Language Modernization in four aspects (Vocabulary, syntax, semantics and

morphology)

Introduction
Language is a result of human creativity in the community to communicate
each other. Heterogeneity and multiculturalism, making the language must be
evolved.
Especially for national language in a developed country, of course, should always be
monitored and developed in order to increase the quality of the language
itself from time to time. Language Modernization is the purpose of a language
planning. Modernization of the language will arise where the quality and purpose
can compete in the world arena. For instance, English is as a global language is used
in many world meetings to facilitate people from different countries to share each
other. Language Modernization in Indonesia also occur, where the first Indonesia
spelling VanOpuijsen Spelling is enhanced until now. Not only
that, Indonesian now already started to move to become an international language,
although recently on the ASEAN level course, but that's as evidence that
the Indonesian language is also experiencing tremendous modernization.
In the process of Language modernization involves four aspects such as vocabulary,
semantic, syntax and morphology, which will be explained deeply.


1. Language Modernization
Charles Ferguson (1968) defined Language modernization as "the process by which (a
language becomes) the equal of other developed languages as a medium of communication; it
is in a sense the process of joining the world community of increasingly intertranslatable
languages recognized as appropriate vehicles of modern forms of discourse".
It is a natural phenomenon that languages change, develop, update their vocabulary,
and undergo semantic changes. Languages, first of all, as means of communication are
influenced by different changes in society. In recent times a lot of these alternations are
caused by globalization processes which inevitably leave their traces in lexicon.
According to Dalimunthe.A.A (2009), the spread of globalization in today's world has
influenced the development of age and also affects some social life aspects, such as
education, politic, law, social and culture. A changing in social-culture has also influenced
the language used in the society or country. One way globalization potentially affects
language is by spreading a language globally. Several foreign languages which are agreed as
the official languages of United Nations, namely: English, France, Mandarin, Arabic, Russian
and Spanish, have widely spread throughout the world. But, only one foreign language which
is dominantly used worldwide, that is English.
According to Lauder.A (2008), a complete social account of English in Indonesia
from Independence to the present would necessarily involve information about the role that
English has played in society at large, and in particular in business, politics, education and the
media. So, it is possible to note that English has played an important role in education as it is
a compulsory subject in schools. Meanwhile, business people find increasingly that ideas for
success in management are published in English. It is quite common to find people living in
the countrys large cities will readily agree that everyone needs English to some extent.
It is can be said that English is important for Indonesia as it has donate or loan many words
or terminology which is needed in some aspects of social life of Indonesian people. In short,
English play an important role in modernizing Indonesian language.

2. Language modernization in four aspects (vocabulary, semantic, syntax and
morphology)
According to Sridhar.S.N () By "micro-strategies" mean choices internal to the
grammar and vocabulary of the language, such as choice of derivational processes,
transference of functions performed by given syntactic structures, semantic, morphology, and
so on. Here are some of the recurrent types of mechanism employed in lexical expansion.
1. Creating new words.
The problem with creating new words for new concepts is that often the newly
coined expression is as obscure as the foreign term. Thus, the advantage gained in
national pride and ease of pronunciation is often offset by the non-communicative
character of the expressions employed. Yet, many languages (e.g., Hindi, Tamil),
have followed this route, depending on the context and familiarity brought by usage
to overcome the strangeness of the coinage.
2. Borrowing
Borrowing on the other hand, is resisted on several grounds. It is felt that to
borrow a term is to admit the inadequacy of one's own language (and its resources),
although it is often pointed out that many of the developed languages of the world
(e.g., English) enriched their vocabulary by a "shameless" resort to borrowing.
Borrowing from English occurs in some areas of discourse far more than in others. It is
unlikely that Indonesians would borrow words from English or any other foreign language
for an area of traditional culture, such as the wayang performance. But in registers associated
with modern, cosmopolitan topics, such as fashion, film, science and technology, borrowing
from English is frequent, both in the mass media and among the general educated public.
For example:
Atlit - athlete
Final - final
Selebriti - celebrity
Kaset - cassette
aksesori - accessory
fantasi - fantasy
inflasi - inflation
investor - investor
koalisi - coalition
krisis - crisis
Borrowing is helped by the presence of bilinguals in the community who can
act as a bridge in the transitional stage while a new word is being assimilated. Many
languages, notably Japanese, have relied on borrowing with assimilation to meet the
lexical needs. The verbal prefix meN- (where N represents any nasal sound)
assimilates to the first sound of the verb base. If the base begins with s, p, t, or
k, this sound is lost. For example:
meN- + tulis Smenulis (write)
With foreign words, the initial consonant is retained. For example:
meN- + kontrol Smengkontrol (to control)
A combination of borrowing and creation is hybridization, where a borrowed
term is combined with a native derivational affix, e.g., ponsel ' from cell phone'.

3. Compounding
Modernization increases a language's dependence on compounding in more than one
way. Often, a foreign technical concept is hard to translate into a single word, and
one is forced to use a compound, or even a syntactic phrase. For example,
restauran for rumah makan, bioskop for layar lebar, etc.
4. Reinterpretation
Reinterpretation of existing words to give them a specialized meaning in the
modern context. Thus the term for 'touching' sonku is now used in the sense of
'infection', 'naming ceremony' namakarana in the sense of nomination, akasavani
'voice from the sky' in the sense of 'radio' and so on.

These have easily caught on and the works of authors who rely on this strategy are more
readable than those of the self-conscious neologists. Given the alternative strategies of
coining, reinterpretation, calquing, borrowing, hybridization, and classical calquing (among
others), the choice among them seems to be governed by a complex set of considerations.
Authors and translators seem (unconsciously or consciously) to follow one or the other
strategy depending on what might be called their philosophy of language development and
subjective notions of efficacy, but unfortunately, there is no principled theory of lexical
development which would provide principled motivations for choosing one micro-strategy
over another, especially in light of the effect of the choices on the communicative efficiency
of the resulting language. The empirical study of the intelligibility of various strategies of
modernization is an area of research with great potential.




Reference
Sneddon, J (2003), The Indonesian Language: Its history and role in modern society, UNSW
Press

Sridhar.S.N (), Language Modernization: Structural And Sociolinguistic Aspects ;
https://sbsuny.academia.edu/SNSridhar

Yessimzhanova,M (2014), Language Modernization In Kazakh: Terminology Issues ;
http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/viewFile/3694/3547

Lauder, A (2008) The Status And Function Of English In Indonesia: A Review Of Key
Factors ; http://journal.ui.ac.id/humanities/article/view/128/124

Dalimunthe. A.A (2009) Indonesian Language-Status Planning through Language Policy ;
https://www.academia.edu/990569/Indonesian
status_Planning_through_Language_Policy_Law_No._24_of_2009