FUNCTION: ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

1. What is KVA? kW is the unit of real power & kVA is the unit of Apparent power. Apparent Power=real
power +reactive power. Kw=kva * p.f.
2. What is the special about Steering gear Overload safety?
3. Explain the condition for Paralleling of Alternators? Phase, phase sequence, voltage, frequency.
4. What does different position of the synchroscope needle mean; what is the difference between 6 o clock
and 12 o clock? Relative position of phase of incoming machine. 6 o clock phases 180 deg out of phase.
5. Why do we close the switch at 11 oclock and not at 12 oclock? Incoming m/c slightly faster than
running m/c. for proper load sharing. Speed droop as incoming generator comes on load and running
generator shares load.
6. Why is Megger used for insulation test and not a multi meter? multimeter uses a dc source battery for
measuring resistance. For very high resistances voltage must be high for current to flow. Thus a megger
with dc gen is used.
7. What are the safeties on MSB? All m/c exposed metal parts earthed, so arranged to provide easy access
to equipment without danger to persons. Side rear and front suitably guarded. Exposed live earth parts not
to be installed in front. Non conducting mats infront and rear of msb. Insulated rubber gloves near msb.
Insulated handles on msb.
8. When does Reverse power flow? On failure of prime mover due to any fault, When an alternator draws
power from msb and runs as a synchronous motor and drives its own prime mover.
9. What is the harm if reverse power flows? Damage to prime mover, other generator overloaded,
undesirable condition.
10. How is the protection against reverse power given? Using a reverse power trip. 2-6% for turbine, 8-
15% for d/e.
11. How do you test reverse power trip? Reducing fuel gradually to one generator and increasing to other
generator
12. What is the full form of ACB? Air circuit breaker.
13. If you press the ACB Close button on an idle generator what will happen? Under voltage trip will
operate immediately to prevent the breaker from closing.
14. What is under-voltage protection? Protection against accidentally closing acb,protection against loss of
voltage when m/c connected to msb.
15. What is the meaning of preferential trip? Why is it provided?
16. What is the purpose of the earth fault indication on the switch board? To indicate earth fault leakage
current.
17. If you get an earth fault alarm what will you do? Accept alarm. Fault fining by isolating circuits.
18. What is the direct current? Unidirectional flow of current
19. What is the alternating current? Current flow reverses direction continuosly
20. What is meant by phase in AC? Angular differencebetween two sine waves.
21. Is there phase in DC? no
22. Why DC not much in use now? Easy production, transmission of ac. Size of equipment, losses.
23. Where are you likely to see it used? Battery charging circuits, control circuit
24. What does three-phase current mean? Three sine waves representing voltage/current with angular
displacement of 120 deg between them
25. What is the RMS value? Rms value of ac is the value of dc that will do same amount of work in same
time as the ac.
26. What is the meaning of power factor? Ratio of real power to apparent power.
27. What is the usual value you see onboard? 0.85 to 0.92
28. What is the best value possible? As close as possible to unity
29. What is the benefit of improving power factor? Reduction in losses due to reactive power.
30. How can it be improved? Use of capacitors and synchronousmotors.
31. What is meaning of saying I and V phase?
32. What is the difference between KW, KVA and KVAR? Kilo watt- real power load dependent. Kva-
apparent power, power supplied to do the work. Kvar- unit of reactive power. Kva=kvar+kw
33. Why are motor rating given in KW and that of alternator and transformer given in KVA? Motor rating
is in actual power and generator rating in apparent power.
34. Where does reactive power go? Over an average time period, active component exists flowing from one
point to another but reactive power is zero. Thus it is neither produced nor consumed.
35. What is a semi conductor?
36. What is a doping? Adding impurities to semiconductors to improve conductivity
37. What happens to insulation when temperature rises? Resistance drop
38. What happens to resistance of conductor when temperature rises? drop
39. What is an induction motor? Motor in which current supplied to stator induces a current in the rotor.
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
40. What is Slip? difference between speed of rotation of magnetic field and speed of rotor. Slip is load
dependent.
41. What is a synchronous motor? Motor where both stator and rotor are supplied with current. Slip is zero.
42. Where is it used? Pump and fan drives, main propulsion and improvement of power factor.
43. How do you use a multimeter?
44. What is an AVO meter?
45. How do you check continuity? multimeter
46. What limits the electrical load?
47. What is the voltage used in a meggar? 500v dc
48. How does current flow during welding?
49. What do we use for welding on ships? AC or DC? AC
50. What is the voltage? Force which causes current to flow.
51. What is the voltage used for ignition in boilers/incinerator etc? 20000v
52. Why is it different from that for welding? Welding high current, ignitor high voltage.
53. Does current flow through hull during welding? yes
54. If so why dont you get a shock?
55. What is a safe voltage to prevent shock? 55v
56. What is the meaning of earthing in a ship?
57. What is the meaning of star winding? Delta winding?
58. Is the ships alternator Star wound or Delta wound? Star because it has a strong neutral point.
59. What is the meaning of ACB, MCCB, NFB? Moulded case circuit breaker- 10-2000a. mcb 100a. no
fuse circuit breaker
60. What is a magnetic contactor? Where is it used? Magnetic contactors are those which open or close
depending upon position of spring by magnetic force of a current carrying coil. Relays, trip circuits,
starters.
61. What is a relay? How is it different from a magnetic contactor?
62. Can you draw a DOL starter circuit?
63. What is the meaning of overload?
64. What is the meaning of short circuit? J oining two points having diff potential without a load or by
passing the load is short circuit.
65. How is protection provided for OL and SC? OL-Electromagnetic trips, thermistors, bimetallic strips.
66. What is the function of a fuse? Protection against over current, isolate circuits for maintenance, rapid
clearance for s/c faults.
67. What is the normal setting of overload relays? 110%
68. How does a thermal overload relay work? Bimetallic strips with different co efficient of thermal
expansion.
69. What is a single phasing? Loss of current thru one phase in a 3 phase supply. 2.4 times line current and
1.3 times current in each winding.
70. How can it happen? Broken terminals, broken wires, fuse blown, relay not making contact, spring
damaged, oxidation products on contactors.
71. What is the harm caused by this? Heating, damage and burnt windings, if stopped nt start, fluctuation in
torque, vibration, rpm fluctuation, humming noise, fire,insulation break, shock, alternator overloaded.
72. What protection is provided against this? Same as overload trips.
73. Why is it necessary that incoming alternator frequency is more than bus bar? For proper
synchronization.
74. What is a dark lamp and bright lamp method for synchronizing? How is the connection made?
Connected across opposite phases, maximum brightness or maximum darkness point of sync.
75. Apart formrenewing bearing is there any reason for opening up motors for maintenance? Blowing
through by hot air, applying varnish.
76. Why is reverse power protection required? To avoid motoring effect.
77. Why is this reverse power used instead of reverse current in alternators? Reversal of current flow can
not be detected in AC supply.
78. What is the meaning of excitation in an alternator? Dc supply to rotor of alternator for producing
magnetic field.
79. Is the field current in an alternator AC or DC? DC
80. Is the field rotating or stationary? Rotating
81. How is it supplied? Brushes and Slip Rings
82. What is a brush less alternator? Excitation by means of a ALTERNATOR. 3 phase windings on
ROTOR shaft. Field windingon casingsupplied from AVR. Rotor output through RECTIFIER circuit to
field coil of main alternator. Phase windings on shaft so no need of brushes and slip rings.
83. How is the excitation achieved in this?
84. What is the meaning of residual magnetism? Magnetism remaining in the core of the electromagnet
after removal of coil current.
85. Why is an air compressor started unloaded? Reduce starting current of the motor
86. How is the speed of a 3-phase induction motor varied? resistance control and pole change rotor.
87. How is the direction of rotation varied? Changing terminal connections
88. How does this cause a rotation to change? Reversal of direction of rotating magnetic field.
89. How is the speed of a DC motor varied? field control, armature control- thyristor control and ward
leonard system. Ac motor- dc generator- dc motor.
90. How is the direction varied? By varying the field current of the dc generator by use of potentiometer.
91. What isadiode? Single junction semiconductor device.
92. What is a zener diode? Diode designed to operate in reverse bias direction with a small breakdown
voltage. Acts voltage regulators.
93. What is a thyristor? What is an SCR? Thyristors are solid state switching devices triggered by gate
electrode. SCR are four layer semiconductor devices
94. How does an inverter work? 12V DC fed to Oscillator circuit- Aplifier Primary of transformer
Secondary
95. How does a tube light work?
96. What is the function of the starter in a tube light? provide initial path of current flow through both
cathodes of tube during starting
97. What is the function of the choke? Provide high starting voltage for ionization of gas and subsequently
control voltage to maintain ionization.
98. Where is a slip ring used and where is a commutator used? Commutators used in DC gen to draw
current. Slip rings used to supply current to rotor of AC Alternator. Slip Ring +Brushes, Commutator +
Split Rings
99.What is capacitance? Ability of a body to store charge in an electric field.
100.Does current flow though a capacitor? No
1O1.What is the unit for capacitance? Farad. 1 Farad =1 Coulomb / 1 volt
102. What is a neutral? Common point of star connection where sum of currents is 0
103.What is the difference between neutral and earth? Earth is a connection for passage of leakage current
tothe ground. In some cases the neutral point is earthed to detect any leakage.
104.What is a synchronous condenser? similar to synchronous motor but it does not drive anything.
105.Where and why is it used? Used in electrical circuits to improve power factor by increasing or
decreasing power factor. Used to generate or absorb reactive power as required to improve power factor by
increasing or decreasing field excitation.
106.If a motor is wound star and you want to change to delta what should you do?
107.lf the AVR, is defective, when additional loads come on will the generator be able to take it? For small
loads it can take but for large loads not psbl.
108.How do you test, reverse power trip, high current trip, preferential trip? Over current trip change
setting on acb ltd n std. increase load on generator by keeping other generators on manual for preferential
trip.
109.What is residual magnetism? Where is it important?
110.Sometimes, when you change the running direction a ER blower (from supply to exhaust) it trip, Why?
Over current trip.
111.What is the functions of the friction clutch mechanism used in purifiers? Reduce starting current of
purifier motor.
112.What is the regular maintenance done on batteries? All vents clear, measure sp. Gravity, level of
electrolyte, Vaseline on contacts, boost charging, all connections tight and corrosion free.
113.What safety precautions need to be taken during maintenance on batteries? Avoidsparks by falling
tools, remove leads on batteries. Insulate leads, avoid touching to floor, non metallic jugs to be used,
instruments used to be intrinsically safe.
114.Why is special lighting used in battery rooms? Risk of explosion.
115. What is the voltage available from each cell in a lead acid battery? 2.1v
116.What is thefull battery voltage? 24v
117.How is this voltage achieved? By using cells connected in series.
118.What is the meaning of normally open contact? Contacter open under normal operating cond.
119.How does a Salinometer function? Measuring flow of current thru a known quantity of water.
120.How does the air compressor start and stop automatically? Pressure switches in air bottle
121.How is the cold room temperature maintained? combination of solenoid valve and tev
122.What is a self-monitoring alarm circuit? Alarm circuit which is activates due to any abnormality in
working conditions or ay abnormality in alarm system. omd
123.Out at sea, if there is a black out during your watch, what action will take? Stay where I am. Wait for
emg gen to come on load. Close boiler main steam stop valve. Change over generator line to d/o. start d/o
supply pump. Start standby gen on d/o (one gen priming pump supplied from esb). Close circuit breaker.
Main sea water pump, Me jcw pump, me lo pump, boiler circulating water pump, me fo pump,circulating
pump, ge fo supply and circulating pump. Cam shaft lo pump.
124.After a black out the emergency generator comes on, On restoring the main supply we are closing the
circuit breaker of the main generator with out bothering about synchronizing. How is this possible?
Because tie breaker is open.
125.How does the emergency generator start automatically?
126. If all your air bottles are at low pressure and there is a blackout how do you start the generators? Start
emg air comp n fill emg air bottle.
127.What is a shaft generator? Driven by ME to supply power to mains.
128.Even though the main engine runs at varying speeds, how does the alternator maintain constant
frequency? Frequency converter.
129.Is the alternator connected star or delta? star
130. Why is 440 V used for motors and 110/220 V used for lighting?
131. State the electrical and mechanical trips on A/E? winding high temp trip, reverse power trip, over
current protection, under voltage trip, Mechanical- Low LO pr trip. High LO temp trip, Low J CW pr Trip,
High J CW temp Trip, exh gas T/C inlet temp high alarm, Scavenge air in temp High alarm. Pedestal
bearing ht.
132. Draw a sketch of a Sychroscope?
133. How is load taken on Generators?
134. What type of starters are used on board and why? DOL Star Delta
135. While one generator is being connected to a Busbar, both the generators trip, what may be the cause?
reverse power trip wrongly set.
136. How is the generator taken on load in parallel?
137. What are the safeties on a Switchboard, Define preferential trip and reverse power relay?
138. How will you start a generator? Lo priming pump running, put governor linkage to zero, open
indicator cocks, blow through. Close indicator cocks, put gov to max, start. Monitor fo lo jcw rpm tc.
139. How is current generated in a alternator?
140. What is the difference between AC and DC current?
141. What is the difference between current and voltage? Voltage is the force which cause s the flow of
charge and rate of flow of charge is current.
142. How will you convert 440 V AC supply to 24 Volt DC?
143. How rectifiers function?
144. Why emergency generators arefitted on board?
145. What services and machinery are supplied from the emergency switchboard? Emergengy lighting,
navigaton lights, vhf radio, internal comm., nav equipment, fire detc n alarm day light signaling, whistle,
call points, internal signals, fire pump, steering gear, emergency bilge pump, one sea water pump, do
supply pump, water tight doors, sprinkler pump, emergency fire pump.
146. What actions will you take if Motor gets hot during your watch? Stop, check bearing, alignment,
insulation resistance, single phasing.
147. What action will you take if Busbar catches fire?
148. What is the phase factor and power factor relation on a Busbar.
149. State safeties provided on ACBs. isolating contacts designed so that breaker open b4 assembly
withdrawn, simulataneous closing of all three acb units for each phase, contactors designed to carry full
load current without overloadingor overheating, separate spring loaded arcing contacts which close before
and open after main contacts, arcing contacts of arc resisting material, arc runners and arc chute, splitter
plates in arc chute to cool arc, breaking speed as high as possible by springs and light weight contactors,
150. Action to be taken for electrical shock.
151. How are emergency batteries maintained? charging circuit
152. Sketch a circuit diagram of AE panel.
153. State safeties on a Motor circuit. Overload protection termistors, by metallic strips, electromagnetic
154. State different types of Motor and voltages available on Ships. Synchronous motor- propulsion power
factor correction., induction motor, dc series motor- turning gear, dc shunt motor- normal fans blowers, dc
compound- windlass high starting torque.
155. Calculate the power of induction motor.
156. Define open circuit, short circuit and earth fault. How to check them.
157. Safety of an alternator.
158. Maintenance of alternator. Bearings, Insulation resistance, Lube oil level of pedestal bearing, Hot air
blow, Contactors, Air Gap- 2-3 mm
159. Asynchronous motor. Induction motor.
160. Battery room safety. Construction prevent spilling, emission of spray, accessible from top and one
side, crates and trays of non absorbent insulation material, deck below acid/alkaline resistant. No smoking
and no naked lights, approved elec apparatus, location on deck, forced air circulation, no tube lights, non
metallic jugs, separation of vent duct from other ducts, explosion proof lighting, proper wattage, sealing of
enrty of cables, fittings not painted, loose wires and tools not to be kept on the batteris, tools spark proof
and insulated.
161. Pump room ventilation and type of lighting.
162. Single phasing protection.
163. Types of motors.
164. Motor fitted on governor. synchronous
165. Simulation of engine trips
166. Trying out generator lube oil pressure cut out.
167. Requirement of starting of emergency generator. 45 secs
168. Measurement of insulation resistance.
169. Requirement of emergency battery. Supply to emergency circuits for 30 mins while maintaining
voltage within +- 12%. Aboveor belownominal voltage.
170. Working principle of high temp of jacket cooling water. Thermocouple/ bimetallic strip
171. Electrical motor overheat, reasons. Single phasing, over load, short circuit, bearings burnt out, air gap,
obstruction in rotation.
172. Principles of earth fault, reasons. Break down of IR
173. Maintenance of electrical switchboard. Fans, silica gel packets, indicating lamps, earth fault, msb
lamps,
174. Battery start engine.
175. Earth fault checking on motor/busbar.
176. Over load trip and how much in generator. 10%
177. Emergency battery generator.
178. Reverse power relay.
179. Types of starters with diagrams.
180. Earthing onhoard ship, finding and how it is rectified.
181. Emergency light distribution on board.
182. Explosion proof Installations. Spigot joint of explosion proof enclosure and prevent transmission of
flame from inside to outside. Heavy construction. Small air gap between machined flanges. Throttling.
183. Resistance Vs TemperatureGRAPH.
184. How to check battery is fully charged, what will you check and maintenance done. Output voltage, 2.1
v.
185. Maintenance on batteries.
186. Requirement for emergency batteries.
187. Action taken for steering gear trip. Other motor will automatically start.
188. Setting of floating charge and how it works. Trickle charge. 50 -100 mA per 100 AHr of battery
capacity. Determined by checking with trial value that the battery is neither loosing charge or gassing up
due to over charging.
189. Checking alarm of navigation lights. Removing contacts.
190. How to check earth fault in navigation lights. Insulation resistance
191. Generator engine safeties and how to check.
192. Electrical safeties are set on what parameters. Reverse power- 2-6% turbines, 8-15% de, overload trip
110%, undervoltage, overvoltage- 2.5%
193. Batteries charging and specific gravity values. Charged- 2.1V/1.28 @ 25 deg C, DisCharged- 1.8 V/
1.15 @ 25 deg C. 1.2V/ 1.05V, 1.21 sp gr. @ 25 deg C- Ni- Cd
194. Effects if earth faults if not rectified. Over load, heating up, leakage current, shock, burning, fire,
195. If motor terminal, how to differentiate whether it is star (or) delta-connected.
196. If in a motor you find 3 or 4 terminals then how will you confirm that which are in Star/Delta.
197. Types of motor found on ship.
198. What is squirrel cage motor.
199. Indication of single phasing in caseof running motor. Hunting of motor, fluctuation of motor rpm,
over load protection will operate, humming noise, heating up of motor, vibration, reduction in torque,
200. Can motor run on single phasing, and how to check. Yes.
201. Problems faced in Lambda/Delta starter. Starting torque is reduced.
202. Maintenance of navigational light.
203. Paralleling of A/E Generator.
204. How to decide capacity of fuses. Time current characteristics drawn by testing 6 or more fusesat diff
currents of fuse wire. Bottom current is 1.05 times the fusing current, top current is the one which wud melt
the wire in not more than 0.5 secs. This determine current rating- operating current, minimum fusing
current.
205. Effects of single phasing and definition.
206. Sketchand describe megger working.
207. Battery room location, safeties. >2kw- separate locker/ battery room. 0.2- 2kw- battery room or engine
room, <0.2 kw- on deck with protective covering
208. Power factor , active, reactive.
209. factors affecting power factor. Inductive and capacitive loads.
210. Draw wave.
211. Megger, clampmeter, Insulation resistance, causes of IP.
212. Motor Protection.
213. Loadline regulation, significance.
214. Continuity checking & long wire from E/R to bridge.
215. SCR
216. DOL starter figure.
217. 3 PHASE induction motor, safeties.
218. Working of 1PHASE motor. In a single phase motor the single phase supply generates opposite
polarities which is only alternating but not rotating, so the single phase motor wont turn but will keep on
turning once started. Thus an extra starting winding with a capacitor or inductor is used to cause the flux to
lead r lag the current in the main field.
219. Indications of Navigational bulb functioning. Automatic indication which gives audible and visual
alarm in case of failure
220. How to check fuses? Continuity, resistance
221. Principles of induction motor.
222. Types of transformer, working principle. Step up, step down, voltage, current, instrument
223 Principle of motor.
224. Types of fuses. Cartridge/ semi enclosed (reusable)
225. Use and purpose of Transistor. amplification
226. Relation between frequency and speed. Ns =120f / P
227. Step- up transformer.
228. Checks on alternator, if not developing voltage. Air gap, insulation, prime mover problems
229. How to improve insulation resistance motor? Keeping in dry, vent holes clears
230. Single phase protection testing.
231. Zener diode function and use where? reverse bias, constant voltage. By pass for excess current. Used
in AVR circuit. Connected in reverse bias in a zener bridge. Voltage across it remains constant, thus
resistance changes causing a change in current which produces the error signal. This is fed through
amplifier and SCR to field.
232. 2 Lamp method (bright and dark)
234. Difference between fuse and trip.
235. Synchronous Vs Induction motor.
236. Advantage and disadvantage of lead acid and alkaline batteries. Lead acid- average emf more-2v/1.2v.
internal resiatance low- alkaline-5time, effective ampere hrs90-95% / 80%, cost- less/more than twice.
Life- 1250 charges n discharges/ 5yrs. Strength- low/ high.
237. E/R crane electrical safeties. Port/stbd/fwd/aft limit switches. Hoist limit switch, emergency stop, slip
clutch, overload, slack wire.
238. If Synchrono-scope fails, how to parallel generator
239. FIRC Fuse.
240. Conductance, resistance [Values, comparison with different materials] conductance is opposite to
resistance.
241. Trickle charging.
242. How to check diode? Fwd bias minimum resistance, reverse bias- high resistance
243. Speed of rotor in synchronous motor.
244. Starting procedure of synchronous motor. 1. Speeding up rotor to synchronous speed external means,
2. Use of Pony (Induction) motor to speed up. 3. Copper embedded bars on tips of rotor poles, shorted by
end plates, started as induction motor, at max speed DC excitation for synchronization.
245. Pump room bulb replacement. Light and fan interlocked. Isolate circuit, arrangement for ventilation
done. Enclosed space entry. Replace.
246. Checks on motor after rewinding ( and Connection) Insulation resistance, earth fault, air gap,
alignment, contactors
247. What if shore frequency is less? Motors will run slower, stalling, vibration, overheat. Voltage should
also vary in the same proportion.
248. Motor direction reversing.
249. Ohms law. Current flowing through a conductor is directly proportion to the potential diff across it
and inversly proportional to resistance
250.Show with a sketch how emergency generator andmain generatorsarearranged? How does the
emergency generator start on failure on main power?