Ref Compound Cycle

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com Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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! "#$! %$!&
&'( )! (*&$+! ,$-&.!
Compound Refrigeration Cycles

!"#$%&' ()*+,#)*%&' -.&' /01)2 (3 4%22 5*6$2 7,8+ 9: *-.2 /01)2 78;% <: =!6;%&' <%
=4)%&' >-? (&@ 6A$%&' >-? <% 5*6$2&' B,C >-? D36& >,-?+E' >!. (3 5*6$2&' >*F! B,C (1G
>*F!& <,*6F %G! H5I! <% J2+% 5*6$2 <> )& /)1K2F%&' H65L&' M*0A2 72 '"N3 OH6!5&' PA 5*6$2&'
(3 <*FI2! *-.2&' /01)2 (3 6*3!2 '"K3 5*6$2&' Q 5*6$2&' H6!5 R'5 O ()*+,#)*%&' -.&' *1L2& S6>&' 5I:!
55;2% >,-?+T' !U I'6%&' ' %,;% H5,*B! >,-?+T' R'6V@ -. *1L2& W R'5 ! 5,#*B /*%VI&' HR,0)&' H
>,-###?+T' >!##. /*,K+ (3 5*6$2&' B,C H6'6I /V65 *1L2! >C,?1& O 2&! S*LI 55;2% >,-?+T'
<*21I6% ) <*$ 5*6$2&' >*F! B,-& 5*6$2 %G 7B1* I'6%&' >,-?+@ 55#;2% >,-?#+T' <: 5V! 5X! O
(+*$&' 5*6$2&' !" I'6%&' O Inter-cooling O '5V 5*0% <!)* " '! ,*5,Y2X " ,#K& (#2&' 5*6$2&' Z'6!5 (3
/;026% >,-?+@ /$F+ <% (1G: 5 6A$%&' >-? (&@ =4)%&' >-? <*$ /$F+&' (U! O [*I #*% <: 5V+
64): <!)* ($!62+\' Z!$4$ >,-?+T' R'6V@ ]P*% />*6A (1G <*%*&' /*I,+ P-h (#1G ],$1#F 64^* ,%%
5*6$2&' H6!5 R'5Q /V65! ,$*&,4+T' H5,*B& >,-?#+T' >!. /*,K+ (3 B,-&' H6'6I O #%G _#V* `&"#&
OR,%&,$ 96'6I 5,$% />F'!$ >,-?+T' R'6V@ -. *1L2& (+*$ 5*6$2$ <*21I6% (1G >,-?+T' Water
Inter-cooling OB,-&' Y3 /36C 7'5A2FN$ !: O Flash Intercooler . >#F!2%&' >-?#&' ,#25,G!
&5,;%&' <% _FI* >,-?+@ <*21I6%& / />*F$&' /*&,2&' .

c e I
P P P =
/0*$ (*&$+$ 1*+23&. '4 5#6708 9#.#$
Two Stage Compression with Water Intercooler

). (3 /+*$%&' 5*6$2&' H6!5 (3 75A2F%&' (+*$&' R,%&' 56$% ) a - b ( 5,#$% (3 5*6$2&' B,C 5*6$2$ 7!L* O
96'6I <*$ >,-?+T' (21I6% O &,3 /&,I$ !\' >C,?&' <% c6,A&' B,- d#%I% 6,A$ 56#$%&' A5#*
(+*$&' d*%I2&' H6'6I 5L0*& R,%&,$ X: H6'6I /V65 (&@ >-?&' Z!$4$ /&,I (&@ Y* !: =,#V 6,#A$
>F!2%&' >-?&' 5+G D$.% =#4)%&' (#&@ A5#* 74 d%I% B,C c6A*! (+,4&' >C,?&' (&@ A5* 74
Y& e&!Y! $X D$.% f,F c6A*& 55%2&' 7,% HR,0) M60$ 5,$%1& 96'6I <'B2@ %;$! O 100 % <N#3
R,%1& /$F2)%&' H6'6I&' /*%) 9!,F2 5*6$2&' B,C <% H5!L0&' H6'6I&' /*%) .
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Fig. 4-1 Two stage compression with water intercooler
Heat balance of water intercooler,
) ( ) (
. . 2 3 i w o w Pw w R
T T C m h h m = & & (4-1)
<*>C,?&' -. g!%V% !U >,-?+T' R'6V@ -.! .
[ ] ) ( ) ( . . .
3 4 1 2 2 1
h h h h m D W D W D W
R C C
+ = + = & (4-2)
[ ] ) ( ) (
) (
3 4 1 2
6 1
h h h h m
h h m
Power
RC
COP
R
R
+
= =
&
&

) ( ) (
) (
3 4 1 2
6 1
h h h h
h h
COP
+
=
(4-3)
). <%! ) a - b ( 5V+ <: R'6V@ >,-?+T' '"@ R'6VT' (3 <*$% !U ,%) H5I'! /1I6% (1G 72 12
\
O
<!)* >,-?+T' -.&' <N3 :
) ( .
1
2
\
h h m D W
R
= &
(4-4)
) (
) (
1
2
6 1
\
h h
h h
COP
=
(4-5)
Example 4-1
Two stage compression system with water intercooler uses R-134a as shown in
Fig. 4-1. The evaporating temperature is -25
o
C and condensing temperature 47
o
C.
The refrigeration capacity is 8 TR and the compression is adiabatic reversible
process. The refrigerant leaves the water intercooler at 14
o
C. Estimate the
refrigerant mass flow rate, work done of each compressor, condenser heat load,

"$
and coefficient of performance. Also re-estimate the requirements if the
compression is one stage.
Data: C T TR RC C T C T
c e
o
3
o o
14 , 8 , 47 , 25 = = = =
Required: COP Q D W D W m
c C C R
, , . , . ,
2 1
&

Solution
, 134 of chart From, a R h P the properties from Solkane software.
kg kJ h kg m kg kJ h / 77 . 412 , / 18266 . 0 v , / 42 . 383
2
3
1 1
= = =
kg kJ h h kg kJ h kg kJ h / 93 . 266 , / 61 . 427 , / 65 . 406
6 5 4 3
= = = =
Intermediate Pressure is,
bar P
I
47 . 4 21 . 12 06 . 1 = =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 2404 . 0
93 . 266 42 . 383
5 . 3 8
6 1
=
= &
kW h h m Q
R c
627 . 38 ) 93 . 266 61 . 427 ( 2404 . 0 ) (
5 4
= = = &
kW h h m D W
kW h h m D W
R C
R C
039 . 5 ) 65 . 406 61 . 427 ( 2404 . 0 ) ( .
055 . 7 ) 42 . 383 77 . 412 ( 2404 . 0 ) ( .
3 4 2
1 2 1
= = =
= = =
&
&

32 . 2
039 . 5 055 . 7
5 . 3 8
. .
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
C C
D W D W
RC
COP
If the compression one stage, the compression process is finalized at state 2
\
.
).&' <% ) a - b ( /&,I&' 5+G (K2+* >,-?+T' R'6V@ <: 5V+ 2
\
<\ 6#*-2* E >*#F! 6!6% 5;% <:!
6*A$2&' R'6V@ (3 ,*$&,4+T' S63 `&")! /2$,4 5*6$2&' /;F Z$,4 .
kg kJ h / 88 . 435
\
2
=
kW h h m Q
R c
616 . 40 ) 93 . 266 88 . 435 ( 2404 . 0 ) (
5
2
\
= = = &
kW h h m D W
R
61 . 12 ) 42 . 383 88 . 435 ( 2404 . 0 ) ( .
1
2
\
= = = &
22 . 2
61 . 12
5 . 3 8
.
=
= =
D W
RC
COP
/L$,F&' Jf,2+&' <% 8IP+ 5V+ 5+G e+: @ R,#%&,$ (+*$ 5*6$2 7'5A2F,$ <*21I6% (1G >,-?+@ 7'5A2F N#3 <
/$F+$ <FI2 R'5W' %,;% 6 % =4)%&' %I! /$F+$ M0A+@ 5 % .

"%

5#6708 &6$ 1*+23&. '4 :;< ,<
Two Stage Compression with Flash Intercooler

Y0&' /36C Flash chamber ,K*&@ A5* <% c6,A&' 5*6$2&' >*F! _#>6 6,#A$ !#U! 55%2&' 7,%Y
& (1G: B,-&'! /36-&' 0F: f,F&' D%V2* /%'!G 7,%Y ,K$! Floating valve f,#F 9!2F#% (3 7)I21&
O/36-&' (3 5*6$2&' 6!6% 5+G! <% c6,A&' <A,F&' B,-&' Y0&' /36C (3 (&!\' >,-?+T' /1I6% 56$*
d*%I2&' H6'6I 5L0*! OY#0&' /36C (1G: <% c6A* D$.% =,V 6,A$ (&@ !I2*! <'B#2@ #%;$!
96'6I Y0&' /36-& /1I6%&' >,-?+@ <% <A,F&' B,-&' 5*6$2& /%BP&' 5*6$2&' >*F! /*%) _,FI <)%*
&@ e1*!I2& (&!\' D$.% =,V 6,A$ ( ).$ h?!% !U ,%) ) a - i ( .

Fig. 4-2 Two stage compression with flash intercooler
Heat balance of flash intercooler,
) ( ) ( , ) (
3 2 6 3 3 2 6
h h m h h m h m m h m h m
R f f R R f
= + + = + & & & & & &
>*F! /12) _,FI <)%* 6A$%&' (3 5*6$2&' >*F! 6!6% 5;% /36;%$! <'B2T' '"U <% 7BP#&' 5#*6$2&'
D$.% =,V 6,A$ (&@ e1*!I2! (&!\' >,-?+T' /1I6% <% d%I%&' B,-&' 5*6$2& .
Example 4-2
Considering the data in Example 4-1 and flash intercooler was used as shown in
Fig. 4-2. The refrigerant leaves the flash intercooler dry and saturated. Estimate
the refrigerant mass flow rate, work done of each compressor, condenser heat load,
and coefficient of performance.

"&
Data: saturated and dry 3 state , 8 , 47 , 25
o o
TR RC C T C T
c e
= = =
c C C R
, , . , . ,
2 1
&

Solution
kg kJ h kg m kg kJ h / 77 . 412 , / 18266 . 0 v , / 42 . 383
2
3
1 1
= = =
kg kJ h h h kg kJ h kg kJ h / 93 . 266 , / 55 . 426 , / 44 . 405
7 6 5 4 3
= = = = =
Intermediate Pressure is,
bar P
I
47 . 4 21 . 12 06 . 1 = =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 2404 . 0
93 . 266 42 . 383
5 . 3 8
6 1
=
= &
Heat balance of flash intercooler,
) ( ) ( , ) (
3 2 6 3 3 2 6
h h m h h m h m m h m h m
R f f R R f
= + = + & & & & & &
s kg m m
f f
/ 0127 . 0 ), 44 . 405 77 . 412 ( 2404 . 0 ) 93 . 266 44 . 405 ( = = & &
kW h h m m Q
f R c
399 . 40 ) 93 . 266 55 . 426 ( ) 0127 . 0 2404 . 0 ( ) )( (
5 4
= + = + = & &
kW h h m m D W
kW h h m D W
f R C
R C
343 . 5 ) 44 . 405 55 . 426 ( ) 0127 . 0 2404 . 0 ( ) )( ( .
055 . 7 ) 42 . 383 77 . 412 ( 2404 . 0 ) ( .
3 4 2
1 2 1
= + = + =
= = =
& &
&

26 . 2
343 . 5 055 . 7
5 . 3 8
. .
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
C C
D W D W
RC
COP
5#6708 :;< ,<&6$ 1*+23&. '4 /0'( (*&$+'
Two Stage Compression with Flash Intercooler with Sub-cooling

5V!* ' 5;2% Z,%'5A2F Y0&' /36-& H5 4% (#&!\' >,-?#+T' /1I6% <% c6,A&' d%I%&' B,-&' 5*6$2
(+!5 5*6$2 %G! =4)%&' <% c6,A&' 5*6$2&' >*F! f,F& $ 96'6I 5,$% =1% ). (1G 5#*6$2&' H5,*B&
6A$%&' (1G 64^%&' ).&,$ ,%) ) a - j ( O #1L*! R'5W' #%,;% <F#I*! >C,?&' -. 1L* 7,8+&' '"U!
%I&' O=4)%1& 96'6I&' <'B2' %;$! 96'6I /#%BP&' 5#*6$2&' >*F! /12) _,FI <)%* Y0&' /36-&
5#*6$2&' >*#F! f,F#& (+!5&' 5*6$2&'! D$.%&' =,V&' 6,A$&' /&,I (&@ d%I%&' B,-1& 5*6$2 %;& (#3
=1%&' .


"'

Fig. 4-3 Two stages with flash intercooler with sub-cooling
Heat balance of flash intercooler with sub-cooling,
3 7 2 5 6
) ( h m m h m h m h m h m
f R R R R f
& & & & & & + + = + +
) ( ) ( ) (
7 5 3 2 6 3
h h m h h m h h m
R R f
+ = & & &
Example 4-3
The system shown in Fig. 4-3 has the same data of example 4-2 except the liquid
refrigerant at state 7 is sub-cooled 10
o
C lower than saturation. Estimate the
refrigerant mass flow rate, work done of each compressor, condenser heat load,
and coefficient of performance.
Data: bar P C T TR RC C T C T
I sub c e
47 . 4 , 10 , 8 , 47 , 25
o o o
= = = = =
c C C R
, , . , . ,
2 1
&

Solution
kg kJ h kg m kg kJ h / 77 . 412 , / 18266 . 0 v , / 42 . 383
2
3
1 1
= = =
6 5 4 3
= = = =
kg kJ h h / 56 . 251
8 7
= =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 2123 . 0
56 . 251 42 . 383
5 . 3 8
8 1
=
= &
Heat balance of flash intercooler with sub-cooling,
3 3 7 2 5 6
h m h m h m h m h m h m
f R R R R f
& & & & & & + + = + +

"
) ( ) ( ) (
7 5 3 2 6 3
h h m h h m h h m
R R f
+ = & & &
) 56 . 251 93 . 266 ( 2123 . 0 ) 44 . 405 77 . 412 ( 2123 . 0 ) 93 . 266 44 . 405 ( + =
f
m&
s kg m
f
/ 0348 . 0 = &
kW h h m m Q
f R c
442 . 39 ) 93 . 266 55 . 426 ( ) 0348 . 0 2123 . 0 ( ) )( (
5 4
= + = + = & &
kW h h m m D W
kW h h m D W
f R C
R C
216 . 5 ) 44 . 405 55 . 426 ( ) 0348 . 0 2123 . 0 ( ) )( ( .
055 . 7 ) 42 . 383 77 . 412 ( 2404 . 0 ) ( .
3 4 2
1 2 1
= + = + =
= = =
& &
&

28 . 2
216 . 5 055 . 7
5 . 3 8
. .
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
C C
D W D W
RC
COP
5#6708 :;< ,<&6$ 1*+23&. '4 /0'( (*&$+' $ =#6! :;>
Two Stage Compression with Flash Intercooler with Gas Removal

@ 7'5A2F Y0&' /36C & ! (&!\' >,-?+T' /1I6% <% c6,A&' d%I%&' B,-&' 5*6$2 55#%2&' 7,%#Y 5'5%@
>F!2%&' >-?&' 5+G D$.% f,F$ 6A$%1& ).&,$ ,%) ) a - a ( H5,*B& 6A$%&' (1G 64^%&' 5*6$2&' #%;$! O
/&,I (&@ d%I%&' B,-1& 5*6$2 %;& /%BP&' 5*6$2&' >*F! /12) _,FI <)%* Y0&' /36-& 96'6I <'B2'
5*6$2! D$.%&' =,V&' 6,A$&' 5*6$2&' >*F! f,F f,F#) >#F!2%&' >-?&' 5+G 55%2&' 7,%Y (&@ A'5&'
D$.% B,-&' Y0$ .

Fig. 4-4 Two stages with flash intercooler and gas removal
Heat balance of flash intercooler with gas removal,
3 7 2 6
h m h m h m h m
f R R f
& & & & + = +
) ( ) (
7 2 6 3
h h m h h m
R f
= & &


""
Example 4-4
The system shown in Fig. 4-4 has the same data of example 4-2. The liquid
refrigerant is at state 7 saturated liquid. Estimate the refrigerant mass flow rate,
work done of each compressor, condenser heat load, and coefficient of
performance.
Data: bar P TR RC C T C T
I c e
47 . 4 , 8 , 47 , 25
o o
= = = =
c C C R
, , . , . ,
2 1
&

Solution
kg kJ h kg m kg kJ h / 77 . 412 , / 18266 . 0 v , / 42 . 383
2
3
1 1
= = =
6 5 4 3
= = = =
kg kJ h h / 79 . 216
8 7
= =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 168 . 0
79 . 216 42 . 383
5 . 3 8
8 1
=
= &
Heat balance of flash intercooler with gas removal,
3 7 2 6
h m h m h m h m
f R R f
& & & & + = +
) ( ) (
7 2 6 3
h h m h h m
R f
= & &
) 79 . 216 77 . 412 ( 168 . 0 ) 93 . 266 44 . 405 ( =
f
m&
s kg m
f
/ 2377 . 0 = &
kW h h m Q
f c
942 . 37 ) 93 . 266 55 . 426 ( 2377 . 0 ) (
5 4
= = =
kW h h m D W
kW h h m D W
f C
R C
018 . 5 ) 44 . 405 55 . 426 ( 2377 . 0 ) ( .
931 . 4 ) 42 . 383 77 . 412 ( 168 . 0 ) ( .
3 4 2
1 2 1
= = =
= = =
&
&

81 . 2
018 . 5 931 . 4
5 . 3 8
. .
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
C C
D W D W
RC
COP
)!&?$.! @((A+. (*&$+ ,.B0C
Multi-Evaporator Systems
O5%V2&' ZI2 !: 5%V2&' S!3 80I H6'6I /V65! /012A% 5*6$2 ,%I: 5+G <!)2 5*6$2&' Z,L*$>2 <% 6*4)
55#;2%! Z'6#A$%&' 55#;2% 7,8+ !: O5I'! =4)% D% 5I'! >C,?! Z'6A$% H5G 7'5A2F@ <)%* `&"&!
5I'! =4)% D% >C'!?&' .

"(
#7 ((.+ )#.#.; %. (3!' 5D @(&>0.
Single Compressor with Individual Expansion Valves
(3 (#3 <*#$% !U ,%) 96'6I&' %I&'! 6*A$2&' >-? 5+G e$ d,A 55%2 7,%Y$ 6A$% ) 7,8+&' '"U
). ) a - k ( O g!#V6 7,%Y (3 55%2* >-?&' (3 D026%&' 6A$%&' <% c6,A&' 5*6$2&' _)6%! O Back
Pressure Valve 68,#+% _I#F >-#? 5+G <!)* >C,?&'! >-?&' (3 X\' 6A$%&' >-? (&@ O
5I'! =4)% 75A2F*! >-?&' (3 M0A+%&' 6A$%&' >-?& .

Fig. 4-5 Two evaporators, single compressor and individual expansion valves
5 6
2
2
8 1
1
1
,
h h
RC
m
h h
RC
m
R R
= & &
Heat balance of mixing point m to estimate enthalpy, h
2
, of the vapor entering the
compressor,
2 2 1 7 2 1 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R R R
& & & & + = +
) )( ( .
2 3 2 1
h h m m D W
R R
+ = & &

Example 4-5
A refrigeration machine uses R-502 contain one compressor and two evaporators
with individual expansion valves and back pressure valve as shown in Fig. 4-4.
The high temperature evaporator has 10
o
C and 13 TR. The low temperature
evaporator has -15
o
C and 21 TR. The condensing temperature is 37

o
C. Calculate,
the power required for the compressor, and COP.

")
Data: C T TR RC C T TR RC C T
o
c
o
e
o
e
37 , 21 , 10 , 13 , 15
1 2 1 1
= = = = =
Required: COP D W , .
Solution
, 502 of chart From, R h P the properties from Solkane software are,
kg kJ h h kg kJ h h h kg kJ h / 58 . 355 , / 95 . 243 , / 31 . 345
7 6 8 5 4 1
= = = = = =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 7251 . 0
95 . 243 31 . 345
5 . 3 21
8 1
1
1
=
= &
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 4076 . 0
95 . 243 58 . 355
5 . 3 13
5 6
2
2
=
= &
2
,
2 2 1 7 2 1 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R R R
& & & & + = +
2
) 4076 . 0 7251 . 0 ( 58 . 355 4076 . 0 31 . 345 7251 . 0 h + = +
kg kJ h kg kJ h / 82 . 378 , / 01 . 349
3 2
= =
kW D W 766 . 33 ) 01 . 349 82 . 378 ( ) 4076 . 0 7251 . 0 ( . = + =
524 . 3
766 . 33
5 . 3 ) 13 21 (
=
+
= =

Power
RC
COP
5D!'7! ((A+.' )!&?$.! ((A+. @(&>0. ((.+ )#.#.;$
Multi Evaporators and Compressors with Individual Expansion Valves

Fig. 4-6 Multi evaporators and compressors with individual expansion
55%2 7,%Y$ 6A$% ) 7,8+&' '"U (3 560+% 6*A$2&' >-? 5+G >C,? ],?*:! ). (3 <*$% !U ,%) ) a -
l ( 5I'! =4)%! O ,? ) <% c6,A&' d%I%&' 5*6$2&' B,C =#4)%&' (#&@ A5#*! D%V2* >C . B,#-&'

"!
/&,I&,$ !\' >C,?&' <% c6,A&' d%I%&' 2 /&,I&,$ (+,4&' >C,?&' <% c6,A&' d%I%&' B,-&,$ >12A*
7 /&,I&,$ =4)%&' (&@ A5*! 3 .
3
condenser,
3 2 1 7 2 2 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R R R
& & & & + = +

Example 4-6
The system shown in Fig. 4-6 has the same data of example 4-5 uses individual
expansion valves with two evaporators and condenser. Calculate, the power
required for each compressor, and COP.
o
c
o
e
o
e
37 , 21 , 10 , 13 , 15
1 2 1 1
= = = = =
Solution
kg kJ h h h kg kJ h kg kJ h / 95 . 243 , / 55 . 373 , / 31 . 345
8 5 4 2 1
= = = = =
kg kJ h kg kJ h / 58 . 368 , / 58 . 355
7 6
= =
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 7251 . 0
95 . 243 31 . 345
5 . 3 21
8 1
1
1
=
= &
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 4076 . 0
95 . 243 58 . 355
5 . 3 13
5 6
2
2
=
= &
2
,
3 2 1 7 2 2 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R R R
& & & & + = +
kg kJ h h / 73 . 371 , ) 4076 . 0 7251 . 0 ( 58 . 368 4076 . 0 55 . 373 7251 . 0
3 3
= + = +
kW h h m D W
R
477 . 20 ) 31 . 345 55 . 373 ( 7251 . 0 ) ( .
1 2 1 1
= = = &
kW h h m D W
R
299 . 5 ) 58 . 355 58 . 368 ( 4076 . 0 ) ( .
6 7 2 2
= = = &
617 . 4
299 . 5 477 . 20
5 . 3 ) 13 21 (
=
+
+
= =
Power
RC
COP


(#
,$-&. ((.+ )#.#.;$ 5D!'7! ((A+.' )!&?$.! ((A+.
Multi Evaporators and Compressors with Multiple Expansion Valves
O_)6%&' 55%2&' 7,%Y Multiple expansion valve (#&@ 5#*6$2&' >*F!& D$.% f,F c!6A$ h%F* O
(&,2&' 55%2&' 7,%Y ! O_IF&' >A (&@ A5*3 Y0+%&' B,-&' ,%: 7,8+&' '"U & 55%2 7,%Y 6A$% ) _)6%
). (3 <*$% !U ,%) ) a - m ( 5I'! =4)%! ! O D#%V2* >C,#? #) <% c6,A&' d%I%&' 5*6$2&' B,C
=4)%&' (&@ A5*! O R'5W' #%,;% <F#I* ,#%% 5'B 6A$%&' (1G 64^&' 5*6$2&' <: 5V+ (&,2&,$! ! B,#-&'
/&,I&,$ !\' >C,?&' <% c6,A&' d%I%&' 2 /&,I&,$ (+,4&' >C,?&' <% c6,A&' d%I%&' B,-&,$ >12A*
7 /&,I&,$ =4)%&' (&@ A5*! 3 .

Fig. 4-7 Multi evaporators and compressors with multiple expansion
3
condenser,
3 2 1 7 2 2 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R
& & & & + = +
&' 55%2&' 7,%Y _)6% Multiple expansion valve [#*I$ Y3 /36C eL$F* 95,G 55%2 7,%Y 5,;*
D%V2* B,-&' 6A$%&' >-? (&@ 55%2*3 f,F&' ,%: >C,?&' (&@ _IF*! /36-&' (1G: (&,2&' h?!% !U ,%)
). (3 ) a - n .(
5 6
2
2
9 1
1
1
,
h h
RC
m
h h
RC
m
R R
= & &
Heat balance of flash chamber to estimate the flash gas of
1 R
m& ,
5 6
8 5 1
6 8 1 5 1
) (
, ) (
h h
h h m
m h m h m h m m
R
f f R f R
= + = +
&
& & & & &

($
f R
m m m & & & + =
2 2

Fig. 4-8 Equivalent of multiple expansion valve
3
condenser,
3 2 1 7 2 2 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R
& & & & + = +
) ( .
1 2 1 1
h h m D W
R
= &
) ( .
6 7 2 2
h h m D W = &
) ( ) (
4 3 2 1
h h m m Q
R c
+ = & &

Example 4-7
The system shown in Fig. 4-7 has the same data of example 4-6 with multiple
expansion valves and two evaporators and condenser. Calculate, the power
required for the compressor, and COP.
o
c
o
e
o
e
37 , 21 , 10 , 13 , 15
1 2 1 1
= = = = =
Solution
kg kJ h kg kJ h kg kJ h
/ 65 . 213 , / 58 . 368 , / 55 . 373
/ 58 . 355 , / 95 . 243 , / 31 . 345
9 7 2
6 4 1
= = =
= = =

s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 5583 . 0
65 . 213 31 . 345
5 . 3 21
9 1
1
1
=
= &

(%
s kg
h h
RC
m
R
/ 4076 . 0
95 . 243 58 . 355
5 . 3 13
5 6
2
2
=
= &
The flash gas of
1 R
m& is calculated from the heat balance of point 5,
s kg m m
h h m h h m
f f
R f
/ 1515 . 0 ), 65 . 213 95 . 243 ( 5583 . 0 ) 95 . 243 58 . 355 (
) ( ) (
9 5 1 5 6
= =
=
& &
& &

s kJ m m m
f R
/ 5591 . 0 1515 . 0 4076 . 0
2 2
= + = + = & & &
2
,
3 2 1 7 2 2 1
) ( h m m h m h m
R R
& & & & + = +
kg kJ h h / 063 . 371 , ) 5591 . 0 5583 . 0 ( 58 . 368 5591 . 0 55 . 373 5583 . 0
3 3
= + = +
kW h h m D W
R
766 . 15 ) 31 . 345 55 . 373 ( 5583 . 0 ) ( .
1 2 1 1
= = = &
kW h h m D W 268 . 7 ) 58 . 355 58 . 368 ( 5591 . 0 ) ( .
6 7 2 2
= = = &
166 . 5
268 . 7 766 . 15
5 . 3 ) 13 21 (
=
+
+
= =
Power
RC
COP
,$-&.! (*&$+! ,.B0C
Cascade Refrigeration Systems

Fig. 4-9 Cascade refrigeration systems
/?0A+% H6'6I /V65 S*LI2& 5*6$2&' /%8+: 6A$%&' (3 <!)2 5#%V2 /V65 ,K+% _,$F\' M;$& H5!5I%
6A$%&'! =4)%&' >-? <*$ H6*$)&' /$F+&'! 5*6$2&' >*F! ! (2&' ,#*B ,#K+G J2#+* >,-?#+T' -#. H5
R'5W' %,;% M,0A+'! <)%* '"K&! O $ 6A$%1& /?0A+% H6'6I /V65 (1G !YI&' 5#*6$2 H6#f'5 #%;
/$)6% <*26f'5 <% <!)22 <*2>*F$ 6A$% ,%K>$6* - =4)% (#3 /?#0A+%&' 5*6$2&' H6f'5& =4)% 75A2F*

(&
(1G\' 5*6$2&' H6f'5 (3 6A$%! H6'6I&' /V65 ).$ ,%) ) a - o ( 2 <)%*! !: 6#f'!5 [P4& 7,8+&' 6'6)
/?0A+%&' H6'6I&' /V65 S*LI2& 64): /$!1>%&' .
Heat balance of evaporator condenser,
) ( ) (
8 5 2 3 2 1
h h m h h m
R R
= & &
1'$&-! (*E-C /0#F "2;! - G#H! I2F!
Solid Carbon Dioxide-Dry Ice
,%,F#2*! 9!#V&' >-?&' 5+G /$1Y&' /&,I&' (3 <!$6)&' 5*F): (+,4 !U =,V&' J14&' Sub-limitation
/&!*F&' /&,I$ 6%* <: <!5 B,C (&@ !I2*! 5*6$2&' H6f'5 <!)22! ).$ ,%) ) a - bp ( . 5*F#): (+,4 H6f'5
Y3 /36C ,%K+*$ >,-?+@ <*21I6% <% /$)6% H6f'5 <% <!)22 <!$6)&' H6#f'5 D#% =#4)% 6#A$%!
,*+!%\' _)6% 5*6$2 7,8+) .

Fig. 4-10 Cascade refrigeration systems for dry ice

Example 4-8
The system shown in Fig. 4-10 is to produce dry ice CO
2
consists of cascade cycle.
The compound cycle of CO
2
has two stages of compression with flash intercooler,
the first at 1 bar and the second at 6 bar. The evaporator-condenser at 20 bar. The
ammonia cycle at condensation temperature of 40
o
C and the evaporating
temperature of 10
o
C lower than the saturation temperature of CO
2
at 20 bar. The

('
make up of CO
2
is at 27
o
C. Determine the power required to produce 500 kg of
dry ice per hour.
Data: hr kg m bar P bar P bar P
ice C E I snow
/ 500 , 20 , 6 , 1 CO
2
= = = =

&
C T C T
o
c makeup
40 Ammonia , 27
o
= =
Required: Power
Solution
, 744 CO of chart From,
2
R h P
o
/ 150 , / 814 , / 735
10 1
= = =
kg kJ h kg kJ h kg kJ h / 736 , / 392 , / 736
4 8 4
= = =
kg kJ h kg kJ h / 455 , / 790
6 5
= =
s kg m m
ice makeup
/ 1388 . 0 = = & &
Saturation temperature of CO
2
at 20 bar C K T
sat
o
19 254 , = =
The heat balance of snow chamber to estimate the gas removal
1
f
m& of
ice
m& ,
s kg m m
h h m h h m
f f
f ice
/ 098 . 0 ), 392 735 ( ) 150 392 ( 1388 . 0
) ( ) (
1 1
1
9 1 10 9
= =
=
& &
& &

Heat balance of mixing point 2 to estimate enthalpy, h
2
,
2 1
) (
1 1
h m m h m h m
makeup f o makeup f
& & & & + = +
kg kJ h h / 32 . 781 , ) 1388 . 0 098 . 0 ( 814 1388 . 0 735 098 . 0
2 2
= + = +
kg kJ h / 881
3
=
kW h h m m D W
makeup f
60 . 23 ) 32 . 781 881 ( ) 1388 . 0 098 . 0 ( ) )( ( .
2 3 1
1
= + = + = & &
The heat balance of point 7 to estimate the gas removal
2
f
m& of
ice
m& and
1
f
m& ,
s kg m m
h h m h h m m
f f
f f ice
/ 0531 . 0 ), 455 736 ( ) 392 455 ( ) 098 . 0 1388 . 0 (
) ( ) )( (
2 2
2 1
7 4 8 7
= = +
= +
& &
& & &

kW D W
h h m m m D W
f f makeup
65 . 15 ) 736 790 ( ) 0531 . 0 098 . 0 1388 . 0 ( .
) )( ( .
2
4 5 2
2 1
= + + =
+ + = & & &

kW D W D W Power 25 . 39 65 . 15 60 . 23 . .
2 1
= + = + =
, 717 NH of chart From,
3
R h P the properties from Coolpack software are,

(
C T C T
o
e
o
c
29 10 19 , 40 = = =
c b a
/ 43 . 386 , / 1811.78 , / 92 . 1423 = = =
Heat balance of Evaporator-Condenser,
) ( ) (
3 2
6 5 b a NH CO
h h m h h m = & &
) 43 . 386 92 . 1423 ( ) 455 790 ( ) 0531 . 0 098 . 0 1388 . 0 (
3
= + +
NH
m&
s kg m
NH
/ 0936 . 0
3
= &
kW h h m D W
a b NH
31 . 36 ) 92 . 1423 78 . 1811 ( 0936 . 0 ) ( .
3
= = = &

Problems
1- A refrigeration system shown below uses R-134a. The refrigerant comes out
evaporators and flash intercooler dry and saturated. Draw the cycle processes on
P-h diagram and find the power of each compressor and COP.

2- A vapor compression system is arranged as shown and uses R-12 with
condensing temperature of 35
o
C. The evaporator 2 and flash intercooler has the
same temperature of -5 C. The evaporator 1 at -20 C and produces twice the
capacity of the high pressure one. The vapor leaves the two evaporators and
flash intercooler at saturation. Find, C.O.P of the system.

("

3- An ammonia refrigeration system consists of two stages compressors, two
evaporators, flash intercooler and sub-cooler, heat exchanger and condenser.
Ammonia vapor condenses in the condenser at 40

o
C. The amount of liquid
refrigerant goes to the low temperature evaporator is sub-cooled 10

o
C in the
liquid sub-cooler and another 10

o
C in the liquid-vapor heat exchanger. Vapor
leaves the low pressure evaporator saturated at -30

o
C, and then it is
superheated in the heat exchanger at the same pressure. The vapor comes out
the flash intercooler and high pressure evaporator saturated at 4 bar. The
cooling capacities of the L.P. and H.P. evaporators are 15 T.R. and 35 T.R.
respectively. Calculate, refrigerant mass flow rate through each evaporator,
refrigerant mass flow rate though each compressor, the power required for each
compressor, heat rejected in the condenser, and the C.O.P. of the system.

((

4- A cascade refrigeration system of 14 TR uses Freon R-12 at -50 C evaporating
temperature and condensing temperature of -15C with adiabatic compression
efficiency of 85 %. The upper cycle uses NH
3
with condensing temperature of
37 C and compression efficiency of 90 %. The temperature difference between
the evaporator of the upper cycle and the condenser of the lower cycle is 10 C.
Calculate the power required for each compressor if the mechanical efficiency is
90 % and the C.O.P. of the unit.
5- A three stages refrigeration unit with two flash gas removal uses CO
2
as a
refrigerant to produce 360 kg of dry ice per hour. The condensing pressure is 65
bar while the expansion chamber is at 1 bar. Make up CO
2
is at 1 bar and 27 C.
The intermediate stage pressures are 6 and 27 bar and the compression is
adiabatic with efficiency of 0.85 and mechanical efficiency of 0.8 for each
compressor. Estimate the power required.
6- A compound refrigeration ammonia system with both water and flash
intercooler. The evaporator pressure is 1.5 bar, the intermediate pressure is 4.5
bar, and the condenser pressure is 12 bar. The temperature at evaporator outlet
is -18 C. The temperature of leaving low pressure compressor and water
intercooler inlet is 83 C. The temperature at water intercooler exit and flash
inter-cooler inlet is 37 C. The temperature of leaving high pressure compressor

()
is 82 C. The condenser inlet is 68 C and liquid receiver outlet and entering
first expansion valve is 30 C. The ammonia mass flow rate leaving the
condenser is 48 kg/min. The low pressure cylinder dimension D and L is (12
and 15 cm), and high pressure cylinder D and L is (10 cm and 12 cm). The
number of cylinders is 4 and 1200 rpm for both stages. Calculate the power
required for each compressor, the volumetric efficiency for each stage, and heat
rejected in each of; condenser, liquid receiver, compressors, water intercooler
and connecting piping.

Ref Compound Cycle

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