
Application (Transferring)
Application questions encourage students to apply or transfer learning to their own life or to a context different than
one in which it was learned.
Key Words: Apply, Compare, Contrast, Demonstrate, Examine, Relate, Solve & Use
Examples of application questions
Analysis (Relating)
These questions encourage students to break material into parts, describe patterns and relationships among parts, to
subdivide information and to show how it is put together.
Key Words: Analyze, Differentiate, Distinguish, Explain, Infer, Relate, Research & Separate
Examples of analysis questions
Synthesis (Creating)
These questions encourage students create something new by using a combination of ideas from different sources to
form a new whole.
Key Words: Arrange, Combine, Create, Design, Develop Formulate, Integrate & Organize
Examples of synthesis questions
Evaluation (Judging)
Evaluation questions encourage students to develop opinions and make value decisions about issues based on
specific criteria.
Key Words: Assess, Critique, Determine, Evaluate, Judge, Justify, Measure & Recommend
Examples of evaluation questions



Comparing the Theories
The underlying reasons behind altruism as well as the question of whether there
is truly such a thing as "pure" altruism are two issues hotly contested by social
psychologists. Do we ever engage in helpful actions for truly altruistic reasons, or
are there hidden benefits to the self that guide our altruistic behaviors?
Batson suggests that while people do often behave altruistically for selfish
reasons, he believes that true altruism is possible. Cialdini and others have
instead suggested that empathy for others is often guided by a desire to help one's
self.
In her text Social Psychology, author Catherine A. Sanderson notes:
"Although these models may seem to contradict one another, they do agree that
at times people engage in helping for egoistic reasons. The main difference
between these models is that the empathy-altruism model describes the self-
benefits of helping as unintended consequences, yet the negative-state relief
hypothesis describes these benefits as the primary motivation for helping. What
are the benefits to the self? They can be grouped into three categories: reduction
of aversive arousal, fear of punishment for not helping, and desire for reward."
Altruism
Theory

What is the moral code of altruism? The basic principle of altruism is that man has no right to
exist for his own sake, that service to others is the only justification of his existence, and that
self-sacrifice is his highest moral duty, virtue and value.
Do not confuse altruism with kindness, good will or respect for the rights of others. These are not
primaries, but consequences, which, in fact, altruism makes impossible. The irreducible primary
of altruism, the basic absolute, is self-sacrificewhich means; self-immolation, self-abnegation,
self-denial, self-destructionwhich means: the self as a standard of evil, the selfless as a
standard of the good.
Do not hide behind such superficialities as whether you should or should not give a dime to a
beggar. That is not the issue. The issue is whether you do or do not have the right to
exist without giving him that dime. The issue is whether you must keep buying your life, dime
by dime, from any beggar who might choose to approach you. The issue is whether the need of
others is the first mortgage on your life and the moral purpose of your existence. The issue is
whether man is to be regarded as a sacrificial animal. Any man of self-esteem will answer: No.
Altruism says: Yes.
Even though altruism declares that it is more blessed to give than to receive, it does not work
that way in practice. The givers are never blessed; the more they give, the more is demanded of
them; complaints, reproaches and insults are the only response they get for practicing altruisms
virtues (or for their actual virtues). Altruism cannot permit a recognition of virtue; it cannot
permit self-esteem or moral innocence. Guilt is altruisms stock in trade, and the inducing of
guilt is its only means of self-perpetuation. If the giver is not kept under a torrent of degrading,
demeaning accusations, he might take a look around and put an end to the self-sacrificing.
Altruists are concerned only with those who suffernot with those who provide relief from
suffering, not even enough to care whether they are able to survive. When no actual suffering can
be found, the altruists are compelled to invent or manufacture it.
The Virtue of Selfishness
Throughout history, man has been offered the following alternative: be moral through a
life of sacrifice to othersor be selfish through a life of sacrificing others to oneself. InThe
Virtue of Selfishness, Ayn Rand blasts this as a false alternative, holding that a selfish, non-
sacrificial way of life is both possible and necessary for man.
The Virtue of Selfishness is a collection of essays presenting Ayn Rands radical moral code
of rational selfishness and its opposition to the prevailing morality of altruismi.e., to
the duty to sacrifice for the sake of others.
In The Objectivist Ethics, Rand gives an outline of her code of rational selfishness, and of her
argument establishing it as the only objective, fact-based moral code in human history. In the
course of the essay, she raises and answers a fundamental and fascinating question: Why does
one even need a morality?
In essays including The Ethics of Emergencies, The Conflicts of Mens Interests, and
Doesnt Life Require Compromise? she raises common ethical questions, shows how altruism
has crippled peoples ability to approach them rationally, and explains how her moral code
provides a solution to them. In Mans Rights and The Nature of Government she applies her
ethics to formulate the basic principles of her political philosophy, while rejecting the altruistic
doctrines of rights to health care, employment, etc.
The Virtue of Selfishness is indispensable reading for anyone who wants to understand the
crucial ethical issues at the root at so many of our cultural debates todaywho wants to
understand the revolutionary ideas that guide the lives of Ayn Rands fictional heroeswho
wants to lead an existence that is both moral and practicalwho wants to discover why, in the
words of one of the heroes of Atlas Shrugged, the purpose of morality is to teach you, not to
suffer and die, but to enjoy yourself and live.
Similar to the intention identified in Chapter 4 of refuting a commonly held idea, in this
chapter Branden attempts to refute the notion that everyone is selfish because people only
do what they really want to do. On the same note, he also refutes the notion that no one
ever really sacrifices oneself because every direct action is motivated by a person's desire;
thus, people always act selfishly. Branden asserts that these "faulty" notions are the result
of intellectual confusion and that these "faulty" believers confuse the terms "selfishness"
and "egoism", and "self-sacrifice" and "altruism". Furthermore, they confuse the principles
behind, and the results of, selfishness with those behind, and of, self-sacrifice. Branden
states that issues of selfishness versus self-sacrifice...
Branden's primary assertion in this chapter is that pleasure is for humans not a luxury but a
psychological need. He defines pleasure as "a metaphysical concomitant of life, the reward
and consequence of successful actionjust as pain is the insignia of failure, destruction,
death" (p. 61). He states that the function of pleasure is to give man a sense of his own
efficacy. Basically, having pleasure is enjoying life because one feels successful in the way
he lives his life and because he values life and believes that life is worth living. A person's
individual pleasures are determined by her values and what makes her feel like a successful
being, and a person's values reflect her conscious or subconscious view of herself and of
existence.
http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-virtue-of-selfishness/chapanal006.html#gsc.tab=0
http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/altruism.html

Selfishness means concern of own self-interest.