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Viva Notes
Qs.1 What is salt? What are its two parts?
Ans. Salt is the neutralized product of acid and base. The two essential parts are acidic radical
(Anion and !asic radical (cation.
Qs." What is #eant b$ %ion&?
Ans. 'on is an ato# with positive or ne(ative chan(e or char(es.
Qs.) What is #eant b$ radical?
Ans. *har(ed ato# or (roup of ato#s. Which e+ists as a sin(le unit in cr$stal or in solution for#
is ,nown as a radical.
Qs.- What is Acid radical?
Ans. The radical which is contributed b$ an acid durin( salt for#ation and havin( a ne(ative
char(e is called acid radical (Anion.
Qs.. What is basic radical?
Ans. The radical which is contributed b$ a base durin( salt for#ation and havin( a positive
char(e is called basic radical (cation.
Qs./ Wh$ positive radical is called cation?
Ans. 0n passin( the current throu(h a solution it #oves towards cathode
Qs.1 Wh$ ne(ative radical is called Anion?
Ans. Ne(ative ions #oves towards anode durin( electrol$sis hence the$ are called Anion.
Qs.2 3ow the for#ation of cation and Anion ta,es place fron an ato#?
Ans. When an electron is re#oved fro# an ato# cation is for#ed on the other hand when ato#
(ains an electron Anion is for#ed.
X X+ + e- and X + e- X-
Cation Anion
Qs.4 What is #eant b$ (roup rea(ent?
Ans. 't is the rea(ent or che#ical5 used to find out a particular (roup of cations or Anions.
Qs.16 3ow #an$ (roups are there for Anion?
Ans. There are three #ain (roup for Anion.
Qs.11 3ow #an$ (roups are there for cation?
Ans. There are si+ (roup for cation.
Qs.1" What are the (roup rea(ents for '5 '' 7 ''' (roup of cation?
Ans. The (roup rea(ent for ' (roup is 3cl5 3cl 8 3"S for '' (roup and N3-*l 8N3-03 are the
(roup rea(ent for ''' (roup.
Qs.1) What are the (roup rea(ent for '5 '' and ''' of Anion?
Ans. 9or ' (roup 3"S0- or 3*l (dilute is a (roup rea(ent for '' (roups 3"S0- while ''' (roup
(ives precipitation b$ !acl" or A##oniu# #ol$blate (N3-" :o0-.
Qs.1- 3ow the cations of (roup '5 '' 7 ''' (roup of Anion?
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Ans. The cations of (roup 1st are precipitated as chlorides5 cations of the (roup at once5 hence
the$ are anal$sised individuall$ e.(.!a*l" for S0- ";.
Qs.1. 3ow the cations of (roup V' are precipitated?
Ans. There is no an$ specific rea(ent to precipitate all the cations of the (roup at once5 hence
the$ are anal$sised individuall$ e.(. !a*l" for S0- ";.
Qs.1/ What is difference between an %ato#& %#olecule& and %ion&?
Ans. Ato# is the s#allest part of an ele#ent which can ta,e part in ordinar$ t$pes of che#ical
chan(es. 't is electricall$ neutral because it carries e<ual nu#ber of electrons 7 protons i.e. two
particles of apposite char(es. S$#bol %*l& represents a chlorine ato#. :olecule is the s#allest
unit <uantit$ of #atter which can e+ist b$ itself and contain all the properties of the ori(inal
substance. A #olecule #a$ consists of two si#ilar ato#s or two dissi#ilar ato#s. 9or#ula of
chlorine %*l"& represents a chlorine #olecule of si#ilar ato#s and %Na*l& #olecules with two
dissi#ilar ato#. 'on 't is a char(ed for# of an ato# or (roup of ato#s. 't carries either a ne(ative
or a positive char(e accordin( as the nu#ber of electrons is (reater or lesser than the nu#ber of
protons present in it. S$#bol of chlorine %*l& represents a ne(ativel$ char(ed chlorine ato#
(Anion %*l& while s$#bol of A##oniu# N3- represents an a##oniu# ion (cation %(N3-8&.
Qs.11 What is the (roup rea(ent for cation in (roup ''?
Ans. 3$dro(en Sulphate (3"S in presence of 3$drochloric acid (3*l
Qs.12 What is Nessler=s rea(ent and what for its used?
Ans. 't is al,aline solution of potassiu# #ercuric iodide >" (3(l-. 't (ives brown precipitation with
a##oniu# salts.
Qs.14 What is chro#$l chloride test?
Ans. When solid chloride is heated with potassiu# dichro#ate and *onc. Sulphate acid it (ives
red vapours of chro#$l chloride *r0"*l".
Qs."6 Which chlorides are in soluble in water?
Ans. A(*l5 ?b*@" and 3("*l" salts are in soluble in waters.
Qs."1 What is solubilit$ product?
Ans. 't is the product of ionic conc5 of the saturated solution of a salt. The *onc5 is e+pressed in
#oles per liter of the ions.
Qs."" What do $ou #ean b$ <ualitative anal$sis?
Ans. 't is the process b$ which the co#ponents of a substance or a #i+ture can be detected
Qs.") What do $ou #ean b$ <ualitative inor(anic anal$sis?
Ans. 't is the process b$ which the constituent ions of an inor(anic Salt can be detected.
Qs."- What are double salts?
Ans. Those salts whose cr$stals contain two salts are co##onl$ ,nown as double salts e.(.
9eS0- (N3-" S0-. /3"0
Qs.". What are co#ple+ salts?
Ans. The salts contains a co#ple+ cation or Anion in which a transition #etal ion has coordinated
with a nu#ber of electron pair donor e.(. A9e (*N/B.
Qs."/ What is precipitate (ppt.?
Ans. 't is a co#pound which separates out in the solid phase fro# the solution phase on addin( a
rea(ent.
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Qs."1 's it possible to use %Na*l& instead of dilute 3*l?
Ans. Ces5 an$ soluble chloride can precipitate the radicals of the first (roup as chloride in cation.
The advanta(e with 3cl is that it does not allow to introduce another basic radical in the solution.
Q."2 Wh$ water and 3*l are preferred for the preparation of the ori(inal solution (0.S in the
detection of basic radical?
Ans. !ecause no interference is caused b$ 3"0 and 3*l while other acids li,e 3N0) and
3"S0- interfere e.(. *ation li,e pb"8 5 *a"8 5 Sr"8 and !a"8 for# in soluble sulphates with
3"S0- and 3N0) bein( o+idizin( a(ent interferes in the second (roups b$ o+idizin( 3"S to S.
Qs."4 What fruit$ s#ell indicates?
Ans. The fruit$ s#ell is (enerall$ due to the for#ation of an ester. Which indicates the presence
of *3)*00 ion due to the for#ation of eth$l acetate *3)*00"3. or #i+ed ester fruit$ s#ell
obtained.
Qs.)6 What is #eant b$ water of cr$stallization (ive few e+a#ples of so#e co#pounds?
Ans. The water of cr$stallization is the #olecule of water present in a co#pound e.(. *opper
Sulphate *uSo- . .3"0. :a(nesiu# sulphate :(S0- . 13"0 !ariu# *hloride !acl" . "3"0 etc.
Qs.)1 What is functional (roup?
Ans. 't is a (roup of ato#s responsible for their specific properties to the co#pound possessin( it
e.(.
i) Carbonyl group > C=O ii) Carboxylic acid
groupCOOH
iii) Hydroxyl group OH iv) Aino group !H"
etc#
Qs.)" What is vine(ar?
Ans. Vine(ar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. !$ the s#ell of which *3"*00; (acetate ion is
confir#ed.
Qs.)) Wh$ is testin( *l; radical5 When a rod dipped in N3-03 is held over the #outh of test
tube5 a dense white fu#es are produced?
Ans. !ecause chloride with conc. 3"S0- produce 3*l (as which for#s white fu#es of N3-*l
with N3-03.
"Cl- + H"$O% "HCl + $O%"-
HCl + !H%OH !H%Cl + H"O
Qs.)- Durin( testin( of "nd (roup of acidic radicals a brown (as #a$ evolve5 which #a$ be due
to !r radical or due to N0) Eradical5 how will $ou distin(uish the#?
Ans. 'f evolved (as beco#es denser on addin( :n0" then it is !r" (as if it increased b$ addin(
copper turnin(s then it is N0" (as.
Qs.). Wh$ in the rin( test for Nitrate5 a brown rin( is for#ed at the Function of two li<uid la$ers?
Ans. The 3"S0- deco#pose N0); radical and evolves %N0& which #a,es a co#ple+ nitro
ferrous co#pound with 9eSo- at the Function which appears as a brown rin(.
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Qs.)/ Wh$ it is necessar$ to prepare the ori(inal solution (0.S of the salt for the detection of
basic radicals e+cept N3-8 radical?
Ans. All the basic radicals are #etallic ions e+cept N3-8 therefore the$ cannot for# a volatile
substance which can be detected b$ evolution of a (as b$ a particular s#ell. 3ence the$ are
detected onl$ b$ precipitation #ethod fro# their solution.
Qs.)1 Wh$ N3-8 radical can be detected5 directl$ fro# its salt?
Ans. 0n testin( with an al,ali5 li,e Na03 it evolves N3) (as the s#ell of which confir#s the N3-
radical.
!H%+ + !aOH !H& + H"O + !a+
Qs.)2 Wh$ the basic radicals are divided into si+ (roups?
Ans. Actuall$ the$ are divided on the basis of solubilit$ product of their correspondin(
co#pounds.
Qs.)4 'f ori(inal solution is prepared in 3*l5 Wh$ it is concluded that 1st (roup of basic radicals is
absent?
Ans. The first (roup radicals fro# in soluble chlorides with 3*l5 3ence if the solution is clear in
3*l it #eans that 1st (roup radicals are absent.
Qs.-6 Wh$ the ppt of A(*l is soluble in N3-03?
Ans. !ecause A(*l is insoluble in water but in the presence of N3-03 it for#s a co#ple+
dia#ine co#pound which can be dissolved easil$ in water.
Qs.-1 What are bris, effervescence?
Ans. !ris, effervescence is due to the evolution of *0" (as.
Qs.-" 3ow does li#e water turn #il,$ on passin( *0" (as throu(h it?
Ans. @i#e water turns #il,$ due to the for#ation of in soluble *a*o).
Qs.-) What is li#e water?
Ans. 't is a solution of *a(03";.
Qs.-- What is sla,ed li#e?
Ans. 't is *a(03";.
Qs.-. What is li#e?
Ans. 't is calciu# o+ide *a0.
Qs.-/ What is red (as?
Ans. *hro#$l chloride is called red (as *r0"*l".
Qs.-1 What violet vapours indicate?
Ans. The$ indicate the presence of 'odine.
Qs.-2 :ention so#e cations with their characteristics fla#es?
Ans. *ations *olour of the fla#e
Ca"+ 'ric( red
$r"+ )eep red
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'a"+ *ra++y green
*u"8 !luish (reen
Qs.-4 What are cr$stalline and a#orphous salt?
Ans. The salt containin( cr$stals are ,nown as cr$stalline while powder li,e salts are called
a#orphous.
Qs..6 'f the salt is coloured what cations #a$ be present?
Ans. 'f the salt is coloured the followin( cations #a$ be present
e#g# Cu"+, CO"+, -e"+, !l"+, .n"+ and -e&+ etc
Qs..1 Give the na#e of a non;#etallic basic radical?
Ans. The non;#etallic basic radical is A##oniu# N3-8 radical.
Qs.." 'n the preparation of ori(inal solution for cation. Wh$ 3"S0- is never used?
Ans. !ecause it is o+idizin( a(ent and precipitate various cation 'n different (roups e.(. !a"85
Sr"8 and pb"8 are precipitate as sulphate in (roup ''. 'n this wa$ the whole sche#e of cation will
disturbe.
Qs..) @ead #a$ be precipitated in (roup ' as well in (roup '' of cation wh$?
Ans. 'n first (roup ?b*l" is sparin(l$ soluble and hence not all the lead ions ?b"8 are
precipitated. Thus the re#ainin( ?b"8 are separated out in (roup '' as ?bs.
Qs..- What are Alu#s?
Ans. Alu#s are the 'so#orphous co#pound.
Qs... What are 'so#orphous?
Ans. *o#pounds havin( the sa#e cr$stal structures are ,nown as 'so#orphous co#pounds
Qs../ What is potash alu#?
Ans. The h$drated double sulphates salt of potassiu# and alu#inu# is ,nown as potash alu#
e.(. >"S0-Al" (S0-). "-3"0
Qs..1 What are the co##on uses of potash alu#?
Ans. 't is used as #ordant in d$ein( of fabrics sizin( of paper as coa(ulatin( a(ent and also for
cleanin( of water on s#all scale.
Qs..2 Give the for#ula for so#e other Alu#s?
Ans. A##oniu# iron alu# (N3-" S0-59e(S0-) . "-3"0
/it0iu c0roiu alu /i"$O% #Cr"1$O%)& # "%H"O
$oda alu !a" $O% #
Al"1$O%)& # "%H"O
Qs..4 What is the for#ula of 'odofor# (ive its '.H.?.A.*. na#e?
Ans. 9or#ula of 'odofor# is *3l) and in 'H?A* its na#e is Tri;'odo#ethane.
Qs./6 Give the for#ula and na#e of other 3alofor#s?
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Ans. *hlorofor# *3*l) and !ro#ofor# *3!r).
Qs./1 Durin( the preparation of 'odofor# te#perature should not be hi(her than 26I* Wh$?
Ans. 'odofor# #a$ be h$drol$zed above 26I*.
Qs./" What is #ean b$ halofor# reactions?
Ans. The reaction b$ which chlorofor#5 bro#ofor# and 'odofor# #a$ be prepared .
Qs./) What is the #eltin( point of 'odofor#?
Ans. 'ts #eltin( point is 114I*.
Qs./- What t$pes of co#pounds (ives halofor# reactions?
Ans. The co#pounds li,e #eth$l ,etone5 acetaldeh$de and eth$l alcohol can (ive halofor#
reactions.
Qs./. What are plastics?
Ans. ?lastics are the pol$#erized products of si#ple or(anic #olecule or when two or than two
si#ple #olecules (:ono#er co#bine to for# a bi( (roups of pol$#er5 it is ,nown as plastic e.(.
pol$thene fro# ethane. This is a plastic co##onl$ ,nown as pol$thene i.e.
1C"H%)n = 1C"H%)n
Qs.// What are #ono#ers5 pol$#ers and pol$#erization?
Ans. A lar(e nu#ber of si#ple #olecules which #a$ be co#bine and for# a lar(e #olecule of
hi(h #olecular #ass are ,nown as %:ono#ers&5 the resultin( heav$ product is ,nown as the
%pol$#er& and the process of for#ation of a pol$#er is ,nown as %pol$#erization&.
Qs./1 What is ?.V.* and ?.V.A?
Ans. ?.V.* is onl$ pol$ vin$l chloride plastic and ?.V.A is pol$ vin$l acetate plastic.
Qs./2 What is !a,elite?
Ans. 't is a plastic5 which is condensation pol$#er of phenol and for#aldeh$de.
Qs./4 What is the difference between ther#o;plastic 7 ther#o;settin( plastics?
Ans. %Ther#o;plastics& are those which #a$ be #oulded several ti#es b$ li<uefaction without an$
che#ical chan(e e.(. pol$ vin$l plastic. Where as %Ther#o;settin( plastic& are those which #a$
be #olded once at a ti#e of preparation and beco#e deco#posed on heatin( e.(. !a,elite.
Qs.16 What is the for#ula of phenol and for#aldeh$de?
Ans. ?henol is */3.03 while for#aldeh$de is 3*30.
Qs.11 What is the for#ula of Aniline and 'odofor#?
Ans. Aniline is */3.N3" while 'odofor# is *3l).
Qs.1" What are carboh$drates?
Ans. *arboh$drates are either pol$h$dro+$ aldeh$des or ,etones or substances which on
h$drol$sis $ield these co#pounds i.e. pol$h$dro+$ aldeh$des or ,etones.
Qs.1) Wh$ carboh$drates are also ,nown as h$drates of carbon?
Ans. The (eneral for#ula of carboh$drates #a$ be *+(3"0$ i.e. the ratio between h$dro(en and
o+$(en is sa#e as that in water e.(. */31"01/ 3ence the$ are also ,nown as h$drates of
carbon.
Qs.1- Wh$ carboh$drates are also ,nown as saccharides?
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Ans. The$ are also ,nown as saccharides because various carboh$drates (ives sweet taste.
Qs.1. What are #ono;saccharides?
Ans. :onosaccharides are those carboh$drates which cannot be bro,en into si#pler substances
on h$drol$sis due to the reason that the$ consists of sin(le unit of pol$h$dro+$ aldeh$de or
,etones e.(. (lucose and fructose.
Qs.1/ What are disaccharides?
Ans. These carboh$drates (ives two #olecule of #onosaccharides on h$drol$sis e.(. :altose5
@actose5 and sucrose etc.
Qs.11 What are pol$saccharides?
Ans. Those carboh$drates which consists of ver$ lar(e nu#ber of #onosaccharides units are
,nown as pol$saccharides units are ,nown as pol$saccharides e.(. starch and cellulose etc.
Qs.12 What is the i#portance of carboh$drates in livin( bein(s?
Ans. *arboh$drates are of #aFor i#portance to both plants 7 ani#als. 3u#an bein(s use it for
#an$ purposes onl$ /. percent of carboh$drates are used in our diet. 't is the chloroph$ll in
leaves and (rass that #a,es the# (reen5 plants (ives carboh$drates durin( the process of
photos$nthesis. Where plant ta,e *0" fro# the air and 3"0 fro# the soil and the process occur.
i#e# 2CO" + 2H"O = C2H3"O2
+ 2O"
4t ay al+o u+ed in 5or clot0ing 1Cotton, 6ayon, linon)
and 7ood 5or building burning and a(ing paper#
Qs.14 What are reducin( su(ars?
Ans. Those carboh$drates which are o+idized b$ 9ehlin(=s solution and contain free aldeh$dic
(roup are ,nown as reducin( su(ar e.(. #altose and (lucose etc.
Qs.26 What are non;reducin( su(ars?
Ans. Those carboh$drates which do not reduce 9ehlin(=s solution b$ for#in( red ppt and contain
no free aldeh$dic (roup are called non;reducin( su(ars e.(. fructose and sucrose etc.
Qs.21 What is 9ehlin(=s solution?
Ans. 't is a #i+ture of two solution i.e. A 7 ! the solution %A& contains copper sulphate solution
while solution %!& contain a solution of sodiu# potassiu# tatrate (al,aline #ediu# alon( with
No03.
Qs.2" What is starch?
Ans. Starch is not a sin(le #olecule but a #i+ture of %A#$lose& (water soluble5 blue colour with
iodine and %A#$lopectin& (insoluble in water5 violet colour with iodine. The co#position of the
two is5 a#$lose 16;"6J and a#$lopectin 26;46J.
Qs.2) What is !enedict=s rea(ent?
Ans. An a<ueous solution of cupric sulphate5 sodiu# citrate and sodiu# carbonate is called
!enedict=s rea(ent.
Qs.2- What is Tollen=s rea(ent?
Ans. A##onical silver nitrate solution is ,nown as Tollen=s rea(ent.
Qs.2. What is Koschell=s salt?
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Ans. Sodiu# potassiu# tartarate is also ,nown as Koschell=s salt. Which is used in the
preparation of 9ehlin(=s soluton.
Qs.2/ What are A#ino Acids?
Ans. The a#ino acids that occur in protein all have the E N3" (roup and E *003 (roup attached
to the sa#e carbon ato#. The$ are thus alpha a#ino acids5 the carbon ato# bein( the alpha
carbon si#plest for#ula b$ which it can be represent is
H
8
6 C COOH
8
!H"
Qs.21 What are proteins?
Ans. The co#ple+ nitro(enous or(anic co#pound found in livin( cell are called proteins which on
h$drol$sis $ield a#ino acids and these a#ino acids lin,ed to(ether b$ a peptide bond.
0K
90e polyer+ o5 aino acid+ containing large no o5 aino
acid+ :oined by peptide bond i+ called protein
Qs.22 What is peptide bond?
O
;
Ans. The acid a#ide ( ; * E N3 ; or the lin,a(e throu(h which a#ino acids are lin,ed in protein
is ,nown as peptide bond.
H O
H
8 ; 8
3"N LLL * LL * LLL N3 LL * LL *00
8
8
6
6
<ipette 'ond
Qs.24 What are si#ple protein?
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Ans. The protein on h$drol$sis (ive onl$ si#ple a#ino acids are si#ple proteins e.(. Albu#in5
(lubuiline etc.
Qs.46 What are conFu(ated proteins?
Ans. Those proteins which on h$drol$sis (ive so#e other co#pounds alon( with a#ino acids are
co##onl$ ,nown as conFu(ated proteins e.(. phospholecithine
Qs.41 What is #eant b$ derived protein?
Ans. Derived proteins are the products obtained b$ the action of heat5 enz$#e or b$che#ical
reaction.
Qs.4" What is the effect of heat on protein and what is the effect of 3N0)?
Ans. !$ heatin( it coa(ulates (as in e(( while it beco#es $ellow b$ the action of 3N0).
Qs.4) What are fats?
Ans. The$ are esters of hi(her fatt$ acids (pal#atic acid5 stearic acid5 and oleic acid5 with
(l$cerol and the esters are #ade up of an alcohol part and an acid part.
6 C O6 ,
C"H2O&
;
O
Acid part
Alco0ol part

1.ainly glycerol)
Qs.4- Wh$ oils are for#ed in li<uid state at ordinar$ te#perature?
Ans. 0ils are in li<uid state due to the presence of unsaturated fatt$ acids in which one 03 (roup
of (l$cerol is esterified.
Qs.4. Wh$ fats are solid at roo# te#pertature?
Ans. 9ats are solid because the$ contain saturated acids with (l$cerol.
Qs.4/ What is the (eneral for#ula of fats and oils?
Ans. The (eneral for#ula of fat and oil is as follows.
CH" ===== OOC63
8
CH ===== OOC6"
8
CH" ===== OOC6&
-act+ or oil 1Here 6-ay be +ae or di55erent)
Qs.41 What is the difference between a fat and an oil?
Ans. 9at is a solid at roo# te#perature and contains saturated fatt$ acids while oil is li<uid and
contains unsaturated fatt$ acids.
Qs.42 Write down the na#e and for#ula of saturated and unsaturated fatt$ acids found in fat 7
oil?
Ans. ?al#atic acid *1.3)1 *003 saturated fattu acid.
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$tearic acid C3>H&? COOH +aturated 5atty acid#
Oleic acid C3>H&& COOH +aturated 5atty acid#
.Qs.44 What is the for#ula of (l$cerol?
Ans. The for#ula is
CH"OH
8
CHOH *lycerol
8
CH"OH
Qs.166 What is Saponoifications?
Ans. 3$drol$sis of fats or oil b$ #ean of al,ali is co##onl$ ,nown as Saponoification.
CH" OOC 63 CH" OH
6OO!a
8
8 8
CH OOC 6" + &!AOH CH OH +
6COO!a
8
8 8
CH" OOC 6& CH" OH
6COO!a

*lycerine $OA<
Qs.161 What is soap?
Ans. The sodiu# or potassiu# salt of a fatt$ acid is called a soap e.(.
6COO!a
8
6COO!a $oap
8
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