Culvert Rating Guide - Complete PDF

CULVERTRATINGGUIDE
August2009
2009TexasDepartmentofTransportation
allrightsreserved
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
(pageintentionallyleftblank)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
ii
TexasDepartmentofTransportation
CulvertRatingGuide
WILLIAMD.LAWSON,P.E.,PH.D.
CenterforMultidisciplinaryResearchinTransportation
TexasTechUniversity,Lubbock,Texas
TIMOTHYA.WOOD,M.S.C.E.
CHARLESD.NEWHOUSE,P.E.,PH.D.
DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering
VirginiaMilitaryInstitute,Lexington,VA
PRIYANTHAW.JAYAWICKRAMA,PH.D.
SubjectAreas
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulverts,LoadRating,LoadPosting,StructuralAnalysis
ResearchSponsoredbytheTexasDepartmentofTransportation
inCooperationwiththeFederalHighwayAdministration
TexasDepartmentofTransportation
Austin,TX2009
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
iii
RESEARCHPROGRAMSPONSORSHIP
ThisCulvertRatingGuidewasdevelopedaspartofTxDOTresearchprojectNo.05849,EvaluatingExisting
CulvertsforLoadCapacityAllowingforSoilStructureInteraction,sponsoredthroughTxDOTsResearch
ManagementCommittee5(StructuresandHydraulics)andfundedinSeptember2007.
TheTxDOTProjectMonitoringCommitteeforthisresearchprojectincludedthefollowingpersons:
MANUELB.BERNIECARRASCO,P.E.,BridgeDivision(ProjectDirector)
FARRENS.BASSE,P.E.,BridgeDivision(ProjectAdvisor)
JONH.KILGORE,P.E.,SanAntonioDistrict(ProjectAdvisor)
ROGERJ.LOPEZ,P.E.,HoustonDistrict(ProjectAdvisor)
MARKA.STEVES,P.E.,BridgeDivision(ProjectAdvisor)
MARKP.MCCLELLAND,P.E.,BridgeDivision(ProjectAdvisor)
ThemembersoftheProjectMonitoringCommitteeselectedtomonitorthisprojectandtoreviewthisdocument
werechosenforrecognizedscholarlycompetenceandwithdueconsiderationforthebalanceofdisciplines
appropriatetotheproject.Eachreportisreviewedandacceptedforpublicationbythetechnicalcommittee
accordingtoproceduresestablishedandmonitoredbytheTxDOTResearchandTechnologyImplementation
Office.
AUTHORACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheresearchuponwhichthisCulvertRatingGuideisbasedrepresentsacollaborativeeffortofthreeentities:the
CenterforMultidisciplinaryResearchinTransportationatTexasTechUniversitywhoperformedtheresearch,the
TxDOTProjectMonitoringCommitteewhoprovidedoversightandreview,andtheTxDOTLubbockDistrictwho
assistedwithfieldloadtestactivities.Theauthorsthankeachpersonwhohelpedwiththeresearchstudyfortheir
technicalcapability,professionalism,andenthusiasmfortheproject.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
iv
TABLEOFCONTENTS
TableofContents.....................................................................................................................................................iv
ListofFigures..........................................................................................................................................................vii
ListofTables.............................................................................................................................................................ix
ListofEquations........................................................................................................................................................x
I.
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................1
A.
Purpose.............................................................................................................................................................1
B.
TxDOTsCulvertDesignHistory........................................................................................................................1
C.
Scope................................................................................................................................................................2
D.
RatingPhilosophy.............................................................................................................................................2
E.
AboutthisGuide...............................................................................................................................................3
II.
PolicyRequirements.............................................................................................................................................5
A.
PolicySourceDocuments.................................................................................................................................5
B.
FailureModes...................................................................................................................................................5
C.
CriticalSections................................................................................................................................................5
D.
LoadCases........................................................................................................................................................7
E.
RatingVariables................................................................................................................................................8
F.
RatingEquations...............................................................................................................................................9
III. CulvertLoadRatingProcedure...........................................................................................................................11
A.
ContextforLoadRating..................................................................................................................................11
B.
VisualInspectionoftheCulvert......................................................................................................................12
C.
TheCulvertLoadRatingProcess....................................................................................................................12
D.
SelectionoftheProperLevelofAnalysis.......................................................................................................15
E.
ReviewingandCheckingCalculations.............................................................................................................15
IV. CulvertDetails.....................................................................................................................................................17
A.
Overview.........................................................................................................................................................17
B.
Units...............................................................................................................................................................17
C.
Dimensions.....................................................................................................................................................18
D.
Material(Structural)Properties.....................................................................................................................19
E.
SoilParameters...............................................................................................................................................20
1.
SoilUnitWeight.........................................................................................................................................20
2.
ModulusofSubgradeReaction..................................................................................................................20
3.
SoilElasticModulusandPoissonsRatio....................................................................................................21
F.
ReinforcingSteelSchedule.............................................................................................................................23
G.
CulvertInstallationMethod............................................................................................................................24
V.
CulvertCapacityCalculations.............................................................................................................................25
A.
PolicyGuidance..............................................................................................................................................25
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
B.
SignConventionforLoadRatingCalculations................................................................................................25
C.
CulvertCapacityCalculationsforCriticalSections.........................................................................................26
1.
BendingMomentCapacity.........................................................................................................................26
2.
ShearCapacity............................................................................................................................................29
3.
ThrustCapacity...........................................................................................................................................30
VI. AnalyticalModelingforDemandLoads..............................................................................................................31
A.
Overview.........................................................................................................................................................31
B.
GeneralizedStepbyStepProcedureforDeterminingDemandLoads..........................................................32
C.
ShearFailureModeAnalysis..........................................................................................................................33
D.
Level1Analysis:TwoDimensional,SimplySupportedStructuralFrameModel...........................................35
1.
Assumptions...............................................................................................................................................35
2.
ModelDimensions.....................................................................................................................................36
3.
BoundaryConditions..................................................................................................................................37
4.
Loads..........................................................................................................................................................38
5.
LoadCases..................................................................................................................................................44
6.
DemandLoadCalculations.........................................................................................................................44
7.
AnalyticalProgramCULV5.....................................................................................................................45
E.
Level2Analysis:TwoDimensionalStructuralFrameModelwithSoilSprings..............................................49
1.
Assumptions...............................................................................................................................................49
2.
3.
4.
Loads..........................................................................................................................................................51
5.
LoadCases..................................................................................................................................................52
6.
7.
AnalyticalProgramRISA2DwithSpringSupports..................................................................................54
F.
Level3Analysis:TwoDimensionalFiniteElementSoilStructureInteractionModel....................................59
1.
Assumptions...............................................................................................................................................59
2.
3.
4.
Loads..........................................................................................................................................................61
5.
LoadCases..................................................................................................................................................62
6.
7.
AnalyticalProgramRISA2DwithLinearElasticFiniteElements(LEFE)..................................................64
VII. TheGeneralAnalyticalModelforCulvertLoadRating.......................................................................................67
A.
TheLevel4AnalysisDefined..........................................................................................................................67
B.
WhentouseaLevel4Analysis.......................................................................................................................67
C.
CommentsonTwoDimensionalvs.ThreeDimensionalModels...................................................................68
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
vi
1.
Level4AnalysiswithaTwoDimensionalModel.......................................................................................68
2.
Level4AnalysiswithaThreeDimensionalModel.....................................................................................68
D.
PracticalConsiderationsforLevel4CulvertLoadRatingAnalyses................................................................69
VIII. Limitations..........................................................................................................................................................71
A.
CulvertType....................................................................................................................................................71
B.
FillDepth........................................................................................................................................................71
C.
BackfillDrainage.............................................................................................................................................71
D.
SoilParameters...............................................................................................................................................71
E.
AnalyticalModel.............................................................................................................................................71
IX. WorksCited........................................................................................................................................................73
AppendixA.
ExampleCulvertDetailsMC103:3span,10x7with6fill..............................................................75
1.
Overview....................................................................................................................................................76
2.
GeneralCulvertInformation......................................................................................................................77
3.
Dimensions.................................................................................................................................................78
4.
Material(Structural)Properties.................................................................................................................80
5.
SoilParameters..........................................................................................................................................80
6.
ReinforcingSteelSchedule.........................................................................................................................81
7.
CulvertInstallationMethod.......................................................................................................................83
AppendixB.
ExampleCulvertCapacityCalculations..............................................................................................85
AppendixC.
Level1:CULV5ExampleProblem.....................................................................................................89
AppendixD.
Level2:RISA2DwithSpringsExample...........................................................................................109
AppendixE.
Level3:RISA2DwithLEFEExample................................................................................................131
AppendixF.
PolicySourceDocuments................................................................................................................149
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
vii
LISTOFFIGURES
FigureII.1.Threedimensionalviewofaculvertindicatingtwodimensionalstrip.......................................................5
FigureII.2.A.Momentcriticalsectionsforculvertswithouthaunches.........................................................................6
FigureIII.1.LoadPostingGuidelines(TxDOTBridgeInspectionManualFig.53)........................................................11
FigureIII.2.FlowchartdepictingtheTxDOTculvertloadratingprocess....................................................................13
FigureIV.1.Culvertdimensions...................................................................................................................................18
FigureIV.2.topslabcrosssectionlabeledforpositivebending.................................................................................23
FigureVI.1.AShearcriticalsectionsforculvertswithouthaunches............................................................................33
FigureVI.2.AModeldimensionsforaLevel1analysisforculvertswithouthaunches...............................................36
FigureVI.3.Boundaryconditionsfortwodimensional,simplysupportedstructuralframemodel...........................37
FigureVI.4.Loadconventionsfortwodimensional,simplysupportedstructuralframemodel................................38
FigureVI.5.LiveloaddistributionforD<2'fortwodimensional,simplysupportedstructuralframeanalysis........43
FigureVI.6.Liveloaddistributionfor2'<D<8'fortwodimensional,simplysupportedstructuralframeanalysis.43
FigureVI.7.LiveloaddistributionforD>8'fortwodimensional,Simplysupportedstructuralframeanalysis........43
FigureVI.8.CULV5inputformat............................................................................................................................VI46
FigureVI.9.CULV5memberandcriticalsectiondesign.............................................................................................47
FigureVI.10.Boundaryconditionsfortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings..........................50
FigureVI.11.Loadconventionsfortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings...............................51
FigureVI.12.LiveloaddistributionforD<2'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings..........53
FigureVI.13.Liveloaddistributionfor2'<D<8'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings...53
FigureVI.14.LiveloaddistributionforD>8'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings..........53
FigureVI.15.RISA2Dbeamelementlayoutpatternfor1,2,3,4and5spanculverts..............................................55
FigureVI.16.RISA2DmovingloadpatternforD<2'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................56
FigureVI.17.RISA2Dmovingloadpatternfor2'<D<8'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoil
springs..........................................................................................................................................................................56
FigureVI.18.RISA2DmovingloadpatternforD>8'fortwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................56
FigureVI.19.RISA2Dmembernamingconvention....................................................................................................57
FigureVI.20.SoilStructureInteractionmodelLayout.................................................................................................60
FigureVI.21.Liveloaddistributionfortwodimensionalfiniteelementmodelwithsoilstructureinteraction.........63
FigureIX.1.Exampleculvertdesignsheet...................................................................................................................76
FigureIX.2.Exampleculvert,titleblockinformationfromplansheet........................................................................77
FigureIX.3.Exampleculvert,dimensionsfromplansheet..........................................................................................78
FigureIX.4.Crosssectionsketchoftheexampleculvertfortheanalyticalmodel.....................................................79
FigureIX.5.Exampleculvert,reinforcingschedulefromplansheet...........................................................................81
FigureIX.6.Exampleculvert,designationofreinforcingsteelasperplansheet........................................................82
FigureIX.7.RISA2Dglobalparameters.....................................................................................................................110
FigureIX.8.RISA2Dcornerjointcoordinates...........................................................................................................111
FigureIX.9.RISA2Dmembercreation......................................................................................................................112
FigureIX.10.RISA2Dmodellayoutcheck.................................................................................................................112
FigureIX.11.RISA2Dmodeladdingthenodesusingthejustaddfunction.......................................................113
FigureIX.12.RISA2Dmodeldefiningtheboundaryconditions.............................................................................114
FigureIX.13.RISA2Didentificationofallloadgroupsandusinggravityfeature..................................................115
FigureIX.14.RISA2Dapplicationofverticaldeadload(dlv).................................................................................115
FigureIX.15.RISA2Dapplicationofhorizontaldeadload(dlh)............................................................................116
FigureIX.16.RISA2Dapplicationofhorizontalliveload(llh)................................................................................116
FigureIX.17.RISA2Dhowtocreateamovingload...............................................................................................117
FigureIX.18.RISA2Daddingapatternanddefiningthemovingloadcase...........................................................118
FigureIX.19.RISA2Dapplythemovingloadtothestructure...............................................................................118
FigureIX.20.RISA2Danimatedgraphictocheckthemovingloadcase................................................................119
FigureIX.21.RISA2Dsplitmembertocreatecornercriticalsectionnodes..........................................................120
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
viii
FigureIX.22.RISA2Drelabelnodestorepresentcriticalsections.........................................................................121
FigureIX.23.RISA2Drelabeledbeamelementstofacilitatesortbymembernames...........................................121
FigureIX.24.RISA2Dcreationofloadcombinations.............................................................................................122
FigureIX.25.RISA2Dsolvingfordeadloaddemand,totalloadcase....................................................................123
FigureIX.26.RISA2Doutputshowingmembersectionforcesfordeterminingliveloaddemand.......................124
FigureIX.27.RISA2DwithLEFEremoveBCandloads..............................................................................................132
FigureIX.28.RISA2DwithLEFEnewnodelocations................................................................................................133
FigureIX.29.RISA2DwithLEFEsoilmaterialpropertydefinitions...........................................................................134
FigureIX.30.RISA2DwithLEFEdefineplateproperties...........................................................................................135
FigureIX.31.RISA2DwithLEFEdrawplates.............................................................................................................135
FigureIX.32.RISA2DwithLEFEplatesubmeshingcontrols.....................................................................................136
FigureIX.33.RISA2DwithLEFEplatesubmesh........................................................................................................136
FigureIX.34.RISA2DwithLEFEsoil"beam".............................................................................................................137
FigureIX.35.RISA2DwithLEFEboundaryconditions...............................................................................................138
FigureIX.36.RISA2DwithLEFEbasicloadcases......................................................................................................139
FigureIX.37.RISA2DwithLEFEmovingliveloaddefinition.....................................................................................140
FigureIX.38.RISA2DwithLEFEmovingliveloadanimation....................................................................................141
FigureIX.39.RISA2DwithLEFEsolvefordeadloaddemands.................................................................................142
FigureIX.40.RISA2DwithLEFEresultsfordeadloaddemands...............................................................................143
FigureIX.41.InventoryRatingandOperatingRatingforMC1033span10'x7'with6'fill......................................147
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
ix
LISTOFTABLES
TableII1.Culvertloadratingvariablesprovidedbypolicy...........................................................................................8
TableIV1.Culvertdimensionsrequiredforloadratingcalculations.........................................................................18
TableIV2.Modulusofsubgradereaction(kvalues)forLevel2model.....................................................................20
TableIV3.ModulusofelasticityforsoilforLevel3model........................................................................................21
TableIV4.Steelreinforcingvariables.........................................................................................................................23
TableIX1.Exampleculvert,generalinformation.......................................................................................................77
TableIX2.Exampleculvert,requireddimensions......................................................................................................78
TableIX3.Exampleculvert,structuralmaterialproperties........................................................................................80
TableIX4.Exampleculvertsoilparameters...............................................................................................................80
TableIX5.Exampleculvert,reinforcingsteelschedule..............................................................................................83
TableIX6.Exampleculvertsectionproperties...........................................................................................................86
TableIX7.Exampleculvertsectionpropertiescont...................................................................................................87
TableIX8.CULV5criticalsectionsfordemands........................................................................................................99
TableIX9.CULV5rawdemandsatcriticalsections.................................................................................................101
TableIX10.CULV5demandsforTotalLoadCase....................................................................................................103
TableIX11.CULV5demandforthereducedlateralloadcase.................................................................................104
TableIX12.CULV5totalloadcaseratingfactorcalculations...................................................................................106
TableIX13.CULV5reducedlateralloadcaseratingfactors.....................................................................................107
TableIX14.RISA2Dloads.........................................................................................................................................110
TableIX15.Springsupportscalculations..................................................................................................................113
TableIX16.RISA2Dtotalloadcasedemands..........................................................................................................125
TableIX17.RISA2Dreducedlateralloadcasedemands.........................................................................................126
TableIX18.RISA2Dtotalloadcaseratingfactorcalculations.................................................................................128
TableIX19.RISA2Dreducedlateralloadcaseratingfactors..................................................................................129
TableIX20.RISA2DwithLEFEliveloadcalculations...............................................................................................140
TableIX21.RISA2DwithLEFEdemands..................................................................................................................144
TableIX22.RISA2DwithLEFEloadrating................................................................................................................146
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
LISTOFEQUATIONS
EquationII1.Theratingfactorequation(MCEB6.5.1eq.61a)...................................................................................9
EquationII2.Theloadratingequation(MCEB6.5.1eq.61b):.....................................................................................9
EquationV1.Centroidofthesectionatultimatecapacity(derivedforSSHB8.16.3.4)............................................26
EquationV2.Stressinthecompressionsteel(psi)(derivedforSSHB8.16.3.4)........................................................26
EquationV3.Stressincompressionsteelatbalancedsteel(SSHB8.16.3.4.3eq.828).............................................27
EquationV4.Rhobalancedfordoublyreinforcedslabs(SSHB8.16.3.4.3eq827)....................................................27
EquationV5.Maximumreinforcingcheck(derivedfromSSHB8.16.3.1.1)...............................................................27
EquationV6.Generalizedmomentcapacity(derivedfromSSHB8.16).....................................................................28
EquationV7.Minimumcrackingmomentcapacity...................................................................................................28
EquationV8.Minimumshearcapacity(derivedfromSSHB8.16.6.7).......................................................................29
EquationV9.Shearcapacityequation(SSHB8.16.6.7.1eq.859)..............................................................................29
EquationV10.Thrustcapacity(SSHB8.16.4.2.1eq.831).........................................................................................30
EquationVI1.Thrustcontrollimit(SSHB8.16.4.3eq.837)........................................................................................32
EquationVI2.Verticaldeadload,DLv(ksf).................................................................................................................39
EquationVI3.Selfweightoftheculvert,SW(ksf).....................................................................................................39
EquationVI4.Horizontaldeadloadatthetopappliedtotheexteriorwallsoftheculvert,DLhT(ksf)......................39
EquationVI5.Horizontaldeadloadatthebottomappliedtotheexteriorwallsoftheculvert,DLhB(ksf)...............39
EquationVI6.Horizontalliveloadappliedtotheexteriorwalls,LLh(ksf)..................................................................40
EquationVI7.Verticalliveloadappliedtothetopslab,LLvT(ksf)..............................................................................41
EquationVI8.Verticalliveloadappliedtothebottomslab,LLvB(ksf).......................................................................42
EquationVI9.TotalLoadCase...................................................................................................................................48
EquationVI10.ReducedLateralLoadCase...............................................................................................................48
EquationVI11.Springconstantequation...................................................................................................................50
EquationVI12.VerticalliveloadappliedtothetopsoilmassforLevel3analysis,LLvT(klf).....................................62
EquationIX1.Areaofreinforcingsteel.......................................................................................................................81
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
xi
TxDOT
I.
CulvertRatingGuide
INTRODUCTION
A. PURPOSE
ThepurposeofthisCulvertRatingGuideistopresentaclear,repeatableandvalidprocedureforTexas
DepartmentofTransportation(TxDOT)engineersandtheirconsultantstouseforloadratingculvertsintheTxDOT
roadwaysystem.
TheAmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials(AASHTO)definesloadratingasthe
maximumtrucktractortonnage,expressedintermsofHSloaddesignation,permittedacrossabridge[culvert].
TheloadratingisexpressedintermsoftwoseparateratingsanInventoryRatingandanOperatingRating.The
InventoryRating(IR)isthemaximumtruckloadthatcansafelyutilizethebridge[orculvert]foranindefinite
periodoftime(AASHTO,2003;TxDOT,2002).TheOperatingRating(OR)istheabsolutemaximumpermissible
truckloadthatmayusethebridge[culvert].Loadratingsarebasedontheculvertscurrentconditionandare
determinedthroughanalysisandengineeringjudgmentbycomparingtheculvertstructurescapacityanddead
loaddemandtoliveloaddemand.
B. TXDOTSCULVERTDESIGNHISTORY
CulvertdesignhasevolvedthroughoutTxDOTshistory.TxDOTarchivesrevealfourerasofculvertdesign,
eachrepresentingsubstantivelydifferentdesignapproaches.Thesearethe1938era,the1946era,the1958era,
andthe2003era.
Culvertdesignsfromthe1938eraweredesignedusingslightlyunconservativeearthloads,lowertruckloads,
butoverlyconservativeconcreteconstructionthatresultedinverydurableculverts.The1938collectionconsists
of428differentculvertdesignsrepresentingadiverserangeofspanlengths,numberofspans,andbarrelheights.
Filldepthstypicallyrangefrom0to6feet.
Duringthemid1940s,principallywhentheFarmtoMarketroadsystemwasbeingconstructed,newculvert
designs(59total)wereaddedtothebodyof1938designs.The1946eraculvertswereissuedundertheless
conservativestructuralcodesoftheTexasHighwayDepartmentSupplementNo.1.Thesedesignsresultedin
culvertswhichgenerallyperformwell,butwhicharenotasrobustasculvertsdesignedpercurrentAASHTO
standards.
In1958,coincidentwiththeadventoftheInterstateHighwaySystem,TxDOTredesignedandreissuedtheir
fullsetofculvertconstructiondrawings.The1958setconsistsof380designsrepresentingadiverserangeofspan
lengths,numberofspans,andbarrelheights,withfilldepthsfrom0to6feet.The1958eradesignsuseslightly
lessconservativesoilloadsbutmoreconservativestructuralconsiderationsandHS20truckloads.
Themostrecenteraofculvertdesignsdatesfrom2003.OnceagainTxDOTredesigned,expanded,and
reissuedtheircompletesetofculvertconstructiondrawings.The2003setconsistsof610culvertdesigns,
includingnewdesignsfordeepfillculvertswithfillheightsupto23feet.Culvertdesignsforthe2003eraare
basedoncurrentAASHTOpolicy.
Althoughaculvertisonlyconstructedonetime,culvertinspectionandratingisanongoingactivitywhich
occursperiodicallythroughouttheculvertsservicelife.Duetothehistoricaldifferencesandevolutioninculvert
design,itisnecessarytoarticulateauniformloadratingprocedureconsistentwithcurrentAASHTOpolicyand
whichconsidersthefactthatmostofTxDOTsculvertshavebeenperformingadequatelyacrossthedesign
generations.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
C. SCOPE
ThisCulvertRatingGuidefocusesonreinforcedconcreteboxculverts,thisbeingtheculverttypemost
frequentlyusedbyTxDOT.TheGuideiswrittentofacilitateloadratingforreinforcedconcreteboxculvertsfrom
anydesignera,foranynumberofspans,foranyculvertgeometry,andforanyrangeofbackfillheights.
Theproceduresdescribedhereinspecificallyapplytoloadratinginserviceculvertswithdrainedbackfill
conditions.Itisassumedthatculvertswhicharebeingloadratedwillhavehadavisualinspectiontoestablishthe
conditionratingoftheculvert.
ThisGuideincludeslimitedinformationaboutloadratingforalternativeculvertstructureswithrespectto
shape(circularpipe,arch,etc.),material(aluminum,plastic,steel,etc.),backfilltype,anddrainage.
D. RATINGPHILOSOPHY
Loadratingsaredeterminedbycomparingtheculvertcapacityanddeadloaddemandtotheliveload
demand.Thus,theculvertloadratingisstronglydependentonhowculvertcapacity,culvertdeadload,and
culvertliveloadareestablished.
Typicalpracticeistodetermineculvertcapacitybasedonthedetailsfoundontheoriginalconstruction
documentsincombinationwithhistoricalmaterialpropertyassumptionswhicharecorrelatedbyvisualinspection
oftheculvertcondition.Thedeadandliveloaddemandsonthestructurearedeterminedbyanalyticalmodeling.
Thismeansthattheculvertloadratingprocessrequiresengineeringdecisionsaboutmodelingpracticesand
procedures,aswellastheknowledgeableevaluationandselectionofnumerousdesignvariables.
TxDOTpolicyprovidesguidanceformanyaspectsofculvertloadrating.Theofficialpolicyconcerningculvert
loadratingusedbyTxDOTisembodiedintheAASHTOStandardSpecificationforHighwayBridges17thEdition
(SSHB)(AASHTO,2002),andtheAASHTOManualforConditionEvaluationofBridges(MCEB)(AASHTO,2003).
Otheraspectsoftheculvertloadratingprocessarenotdirectlyaddressedbypolicy,oneexamplebeing
selectionoftheanalyticalmodelfordeterminingdeadloadandliveloaddemand.Modelingcanbeapproachedin
manyways,witheachanalyticalmethodrequiringitsowndegreeofeffortandyieldingresultsthatpredictactual
loaddemandswithvaryingdegreesofaccuracy.
Recognizingtherangeofapproachesavailableforculvertmodeling,topromoteefficiencythisGuideidentifies
fouranalyticalmodelsofincreasingcomplexityandsophistication.Thefirstlevelisaquickcalculationusinga
stylizedtwodimensionalframemodel.Thesecondlevelusesatraditionaltwodimensionalframemodelwiththe
culvertstructuresupportedbysoilsprings.Thethirdlevelusesatwodimensionalfiniteelementmodelthat
considerssoilstructureinteractioneffects.Thatis,thesoilsurroundingtheculvertstructureismodeledwithfinite
elements.Withtheguidancepresentedhereinandanappropriatesoftwarepackage,anystructuralengineer
shouldbeabletoconfidentlyloadrateaculvertusingthefirstthreelevels.
Thefourthlevelisthegeneralcase.Here,applicationsareopenendedandhighlyprojectspecific,anduseis
restrictedtoresearchorspecializedapplications.Level4assumestheuseofmorecomplex,twoorthree
dimensionalfiniteelementmodelswithsoilstructureinteraction.Theselectionofmodelingapproach,model
details,andratingparameterswillbeindividualizedandlargelylefttothediscretionoftheengineerratingthe
culvert.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
E. ABOUTTHISGUIDE
ItistheintentofthisCulvertRatingGuidetoassemble,summarizeandclarifythenecessaryinformationfor
culvertloadrating,boththatportionspecificallyaddressedbypolicyandthatportionwhichisnot,foreachofthe
fourlevelsofanalysis.Thechaptersareasfollows:
ChapterIprovidesanintroductionandbackgroundtoculvertloadratingatTxDOT.
ChapterIIisdevotedtoculvertratingpolicy.Thischapteridentifiesthegoverningpolicyassociatedwith
culvertloadrating,andsummarizesapplicablepolicyguidance.
ChapterIIIoutlinestheculvertratingprocedure.Whereasthefirsttwochaptersprovidepertinent
backgroundinformation,thischapterlaysouthowculvertsshouldbeloadratedatTxDOT.Thisincludesaflow
chartwhichsummarizestheculvertratingprocess.
ChapterIVpresentstheinitialstepforloadratingaculvert.Beginningwithculvertplans,constructiondetails,
andrelateddocumentation,thischaptershowshowtoobtainthenecessarydimensionalandmaterialproperty
dataneededforculvertloadrating.
ChapterVdiscussesculvertcapacitycalculations.Forculvertloadrating,capacityisbasedonequationsand
approachesspecifiedinAASHTOpolicy.Thischapterpresentsboththepolicyandastraightforwardapproachfor
determiningculvertcapacitytofacilitatetheloadratingcalculation.
ChapterVIpresentstheLevel1,Level2,andLevel3analyticalmodelingapproachesrecommendedfor
determiningdemandloadsassociatedwithculvertloadrating.Thediscussionaddressestheassumptions
associatedwitheachmodelinglevel,specificationoftheanalyticalmodel,assigningboundaryconditions,and
definingandapplyingdeadloadandliveloads.Thischapteralsodiscussesavailablestructuralanalysissoftware
packages,andidentifiesthemostcommonsoftwarepackageusedinTxDOTforeachlevel.Finally,thischapter
presentsadetailed,stepbystepprocedureforcalculatingdemandloadsusingtherepresentativesoftware
package.
ChapterVIIdiscussesLevel4modeling.Thisincludesgeneralizedguidanceaboutapplications,modeling
approaches,softwareselection,andanalyticalprocedures.
ChapterVIIIdiscusseslimitationsassociatedwithuseofthisGuide.Theseincludeculverttype,deepfill
culverts,submergedculverts,saturatedsoilsandbackfillsoilmodulusvalues.
ThisGuideincludessixappendices.AppendixApresentsanexampleofhowtoaccomplishthefirststepin
culvertrating;thatis,obtainingthestructuralratingparametersfromthedesigndrawings.AppendixBcontinues
thisexample,explaininghowtocalculatetheculvertcapacity.AppendicesCthroughEcontinuetheexampleby
presentinghowtoperformdemandloadcalculationsandculvertloadratingbasedonLevel1,Level2,andLevel3
modelingapproaches.AppendixFpresentsthepolicysourcedocumentsforculvertloadrating.
TxDOT
II.
CulvertRatingGuide
POLICYREQUIREMENTS
A. POLICYSOURCEDOCUMENTS
Asnoted,twodocumentspresentTxDOTsofficialpolicyforculvertloadrating.Theseare:
AASHTOStandardSpecificationforHighwayBridges17thEdition(SSHB)
AASHTOManualforConditionEvaluationofBridges(MCEB)
(AASHTO,2002)
(AASHTO,2003)
AASHTOsSSHBprovidesguidanceforbasicratingparametersincludingdeadandliveloadvaluesanddistributions
andstrengthreductionfactors.AASHTOsMCEBprovidestheactualratingequations,loadfactorsandmaterial
propertyassumptions.Thepoliciesdonotprovidedirectguidanceforanalyticalmodeling.
TxDOThaspublishedtwootherdocumentswhichrefertoculvertdesignandrating.Thesedocumentsare:
TxDOTBridgeDesignManual
TxDOTBridgeInspectionManual
(TxDOT,2001)
(TxDOT,2002)
ThesedocumentsprovideculvertratinganddesignguidancethatdiffersslightlyfromtheAASHTOspecifications.
ItisTxDOTspolicytosatisfythecurrentAASHTOrequirements.Therefore,theTxDOTpublicationsshouldbe
referencedonlyforhistoricalinterestandclaritywhiletheAASHTOstandardsshouldberelieduponforofficial
policy.AppendixFcontainsscansoftheactualpolicydocuments.
ThefollowingsectionsofthisdocumentoutlineandinterprettheAASHTOpolicyrequirementsforculvertload
ratingatTxDOT.
B. FAILUREMODES
TheAASHTOSSHB,Section8,definesthreepotentialfailuremodesforculvertstructuralmembers.Theseare
bendingmoment(orflexure),shear,andaxialthrust.Culvertloadratingcalculationsmustconsiderallthree
failuremodes,thoughtypically,bendingmomentisthecontrollingcase.
C. CRITICALSECTIONS
Culvertscanbemodeledintwodimensionsbytakingaoneunitwideslicenormaltotheculvertflowlineas
showninFigureII1.Severalcrosssectionsfromthisslicemustbeanalyzedforbothcapacityanddemandinorder
toestablishtheloadratingforaculvertstructure.Multipleloadratingsmustbecalculated,withthelowestload
ratingfromallcrosssectionsbecomingtheculvertloadrating.
traffic directions
flowline
b = 12 in. cross-section
FIGUREII.1.THREEDIMENSIONALVIEWOFACULVERTINDICATINGTWODIMENSIONALSTRIP.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
Experiencesuggeststhatthecontrollinglocationforculvertloadrating,knownasthecriticalsections,will
typicallybeeithernearmidspanoratacorneroftheculvertstructure.AccordingtotheSSHBSection16.6.4.5,
thecornercapacityanddemandformomentmaybetakenattheintersectionofthehaunchanduniformdepth
member(AASHTO,2002).Inthecaseofculvertswithouthaunches,itistakenatthefaceofthewallsection.
FigureII2summarizesthecriticalsectionlocationsforculvertloadratingforculvertswithouthaunches(Figure
II2.A)andculvertswithhaunches(FigureII2.B).
TEC
TEM
TIC
WTEC
WTIC
WEM
WIM
WBEC
WBIC
BEC
BEM
BIC
FIGUREII.2.A.MOMENTCRITICALSECTIONSFORCULVERTSWITHOUTHAUNCHES.
TEC
TEM
TIC
WTEC
WTIC
WEM
WIM
WBEC
WBIC
BEC
BEM
BIC
FIGUREII2.B.MOMENTCRITICALSECTIONSFORCULVERTSWITHHAUNCHES.
AbbreviationsforthetypicalcriticalsectionsshowninFigureII2,listedclockwise,are:topexteriorcorner(TEC),
topexteriormidspan(TEM),topinteriorcorner(TIC),topinteriormidspan(TIM),walltopinteriorcorner(WTIC),
wallinteriormidspan(WIM),wallbottominteriorcorner(WBIC),bottominteriormidspan(BIM),bottominterior
corner(BIC),bottomexteriormidspan(BEM),bottomexteriorcorner(BEC),wallbottomexteriorcorner(WBEC),
wallexteriormidspan(WEM),andwalltopexteriorcorner(WTEC).Formultiplespanboxculverts,thesections
aredesignatedaspertheculvertspan;e.g.,TIC1,TIC2,BIC1,BIC2,etc.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
Themidspancapacityanddemandmay,forconvenience,betakenatmidspanforbothtopandbottomslabs
andverticalwalls.Technically,theanalysisshouldidentifytheactuallocationswiththehighestdemand,butthe
errorintroducedbyassumingthemidspanlocationisnotsignificant.
Also,itisimportanttonotethatthecornercriticalsectionsshowninFigureII2correspondtodesired
locationsforthecalculationofbendingmomentcapacityanddemand,asopposedtoshear.Ashasbeennoted,
bendingmomentisthemostcommoncontrollingfailuremodeforculvertloadrating,soitisstandardpracticeto
usethemomentcriticalsectionsforallthreepotentialfailuremodes(moment,shear,axial),atleastinitially.This
isaconservativeapproachwhenbendingmomentcontrolstherating,anditrequirestheleastamountofeffort.
However,shearsometimescontrolsorappearstocontroltheloadrating.SectionVI.Cexplicitlydiscussesthe
situationwhereshearappearstocontroltheloadrating,andprovidesAASHTOpolicyguidanceonhowtoevaluate
shearcapacityanddemandinthatinstance.
D. LOADCASES
TheAASHTOSSHB,Section3.20.2,requiresthattwodemandanalysesmustbemadetodeterminetheworstcase
loadingconditionfortheculvertstructure.Thesearethetotalloadcaseandthereducedlateralloadcase.
Thetotalloadcaseisdesignedtogeneratethemaximumshearandaxialdemandsinthewholeculvertandthe
maximummomentdemandsinallbutthetopandbottommidspans.Thereducedlateralloadcaseisintendedto
generatethemaximummomentdemandsinthetopandbottommidspans.Theloadraterdefinestheseload
casesbycombiningbasicdeadandliveloadsdifferently.SectionVI.D.5,providesdetailedguidanceaboutthese
loadcases.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
E. RATINGVARIABLES
AASHTOpolicydocumentsprovideratingparametersinadditiontolocationofthecriticalsections.TableII1
summarizesthebasicratingvariablesspecifiedbypolicy.Thesevariablesprovideguidanceforeitherthedemand
orthecapacitycalculations.
TABLEII1.CULVERTLOADRATINGVARIABLESPROVIDEDBYPOLICY
Description
Value
DemandVariables
LiveLoad
ImpactFactor
ReductioninLoadIntensity
NearStructureLateralLiveLoad
VerticalEarthPressure
LateralEarthPressureCornerMoment
LateralEarthPressurePositiveMoment
LiveLoadDistributiontotheTopSlab
(filldepth,D<2)
LiveLoadDistributiontotheTopSlab
(filldepth,D>2)
LiveLoadDistributiontotheBottomSlab
CapacityVariables
ShearStrengthReductionFactor
FlexureandThrustStrengthReductionFactor
AssumedConcreteStrength,fc
AssumedReinforcingSteelStrength,Fy
Where:
Disthedepthoffill
IMistheimpactfactor
LListheliveload.
HS20
0<D<1
IM=30%
1<D<2
IM=20%
2<D<3
IM=10%
3<D
IM=0%
1or2lanes
100% ofLL
3lanes
90%ofLL
4lanes
75%ofLL
additional2 feet ofsurcharge
tolateralload
Calculatebasedontotalunitweight
forsoilof120pcf
Calculatebasedonequivalentfluid
weightforsoilof60pcf
Calculatebasedonequivalentfluid
weightforsoilof30pcf
directcontact
=.85
=.9
Pre1954
Post1954
Pre1954
StructuralGr.
Gr.40
Gr.50
Gr.60
SSHB3.7.6
SSHB3.8.2.3
SSHB3.12.1
SSHB3.20.3
SSHB6.2.1.B
SSHB6.2.1.B
SSHB6.2.1.B,3.20.2
SSHB6.4
wheelload distributedovera
square1.75Dtoaside;overlapping
areasareaveraged
wheelloaddistributedovera
rectangle1.75Dby1.75D+2H
PolicySection
SSHB6.4
SSHB16.6.4.3
SSHB16.6.4.6
SSHB16.6.4.6
2,500psi
3,000psi
33ksi
36ksi
40ksi
50ksi
60ksi
MCEB6.6.2.4
MCEB6.6.3.2
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
F. RATINGEQUATIONS
TheequationswhichdeterminetheloadratingandculvertcapacityareprovidedbytheAASHTOpolicy.
WithintheAASHTOpolicy,culvertsareconsideredasasubsetofbridgesandarethereforeloadratedasasubset
ofbridgeloadrating.
TheAASHTOMCEBprovidestheactualloadratingequations.TheratingfactoridentifiedinEquationII1is
thecentralelementoftheculvertloadratingprocess.Thisratingfactoristheratioofthestructuralcapacity
minusthedeadloaddemandtotheliveloaddemand.
EquationII1isusedtodeterminetheratingfactorateachcriticalsectionasidentifiedinFigureII2foreach
potentialfailuremode(moment,shearandthrust),foreachloadcase(totalandreducedlateral),ateachrating
level(inventoryandoperating).Thelowestinventoryratingfactorandthelowestoperatingratingfactorcontrol
theloadratingfortheculvert.
EQUATIONII1.THERATINGFACTOREQUATION(MCEB6.5.1EQ.61A).
where: RF=theratingfactor
C = thestructuralcapacityofthemember
D= thedeadloadeffectonthemember
L = theliveloadeffectonthemember
I = theimpactfactor,IMfromSSHB3.8.2.3
A1= 1.3=factorfordeadloads,fromMCEB6.5.3
A2= 2.17forInventoryLevel=factorforliveloads,fromMCEB6.5.3
= 1.3forOperatingLevel=factorforliveloads,fromMCEB6.5.3
Oncethecontrolling(lowest)ratingfactorsfortheinventoryandoperatingconditionsarecalculated,the
inventoryandoperatingloadratingcanbedeterminedbymultiplyingtheratingfactorbytheHSratingtruck
tractortonnageasseeninEquationII2:
EQUATIONII2.THELOADRATINGEQUATION(MCEB6.5.1EQ.61B):
where: RT=theloadratingintermsofanHStrucktonnage
RF=theratingfactorfromEquationII1
W= theHStrucktractortonnage;forHS20,W=20tons
NotethatthevariablesusedinEquationII2arespecifictoHSloadingaspercustomaryTxDOTpractice.This
meansthattheloadrating(RT)willbeexpressedintermsofanHSdesignationratherthanthegrossweightofthe
vehicle.
TxDOT
III.
CulvertRatingGuide
11
CULVERTLOADRATINGPROCEDURE
A. CONTEXTFORLOADRATING
ThetypicalsituationsatTxDOTforwhichitbecomesnecessarytoloadrateaculvertare:
Theculvertfailsvisualinspectionduringthebiannualbridgeinspectioncycle.Thismeanstheculvert
receivesaConditionRatingof5orlessasdescribedintheTxDOTBridgeInspectionManual(TxDOT
2002).
Theculvertneedstobelengthenedorotherwisemodifiedaspartofaroadrehabilitation/
constructionproject.
Theculverthasstructurallydeterioratedsinceitspreviousinspection.
Theculverthasbeenstructurallydamagedduetovehicularimpact.
Itisdesirabletoincreasetheoperatingrating(OR)oftheculverttonegatetherequirementforload
posting.
LoadpostingisdefinedinChapter5oftheTxDOTBridgeInspectionManual(TxDOT2002)andconsistsof
placingsignagebythestructureindicatingthelargesttruckthatmaybepermittedacrossthestructure.The
followingflowchartfromtheBridgeInspectionManualdefinestheculvertloadpostingprocess.Culvertsmaybe
loadpostedattheoperatingratingiftheculvertconditionratingisgreaterthanthatdefinedintheflowchart.
Otherwisetheculvertmustbeloadpostedattheinventoryrating.
FIGUREIII.1.LOADPOSTINGGUIDELINES(TXDOTBRIDGEINSPECTIONMANUALFIG.53).
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
12
B. VISUALINSPECTIONOFTHECULVERT
Theculvertloadratingprocessisacomponentoftheinspectionprocessandconsistsofdeterminingthesafe
loadcarryingcapacityoftheculvertstructure,determiningwhetherspecificlegaloroverweightvehiclescansafely
crosstheculvert,anddeterminingiftheculvertneedstoberestrictedandwhatlevelofpostingisrequired.
TheTxDOTBridgeInspectionManual(TxDOT2002),Section3.8.8oftheMCEB(AASHTO2003),andSection9.0
oftheFHWACulvertInspectionManual(FHWA,1986)providespecificguidanceforperformingcondition
evaluationsofcastinplaceconcreteboxculverts.Thetypicaltypesofdistresstocheckforincludeverticaland
horizontalmisalignmentoftheculvertbarrel,jointdefects,cracksandspalls,concretedurability,andfooting
instability.
Section6.5.4oftheMCEBspecificallyaddressestherelationshipbetweenfieldinspectionandtheloadrating
andnotesthattheconditionandextentofdeteriorationofstructuralcomponentsofthebridge[culvert]should
beconsideredinthecomputationofcapacitywhenforceormomentischosenforuseinthebasicrating
equation.Anydiscrepanciesfromplan,orexcessivedistresssuchasthinsections,spalling,cracking,deflection,
exposedreinforcingsteel,andotheritemswhichmayaffectstructuralcapacity,shouldbenotedandconsidered
whenestablishingactualsectioncapacities.
C. THECULVERTLOADRATINGPROCESS
Thebasicloadratingprocedureisasfollows.PerEquationII1,themainvariablesareculvertcapacity,the
deadloaddemand,andliveloaddemand.CulvertcapacityisestablishedfromequationssetforthinAASHTO
policy,whereasdeadloadandliveloaddemandsmustbedeterminedbystructuralmodeling(computeranalyses).
Whilethisseemssimpleenough,thechallengeistoobtainreliablevaluesforeachofthesevariables.
Thecomplexityinherentintheloadratingprocessbecomesapparentwhenoneconsidersthatrating
calculationsmustbeperformedforeachpotentialfailuremode(moment,shear,andthrust),formultipleload
cases(totalandreducedlateral),foreachcriticalsectioninthemodel(12sectionsforasinglebarrelculvertto50
ormoresectionsformultiplespans),forbothinventoryandoperatingconditions.Theactualloadrating(IRand
OR)fortheculvertwillbetheminimumvaluesfromthesedifferentsetsofcalculations.Thismeansthattoload
rateaonebarrelboxculvertthesimplesttypetheloadraterwillcreateatleastonecomputermodel,conduct
fourseparatecomputeranalysesbasedonthismodel,interpretthousandsofdatapoints,andperformnofewer
than144setsofloadratingcalculations.
Aroadmapoftheculvertratingprocesshelpsavoidconfusion.FigureIII2presentstheloadratingprocess
intermsofaflowchart.Thefirststepistoidentifytheculvertthatwillbeloadrated.Asnoted,thismightbe
becausetheculvertfailedascheduledinspectionorforsomeotherreason.Eitherway,avisualinspectionofthe
culvertisnecessary.Forallintentsandpurposes,theculvertloadratingprocessbeginshere.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
13
Identify culvert for

load rating
Perform visual
inspection to
establish culvert
condition
CAPACITY
Perform Inventory and Operating

rating factor calculations
DEMAND
Select demand
modeling level
CulvertCapacity
Calculations
Establish parameters for

capacity calculations:
section dimensions,
material properties,
areas of reinforcing
Determine culvert
capacity for each
critical section
LEVEL1
LEVEL2
LEVEL3

demand calculations:
material properties, soil
unit weight, truck loads

stiffness, truck loads

modulus, truck loads
Create analytical
model: define
boundary
conditions, identify
critical sections,
apply loads,
establish load cases
Create analytical
model: define
boundary
critical sections,
apply loads,
Create analytical
model: define
boundary
critical sections,
apply loads,
Determine dead and

live load demands
(moment, shear and
thrust) for each
critical section, for
each load case.
Determine dead and

live load demands
(moment, shear and
thrust) for each
each load case.
Determine dead and

live load demands
(moment, shear and
thrust) for each
each load case.
Calculate Inventory and

Operating rating factors for
each critical section, for each
demand type, for each load
Identify the controlling
(minimum) Inventory and
Operating rating factors
Select the minimum

rating factors for
Inventory and
Operating levels
IfIRF<1,selecthigherlevelmodel
IfIRF>1
Multiply rating factors by
tractor tonnage to obtain the
Inventory Rating and
Operating Rating
FIGUREIII.2.FLOWCHARTDEPICTINGTHETXDOTCULVERTLOADRATINGPROCESS.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
14
Theloadratingfactorcalculationsrequiredeterminationofbothculvertcapacityanddeadandliveload
demands.Itishelpful,therefore,tothinkofculvertcapacityanddemandsasseparateanddistinctaspectsofthe
loadratingprocess.
CapacitycalculationsarebasedonequationsestablishedinAASHTOpolicy(seeChapterV).Thesedonot
requireacomputermodelandareindependentofthelevelofanalysisselectedfordemandcalculations.Inputs
forcapacitycalculationsareobtainedfromtheconstructiondrawings,visualinspection,andAASHTOpolicyand
consistofstrengthpropertiesforconcreteandsteel,culvertsectiondimensions,andthelocationandamountof
reinforcingsteel.Thecalculationsdeterminemoment,shearandthrustcapacityforeachcriticalsectionofthe
culvertstructure.
Determinationofdeadandliveloaddemandsdorequirecomputermodeling.Thusthefirstdecisiontobe
madeistoselectthetypeofanalyticalmodelfortheloadratingprocess.ThisGuidedescribesthreelevelsof
analysis,eachwithincreasinganalyticalsophistication.Atradeoffexistsbetweensophisticationofanalysisand
requiredworkeffort.Theadvancedmodelsrequiremoreworkbuttypicallyyieldmoreaccurateresults.Further
commentsaboutthehierarchyofanalysesarepresentedbelow.
Oncethelevelofanalysisischosen,itisnecessarytogatherdatatofacilitatecreationoftheanalyticalmodel.
AsdiscussedinChapterIVofthisGuide,modelingparametersincludebutarenotlimitedtoculvertdimensions,
propertiesoftheconcreteandreinforcingsteel,soilparameters,thelocationandamountofreinforcingsteel,and
culvertinstallationdetails.
Withthisinformation,theloadratercancreatetheanalytical(computer)modelfromwhichs/hewillobtain
demandmoments,shearsandthrusts(seeChapterVI).Thisinvolveslayingoutthemodel,specifyingboundary
conditions,identifyingcriticalsections,applyingloads,anddefiningloadcases.
Determiningtheinventoryandoperatingloadratingfactorsrequiresmultiplesetsofcalculationsfromthe
computermodel.Thisisbecausedemandloadsandtheircorrespondingcapacitymustbedeterminedforeach
criticalsection,foreachfailuremode,andformultipleloadcases.Fromthesesetsofcalculations,theloadrater
selectsthecontrolling(minimum)operatingandinventoryratingfactorforeachcriticalsection,foreachloadcase.
Theminimumoperatingandinventoryratingfactorsfromthecriticalsectionsaretheratingfactorsfortheculvert.
Adecisionisrequiredatthispoint.Iftheinventoryandoperatingratingfactorsaregreaterthan1.0,the
culvertwillnotrequireloadpostingasperSection5,Chapter5oftheTxDOTBridgeInspectionManual(2002).This
meansthattheculvertloadratingcanbecalculatedbymultiplyingtheratingfactorsbythetractortonnage(for
HS20trucks,thisis20tons)todeterminetheoperating(OR)andinventory(IR)loadratings.However,ifeither
theinventoryratingfactorortheoperatingratingfactorislessthan1.0,theculvertmayrequireloadposting.As
analternativetoposting,theloadratermayelecttoperformthecalculationsagain,usingahigherlevel(more
sophisticated)modelingapproach.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
15
D. SELECTIONOFTHEPROPERLEVELOFANALYSIS
ThisGuiderecognizesahierarchyofanalysisforthedemandcalculations.Thelevelofanalysischosenisa
tradeoffbetweensophisticationofanalysisandrequiredworkeffort.Thesimplermethodsarefrequently
selectedasafirstchoiceduetotheneedtoanalyzemanystructureswithlimitedresources.Whenthisanalysis
yieldssatisfactoryresults,thereisnoneedtouseamoresophisticatedmodel.Satisfactoryresultswouldbethe
establishmentofsafeloadcarryingcapacitythatdoesnotrequirepostingthestructureanddoesnotunduly
restricttheflowofpermittedoverweighttrucks.Amoresophisticatedanalysisisjustifiedtoavoidpostingthe
structureortoeaserestrictionsontheflowofpermittedoverweighttrucks.
Ofcourse,thegoaloftheloadratingprocessisnottoforceanyparticularculverttorate,butinsteadto
establishavalidloadratingfortheculvert.Thefactthatmoresophisticatedmodelstendtomoreaccuratelymodel
themoment,shearandthrustdemands,andthusyieldhigherratingfactors,cannotbepressedindefinitely.Load
ratingshouldreliablydepictactualorexpectedculvertperformance.Culvertswhichcannotsafelysupportdesign
trafficloadsshouldberatedaccordingly,andculvertswhicharenotperforminginamannerthatindicatesthey
cancarrydesigntrafficloadsshouldnotberatedasiftheycan.
E. REVIEWINGANDCHECKINGCALCULATIONS
Theloadratingprocessrecognizesabalancebetweensafetyandeconomics.Standardqualitycontrol
proceduresrequirethatbothinhouseandconsultantsloadratingresultsshouldbecheckedforaccuracy.
LoadratinganalysesmustbeperformedunderthedirectsupervisionofaLicensedProfessionalEngineerwho
isknowledgeableabouttheloadratingprocess.Wheneverpossible,theloadratershouldperformlonghand
checksofaportionofthecomputeranalysistosatisfytheloadraterthatthecomputeroutputisvalid.Itisof
utmostimportancethattheloadraterunderstandswhencomputerresultsarereasonable.Blindfaithinany
computerprogramshouldbeavoided.
Anindependentcheckoftheanalysisshouldbeperformed.Thecheckershouldverifyallinputdatafor
computerprograms,verifythatthesummaryofloadcapacityinformationaccuratelyreflectstheanalysis,andbe
satisfiedwiththeaccuracyandsuitabilityofthecomputeroutput.
TxDOT
IV.
CulvertRatingGuide
17
CULVERTDETAILS
A. OVERVIEW
Inpreparationfortheloadratingcalculationprocess,culvertspecificvariablesmustbeestablished.Itis
commonpracticeformostofthevariablestobetakendirectlyfromtheconstructiondocuments.Theseinclude
culvertdimensions,materialproperties,reinforcingschedulesandinstallationmethods.However,asnotedinthe
previouschapter,datafromtheconstructiondocumentsshouldbeconfirmedduringavisualinspectionofthe
culvert,andanydiscrepanciesfromtheconstructiondocumentsshouldbeaddressed.
B. UNITS
Itisappropriatetocommentonunits,bothformeasurementandanalysis.ConsistentwithTxDOTpractice,
thisGuidepresentsU.S.CustomaryUnitsthroughout.Grossculvertdimensionsincludingtheclearspan,clear
height,anddepthofcoversoilshouldbemeasuredinfeet.Culvertstructuraldimensions,wallthicknesses,etc.
shouldbemeasuredininches.Theunitsofmeasurementwillbetheunitsofanalysis.
Withrespecttomaterialproperties,concretestrengthsshouldbepresentedandanalyzedintermsofpounds
persquareinch(psi).Reinforcingsteelstrengthshouldbepresentedandanalyzedintermsofkipspersquareinch
(ksi).
Withrespecttoloads,soilunitweightisidentifiedintermsofpoundspercubicfoot(pcf)butanalyzedinkips
percubicfoot(kcf).Vehicleliveloadsarepresentedinkips,convertedtostressintermsofkipspersquarefoot
(ksf),andanalyzedinkipspersquarefoot(ksf).Spacingbetweenwheelloadsshouldbepresentedandanalyzedin
feet.
Outputdatafromtheanalyticalprograms(shear,moment,thrust)arepresentedintermsofkipsandfeet.
LoadratingsareexpressedintermsoftheHStractortonnage.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
18
C. DIMENSIONS
Theculvertdimensionsmustbecollectedfromtheconstructiondocumentsorestablishedbasedonfield
measurements.TherequireddimensionalinformationissummarizedinTableIV1andFigureIV1.Thesevalues
willbeadequatefordefiningthegrosssectionpropertiesforalllevelsofanalyticalmodeling.
TABLEIV1.CULVERTDIMENSIONSREQUIREDFORLOADRATINGCALCULATIONS
Dimension
Abbr. Units
numberofspans
coversoildepth
ft
clearspan
ft
clearheight
ft
exteriorwallthickness
TEW
in.
interiorwallthickness
TIW
in.
topslabthickness
TT
in.
bottomslabthickness
TB
in.
tophaunchdimension
FT
in.
bottomhaunchdimension
FB
in.
D (ft)
T T (in.)
FT (in.)
FT (in.)
S (ft)
TEW (in.)
T IW (in.)
H (ft)
FB (in.)
FB (in.)
T B (in.)
FIGUREIV.1.CULVERTDIMENSIONS.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
19
D. MATERIAL(STRUCTURAL)PROPERTIES
Therequiredmaterialpropertiesaretheyieldstrengthsandmodulusofelasticityforconcreteandsteel.The
loadratershouldusethebest(i.e.,mostaccurate)materialpropertyinformationavailablefortheconstructed
culvert.
Intheabsenceofprojectspecificinformationfromdesignplansorasbuiltdrawings,thedefaultmaterial
properties,perpolicy,areshowninTableII1.
Mostofthetimeoriginalconstructiondocumentswillbeavailablewhichwillidentifythematerialproperties.
Itiscustomarytorelyonthisinformation.Insomecases,constructionrecordsincludingqualitycontroldatafor
concretewillbeavailable.Theloadratershouldusethebestavailableinformation.
Incertaincases,itmaybeappropriatetoobtainsamplesoftheactualculvertmaterialsanddetermine
materialpropertiesbasedonlaboratorytests.TxDOTtestprocedurespublishedintheDepartmentalMaterial
Specificationsspecifyhowsamplesshouldbetakenandhowthesetypesoftestsshouldbeperformed.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
20
E. SOILPARAMETERS
Soilparametersaffectingculvertloadratingprimarilyconsistoftheweightofsoilaroundtheculvertandthe
stiffnessofsoilusedtoprovidebearingandlateralsupporttotheculvertstructure.
1. SOILUNITWEIGHT
Regardlessoflevelofanalysis,soilweightisoneoftheappliedloadsfortheculvertloadingmodel.Inthecase
ofaLevel1analysis,itistheonlyrequiredsoilparameter.Theunitweightofsoilforculvertloadratinganalysesis
definedperAASHTOpolicyandpresentedinTableII1.Althoughitispossibletoconductageotechnical
explorationanddirectlymeasuretheunitweightofthesoilswhichareover,aroundandbeneaththeculvert,this
israrelydoneforculvertloadrating.RecommendedpracticeistousetheAASHTOvalueforsoilunitweight.
2. MODULUSOFSUBGRADEREACTION
TheLevel2analysismodelstheculvertasbeingsupportedbysoilsprings.Thesoilpropertyusedtodefine
thestiffnessofthesespringsisthemodulusofsubgradereaction,k.Thekvalueusedforanalysisshould
representthesoiluponwhichtheculvertisbuilt;thatis,thesoildirectlybeneaththeculvert.TableIV2provides
representativekvaluesforlow,medium,andhighstrengthsoil.Useofthistablerequiresatleastabasicidea
aboutthetypeofsoiluponwhichtheculvertwasconstructed,expressedintermsofsoilclassificationbyASTM,
AASHTO,orTxDOTmethods.
TABLEIV2.MODULUSOFSUBGRADEREACTION(KVALUES)FORLEVEL2MODEL.
SoilSupport
Description
Modulusof
Subgrade
Reaction,k(pci)
UnifiedSoil
Classification
(ASTMD2487)
AASHTOGroup
Classification
(AASHTOM145)
TexasTriaxial
Classification
(TEX117E)
Low:Finegrainedsoilsin
whichhighlyplasticsilt
andclaysizedparticles
predominate
75
CH,OH,MH,OL
A5,A6,A7,A8
>5.0
Medium:Sandsandsand
gravelmixtureswith
moderateamountsofsilts
andclay
150
CL,ML,SC,SP,SM
A3,A4
3.5to5.0
High:Gravelsandsand
gravelmixturesrelatively
freeofplasticfines
250
GW,GP,GM,GC,
SW
A1,A2
<3.5
(VanTil,1972;Bowles,1996;McCarthy,2002)
Typicalpracticeforculvertloadratingistoselectarepresentativevalueforkfromthetable,ortoestimatek
basedoncorrelationwithothersoilproperties.Publisheddatafromresearchstudiesofbeamsonelastic
foundationsindicatethatdemandmomentsarenotparticularlysensitivetothekvalue(Bowles,1996;McCarthy,
2002).ParametricanalysesonasampleofTxDOTsculvertdesignssupportthisview.Havingsaidthat,iftheload
raterfeelsitisnecessary,thekvalueforsoilssupportingtheculvertcanbedetermineddirectlybyperforminga
platebearingtestasperTestMethodTEX125E.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
21
3. SOILELASTICMODULUSANDPOISSONSRATIO
TheLevel3culvertloadratinganalysisaccountsforsoilstructureinteractioneffectsbymodelingsoilusing
linearelasticfiniteelements.Thesoilparametersusedtodefinethesefiniteelementsaretheelasticmodulus(i.e.,
Youngsmodulus)andPoissonsratio.
Giventhestiffnessofconcreteboxculverts,itisreasonabletoassumethatstructuredeflectionswillbevery
smallandsoildisplacementwillbecorrespondinglylimited,thustheappropriatenessofthelinearelastic
approach.Ofcourse,moresophisticatedlinearandnonlinearsoilconstitutivemodelsareavailableandcanbe
usedforspecializedapplications.ThesearediscussedinChapterVIIrelativetoLevel4analyses.ButforaLevel3
culvertratingcalculation,thePoissonsratioandelasticmodulusparametersaresufficient.
a. P OISON SRATIO
ThePoisonsratio,,forsoilrangesfrom0.10to0.50.Anacceptable,recommendedvalueis0.30.Parametric
analysesonasampleofTxDOTsculvertdesignssupporttheuseof0.3forPoissonsratio,withoneexception.
Inventoryratingsfordeepfillculverts(fillheightsgreaterthan6feet)withlargewallheights(greaterthan8feet)
aresensitivetoPoissonsratio.Fortheseconditions,itwouldbeappropriatetodeterminePoissonsratiobased
onknowledgeoftheactualsoilbackfilltype.Publisheddata(Bowles,1996)suggestthatclayeybackfillsoilsfor
deepfill/largewallheightculvertsshouldbemodeledusingaPoissonsratioof0.50,andsandybackfillsoilsfor
suchculvertsshouldbemodeledusingaPoissonsratioof0.30.
b. S OIL M ODULUSOF E LASTICITY

Theelasticmodulus,Esoil,shouldrepresentthesoilconditionsabovetheculvert(vertical),besidetheculvert
(lateral),andbelowtheculvert(bearing).Itispossibletomodeldifferentsoilzonesforeachoftheseareas,to
distinguishbetweennativesoilandbackfillsoil,andtointroduceotherrefinementswhendelineatingthesoil
model.Intheabsenceofaprojectspecificsubsurfacesoilprofileestablishingthesoilzones,theloadratermay
assumehomogenoussoilconditionsaroundtheculvertstructure.
TableIV3providesrepresentativeEsoilvaluesforlow,medium,andhighstrengthsoil.Itisemphasizedthat
modulusvaluesvarywidelyforagivensoiltypeandactualvaluesdependonfactorssuchasmoisturecontent,unit
weight,compressibility,stresslevel,etc.Useofthistablerequiresatleastabasicideaaboutthetypeofsoil,
expressedintermsofsoilclassificationbyASTM,AASHTO,orTxDOTmethods.
TABLEIV3.MODULUSOFELASTICITYFORSOILFORLEVEL3MODEL.
SoilSupport
Description
ElasticModulus
Esoil
(psi)
UnifiedSoil
Classification
(ASTMD2487)
AASHTOGroup
Classification
(AASHTOM145)
TexasTriaxial
Classification
(TEX117E)
Low:Finegrainedsoils
inwhichhighlyplastic
siltandclaysized
particlespredominate
Range:2,50025,000+
Typical:8,000
CH,OH,MH,OL
A5,A6,A7,A8
>5.0
Medium:Sandsand
sandgravelmixtures
withmoderate
amountsofsiltsand
clay
Range:5,00050,000+
Typical:20,000
CL,ML,SC,SP,SM
A3,A4
3.5to5.0
High:Gravelsand
sandgravelmixtures
relativelyfreeof
plasticfines
Range:10,00070,000+
Typical:36,000
GW,GP,GM,GC,
SW
A1,A2
<3.5
(NAVFAC,1986;VanTil,1972;Coduto,2001;Bowles,1996)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
22
Sitespecificdeterminationofthesoilmodulusisdesirableforculvertloadratingapplications.Modulusvalues
forsoilsmaybeestimatedfromempiricalcorrelations,laboratorytestresultsonundisturbedspecimens,andfrom
resultsoffieldtests.LaboratoryteststhatmaybeusedtoestimatethesoilmodulusaretheCaliforniaBearing
Ratiotest,unconsolidatedundrainedtriaxialcompressiontest,ortheconsolidatedundrainedtriaxialcompression
tests.Fieldtestsincludethestaticconepenetrationtest(CPT),standardpenetrationtest(SPT),Texascone
penetrometer(TCP),dynamicconepenetrometer(DCP)test,fallingweightdeflectometer(FWD)test,andthe
pressuremetertest(PMT).
ParametricanalysesonasampleofTxDOTsculvertdesignsshowthattheculvertinventoryratingishighly
sensitivetothesoilmodulusvalueusedfordemandcalculations,especiallyfordeepfillculverts(fillheights
greaterthan6feet).Unfortunately,geotechnicalresearchstudiesassociatedwithbeamsonelasticfoundations
indicatethatsoilmodulusisdifficulttoexplicitlydetermine,withmodulusvaluesestablishedfromdifferenttest
methodsvaryingbyonetotwoordersofmagnitude.
Datafromaverylimitedculvertinstrumentationandfieldtestprogram(threeculvertshavingdifferenttypes
ofdrainedsoilbackfill)suggestthatTxDOTsculvertsaretypicallybackfilledwithonsitesoilexcavatedduringthe
culvertconstructionprocess.Superiorbackfillmaterialshouldnotbeassumedwithoutverification.Amongthe
approachesidentifiedabovetodeterminemodulus,datasuggestthatthefallingweightdeflectometer(FWD)
providesthemostreliableandrepeatablesoilmodulusvalues.Thedatasuggestthatthesoilmodulusvaluesin
TableIV3arereasonabletodefinethelinearelasticconstitutivemodelusedforLevel3culvertratinganalyses.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
23
F. REINFORCINGSTEELSCHEDULE
TableIV4identifytheculvertratingvariablesassociatedwithreinforcingsteelquantities.FigureIV2showsa
typicalcrosssectiontofurtherexplainthesedetails.Itiscustomarytodoatakeoffanddeterminetheamount
ofreinforcingsteeldirectlyfromtheconstructiondocuments.Thereinforcingsteelquantitiesmustbedetermined
foreachcrosssectionshowninFigureII2.Thiswillrequireanalyzingthebarschedulesonthedrawingstoexpress
barsizeandspacingintermsofareaofsteelperfootofculvert,normaltotheculvertcrosssection.
TABLEIV4.STEELREINFORCINGVARIABLES
Variable
Abbr.
Units
Areaoftensilesteelperfoot(normaltoculvertcrosssection)
As
in.2/ft
Areaofcompressionsteelperfoot(normaltoculvertcrosssection)
As
in.2/ft
Distancefromtheextremecompressionfibertothecentroidofthetensionreinforcement
in.
Distancefromtheextremetensionfibertothecentroidofthecompressionreinforcement
d'
in.
b=12"
A's
d
h
d'
As
FIGUREIV.2.TOPSLABCROSSSECTIONLABELEDFORPOSITIVEBENDING.
Itmayhappenthatconstructiondrawingsforaculvertarenotavailable.Or,morespecificinformationaboutthe
reinforcingsteelmayberequired.Ineithercase,bothnondestructiveanddestructivetestmethodscanbeused
toestablish/verifytheactualreinforcingsteelschedule.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
24
G. CULVERTINSTALLATIONMETHOD
ThetypicalapplicationrepresentedbythisGuideistoloadrateculvertsthathavebeeninserviceformany
years.Forthesetypesofculverts,itissafetoassumethatsoilstressesassociatedwithculvertinstallationare
dissipatedsuchthatconstructionandinstallationloadsnolongeraffecttherating.Thus,theculvertratingprocess
forolder,inserviceculvertsrequiresnoconsiderationoftheinstallationmethod.
Forrecentlyinstalledculverts(inserviceforlessthan,say,fiveyears),theinstallationmethodand
constructionprocesscansignificantlyimpactsoilstressesaroundtheculvertandthusaffecttheculvertload
rating.TheAASHTOMCEBSection16.6.4.2(AASHTO2003)discussesmodificationofearthloadsforsoilstructure
interactionandidentifiesthefollowingapproaches:
Embankmentinstallation
Trenchinstallation
CulvertloadratingparametersassociatedwiththeseinstallationmethodsshouldbeaddressedaspertheAASHTO
MCEB.
TxDOT
V.
CulvertRatingGuide
25
CULVERTCAPACITYCALCULATIONS
A. POLICYGUIDANCE
TheAASHTOSSHBprovidesequationstodeterminesectioncapacitiesforeachpotentialfailuremode;thatis,
bendingmoment,shear,andaxialthrust.Thesesectioncapacities,C,areusedinEquationII1whencalculating
theculvertratingfactors.SSHBSection8.16.3discussesflexuralcapacitycalculationsconsideringmaximum
reinforcinglimitsinthetermsofthebalancedreinforcementratio.Thecapacitydiscussionissplitbetweensingly
anddoublyreinforcedbeams.SSHBSection8.16.4providesguidelinesfordeterminingthethrustcapacity.SSHB
Section8.16.4.3inparticularprovidesanequationforcheckingthatthethrustloadissmallenoughtonotcontrol
overmoment.SSHBSection8.16.6.7providesacomplexequationfordeterminingtheshearcapacitybasedon
boththeshearandmomentdemands.Thisequationhasverysimpleupperandlowerlimitsthatmaybeused
whensheardoesnotcontrol.
B. SIGNCONVENTIONFORLOADRATINGCALCULATIONS
Thesignconventionthatwillbeusedthroughoutthisdocumentisthatthelayerofthesteelontheinsideof
theculvertisplacedintensionduringpositivebending,whiletheoutsidelayerofsteelisplacedinthetension
duringnegativebending.Statedanotherway,whenthetensionfaceisinsidetheculvert,bendingispositive.
Whenthetensionfaceisoutsidetheculvert,bendingisnegative.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
26
C. CULVERTCAPACITYCALCULATIONSFORCRITICALSECTIONS
ThissectionoftheGuidediscusseshowtoapplypolicytocalculatesectioncapacitiesaspartoftheloadrating
process.Thesectioncapacitymustbecalculatedforeachfailuremode(bendingmoment,shear,axialthrust)at
eachcriticalsectionoftheculvertdefinedinFigureII.Thegrosssectionpropertiesareusedtocalculatethe
capacityoftheculvertstructure.
1. BENDINGMOMENTCAPACITY
Bendingmomentcapacitymustbecalculatedineachbendingdirection;thatis,bothpositiveandnegative.
Bendingmomentcapacitymaybedeterminedusingthefollowingstepswhichhavebeenderivedtofollowthe
AASHTOprovisionsintheSSHB.Forreference,theSSHBequationnumberisshowninparenthesisintheequation
identifier.
CapacityStep1. DeterminethecentroidofthesectionatultimatecapacityusingEquationV1.
EQUATIONV1.CENTROIDOFTHESECTIONATULTIMATECAPACITY(DERIVEDFORSSHB8.16.3.4).
0.5
87,000
0.85
0.85
87,000
0.85
0.85
87,000
0.85
where: c = thecentroidofthesection(in.)
Fy= yieldstrengthofthereinforcement(psi)
fc= thecompressivestrengthofconcrete(psi)
As= areaofthetensionreinforcement(in.2)
As=areaofthecompressionreinforcement(in.2)
d= distancefromtheextremecompressionfibertothecentroidofthecompression
reinforcement(in.)
b = widthofthecompressionfacemember(typically12inches)
= 0.85when
4,000psi
. 0005 when4,000psi
8,000psi
= 1.05
8,000psi fromSSHB8.16.2.7
= 0.65when
CapacityStep2. CalculatethestressinthecompressionsteelusingEquationV2.
EQUATIONV2.STRESSINTHECOMPRESSIONSTEEL(PSI)(DERIVEDFORSSHB8.16.3.4).
87,000
F
c
where: = thestressinthecompressionsteel(psi)
c = thecentroidofthesection(in.)
reinforcement(in.)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
27
CapacityStep3. CalculatethebalancedstressinthecompressionsteelusingEquationV3.However,if
F equalszero(establishedfromCapacityStep2)thenF equalszeroandtheloadratermayproceed
toCapacityStep4.
EQUATIONV3.STRESSINCOMPRESSIONSTEELATBALANCEDSTEEL(SSHB8.16.3.4.3EQ.828).
87,000
87,000
87,000 1
where: F =thestressinthecompressionsteel(psi)
c = thecentroidofthesection(in.)
d = distancefromtheextremecompressionfibertothecentroidofthetension
reinforcement(in.)
reinforcement(in.)
0thenF
0
IfF
CapacityStep4. CalculatethebalancedsteelratiousingEquationV4.
EQUATIONV4.RHOBALANCEDFORDOUBLYREINFORCEDSLABS(SSHB8.16.3.4.3EQ827).
0.85
where:
87,000
87,000
=thebalancedratiooftensilereinforcement
F =thestressinthecompressionsteel(psi)
reinforcement(in.)
= 0.85when
4,000psi
. 0005 when4,000psi
8,000psi
= 1.05
8,000psi fromSSHB8.16.2.7
= 0.65when
CapacityStep5. CheckthebalancedsteelratiousingEquationV5.
EQUATIONV5.MAXIMUMREINFORCINGCHECK(DERIVEDFROMSSHB8.16.3.1.1).
0.75
where: = theratiooftensilereinforcement
reinforcement(in.)
=thebalancedratiooftensilereinforcementperEquationV4
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
28
CapacityStep6. CalculatethemomentcapacityusingEquationV6orEquationV7.
EQUATIONV6.GENERALIZEDMOMENTCAPACITY(DERIVEDFROMSSHB8.16).
2 0.85
12"
kip
1000lb
where: Mn
=thebendingmomentcapacityofthesection(kipft/ft)
= 0.9=thestrengthreductionfactorfromSSHB16.6.4.6
= thestressinthecompressionsteel(psi)
reinforcement(in.)
reinforcement(in.)
Ifnotensilesteelreinforcingisprovided,themomentcapacitymaybetakenasthecrackingmomentsuchthatany
incidentalmomentintheunreinforceddirectiondoesnotresultinanoverconservativecontrollingloadrating.
ThisshouldbecalculatedusingEquationV7.
EQUATIONV7.MINIMUMCRACKINGMOMENTCAPACITY.
kip
1000lb
where: Mn
=thebendingmomentcapacityofthesection(kipft/ft)
= 0.9=thestrengthreductionfactorfromSSHB16.6.4.6
h = thethicknessofthetotalsection(in.)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
29
2. SHEARCAPACITY
ShearcapacitymustbecalculatedateachcriticalsectionasdefinedinFigureII2.Technicallythesearethe
momentcriticalsections,andthisisaconservativeassumptionifmomentcontrolstheloadrating.Incaseswhere
shearappearstocontroltheloadrating,SectionVI.CofthisGuideprovidesadditionalinformation.
CapacityStep7. CalculatetheshearcapacityusingEquationV8orifneededEquationV9.
Becauseshearusuallydoesnotcontroltheloadrating,AASHTOallowsasimple,conservativecalculationfor
theshearcapacityusingtheminimumshearcapacityshowninEquationV8.Iftheculvertloadratingisnot
controlledbyshear,thesimplercalculationisadequate.
EQUATIONV8.MINIMUMSHEARCAPACITY(DERIVEDFROMSSHB8.16.6.7).
3
2.5
forsinglespanslabscastmonolithicwiththeculvertwalls(typicalforTxDOTdesigns).
forsinglespanslabssimplysupported.
where: Vn=theshearcapacityofthesection(lb)
= 0.85fromSSHB16.6.4.6
d = thedepthfromcompressionfacetotensilereinforcementinthedirectionofMu(in.)
Ifitturnsoutthattheculvertloadratingiscontrolledbyshear,EquationV9canbeusedtodetermineshear
capacityinthecriticalsection.EquationV9willyieldamoreaccurate,lessconservativevalueforshearcapacity
butrequiresknowledgeoftheshearandmomentdemandsateachsectionandisthereforetediousandtime
consumingtoapply.
EQUATIONV9.SHEARCAPACITYEQUATION(SSHB8.16.6.7.1EQ.859).
2.14
4,600
where: Vn=theshearcapacityofthesection(lb)
forsinglespanslabscastmonolithicwiththeculvertwalls
3
2.5
forsinglespanslabssimplysupported
= 0.85fromSSHB16.6.4.6
thetensilesteelratiointhedirectionofMu
d = thedepthfromcompressionfacetotensilereinforcementinthedirectionofMu(in.)
Vu= thesheardemandorload(kip)
Mu=themomentdemandorload(kli)
1.0
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
30
3. THRUSTCAPACITY
AxialthrustcapacitymustbecalculatedateachcriticalsectionasdefinedinFigureII2.Technicallytheseare
themomentcriticalsections,butitisstandardpracticetoalsocalculateaxialthrustattheselocations.
CapacityStep8. CalculatethemaximumthrustcapacityusingEquationV10.Thereisonlyonethrust
capacitypercriticalsection.Thisisacompressive()capacity.
EQUATIONV10.THRUSTCAPACITY(SSHB8.16.4.2.1EQ.831).
0.85
where: Pn=thethrustcapacityofthesection(lb)
Ag= thegrossareaofthesection(in.2)
Usuallythethrustdemandismuchsmallerthanthethrustcapacity.Infact,thethrustdemandistypicallyless
thantheincidentalaxialloadassumedintheAASHTOSSHBforbeamcalculations.Thecapacityspecificationsin
thisGuideassumethistobethecase.
AthrustcheckforeachcriticalsectionisprovidedintheAASHTOSSHBandisdescribedinSectionVI.Bof
thisGuide(nextchapter).Ifthethrustcheckissatisfiedthenthethrustdemandislessthantheassumed
incidentalaxialloadandtheculvertslabslicesmaybeaccuratelymodeledforbothcapacityanddemandasbeam
elements.Thisisthenormalsituation.
However,ifthethrustcheckisnotsatisfied,theslabslicesarenolongerconsideredbeamsforanalysis
purposes,butinsteadmustbemodeledasbeamcolumns.Ifthisisthesituation,combinedbendingequations
mustbeusedfromAASHTOSSHBSection8.16.4.3.
TxDOT
VI.
CulvertRatingGuide
31
ANALYTICALMODELINGFORDEMANDLOADS
A. OVERVIEW
Analyticalmodelingisusedtodeterminethedeadloadandliveloaddemandonthestructure.ThisCulvert
RatingGuidedescribesahierarchicalapproachtocalculatethedemandloads.Thelowesttier,Level1,usesatwo
dimensional,structuralframemodelwithAASHTOloadings,balancingbottomslabloads,andsimplysupported
boundaryconditions.Thenexttier,Level2,alsousesatwodimensional,structuralframemodelwithAASHTO
loading,butusescontinuousspringsupportsforthebottomslabinsteadofbalancingbottomslabloads.TheLevel
3analysisusesatwodimensional,finiteelementanalysismodelofthesoilstructuresystemtodetermine
demands.Bymodelingsoilconditions,Level3considerssoilstructureinteractioneffectssuchassoilarching.
ThesearethemainapproachesdiscussedinthisGuide.
Asnoted,thisGuidealsodiscussesthegeneralcaseforculvertmodeling,whichisaLevel4analysis.Level4is
themostsophisticatedofthemodelingapproachesandusesatwoorthreedimensionalfiniteelementmodelof
thesoilstructuresystem.Level4modelingwouldtypicallybeusedforresearchorotherspecializedapplications,
andisdiscussedinChapterVIIofthisGuide.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
32
B. GENERALIZEDSTEPBYSTEPPROCEDUREFORDETERMININGDEMANDLOADS
TheflowchartinFigureIII2providesanoverviewoftheculvertloadratingprocess.Thischapterfocuseson
calculationofdemandloadsusinganalytical(computer)modeling.Regardlessofthelevelofanalysis,the
followingstepbystepprocedureapplies:
DemandStep1. Obtainloadratingparametersnecessarytodefineeachaspectofthecomputermodel:
dimensionaldata,strengthpropertiesforsteelandconcrete,soilproperties,andloads.
DemandStep2. Createtheanalyticalmodelbylayingoutthenodesandmembersandidentifyingthe
criticalsectionsfortheculvert.
DemandStep3. Applyappropriateboundaryconditions.
DemandStep4. Calculatethemagnitudeofdeadandliveloadsforbothverticalandlateralstress
distributions.
DemandStep5. Applythedeadandliveloadstressdistributionstotheculvertmodel.
DemandStep6. Defineloadcasesforthemodel.Brieflystated,thisconsistsofonesetofloadcases
designedtoinducemaximummomentattheculverthaunches,andasecondsetofloadcases
designedtoinducemaximummomentatculvertmidspans.
DemandStep7. Performdemandcalculationsforeachloadcase.Thatis,performseparatecomputer
runsasnecessarytodefinedemandmoments,shearsandaxialthrustsateachcriticalsectionas
definedforeachloadcase.Fourcomputerruns,minimum,aretypicallyrequired.
DemandStep8. Afterdeterminingthedemands,useEquationVI1tocheckthatactualthrustdemandis
lowerthantheincidentalaxialloadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.
EQUATIONVI1.THRUSTCONTROLLIMIT(SSHB8.16.4.3EQ.837).
0.1
where: Pu= thethrustdemand(lb)
Ag= thegrossareaofthesection(in.2)
ItisassumedthroughoutthisGuidethatEquationVI1willalwaysbesatisfied.However,ifthischeckisnot
met,thecapacitiesmustberecalculatedusingbeamcolumntheoryasdescribedinAASHTOSSHBsection8.16.4.3.
DemandStep9. Thisstepmovesbeyondcalculationofthedemandloads.Oncethedemandmoments,
shearsandthrustsareestablishedforeachcriticalsectionintheculvert,foreachloadcase,these
mustbecombinedwiththecorrespondingcapacityvaluestodeterminetheratingfactorforboth
inventoryandoperatingconditionsperEquationII1.
DemandStep10. Thecontrollingratingfactorforeachcriticalsectionisdeterminedbyselectingthe
minimumratingfactor,forbothinventoryandoperatingconditions,basedonthemaximumand
minimumvaluesforeachtypeofload(moment,shearandthrust)foreachloadcase.
DemandStep11. Ifshearcontrolstheinventoryandoperatingratings,theloadratershouldperforma
lessconservativeanalysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsasperthe
provisionsinSectionCofthischapter.
DemandStep12. Thecontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvertaretheminimumratingfactorsforboth
inventoryandoperatingconditions.
Thefollowingsectionsofthischapterprovidedetailsofthisstepbystepprocedure,asitappliestoeachlevelof
analysis.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
33
C. SHEARFAILUREMODEANALYSIS
Discussions about culvert load rating commonly acknowledge that in most cases, the mode of failure that
controlstheloadratingismoment.Theoneexceptionisdeepfillculvertswhichtendtofailinshear.Resultsfrom
aparametricanalysisofarepresentativesampleofTxDOTsreinforcedconcreteboxculvertdesignssupportthese
points.
Becauseculvertloadratingsareusuallycontrolledbymoment,itmakessensetoperforminitialloadrating
analysesforallfailuremodes(moment,axialthrustandshear)basedonmomentcriticalsections.Theseanalyses
willbetechnicallyaccuratebothformomentandaxialdemands,andconservativeforshear.
The reason for this conservatism is that the shear critical section for culvert corners is actually located at a
distancedawayfromthewallfaceconsistentwithAASHTOSSHB8.8.2and8.16.6.1.2(seeFigureVI1.A),rather
than located at the wall face as is done for moment (see Figure II2.A). This distinction only applies to culverts
without haunches, which is the most common case for TxDOT. For culverts with haunches, the corner critical
sections for shear are a distance d from the middle of the haunch (Figure VI1.B). Midspan critical section
locationsformomentandsheararethesame.
TEC
TEM
TIC
WTEC
WTIC
d
WEM
WIM
WBEC
d
WBIC
BEC
BIC
BEM
FIGUREVI.1.ASHEARCRITICALSECTIONSFORCULVERTSWITHOUTHAUNCHES.
TEM
TEC
d
TIC
d
WTEC
WTIC
WEM
WIM
WBEC
WBIC
BEC
BEM
BIC
FIGUREVI1.BSHEARCRITICALSECTIONSFORCULVERTSWITHHAUNCHES.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
34
Onlyincaseswhereshearendsupcontrollingtheloadratingwoulditbenecessarytoreanalyzeshear
demandsbasedontheshear criticalsectionsofFigureVI1.Thefollowingstepscapturethisprocedure.
ShearProvision1.
Assumethatthecontrollingfailuremodefortheloadratingismoment.Usethe
momentcriticalsections(seeFigureII2)asdiscussedinthisGuide.Performloadratinganalyses
andcheckallfailuremodes(moment,axialthrustandshear).
ShearProvision2.
Ifmoment controlstheloadrating,thereisnoneedtofurtherrefinetheshear
demandorcapacityanalyses.
ShearProvision3.
Ifshear controlstheloadrating,andtheinventoryratingisgreaterthanor
equaltoHS20(inventoryratingfactor(IRF)1),theculvertwillnotrequireloadpostingand
thereisnoneedtofurtherrefinethesheardemandorcapacityanalyses.
ShearProvision4.
Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,andtheinventoryratingislessthanHS20
(IRF<1),redotheshearanalysesbasedontheshearcriticalsectionsasdefinedinAASHTOSSHB
8.8.2and8.16.6.1.2,withthecriticalsectionlocatedatadistancedawayfromthepointof
support(seeFigureVI1).Momentandaxialdemandsareunchanged.Selectthenewlowest
ratingfactorsfromallfailuremodes.
ShearProvision5.
If,basedontherevisedshearanalysis,shearcontinuestocontroltheload
ratingandtheinventoryratingisstilllessthanHS-20(IRF<1),usethedemand-dependantshear
capacityequation(EquationV9)togeneratecapacityvaluesusedtocalculateratingfactors.This
approachdoesnotincludeanyoftheconservativeshearassumptions.Selectthenewlowest
ratingfactorsfromallfailuremodes.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
35
D. LEVEL1ANALYSIS:TWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAME
MODEL
ThislevelofanalysisusesarelativelysimpletwodimensionalframeanalysismodelandAASHTOloading
parameters.Itisdesignedtoprovideaquick,conservative,repeatableloadrating.
1. ASSUMPTIONS
Thefollowingassumptionsaremadeinthetwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysisstage:
AASHTOloadsareapplied.
Grosssectionpropertiescontrolstructurebehavioratultimatestrength.
Culvertcornersareconsideredrigid.
Supportingsoilpressuresareuniformoverthelengthofthebottomslab.
Allassumptionsinherentlyinvolvedintwodimensional,frameanalysis.
o Reinforcedconcretebehaveselasticallywithstressrelatedlinearlytostrain.
o Reinforcedconcretebehavesidenticallyregardlessofdirectionoftheappliedload.
o Alldeformationsaresmall.
o Beamsarelongrelativetotheirdepth.
o Planesectionsremainplane.
Aonefoot(b=12in.)sectionoftheculvertmaybeanalyzedasaframe.
Nohydrostaticpressure(water)existsinsidetheculvert.
Supportingsoilsarefullydrained,i.e.nohydrostaticpressureoutsidetheculvert.
Momentsresultingintensionontheinsidefaceoftheculvertarepositive.
Momentsresultingintensionontheoutsidefaceoftheculvertarenegative.
Thoughreinforcedconcretedoesnotgenerallysatisfythefirsttwo,twodimensional,frameanalysisassumptions
namely,elasticityandhomogeneitythismodelwillpredictapproximateandconservativemoment,shearand
thrustdemands.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
36
2. MODELDIMENSIONS
TheLevel1modelshouldbedevelopedsothatbeamnodesareatthecenterlineoftheslabsectionstheyare
modeling.Eachsectionshouldusethegrossareapropertiesofaonefootwidestripofculvert.
Anodeshouldbeplacedateachcriticalsectionsothattheresultantforcesandmomentswillbecalculated
automaticallyatthosepoints.Thelocationofthecornercriticalsectionscanbedetermineddirectlyasillustrated
inFigureVI2.Asnotedearlier,AASHTOspecifiesthatthemidspancriticalsectionsmustbedeterminedby
locatingthemaximumcombined(deadandliveload)momentinthemidspanregion.However,forthepurposes
ofthisGuide,themidspancriticalsectionisalwaysassumedtobelocatedatmidspan.
S + TEW /24 + TIW /24 (ft)
TIC
T/24
EW
TEC
T/24
IW
TEM
WTEC
WTIC
T/24
T
WEM
WIM
H + TT /24 + TB /24 (ft)
Y
X
T/24
B
WBIC
WBEC
BEM
BEC
BIC
FIGUREVI.2.AMODELDIMENSIONSFORALEVEL1ANALYSISFORCULVERTSWITHOUTHAUNCHES.
S + TEW/24 + TIW /24 (ft)
TIC
TEW /24 + F/12 (ft)
TEC
TIW /24 + F/12 (ft)
TEM
WTEC
WTIC
WEM
WIM
H + T T /24 + TB /24 (ft)
Y
X
TB /24 + F/12 (ft)
WBIC
WBEC
BEC
BEM
BIC
FIGUREVI2.BMODELDIMENSIONSFORALEVEL1ANALYSISFORCULVERTSWITHHAUNCHES.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
37
3. BOUNDARYCONDITIONS
IntheLevel1model,theprimaryfunctionoftheboundaryconditionsistomaintainglobalstability.Reactions
areofnoconcern.Themodelshouldbesimplysupported,withapinatthebottomleftcorner(restraininglobalX
andYdirections)androllersatotherbottomwallcenterlines(restraininglobalYdirectiononly).SeeFigureVI3.
Y
X
FIGUREVI.3.BOUNDARYCONDITIONSFORTWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAMEMODEL.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
38
4. LOADS
TheloadsplacedonthestructureforLevel1modelingcorresponddirectlytotheprovisionsoftheAASHTO
policy.FigureVI4showstheloadlocationanddirectionconventions.Theloadsareasfollows:
DLVVerticalDeadLoad
DLhTHorizontalDeadLoad,topofculvert
DLhBHorizontalDeadLoad,bottomofculvert
LLVTVerticalLiveLoad,topslab
LLVBVerticalLiveLoad,bottomslab
LLhHorizontalLiveLoad
SWSelfWeightoftheculvert
LL vT
DL v
DL hT
Y
X
LL h
DL hB
SW
DL v
LL vB
FIGUREVI.4.LOADCONVENTIONSFORTWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAMEMODEL.
AuniqueaspectoftheLevel1modelisthatinordertoaccountforupwardsoilpressuresupport,whatever
loadisplaceddownwardonthestructureshouldalsobeplacedupwardonthebottomslab,uniformly.Theresult
isbalancedverticalloadingandnoreactionsinthesupports.Theboundaryconditionsonlykeepthemodelstable.
Theyshouldnotcontributesignificantlytothesupportofthestructure.
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CulvertRatingGuide
39
c. D EAD L OAD
PerEquationVI2,thefirstloadrepresentstheweightofthesoilontopofthestructure.Accordingto
AASHTOSSHB6.2.1.B,theunitweightofsoilis120pcf.Thisloadmustbeplaceddownwardonthetopslab,and
balancedbyplacingitupwardonthebottomslab.
EQUATIONVI2.VERTICALDEADLOAD,DLV(KSF)
0.120
where:
theverticaldeadload(ksf)
D= coversoildepth(ft)
PerEquationVI3,thesecondloadrepresentstheselfweightofthestructure.Ifthechosenanalysistoolhas
agravityfeature,thisshouldbeusedtoaccuratelydistributetheselfweightacrossthestructure.Otherwise,the
weightoftheslabsandwallsshouldbeappliedmanuallyinthedownwarddirection,expressedintermsofa
uniformlydistributedload.Whethertheselfweightisappliedautomaticallyormanually,thetotalselfweightof
theculvertshouldalsobeappliedupwardacrossthebottomslab,expressedintermsofauniformlydistributed
load.
EQUATIONVI3.SELFWEIGHTOFTHECULVERT,SW(KSF)
2
12
12
0.150
12
where: SW =theverticaldeadload(ksf)
TT= topslabthickness(in.)
TB= bottomslabthickness(in.)
TIW =interiorwallthickness(in.)
TEW =exteriorwallthickness(in.)
S = theclearspanofasinglebox(ft)
H= theclearheightofasinglebox(ft)
N= thenumberofboxspans
Thethirdloadisthehorizontaldeadload.Thisdeadloadisatrapezoidalloadplacedontheoutsidewallsof
theculvertfacinginward.TheloadisdeterminedusingtheequivalentfluidweightofsoillistedinAASHTOSSHB
6.2.1.Band3.20.2.EquationVI4andEquationVI5definethehorizontalloadatthetopandbottomoftheslab.
Intheseequations,theDandHvaluesareinfeet,andtheTvaluesareininches.Intermediatepointsmaybe
determinedbylinearinterpolationasnecessary.
EQUATIONVI4.HORIZONTALDEADLOADATTHETOPAPPLIEDTOTHEEXTERIORWALLSOFTHECULVERT,DLHT(KSF)
0.060
where:
24
thehorizontaldeadloadatthetopoftheexteriorwalls(ksf)
EQUATIONVI5.HORIZONTALDEADLOADATTHEBOTTOMAPPLIEDTOTHEEXTERIORWALLSOFTHECULVERT,DLHB(KSF)
0.060
12
24
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
where:
40
thehorizontaldeadloadatthebottomoftheexteriorwalls(ksf)
TB= bottomslabthickness(in.)
H= theclearheightofasinglebox(ft)
d. L IVE L OAD
TheliveloadonthestructureasrequiredbyAASHTOSSHB3.7.6isanHS20truck.Therearethreeliveloads
duetotheHS20truck:(1)thehorizontalliveload,LLh;(2)theverticalliveloadappliedtothetopslab,LLvT;and(3)
theverticalliveloadappliedtothebottomslab,LLvB.Theimpactfactor,IM,andallothervariablesusedinthelive
loadequationsaredefinedinTableIII1.
PerEquationVI6,thefirstliveloadisthehorizontalliveload,LLh(ksf).Thisloadisconstantregardlessofthe
numberoftruckspassingovertheculvert.AASHTOSSHB3.20.3providesa2ftsurchargeallowancefortrucks
whichareapproaching,butnotdirectlyabove,theculvert.
EQUATIONVI6.HORIZONTALLIVELOADAPPLIEDTOTHEEXTERIORWALLS,LLH(KSF)
2
where:
. 060
.120
thehorizontalliveloadontheexteriorwalls(ksf)
Theverticalliveloadappliedtothetopoftheculvert,LLvT(ksf),isthesecondtypeofliveload.Themagnitude
oftheverticalliveloaddependsonthedepthoffill,thewheelload,theculvertspan,theimpactfactor,the
numberoflanes,andthenumberoftrucks.ForthisGuide,theverticalliveloadhasbeenexpressedintermsof15
distinctequationsderivedfromAASHTOSSHB3.7.6,3.12.1,3.24.3.2and6.4,includingthelanereductionfactor
describedinAASHTOSSHB3.12.1.These15equationsarecollectivelydesignatedasEquationVI7.
Foragivenculvert,theloadratermustselectoneofthe15equationstodeterminethemagnitudeofthe
verticalliveload.Twovariablesgovernselectionoftheappropriateliveloadequation.Thefirstisthenumberof
lanespassingovertheculvert.Section3.6oftheSSHBprovidesguidancefordeterminingtrafficlanes.Generally,
thenumberoflanesisdeterminedbythenumberofwhole,12footwidelanesthatwillfitacrosstheroadway.
Roadwaysbetween20and24willhavetwolanes.Thesecondvariableisthedepthoffill,D.Thisfilldepthwill
yieldtheproperloadconfigurationaspertheAASHTOstressdistribution.Takentogether,thenumberoflanes
andthefilldepthestablishthecontrollingnumberoftrucksandidentifytheproperequationtouseforLLvT.
Oncethemagnitudeoftheliveloadhasbeenestablished,itisnecessarytodefinetheareaoverwhichthelive
loadacts.Theverticalliveloadshouldbeappliedasamovingloadacrossthetopoftheculvertstructure.Thiswill
havetheeffectofcreatingamomentenvelope,withbothmaximumandminimumvalues.Thelengthoverwhich
thepressureshouldbeapplied,thecentertocenterspacingforthedistributedloads,andthewheelload,P,used
tocalculateeachloadareillustratedinFigureVI5,FigureVI6andFigureVI7fordifferentcoverdepths.
Thefinalliveloadistheverticalliveloadappliedupwardtothebottomslab,LLvB(ksf).Thisliveloadis
derivedfromAASHTOSSHB16.6.4.3.ForthisGuide,themagnitudeoftheupwardliveloadhasbeenexpressedin
termsof15distinctequations.These15equationsarecollectivelydesignatedasEquationVI8.Theloadisplaced
upwardonthebottomslabtobalancetheverticalliveloadonthetopslabasillustratedinFigureVI5,FigureVI6
andFigureVI7.Again,theloadratermustselectoneofthe15equations.Theselectedequationshould
correspondtotheculvertsfillheightandnumberoflanes.
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CulvertRatingGuide
41
EQUATIONVI7.VERTICALLIVELOADAPPLIEDTOTHETOPSLAB,LLVT(KSF).
NoofTrafficLanes
DepthofFill,D(ft)
0<D<2
2<D<3.4
3.4<D<8
8<D
0<D<2
1 IM P
4 0.06 S
1truck
2<D<2.3
1 IM P
1.75 D
1truck
2.3<D<3.4
1 IM 2 P
1.75 D 1.75 D 4
2trucks
3.4<D<8
8<D
3+
0<D<2
3+
2<D<2.3
3+
2.3<D<3.4
3+
3.4<D<7.2
3+
7.2<D<8
3+
8<D
where:
Magnitude,LLvT(ksf)
1
4 0.06
1truck
1
1.75
1truck
2
1.75
1.75
4.5
28
1.75
1.75 D
1.75
4 P
1.75 D
1truck
16
1truck
16
2trucks
2trucks
1truck
1
1.75
1truck
2
1.75
1.75 D
4 P
1.75 D
6 .9
1.75
2trucks
16
2trucks
26
3trucks
13.5 .9
1.75
28
theverticalliveloadonthetopslab(ksf)
IM =theimpactfactorfromTableII1
P = either4or16kipsasindicatedinFigureVI5throughFigureVI7
D = coversoildepth(ft)
1
4 0.06
1.75
1.75
9 P
1.75 D
28
1.75 D
1.75
ControllingNo.ofTrucks
26
3trucks
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CulvertRatingGuide
42
EQUATIONVI8.VERTICALLIVELOADAPPLIEDTOTHEBOTTOMSLAB,LLVB(KSF)
No.ofTrafficLanes DepthofFill,D(ft)
1
0<D<2
2<D<3.4
3.4<D<8
8<D
0<D<2
2<D<2.3
2.3<D<3.4
3.4<D<8
8<D
3+
0<D<2
3+
2.1<D<2.3
3+
2.3<D<3.4
3+
3.4<D<7.2
3+
7.2<D<8
3+
8<D
where:
Magnitude,LLvB(ksf)
1
2
1truck
0.06
1
1.75
1.75
2
1.75
1.75
1.75
1
2
1truck
2
4
2trucks
16
2trucks
1.75
4
1.75
1.75
1.75
9
1.75
28
16
1
2
2trucks
1truck
0.06
1.75
1
1.75
1truck
1
1.75
1truck
0.06
1.75
1truck
1
1.75
4.5
1.75
28
1truck
1truck
2
2
4
2trucks
1.75
4
1.75
16
2trucks
1.75
6 .9
1.75
26
3trucks
1.75
1.75
1.75
13.5 .9
1.75
28
26
theverticalliveloadonthebottomslab(ksf)
H = theclearheightofasinglebox(ft)
3trucks
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
LL vT(P=4k)
LL vT(P=16k)
14'
43
LL vT(P=16k)
14' to 30'
LL vB(P=4k)
LLvB(P=16k)
LLvB(P=16k)
2*H
2*H
2*H
FIGUREVI.5.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFORD<2'FORTWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSIS.
1.75 * D
1.75 * D
LL vT(P=4k)
LL vT(P=16k)
LL vT(P=16k)
LLvB(P=4k)
LLvB(P=16k)
LL vB(P=16k)
14'
1.75 * D
14' to 30'
FIGUREVI.6.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFOR2'<D<8'FORTWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSIS.
1.75 * D + 28'
LL vT(P=16k)
LLvB(P=16k)
FIGUREVI.7.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFORD>8'FORTWODIMENSIONAL,SIMPLYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSIS.
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CulvertRatingGuide
44
5. LOADCASES
InaccordancewithASSHTOSSHB3.20.2,twodemandanalysesmustbemadetodeterminetheworstcase
loadingconditionsontheculvertstructure.Thetwoanalysescombinethebasicloadingsdifferentlytoproduce
conservativedemandmoments,shearsandthrusts.
a. T OTAL L OAD C ASE

Thefirstanalysisisthetotalloadcase.Thetotalloadcaseisdesignedtocreatethemaximumdemandin
mostoftheculvertstructure;thatis,criticalsectionsTEC,TIC,BIC,BEC,WIM,WEM,WTIC,WBIC,WBEC,WTECas
perFigureII.Thetotalloadcaseisdesignedtoyieldthemaximumshearandaxialdemandsinthewholeculvert
andthemaximummomentdemandsinallbutthetopandbottommidspans(TEM,TIM,BEMandBIM).Thisload
caseappliestheabovedescribedloadswithaloadfactorof1.
b. R EDUCED L ATERAL L OAD C ASE

ThesecondanalysisisthereducedlateralloadcaseasdescribedinAASHTOSSHB6.2.1.B,3.20.2.The
reducedlateralloadcaseisdesignedtocreatethemaximumdemandmomentforthepositivemomentsections
(TEM,TIM,BEM,BIM).SeeFigureII.Thisloadcaseisintendedtocreateaworstcasescenariofortheslab
momentsbyreducingtheamountofreversecurvaturecreatedbylateralpressureontheculvertwalls.The
reducedlateralloadcaseusesthefollowingloadfactors:
VerticaldeadloadappliedtotopslabisthesameasEquationVI2.Loadfactorof1.
TheselfweightoftheculvertisthesameasEquationVI3.Loadfactorof1.
Horizontaldeadloadatthetopappliedtotheexteriorwallsoftheculvertisonehalfthevaluecalculated
byEquationVI4.Loadfactorof0.5.
Horizontaldeadloadatthebottomappliedtotheexteriorwallsoftheculvertisonehalfthevalue
calculatedbyEquationVI5.Loadfactorof0.5.
Nohorizontalliveloadisappliedtotheexteriorwallsoftheculvert.Loadfactorof0.
VerticalliveloadappliedtothetopslabisthesameasEquationVI7.Loadfactorof1.
VerticalliveloadappliedupwardtothebottomslabisthesameasEquationVI8.Loadfactorof1.
c. I NTERPRETATIONOF L OAD C ASE D ATA

Asageneralrule,itisnecessarytoperformmultiplecomputerruns(atleasttwo)tocalculatemoment,shear
andthrustdemandsforeachloadcase.Oncethedataareobtained,itiscustomarypracticetointerpretthedata
holistically.Thatis,theloadratershouldevaluatethemaximumandminimummoments,shearsandthrustsfor
eachcriticalsection,treatingthetwoloadcasesindependently.
Statedanotherway,eventhoughthetwoloadcasesaredesignedwiththeintenttoachievemaximum
demandsateitherthecornersorthemidspans,theloadratershouldnotmakeanaprioridecisiontoonly
evaluatethedatathisway.Thismeansthattheloadratershouldlookatmorethanjustthecornercriticalsections
forthetotalloadcaseresults,andmorethanjustthemidspancriticalsectionsforthereducedlateralloadcase
results.Instead,theloadratershouldevaluatemoment,shearandthrustdemandsforallofthecriticalsections
foreachloadcase.
6. DEMANDLOADCALCULATIONS
Havingcreatedtheanalyticalmodel,definedtheboundaryconditions,determinedthemagnitudeandextent
ofloads,andspecifiedtheloadcases,thenextstepistocalculatethemoment,shearandthrustdemands.This
requiresapplicationofanappropriatestructuralanalysissoftwarepackage,asdiscussedinthefollowingsectionof
theGuide.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
45
7. ANALYTICALPROGRAMCULV5
a. O VERVIEW
Thetwodimensional,simplysupportedframemodel(Level1)canbeanalyzedusingseveralcommercially
availablestructuralanalysissoftwareprograms.ExamplesincludeRISA2D,BRASS,BOXCAR,CULV5(TxDOTs
program)orolderframeanalysisprograms.
AtTxDOT,theprogrammostadeptforLevel1calculationsisCULV5.Therefore,specificguidancewillbe
providedforthistool.Ifauserismorecomfortablewithanotherframeanalysisprogram,thedesignerisfreeto
useit.
CULV5isanMSDOSprogramdevelopedanddistributedbytheTexasDepartmentofTransportation.The
heartoftheprogramisatwodimensionalframeanalysis.DocumentationsupportingCULV5includestheVersion
1.71Readmefile(TxDOT,2004),InputGuide(TxDOT,2003),andCULV5ConcreteBoxAnalysisProgram(TxDOT,
2003).TheloadraterwhointendstouseCULV5shouldbecomefamiliarwiththisdocumentationtobetter
understandtheinput,analysisapproach,andprogramoutput.
b. CULV5 S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

TheCULV5programhassomenotablestrengthsthatmakeittheidealfirstchoiceforaLevel1culvertload
ratingprogram.Theseare:
Quickandconservative
Programinputsareverysimple
Appropriateliveanddeadloadsareautomaticallycalculatedandapplied
Influencelinesareusedtodeterminemaximummoments,shearsandthrust
Amoreconservativebottomslabliveloadisused
ThesignconventionusedisthesameasthesignconventionoutlinedinSectionV.B
Notwithstandingitsmanystrengths,theCULV5programalsohassomenotablelimitationsthatmustbe
recognizedandaddressed:
Demandatthecriticalcornersectionsisnotautomaticallycalculated.
Theuseofinfluencelinestocalculateliveloadmomentsresultsinanoverlyconservativeliveloadapplied
tothebottomofthestructure.
Onlyculvertswith4orfewerbarrelsmaybeanalyzeddirectly.Culvertswithmorethan4barrelsmaybe
approximatedusinga4barrelmodelattheexpenseofslightlymoreconservativeresults.
Thelimitationsmaybeovercome.Determiningthecriticalsectiondemandrequireslinearinterpolation
betweenthe10thpointdemandswhichtheprogramdoesproduce.Iftheculvertfailstorate,notmuchtimehas
beenspentandtheusermaymoveontothehigherlevelmodels.
c. CULV5 S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

CulvertloadratingforLevel1usingtheCULV5programcanbeaccomplishedbyfollowingthesesteps.This
sequenceassumestheloadraterhasalreadydefinedtheinputparametersandispreparedtocreatetheCulv5
inputfile.
CULV5Step1. UsingdataobtainedfortheculvertasdiscussedinChapterIVofthisGuide,writethe
CULV5inputfileinabasictexteditor(eg,Notepad)accordingtotheforminFigureVI8.
Alternatively,theloadratermayusetheCulv5InputprogramdevelopedbyTechMRTandhosted
ontheTxDOTBridgeDivisionwebsitetocreatetheinputfile.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
PSF # A6
County A15
Highway # A10
VI46
Control-Section-Job A11 Coder A3
Date (Automatic) A11
Line 1. Job ID
1
11
25
31
40
46
56
62
64
70
80
Description for the run - free form alphanumeric comments A80
Line 2. Job Description

1
80
Card ID
Line 3. Problem ID
Alphanumerica comments - Normally enter structure name or other descriptive comments A75
PROB
80
Unit Code (English)

LL Code (HS-20)
Omit LL (included)
LF Code (Service)
Card ID
Soil Weight (pcf) F4.0
Line 4. SPEC Card
SPEC E 1 2
1 20 .
14
20
4 5 6 7
23
B.C. Code (leave blank) Int Wall, T (in.) F4.1

Number of Spans, N F1
Top Haunch, F (in.) F3.0
Top Slab, T (in.) F4.1
LL Surcharge (ft) F3.2 Bottom Haunch, F (in.) F3.0
Clear Span, S (ft) F4.3
Clear Height, H (ft) F4.3
Max Hor Soil Preasure (pcf) F3.0
Bot Slab, T (in.) F4.1
Min Hor Soil Pressure (pcf) F3.0 Component Output
Cover Soil Depth, D (ft) F5.3
Ext Wall, T (in.) F4.1
Card ID
Line 5. CULV Card
CULV N S
6 7
1011
1415
TT
19
3132
TB
35
37
TEW
40
42
45
2 . 0 60 . 3 0 .
TIW
47
50
FIGUREVI.8.CULV5INPUTFORMAT.
52
5455
5758
60
FT
65
6768
FB
70
80
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
47
CULV5Step2. RuntheCULV5programusingtheinputfilecreatedinStep1.Oneofthepositive
featuresofCULV5isthatitisheavilypreprogrammed.Forculvertrating,thismeansthatall
calculationscanbemadebasedonoutputfromrunningtheCULV5programonlyonetime.
CULV5Step3. InterpretationoftheCULV5outputrequiresestablishingbothcornerandmidspan
criticalsections.
a.
UsingFigureVI9selectthe10thpointstosetupthelinearinterpolationassociatedwiththe
cornercriticalsections.
M2
TEC typ. between 0 and 2
M5
TIC1 typ. between 8 and 10
TIC2 typ. between 0 and 2
WTEC typ. between 8 and 10
WTIC typ. between 8 and 10
M1
M3
WBEC typ. between 0 and 2

M4
BEC typ. between 0 and 2
WBIC typ. between 0 and 2

M7
BIC2 typ. between 0 and 2
BIC1 typ. between 8 and 10
FIGUREVI.9.CULV5MEMBERANDCRITICALSECTIONDESIGN.
WithreferencetoFigureVI9,linearinterpolationtoestablishthecornercriticalsections
mustworkfromthecornertothenearestcornercriticalsection.Forexample,theupper
rightcornersection,TIC1,formember2(M2)mightbelocatedbetweennodes8and9.In
thisexample,thecalculationwouldstartwiththedemandsatnode9andaddthefraction
betweennodes9and8.
b.
Criticalsectionsformidspandemands(TEM,TIM,BEM,BIM,WEMandWIM)donotrequire
interpolation.Thesemaybeselectedatmidspan(node5).
CULV5Step4. FromtheCULV5outputfile,selecttheSUMMARYOFINDIVIDUALUNFACTORED
MOMENTS,SHEARANDAXIALFORCEStables.Recordtheverticaldeadload(VDL),lateraldeadload
(LDL),maximumverticalliveload(+VLL),minimumverticalliveload(VLL),andlateralliveload(LLL)
demandsateachcriticalsection.
CULV5Step5. Calculatethedeadandliveloaddemandforeachdemandtype(moment,shearand
axial),foreachloadcaseateachcriticalsectionusingEquationVI9andEquationVI10.Disthedead
loaddemandandListheliveloaddemandrequiredforratinginEquationII1.Notethattheliveload
demandswillhaveamaximumandminimumbecausethesederivefromamovingloadwhich
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
48
producesanenvelopetypesolution.Tomaintainasystematicapproach,typicalpracticeisto
determineboththemaximumandminimumliveloadsforeachtypeofdemandateachcritical
sectionandtoselecttheminimum(controlling)valuewhencalculatingratingfactors.
EQUATIONVI9.TOTALLOADCASE.
where: D= thedeadloaddemand
L = theliveloaddemand
VDL=theverticaldeadloaddemandfromCULV5output
LDL =thelateraldeadloaddemandfromCULV5output
VLL =theverticalliveloaddemandfromCULV5output.(Loadratingcalculationsforthisvariable
mustbedonetwice,forthemaximumandminimumvalues.)
LLL =thelateralliveloaddemandfromCULV5output
EQUATIONVI10.REDUCEDLATERALLOADCASE.
1
2
where: D= thedeadloaddemand
L = theliveloaddemand
VDL=theverticaldeadloaddemandfromCULV5output
LDL =thelateraldeadloaddemandfromCULV5output
VLL =theverticalliveloaddemandfromCULV5output.(Loadratingcalculationsforthisvariable
mustbedonetwice,forthemaximumandminimumvalues.)
CULV5Step6. UseEquationVI1toverifythatactualthrustdemandislowerthantheincidentalaxial
loadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.
CULV5Step7. Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowithcalculatingthe
culvertloadrating.Pertheculvertratingflowchart(FigureIII2)proceedtocalculateInventoryand
Operatingratingfactorsforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcaseper
EquationII1.
Whencalculatingtheratingfactors,exerciseextremecareregardingthesignsforbothdemandsand
capacities.
Liveloadandcapacitymustbeinthesamesignanddirection.
Iftheliveloadanddeadloadareinoppositedirectionsorthecalculatedratingfactorisnegative,
acheckshouldbemadetoinsurethatthestructurehasadequatecapacitytosupportthedead
load.I.E.
1.3
CULV5Step8. Selectthecontrollinginventoryandoperatingratingfactorsforeachsection.
CULV5Step9.
Selecttheoverallcontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvert.
CULV5Step10. Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformalessconservative
analysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsinSection
VI.C.
CULV5Step11. CalculatetheInventoryandOperatingRatingsperEquationII2.
AppendixCofthisGuidepresentsanexampleLevel1culvertloadratingcalculationbasedonCulv5.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
49
E. LEVEL2ANALYSIS:TWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEMODELWITHSOILSPRINGS
TheLevel2analysisusesatwodimensionalstructuralframemodelandAASHTOloadingparameters,butwith
compressionspringstomodelverticalsoilsupportinsteadofbalancedloading.Thisisonlyslightlydifferentfrom
theLevel1model,buttheintroductionofthesoilspringssomewhatreducestheoverconservatisminLevel1.
Level2isdesignedtoprovideaquick,accurate,repeatableloadrating,andcanbeconsideredthegeneralcasefor
twodimensionalstructuralframeanalysisofreinforcedconcreteboxculverts.
1. ASSUMPTIONS
Theassumptionsinthetwodimensionalstructuralframeanalysiswithsoilsprings(Level2)areidenticalto
thoseinthetwodimensional,simplysupportedstructuralframeanalysis(Level1)withtheexceptionofthe
boundaryconditions.TheLevel2modelassumesthatsoilismoreaccuratelymodeledusingcompressivesprings
atintermediatelocationsalongthebottomslab.
ItshouldbenotedthatCULV5softwarewillnotsupportaLevel2analysisbecauseofinputlimitations;
namely,CULV5doesnotallowforintermediatecompressionspringsonthebottomslab.Thus,aLevel2analysis
requirestheuseoftwodimensionalframeanalysissoftwareprogramsotherthanCULV5.
2. MODELDIMENSIONS
ModellayoutincludingidentifyingmembersandnodesfortheLevel2modelisexactlythesameasforthe
Level1model.RefertoSectionVI.D.2andFigureVI2fordetails.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
50
IntheLevel2model,theboundaryconditionsservetwoprimaryfunctions.Oneistomaintainglobalstability.
Tothatend,thebottomlefthandcornerofthemodelshouldberestrainedintheglobalXdirection.Thesecond
functionistoprovidedisplacementdependentresistancetotheverticalloadsbysupportingtheculvertwith
compressionsprings.
Relativetolayingoutthemodelandestablishingboundaryconditions,extranodesshouldbeaddedalongthe
bottomelementofthemodel(depictingthebottomslab)tocreate10spaces.Thesenodesshouldberestrained
usingcompressionspringsintheglobalYdirection.Thecompressionspringsmusthaveastiffnessassociatedwith
anappropriatemodulusofsubgradereaction,k,asperTableIV2.Thespringconstant,(pli),canthenbe
determinedusingEquationVI11.SeeFigureVI10.
Notethatthismodeldoesnotplacelateralspringsonelementsusedtomodeltheculvertsidewalls.Thisis
becausetheculvertsidewallsaremodeledtoreceivelateralsoilloads(trapezoidalpressuredistribution).Good
structuralmodelingpracticedictatesthatloadsandboundaryconditionsspringsarenotappliedatthesame
location.
EQUATIONVI11.SPRINGCONSTANTEQUATION
Where: =thespringconstant(pli)
k=themodulusofsubgradereaction(pci)
s=thetributarylengthassociatedwiththenode(in.)(Thisisequaltothespanlengthdividedby
10)
b=theunitslabwidth(12inches)
Y
X
S M= model span (in.)
scorn = SM /20 (in.)

sint = SM /10 (in.)
FIGUREVI.10.BOUNDARYCONDITIONSFORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
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4. LOADS
TheloadsplacedonthestructureforLevel2modelingcorresponddirectlytotheprovisionsoftheAASHTO
policy.Theloadsareasfollows:
DLVVerticalDeadLoad
DLhTHorizontalDeadLoad,topofculvert
DLhBHorizontalDeadLoad,bottomofculvert
LLVTVerticalLiveLoad,topslab
LLhHorizontalLiveLoad
TheloadsforaLevel2modelarethesameasthoseusedforLevel1withoneexception.IntheLevel2model,
noupwardloadsareneededonthebottomslab.Thespringsupportsautomaticallyprovidethenecessaryuplift,
andtheydosomorerealistically.Thespringsupporteliminatestheneedtocalculatetheselfweightandthelive
loadappliedtothebottomoftheslab.OtherwisethedetailsandloadingphilosophyisthesameasfortheLevel1
model.SeetheLevel1modelforamorethoroughexplanation.FigureVI11illustratestheloadingconventionfor
aLevel2model.
LL
vT
DL
DL hT
Y
X
S M= model span (in.)
scorn = SM /20 (in.)

sint = SM /10 (in.)
LL h
DL hB
FIGUREVI.11.LOADCONVENTIONSFORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
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a. D EAD L OAD
Thefirstloadrepresentstheweightofthesoilontopofthestructure,DLV.PleaseseeEquationVI2.
Thesecondloadrepresentstheselfweightofthestructure(thisisnotshowninFigureVI11forthepurposes
ofclarity).Ifthechosenanalysistoolhasagravityfeature,thisshouldbeusedtoaccuratelydistributetheself
weightacrossthestructure.Otherwise,theweightofthetopslabandwallsshouldbeapplieddownwardtothe
topslabandtheweightofthebottomslabshouldbeplaceddownwardonthebottomslab.SeeEquationVI3.
Thethirdloadisthehorizontaldeadload.PleaseseeEquationVI4andEquationVI5.
b. L IVE L OAD
TherearetwoliveloadsduetotheHS20truck:(1)thehorizontalliveload,LLh,and(2)theverticalliveload
appliedtothetopslab,LLvT.Theimpactfactor,IM,andallothervariablesusedintheliveloadequationsare
definedinTableIII1.
PerEquationVI6,thefirstliveloadisthehorizontalliveload,LLh(ksf).Thisloadisconstantregardlessofthe
numberoftruckspassingovertheculvert.AASHTOSSHB3.20.3providesa2ftsurchargeallowancefortrucks
whichareapproaching,butnotdirectlyabove,theculvert.
Theverticalliveloadappliedtothetopoftheculvert,LLvT(ksf),isthesecondtypeofliveload.Themagnitude
oftheverticalliveloaddependsonthedepthoffill,thewheelload,theculvertspan,theimpactfactor,the
numberoflanes,andthenumberoftrucks.ForthisGuide,theverticalliveloadhasbeenexpressedintermsof15
distinctequationsderivedfromAASHTOSSHB3.7.6,3.12.1,3.24.3.2and6.4,includingthelanereductionfactor
describedinAASHTOSSHB3.12.1.These15equationsarecollectivelydesignatedasEquationVI7.Foragiven
culvert,theloadratermustselectoneofthe15equationstodeterminethemagnitudeoftheverticalliveload.
ThisisthesameasfortheLevel1model.
Oncethemagnitudeoftheliveloadhasbeenestablished,itisnecessarytodefinetheareaoverwhichthelive
loadacts.Theverticalliveloadshouldbeappliedasamovingloadacrossthetopoftheculvertstructurewiththe
loadmovingfromlefttorightandfromrighttoleft.Thiswillhavetheeffectofcreatingamomentenvelope,with
bothmaximumandminimumvalues.Thelengthoverwhichthepressureshouldbeapplied,thecentertocenter
spacingforthedistributedloads,andthewheelload,P,usedtocalculateeachloadareillustratedinFigureVI12,
FigureVI13andFigureVI14fordifferentcoverdepths.
5. LOADCASES
LoadcasesfortheLevel2modelarethesameasfortheLevel1model.
Havingcreatedtheanalyticalmodel,definedtheboundaryconditions,determinedthemagnitudeandextent
ofloads,andspecifiedtheloadcases,thenextstepistocalculatethemoment,shearandthrustdemands.This
requiresapplicationofanappropriatestructuralanalysissoftwarepackage,asdiscussedinthefollowingsectionof
theGuide.
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LL vT(P=4k)
LL vT(P=16k)
14'
LL vT(P=16k)
14' to 30'
FIGUREVI.12.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFORD<2'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
1.75 * D
1.75 * D
14'
LL vT(P=4k)
LL vT(P=16k)
1.75 * D
14' to 30'
LL vT(P=16k)
FIGUREVI.13.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFOR2'<D<8'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
1.75 * D + 28'
LL vT(P=16k)
FIGUREVI.14.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFORD>8'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
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7. ANALYTICALPROGRAMRISA2DWITHSPRINGSUPPORTS
a. O VERVIEW
Mostanalyticalframeprogramswithcompressionspringfoundationcapabilities,suchasRISA2D,STRUDLand
others,shouldbeadaptabletothespecificationsoutlinedforthismodelinglevel.Becauseitiswidelyavailable
throughoutTxDOT,specificguidancewillbegivenforRISA2D.Ifaloadraterismorecomfortablewithanother
frameanalysisprogram,he/sheisfreetouseit.
RISA2Disacommerciallyavailabletwodimensionalframeanalysisprogram.VersatilityofinputmakesRISA
2Dastrongcontenderforculvertloadratinganalysis,thoughitdoesrequiremorepreparatoryhandcalculations
thanCULV5.
b. RISA2D S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

TheRISA2DprogramhassomenotablestrengthsthatmakeittheidealfirstchoiceforaLevel2culvertload
ratingprogram.Theseare:
Programinputsaregraphicallybased
Deflections,shear,thrustandmomentscanberepresentedandanalyzedgraphically
Generalityallowsforintermediateboundaryconditions
Criticalsectiondemandscanbedetermineddirectly
Asnoted,theonelimitationtoRISA2DisthatitrequiresmorepreparatorycalculationsthanCULV5.Recall
thatCULV5isheavilypreprogrammedsothattheanalyticalmodelisgeneratedjustbyspecifyingonelineofcode
onapunchcard.RISA2D,however,requiresthatallnodesandbeamelementsbeindividuallyspecified.
c. RISA2D/S PRINGS S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

CulvertloadratingforLevel2usingtheRISA2Dprogramcanbeaccomplishedbyfollowingthesesteps.This
sequenceassumestheloadraterhasalreadydefinedtheinputparametersandispreparedtocreatetheRISA2D
analyticalmodel.
RISA2DSpringStep1.
CalculateallloadsusingEquationVI2,EquationVI4,EquationVI5,Equation
VI6andEquationVI7.
RISA2DSpringStep2.
CreateamodelconsistentwithFigureVIandFigureVI10:
a. Disablecrackedsectionsandsheardeformationswithintheglobalparameters.Reduceoutputto
threepointspermember.
b. Layoutcornernodes.
c. Connectnodesusingmemberswithrectangularcrosssectionsandappropriateconcreteproperties
accordingtoTableII1andTableIV1.Drawmemberscounterclockwisearoundthecenterofthe
culverttoproduceconsistentmomentsignconventionsasperFigureVI15.Morespecifically:
Bottomelements,layoutlefttoright
Topelements,layoutrighttoleft
Wallelementsleftofcenter,layouttoptobottom
Wallelementsrightofcenter,layoutbottomtotop
Wallelementsatcenter(evenspans),layouttoptobottom
d. Usingthesplitmemberfunction,addsupportnodestothebottommembersandsetboundary
conditionsaccordingtoFigureVI11withspringconstantsfromEquationVI11.
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FIGUREVI.15.RISA2DBEAMELEMENTLAYOUTPATTERNFOR1,2,3,4AND5SPANCULVERTS
RISA2DSpringStep3.
ApplytheloadsaccordingtoFigureVI11inseparateBasicLoadCases.
a. VerticalDeadLoad,DLv(EquationVI2).Besuretoincludetheselfweightgravityloadingbyincluding
afactorof(1)intheYgravitydirection.
b. HorizontalDeadLoad,DLh(EquationVI4andEquationVI5)
c. HorizontalLiveLoad,LLh(EquationVI6)
RISA2DSpringStep4.
VerticalLiveLoad,LLVT(EquationVI7)mustbecalculatedandplacedasa
movingloadasseeninFigureVI12,FigureVI13andFigureVI14.Themovingloadwillbeapproximated
bycreatingamovingloadpatternof10equivalent,uniformlyspaced,pointloadsoverthelengthofeach
loadasseeninFigureVI16,FigureVI17andFigureVI18.Thesefiguresshowthemovingload
discretizedandgroupedintermsofthe10equivalent,uniformlyspaced,pointloads.Theloadshouldbe
appliedmovingfromrighttoleftandfromlefttoright.
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LL vT(P=4k)
LL vT(P=16k)
14'
Theoretical Model & RISA-2D Moving Load
LL vT(P=16k)
14' to 30'
FIGUREVI.16.RISA2DMOVINGLOADPATTERNFORD<2'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
1.75 * D
1.75 * D
1.75 * D
14' - 1.75*D
Theoretical Model
14' - 1.75*D
LL vT(P=16k)
LL vT(P=4k)
p = LL vT* s (kip)
14' - 1.75*D + s
LL vT(P=16k)
p = LL vT* s (kip)
14' - 1.75*D + s
p = LL vT* s (kip)
RISA-2D Moving Load
s = 1.75 * D / 10 (ft)
s = 1.75 * D / 10 (ft)
s = 1.75 * D / 10 (ft)
FIGUREVI.17.RISA2DMOVINGLOADPATTERNFOR2'<D<8'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
1.75 * D + 28'
LL vT(P=16k)
Theoretical Model
p = LL *vTs (kip)
RISA-2D Moving Load
s = (1.75 * D+ 28') / 30 (ft)
FIGUREVI.18.RISA2DMOVINGLOADPATTERNFORD>8'FORTWODIMENSIONALSTRUCTURALFRAMEANALYSISWITHSOILSPRINGS.
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RISA2DSpringStep5.
Usethesplitmemberfunctiontosplitthemembersandcreatethecritical
sectionnodes.RelabelandsortthecriticalmembersusingaconventionsimilartotheCULV5naming
convention.SeeFigureVI19.
TEC
M102 from TIC1 to TEC
TIC1
TIC2
WTEC
WTIC
M101 from WTEC to WBEC
M103
WBEC
BEC
WBIC
BIC2
M104 from BEC to BIC1
BIC1
M105
M107
FIGUREVI.19.RISA2DMEMBERNAMINGCONVENTION.
RISA2DSpringStep6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
CreatefourLoadCombinationsfordeadandlivedemands.
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheTotalLoadCasedeadloaddemands
DLvfactorof1.0
DLhfactorof1.0
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheTotalLoadCaseliveloaddemands:
LLvfactorof1.0
LLhfactorof1.0
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheReducedLateralLoadCasedeadloaddemands:
DLvfactorof1.0
DLhfactorof0.5
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorstheReducedLateralLoadCaseliveloaddemands:
LLvfactorof1.0
LLhfactorof0.0
RISA2DSpringStep7.
UseRISA2Dtosolveformoment,shearandaxialdemand,deadandliveloads
separately.Thiswillrequirefourseparatecomputerruns,oneforeachloadcombination.
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RISA2DSpringStep8.
Recordthedeadloadandthemaximumandminimumliveloaddemandsfor
eachcriticalsectionforbothloadcasesfromthememberforcestable.
RISA2DSpringStep9.
UseEquationVI1toverifythatactualthrustdemandislowerthanthe
incidentalaxialloadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.
RISA2DSpringStep10.
Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowith
calculatingtheculvertloadrating.Pertheculvertratingflowchart(FigureIII2)proceedtocalculate
InventoryandOperatingratingfactorsforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcase
perEquationII1.
capacities.
a.
b.
Iftheliveloadanddeadloadareinoppositedirectionsorthecalculatedratingisnegative,a
checkshouldbemadetoinsurethatthestructurehasadequatecapacitytosupportthedead
load.I.E.
1.3
RISA2DSpringStep11.
Selectthecontrollinginventoryandoperatingratingfactorsforeachsection.
RISA2DSpringStep12.
Selecttheoverallcontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvert.
RISA2DSpringStep13.
Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformaless
conservativeanalysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsin
SectionVI.C.
RISA2DSpringStep14.
CalculatetheInventoryandOperatingRatingsperEquationII2.
AppendixDofthisGuidepresentsanexampleLevel2culvertloadratingcalculationbasedonRISA2Dwith
springs.
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F. LEVEL3ANALYSIS:TWODIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTION
MODEL.
TheLevel3analysisisbasedonatwodimensionalfiniteelementmodelofthesoilstructuresystem,and
AASHTOvehicleloadingparameters.Thesignificantbenefitofthismodelisthatitevaluatestheinteraction
betweentheculvertstructureandthesurroundingsoil.Soilisnolongerjustaloadappliedtothestructuralframe
(culvert),butinsteadisanintegralaspectoftheloadresistanceportionofthemodel.Becausetrafficloadsare
applieddirectlytothesoilandaretransmittedthroughthesoilelementstoimpacttheculvert,thisfiniteelement
approachobviatestheneedtouseAASHTOassumptionsforsoilpressuredistributionsorliveloaddistributionsin
thedirectionoftraffic.
ThedefiningfeatureoftheLevel3analysisisthatitassumesboththesoilandtheculvertslabelements
behaveasisotropic,linearelasticmaterials.Thatis,thedominantpropertyforexpressingtheengineering
behaviorofthesematerialsistheirelasticmodulus.Thisisobviouslyasimplifiedviewforsuchcomplexmaterials,
andother,moresophisticatedconstitutivemodelsforboththeculvertstructureandthesoilexist.However,for
basicloadratinganalyseswhereactualmaterialpropertiesareusuallynotknown,theuncertaintyintroducedby
usingasimplifiedlinearelasticmodelfortheculvertandsoilisconsistentwithotheruncertaintiesinthemodeling
process.
1. ASSUMPTIONS
Theassumptionsassociatedwithatwodimensionalfiniteelementmodelaresimilartothetwodimensional
frameanalysiswithextensionsandmodificationsforusingfiniteelementstomodelsoilbehaviorandloading.
AASHTOvehicleloaddistributionsareappliedinthetransversedirection.
Bodyweightofsoilelementsaccuratelymodelsoildeadloads.
Aonefoot(b=1ft)sectionoftheculvertmaybeanalyzed.
Nohydrostaticpressure(water)insidetheculvert.
Supportingsoilsarefullydrained,i.e.nohydrostaticpressureoutsidetheculvert.
Momentsresultingintensionontheinsidefaceoftheculvertarepositive.
Momentsresultingintensionontheoutsidefaceoftheculvertarenegative.
2. MODELDIMENSIONS
TheculvertmodeldimensionsforLevel3areexactlythesameasthoseforLevel2.RefertoSectionVI.D.2and
FigureVI2fordetails.IftheloadraterhasalreadydevelopedaLevel2culvertmodel,thiscanbedirectly
appropriatedintotheLevel3analysis.
Inadditiontotheculvertstructure,Level3requiresmodelingthesubsurfaceregime;thatis,thesoil
surroundingtheculvert.FigureVI20illustratestheextentofthesoilstructuremodel.Theoveralllimitsofthesoil
modelrelativetotheculvertareDabove,1.5Hbelow,and2Soneithersideoftheculvert.
Whencreatingasubmeshofthesoilelements,itisnecessarytodefineatleast10soilelementsalongeach
spanoftheculvert.Anydecreaseinthenumberofsoilelementsadjacenttotheculvertstructurewillresultin
significanterrorrelativetohowsoilloadsaretransmittedtotheculvertmodel.Soilelementsshouldbe
approximatelysquare.
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BoundaryconditionsfortheLevel3modelmustmimiccontinuoussoilsurroundingtheculvert.Thismeans
thattheoutsideedgesofthemodelspace(soil)willberestrainedintheglobalXdirection,whilethebottomedge
ofthemodelspace(soil)willberestrainedintheglobalYdirection.Theculvertportionofthemodelisnot
restrainedbyboundaryconditionsfortheLevel3model.
D
S + TEW/24 + TIW/24
H + TT /24 + TB /24
2*S
1.5*H
FIGUREVI.20.SOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONMODELLAYOUT.
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4. LOADS
LoadsfortheLevel3modeldifferfromtheLevel1andLevel2modelsbecausethesoilispartofthemodeled
systemandisnolongeranotherloadappliedtotheculvertframe.
Thismeansthatalldeadloads,bothforsoilandfortheculvert,shouldbemodeledbythebodyforce(gravity)
ontherespectivefiniteelements.
LiveloadsmuststillbeestablishedusingAASHTOtrafficloadingguidelines.However,forLevel3,theonly
trafficloadistheverticalliveload,LLVT.Thistrafficloadmustbeconvertedtopointloadswhichareappliedtothe
soilsurface.ThisisconceptuallydifferentfromtheLLVTcalculationsforLevels1and2.
Previously,LLVTrepresentedadistributedloadappliedtotheculvertmodel.ThemagnitudeofLLVT
correspondedtoanattenuatedtrafficpressurecalculatedbasedonthedepthoffill,thewheelload,theculvert
span,theimpactfactor,thenumberoflanes,andthenumberoftrucks.Inotherwords,theliveloadpressure
actingontheculvertsurfacewasmuchreduced(attenuated)fromthetirecontactpressureduetothedistance
betweenthepointofapplication(wheretherubberhitstheroad)andtheculverttopslab(locatedsomedistance
belowgroundsurface).Theattenuationcalculationsaccountforprismaticspreadingoftheloadwithdepth,both
inplane(paralleltoculvertcrosssection)andoutofplane(perpendiculartoculvertcrosssection).
ForLevel3,theinplanetrafficpressure(wheelload)ismodeleddirectly,sinceitcanbedirectlyappliedtothe
soilsurface.Themodelingchallenge,therefore,istodefinethemagnitudeofthispressure(LLVT)suchthatit
reasonablyaccountsforoutofplaneattenuationattheculvertsurface.Toaccomplishthis,thetrafficloadis
distributedoveracertaindistanceintheoutofplanedirectiontoestablishthedistributedloadappliedtothe
culverttopslab.Thisattenuatedload,whichisamodifiedtypeofLLVTspecificallyforaLevel3model,isappliedas
apointloadtothesurfacesoilelements.
ForthisGuide,theverticalliveloadhasbeenexpressedintermsof10distinctequationsderivedfrom
AASHTO(AASHTO,2007).These10equationsarecollectivelydesignatedasEquationVI12.
AswiththeLevel1andLevel2models,foragivenculvert,theloadratermustselectoneofthe10equations
todeterminethemagnitudeoftheverticalliveload.Twovariablesgovernselectionoftheappropriateliveload
equation.Thefirstisthenumberoflanespassingovertheculvert.Thesecondvariableisthedepthoffill,D.This
filldepthwillyieldtheproperloadconfigurationaspertheAASHTOstressdistribution.Takentogether,the
numberoflanesandthefilldepthestablishthecontrollingnumberoftrucksandidentifytheproperequationto
useforLLvT.
ThemodifiedpointloadsareappliedtothetopofthesoilasmovingloadsaspertheHS20loadpattern
movingfromrighttoleftandlefttoright.FigureVI21illustratesthecentertocenterspacingforthemodified
pointloads.Justtobeclear,themodifiedpointloadsareappliedtothesoilsurfaceaspointloads,notastire
contactpressures.
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EQUATIONVI12.VERTICALLIVELOADAPPLIEDTOTHETOPSOILMASSFORLEVEL3ANALYSIS,LLVT(KLF)
NumberofTrafficLanes
DepthofFillD(ft)
0<D<2
2<D<3.8
1
1.15 D
1.67
1truck
3.8<D
2
1.15 D
7.67
1truck
0<D<2
2<D<3.8
LL
3.8<D
LL
3+
0<D<2
3+
2<D<3.8
LL
3+
3.8<D<9.4
LL
3+
9.4<D
LL
where:
MagnitudeLLvT(klf)
1
4 0.06
LL
1truck
1 IM P
4 0.06 S
1 IM
1.15 D
1truck
2 P
5.67
2truck
4 P
1.15 D 17.67
2trucks
1
4 0.06
T
1 IM
1.15 D
1truck
2 P
5.67
2truck
4 P
1.15 D 17.67
2trucks
.9 6 P
1.15 D 27.67
3trucks
theverticalliveloadonthetopslab(ksf)
5. LOADCASES
TheLevel3approachdirectlymodelstheculvertsoilinteraction,sotherearenoexternallyappliedlateral
loads.ThismeansthereisnoneedforthetotalandreducedlateralloadcasesaspertheLevel1andLevel2
analyses.ThedemandatcornercriticalsectionsandmidspansfortheLevel3analysisiswhatitis.
Havingcreatedtheanalyticalmodel,definedtheboundaryconditions,anddeterminedthemagnitudeand
extentofloads,thenextstepistocalculatethemoment,shearandthrustdemands.Thisrequiresapplicationof
anappropriatestructuralanalysissoftwarepackage,asdiscussedinthefollowingsectionoftheGuide.
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LL vT(P=16k)
LL vT(P=16k)
LL vT(P=4k)
14'
14' to 30'
FIGUREVI.21.LIVELOADDISTRIBUTIONFORTWODIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTMODELWITHSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTION.
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7. ANALYTICALPROGRAMRISA2DWITHLINEARELASTICFINITEELEMENTS(LEFE)
a. O VERVIEW
Numerouscomputerprogramsareavailabletoperformtwodimensional,finiteelementmodelingofthe
culvertsoilsystem.Somehavetheiroriginsinstructuralmodeling,suchasRISA.Othershavetheiroriginsin
geotechnicalmodeling,suchasPLAXIS.Stillothershavebeenspecificallydesignedwithculverts/buriedpipesin
mindandfeaturebothcomplexstructuralresponsesystemsandmultiplesoilmodels,suchasCANDE.Stillmore
powerfulfiniteelementandfinitedifferenceprograms,suchasABACUSandFLAC,areavailablewhichcanmodel
complexstructuregeometriesandrepresentnonlinearvariationofsoilstiffnesswithstrainandanisotropy.
Notwithstandingthetechnologicalpullofincreasinglycomplexprogramsavailableformodelingtheculvert
soilsystem,certainfeaturesoftheculvertratingproblemsuggestthatformanyapplications,flexibilityandease
ofusearepreferabletocomputationalsophistication.First,culvertloadratingrequiresapplicationofamoving
loadacrosstheculvertsoilsystem,andthisnecessitatesspecificationofanonsymmetricalanalyticalmodel.
Defaultmodelsforthisapplicationarenotavailable,sotheymustbegeneratedfromthemostbasicinputfields.
Settingupmodelsthiswayistedious,timeconsuming,andhighlysusceptibletousererror.
Second,projectspecificdatafortheculvertandsoilengineeringpropertiesarerarelyavailable.Mostraters
willusedefaultparametersforconcreteandsteel(takenfromtheconstructiondrawings),andtheywillassume
basicstrengthparametersforsoil.Thispracticeisnotunreasonable,andistheruleratherthantheexception.
However,thepotentialforerrorintroducedbythesetypicalpracticeswill,inmostsituations,overshadowbenefits
thatamorecomplexanalyticalmodelmaybringtothesolution.Thismeansthatmuchofthebenefitthatis,
morerefineddeterminationofthemoment,shearandthrustdemandsfromthemoreadvancedprogramsis
rarely,ifever,realized.
Athirdfactoristhatculvertratingcalculationsdospecifydeadandliveloads,buttheydonotpresumeto
specifytheextenttowhichtheculvertcansuitablysupporttheseloads.Thatiswhattheratingprocessismeant
todetermine.Thus,aweakorflexibleculvertwillnotsupporttheappliedloaditwillfaileitherbyexcess
deflectionorinadequatestructuralcapacity.Themorecomplexstructureandsoilmodelswillcertainlydepictthis
failure.Butwhilepredictingfailureforaweakculvertisagoodthing,itdoesnotyieldaloadrating.Itsimply
showsaparticularculvertwillnotwork.Thismeansthatwiththemorecomplexanalyticalmodels,determination
oftheloadratingforaweakculvertmayrequireiterativereductionoftrafficloadsuntiltheculvertdoesnotfail.
Thismanualconvergencesolutionapproachaddsmoreworktotheculvertratingprocess.
Withthesefactorsinmind,forthepurposesofLevel3analysesunderthisGuide,thedecisionhasbeenmade
torecommendusingRISA2Dwithlinearelasticfiniteelements(LEFE)tomodelthesoilstructureinteraction.
RISA2Dseemstoreasonablybalancecomputationalrigoragainsttheuniquerequirementsoftheculvertrating
problem.
b. RISA2D S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

TheRISA2DprogramhassomenotablestrengthsthatmakeitanidealchoiceforaLevel3culvertloadrating
program.Theseare:
Programinputsaregraphicallybased
Deflections,shear,thrustandmomentscanberepresentedandanalyzedgraphically
Theprogrammodelsinplanebehaviorofplatesverywell
Generalityallowsforintermediateboundaryconditions
Criticalsectiondemandscanbedetermineddirectly
OnelimitationtousingRISA2Disthattheconstitutivemodelsforbothconcreteandsoilarelimitedtothe
linearelasticmodel.However,asnotedabove,thisapproachallowsfordirectcalculationoftheratingfactor.
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c. RISA2D/LEFE S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

CulvertloadratingforLevel3usingtheRISA2Dprogramcanbeaccomplishedbyfollowingthesesteps.This
sequenceassumestheloadraterhasalreadydefinedtheinputparametersandispreparedtocreatetheRISA2D
analyticalmodel.
RISA2DLEFEStep1. ModifythemodelcreatedfortheLevel2analysistomatchFigureVI20throughthe
followingsteps:
a.
RemoveallLevel2boundaryconditionsandloads.
b.
Placenewnodesattheoutsidecornersofthesoilareaaswellasattheedgesdirectlyabove,
belowandoutsidetheoutsidecornersoftheculvertaccordingtoFigureVI20.
c.
ConnectthenodesfromRISA2DLEFEStep1.busingtheplatedrawingtooltomakeeightlarge
soilelementssurroundingtheculvertandfillingthesoilarea.
i. TheelementsshouldhavethematerialpropertiesfromTableIV3.
ii. Theelementsshouldbe12in.thick.
d.
Usethesubmeshtooltoautomaticallysubmeshthelargeplates.Besuretospecifya
minimumof10elementsalongeachculvertspan.
e.
Createathinsoilbeamatthegroundsurface,runningfromthetopleftcornerofthesoilarea
tothetoprightcorner.Thisisnecessarytofacilitatetheapplicationofthemovingliveload.Itis
requiredbyalimitationinRISA2Dwhichrequiresmovingloadstobeappliedtobeamsonly.
f.
Settheboundaryconditionsfortheoutsideedgeofsoilmesh,asshowninFigureVI20.
RISA2DLEFEStep2. EstablishtheRISAloadcasesfordeadloadandliveload,asdiscussedinSectionVI.F.4.
a.
Thedeadloadissimplya1gravityloadingintheGlobalYdirection
b.
TheliveloadisamovingloadofmagnitudeandspacingasillustratedinFigureVI21and
calculatedinEquationVI12alongthesoilbeamcreatedinstep2.e.Usethecheckboxtorun
theloadbothdirectionsalongthebeam.
RISA2DLEFEStep3. UseRISA2Dtosolveformoment,shearandaxialdeadandliveloadsseparately.This
willrequiretwoseparatecomputerruns,oneforeachloadcombination.
RISA2DLEFEStep4. Recordthemaximumandminimumdemandsateachcriticalsectionfromthemember
forcestable.
RISA2DLEFEStep5. UseEquationVI1tocheckthatactualthrustdemandislowerthantheincidentalaxial
loadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.
RISA2DLEFEStep6. Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowithcalculatingthe
Operatingratingfactorsforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcaseperEquation
II1.
capacities.
a.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
b.
checkshouldbemadetoensurethatthestructurehasadequatecapacitytosupportthedead
load.I.E.
1.3
RISA2DLEFEStep7. Selectthecontrollinginventoryandoperatingratingfactorsforeachsection.
RISA2DLEFEStep8. Selecttheoverallcontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvert.
RISA2DLEFEStep9. Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformalessconservative
analysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsofSectionVI.C.
RISA2DLEFEStep10.
CalculatetheInventoryandOperatingRatingsperEquationII2.
AppendixEcontainsaculvertratingexampleusingRISA2DwithLEFE.
66
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VII.
CulvertRatingGuide
67
THEGENERALANALYTICALMODELFORCULVERTLOADRATING
A. THELEVEL4ANALYSISDEFINED
Level4analysesgobeyondthecomputationalsophisticationoftheLevel1,Level2,andLevel3analyses
discussedinthisGuide.TheLevel4analysisforculvertloadratingmeanstheengineerusesamoreadvanced
modelingapproachtodetermineculvertloaddemands,culvertcapacity,orboth.Level4analyseswill,ata
minimum,modelsoilstructureinteractioneffects.Level4analysesmayuseeithertwodimensionalorthree
dimensionalmodelsfortheculvertsoilsystem.
ItisimportanttoemphasizethatLevel4meansahigherlevelofanalyticalsophisticationandnotbetter
qualityinput.EachofthemodelingapproachesdescribedinthisGuide(Level1,Level2,orLevel3)allowstheuse
ofdefaultinputparameterssuchasmaybeobtainedfrompolicy,fromconstructiondrawings,orfromthisGuide.
Resultsfromthesesamemodelingapproachesmaybeenhancedbyusingprojectspecificinputparameters,such
asactualconcretecompressivestrengthvalues,actualreinforcingsteeltensilestrengthvalues,actualsoilmodulus
values,andsoon.However,forLevel4modeling,itisassumedthatprojectspecificvalueswillalwaysbeused.
Thepointisthatamoresophisticatedmodelwarrantsmorerefinedprojectinputs.Itisawasteofefforttocreate
aLevel4culvertmodelbutpopulateitwithdefaultorhandbookmaterialparameters.
ItisalsoimportanttoemphasizethatthegoalofaLevel4analysisisamoreaccurateassessmentofthelive
loadcapacityoftheculvertstructure;i.e.,abetterloadrating.Usually,butnotalways,thistranslatestoahigher
loadratingthanwouldbeobtainedfromoneofthelesseranalyses.ThisisbecauseLevel4modelsdemandloads
(moments,shears,andaxialthrusts)inamorerefinedway,andwhenthedemandsaremorecorrectlymodeled,
theyaregenerallylessconservative.Butnothingintheloadratingprocessrequiresthattheinventoryand
operatingratingsfromaLevel4analysisbehigherthanforaLevel3analysis.
B. WHENTOUSEALEVEL4ANALYSIS
AsdiscussedinChapterIII,thelevelofanalysischosenisatradeoffbetweensophisticationofanalysisand
requiredworkeffort.Thesimplermethodsarefrequentlyselectedasafirstchoiceduetotheneedtoanalyze
manystructureswithlimitedresources.
Whenalowerlevelanalysisyieldssatisfactoryresults,thereisnoneedtouseamoresophisticatedmodel.
Satisfactoryresultswouldbetheestablishmentofsafeloadcarryingcapacitythatdoesnotrequirepostingthe
structureanddoesnotundulyrestricttheflowofpermittedoverweighttrucks.Amoresophisticatedanalysisis
justifiedtoavoidpostingthestructureortoeaserestrictionsontheflowofpermittedoverweighttrucks.
Typically,then,aLevel4analysismaybejustifiedwhenaLevel3analysis(performedusingprojectspecific
inputparameters)indicatesthataculvertmustbeloadposted,evenwheninthejudgmentoftheengineer
inspector,loadpostingisnotnecessary.Economicsalsoentersintothedecisionmakingprocess.Theengineer
mustevaluatethecostandeffortassociatedwithconductingaLevel4analysisagainstalternativecoursesof
action.
Level4analysiswillberequirediftheculvertisanythingotherthanareinforcedconcreteboxculvert.
ReinforcedconcreteboxculvertsarethemostcommontypeofculvertusedbyTxDOT,andLevel1,Level2,and
Level3analysesassumethatthestructureisareinforcedconcreteboxculvert.However,iftheculvertis
manufacturedfromothermaterialsuchasaluminum,plastic,orsteel,oriftheculvertshapeisotherthan
rectangularboxsuchasanarchorapipe,theLevel4analysiswillberequired.
ResearchorientedstudiesareanotherpotentialapplicationforLevel4analyses.Forexample,interpretation
ofloadtestdataforaculvertstructuremightrequirecomparisonofmemberstressesobtainedfromtheloadtest
withpredictedstressesobtainedfromculvertmodeling.Inthiscase,theuseofmoresophisticatedmodelsis
probablywarranted.
TheimportantthingtokeepinmindisthattheLevel4analysisrepresentsthemostgeneralmodeling
approach,butrequiresthemostspecificprojectinputparameters.Thismeansthatconsiderablecost,effortand
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
68
timewillberequiredbothtocreatetheLevel4analyticalmodel,andtoobtaintheinputparametersfromwhich
themodelwillyieldmeaningfulresults.
C. COMMENTSONTWODIMENSIONALVS.THREEDIMENSIONALMODELS
BothtwodimensionalandthreedimensionalfiniteelementmodelscanbeusedforaLevel4analysisofthe
culvertsoilsystem.Numerouscomputerprogramsareavailabletocreatethesemodels.Commentsareas
follows.
1. LEVEL4ANALYSISWITHATWODIMENSIONALMODEL
IfatwodimensionalmodelwillbeusedforaLevel4culvertloadratinganalysis,therecommendedcomputer
programfordeterminingdemandmoments,shearsandthrustsisCANDE(CulvertANalysisandDEsign).First
introducedin1976underthesponsorshipofFHWA,CANDEisaspecialpurpose,publicdomainfiniteelement
programthatisusedworldwideforthestructuraldesignandanalysisofburiedculverts.CANDEisviewedas
highlytrustworthy,havingbeencarefullydocumentedandvalidatedthroughmorethan30yearsofengineering
researchandconsultingapplications.ItiscomputationalrigorthatmakesCANDEsuperiortotheLevel3model
discussedinthisGuide(RISA2DwithLEFE).
CANDEwasrecentlyupgradedunderNCHRPProject1528tocreateCANDE2007andfeaturescomplex
structuralresponsesystemsandmultiplesoilmodels(MlynarskiM.M.,2008).CANDE2007providesanelastic
solution(CANDELevel1),automatedfiniteelementmeshgenerationforcommonconfigurations(CANDELevel2),
andauserdefinedfiniteelementmesh(CANDELevel3),allintwodimensions.Enhancementsoverearlier
versionsofCANDEincludeanupdatedfiniteelementanalysisengineandgraphicaltoolsforinterpretingthe
CANDEoutput.DocumentationforCANDE2007includestheUserManualandGuideline,SolutionMethodand
Formulations,andTutorialofApplications.Theseareinstalledwiththeprogram.
Relativetoculvertloadrating,CANDEsprimarybenefitsare:(a)anadvancedreinforcedconcreteconstitutive
modelfeaturingatrilinearcurveincompressionandanabrupttensionruptureatinitialtensioncracking,(b)five
alternativesoilmodelstochoosefromincludingisotropicelastic,orthotropicelastic,overburdendependent,
DuncanandDuncan/Selig,andextendedHardin,(c)theabilitytomodelculvertconstructioninincrements,and(d)
calculationofculvertperformanceintermsofstressdependentdemandtocapacityratios.CANDEalsoincludes
subroutinestodirectlyfacilitateanalysisofculverttypesotherthanreinforcedconcreteboxes.
Notwithstandingitssuperiorcomputationalrigor,CANDEwasnotspecificallydesignedforculvertloadrating
andthusisnotveryuserfriendlyforloadratingapplications.ToloadrateaculvertusingCANDE2007,theuser
mustrelyonaCANDELevel3analysis(themostgenerallevelforCANDE).Evenwhentheuserisveryfamiliarwith
theCANDEprogram,creationoftheuserdefinedfiniteelementmeshandapplicationofmovingloadsarehighly
tediousandverytimeconsuming.WhereasastructuralengineerfamiliarwithRISAcanlikelyperformaLevel3
analysis(asdiscussedinthisGuide,usingRISAwithLEFE)inafewhours,loadratingthesameculvertusingCANDE
couldtakedays.
2. LEVEL4ANALYSISWITHATHREEDIMENSIONALMODEL
Wheninvestigatingtheperformanceofculvertswithshallowcoversubjectedtoliveloads,ithasbeen
recognizedthatthreedimensionalattenuationoftheliveloadtakesplaceboththroughthesoilandthestructure.
Inmostcasesevaluatingliveloadeffectsintwodimensionsleadstoconservativedesigns,asthelongitudinal
distributionofloadisunderestimated.Thus,threedimensionalanalysisoftheloadratingproblemshouldleadto
betterresults.
However,severalmodelingissuesmustbesuitablyaddressedtosolvethethreedimensionalculvertrating
problem.Theseincludebutarenotlimitedtospecificationofthestructuralmodel,modelingthevehicle(live
load)geometry,selectionofthesoilandreinforcedconcreteconstitutivemodels,inclusionofsoilshearfailureand
stiffnessvariationwithdepth,modelingoflongitudinalbeddingtosupporttheculvertstructure,andmodelingof
culvertjointeffects.Tothisend,aLevel4analysisbasedonthreedimensionalmodelingoftheculvertsoilsystem
representsthemostadvancedapproachtoculvertloadrating.
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CulvertRatingGuide
69
Severalsoftwareprogramscanbeusedforthreedimensionalculvertloadratingapplications,someofthe
moreprominentexamplesbeingABAQUS,ANSYS,FLAC3D,andPLAXIS.Amongcommerciallyavailablesoftware
programssuitableforthreedimensionalmodeling,ABAQUSstandsout.ABAQUSisageneralpurposefinite
elementanalysiscode,butithasbeensuccessfullyprogrammedtoproviderealisticsimulationsthatallow
accuratepredictionsofsoildeformationsandsoilstructureinteractions.ABAQUSfeaturesawelldeveloped
graphicalinterfaceandcompatibilitywithvariousCADprogramswhichenhanceitsusability.
D. PRACTICALCONSIDERATIONSFORLEVEL4CULVERTLOADRATINGANALYSES
ThisGuiderecognizesahierarchyofanalysisforperformingthedemandcalculations,withLevel4beingthe
mostgeneralandthemostsophisticatedmodelingapproach.Level4analysesarewarrantedonlyforspecialized
applications.Typically,aLevel4culvertloadratinganalysiswouldbedoneonlyifaLevel3analysisbasedon
projectspecificinputdatafailstoyieldsatisfactoryresults.
Level4analysesrequirehighquality,projectspecificinputdatafortheculvertstructuralproperties,soil
properties,andvehicleloads.BecauseLevel4analysesarethemostgeneral,theyarealsothemostcomplexand
difficulttocreate.Numerousengineeringdecisionsmustbemadetofullyspecifythemodel.
SuccessfulmodelingatLevel4presumesthattheloadraterhasastrongbackgroundinstructuralmodelingin
generalandtheculvertloadratingprocessinparticular.Evenundertheseconditions,itshouldbeexpectedthat
Level4analyseswillbehighlycomplex,timeconsuming,andcostlytoperform.
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VIII.
CulvertRatingGuide
71
LIMITATIONS
ThisCulvertRatingGuidehasbeendevelopedinordertopresentaclear,repeatableandvalidprocedurefor
TxDOTengineersandtheirconsultantstousewhenloadratingculvertsintheTxDOTroadwaysystem.Through
TxDOTresearchproject05849,theanalyticalapproachesdescribedhereinwerevalidatedbyloadratinga
representativesampleofTxDOTculvertdesignsfromeachofTxDOTsculvertdesigneras,byperforminga
parametricstudy,andthroughcomparativeanalysesusingdatafromaverylimitedfieldinstrumentationandload
testprogramconsistingofthreereinforcedconcreteboxculvertsbeddedindrained,lowtomediumquality
backfillsoilunderlowdepthoffill.WhiletheprinciplesoutlinedinthisGuideareapplicabletootherapplications,
becauseofinherentdiversityofmanyaspectsoftheculvertloadratingprocessincludingculverttype,soilbackfill
conditions,drainage,analyticalmodelingtools,andothers,certainlimitationsmustbenoted.
A. CULVERTTYPE
ThisGuidehasbeendevelopedforloadratingcastinplacereinforcedconcreteboxculverts,whicharethe
mostcommontypeofculvertusedbyTxDOT.Theloadratingmethodspresentedhereinhavenotbeenexplicitly
evaluatedforotherculvertmaterialssuchasplastic,steel,oraluminum.Precastconcreteboxculvertsmaybe
modeledusingtechniquessimilartothoseoutlinedinthisGuide;however,thecapacityequationsforprecast
concreteboxculvertspresentedinAASHTOsSSHBandMCEBareslightlydifferentfromthoseoutlinedherefor
reinforcedconcreteboxculverts.Roundpipes,arch,andotherculvertshapesbehaveverydifferentlyfrombox
culvertsandthisGuidedoesnotpresenttoolsandprocedurestomodeltheseotherculvertshapes.
B. FILLDEPTH
TxDOTsculvertdesignsmodelfilldepthsrangingfromzero(directtraffic)todeepfill(inexcessof20feet).
Parametricstudiesindicatethatthedeeperthefill,themoresoilstructureinteractioninfluencesculvertbehavior.
However,thefieldinstrumentationprogramforresearchproject05849onlyevaluatedculvertshavingfourfeet
orlessoffill.WhiletheproceduresoutlinedintheGuidecanbeusedtoloadratedeepfillculverts,itwillbe
especiallyimportanttovalidatethesoilparametersusedfordemandmodeling.
C. BACKFILLDRAINAGE
Submergedculvertsandculvertsinundrained,saturatedsoilsexistinvariouspartsofthestate,inparticular,
alongtheTexasGulfCoastandinhighrainfallareasofEastTexas.Researchproject05849didnotexploreor
considertheeffectsofwateronthestructuralcomponentofculvertbehavior.
D. SOILPARAMETERS
Thesampleloadratingandparametricstudiesperformedforresearchproject05849indicatethatthe
inventoryratingfactorissensitivetocertainsoilparametersandconditions,inparticular,thesoilmodulusvalue
usedforLevel3analyses.Bothpublishedliteratureandthefieldinstrumentationtestprogramforresearchproject
05849suggestthatsoilmodulusvaluesforagivensoilmayvarybyasmuchasonetotwoordersofmagnitude
dependingonoverburdenstress,drainage,themethodusedtodeterminemodulus,andotherfactors.Whilethe
Guidedoesofferhandbookvaluesforthesoilparameters,thesevaluesshouldbeusedwithcautionand
engineeringjudgment.
E. ANALYTICALMODEL
ThisGuidehasgivenpreferencetoanalyticalmodelsandstructuralanalysissoftwaresuitableforproduction
loadratingofculverts.Thisisasopposedtomodels/softwareprimarilyintendedforculvertdesignandanalysis,or
forresearch.Structuralanalysismodelsandsoftwarewhichincorporatemoresophisticatedconstitutivemodels
fortheculvertandthesoilexist,andthesemaybeusedforloadratingasperthediscussioninChapterVIIonLevel
4culvertloadratinganalyses.
TxDOT
IX.
CulvertRatingGuide
73
WORKSCITED
AASHTO.(2007).LRFDBridgeDesignSpecificationsCustomaryUnits4thEd.WashingtonD.C.:American
AsssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials.
AASHTO.(2003).ManualforConditionEvaluationofBridges(2nded.).Washington,D.C.:AmericanAssociationof
StateHighwayandTransportationOfficials.
AASHTO.(2002).StandardSpecificationsforHighwayBridges(17thed.).Washington,D.C.:AmericanAssociation
ofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials.
Bowles,J.E.(1996).FoundationAnalysisandDesign(5thed.).NewYork:McGrawHill.
Coduto,D.P.(2001).FoundationDesignPrinciplesandPractices(3rded.).UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey:
PrenticeHall.
FHWA.(1986).CulvertInspectionManual.Washington,D.C.:U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.
McCarthy,D.F.(2002).EssentialsofSoilMechanicsandFoundations.UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey:Prentice
Hall.
Mlynarski,M.M.(2008).ModernizeandUpgradeCANDEforAnalysisandDesignofBuriedStructures.TheNational
Academies.Washington,DC:TransportationResearchBoard.
Mlynarski,M.,Katona,M.G.,&McGrath,T.J.(2008).CANDE2007CulvertAnalysisandDesignUserManualand
Guideline.MoonTownship,PA:NationalCooperativeHighwayResearchProjectNCHRP1528.
NAVFAC.(1986).SoilMechanics:NAVFACDM7.01.Alexandria,VA:NavalFacilitiesEngineeringCommand.
TxDOT.(2001).BridgeDesignManual.Austin,Tx:TexasDepartmentofTransportation.
TxDOT.(2002).BridgeInspectionManual.Austin,Tx:TexasDepartmentofTransportation.
TxDOT.(2003).ConcreteBoxCulvertAnalysisProgramCULV5InputGuide.Austin:TexasDepartmentof
Transportation.
TxDOT.(2003).CULV5ConcretBoxCulvertAnalysisProgram.Austin:TexasDepartmentofTransportation.
TxDOT.(2004).CULV5(Version1.71)Readme.pdf.Austin,Tx:TexasDepartmentofTransportation.
VanTil,e.(1972).PCASoilPrimer.Skokie,IL:PortlandCementAssociation.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
74
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
AppendixA.
EXAMPLECULVERTDETAILS
MC103:3SPAN,10X7WITH6FILL
75
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
76
1. OVERVIEW
ThisappendixintroducesanexampleculvertdesignatedMC103,3span,10x7with6fillwhichwillbe
usedtoillustrateloadratingcalculationsforLevel1,Level2,andLevel3analyses.Morespecifically,thisappendix
explainshowtoobtaintheculvertdimensionalandstructuralpropertiesnecessaryforaloadratinganalysis.
Typically,loadratingisperformedaspartoftheculvertinspectionprocess,sovariouskindsofdesign
informationmightbeavailablefortheculvertstructure.However,forthisexample,itisassumedthattheonly
informationavailableistheculvertplansheet.TxDOTsculvertdesignsappearonplansheetssuchastheone
showninFigureIX1.Thisparticularplansheetincludesdesignsfor25differentculverts,sodetailspertainingto
thespecificculvertinquestion(highlightedinyellow)mustbeidentified.Ratingvariablesaredeterminedthrough
takeoffsfromtheculvertplansheet.
FIGUREIX.1.EXAMPLECULVERTDESIGNSHEET.
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77
2. GENERALCULVERTINFORMATION
FigureIX2showsthetitleblockfromtheculvertplansheet,identifyingthedesignyearandrelateddesign
information.Thedesignyearisimportantbecauseitisusedtodeterminethesteelandconcretegradesasper
AASHTOpolicy,asdiscussedinSectionII.CofthisGuide.TableIX1summarizesgeneralinformationaboutthe
culvert.
FIGUREIX.2.EXAMPLECULVERT,TITLEBLOCKINFORMATIONFROMPLANSHEET.
TABLEIX1.EXAMPLECULVERT,GENERALINFORMATION.
sheet#
MC103
culvertID
MC103310x7w6
year
1958
concreteclass
steelgrade
NA
installationtype
NA
roadwidth(ft)
44
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CulvertRatingGuide
78
3. DIMENSIONS
FigureIX3enlargesthetypicalhalfsectionfromtheculvertplansheettofacilitatedeterminingtheculvert
dimensions.SectionIV.CofthisGuidediscussesthedimensionvariablesneededforculvertloadrating.TableIX2
summarizesthedimensionaldatafortheexampleculvert.Thisinformationisusedtocreatetheculvertmodel,a
crosssectionalsketchofwhichisshowninFigureIX4,includingidentificationofmembers,nodes,centerline
dimensions,andmostimportantly,locationoftheculvertcriticalsections.Thisculvertdoesnotcontainhaunches,
sothisaffectsdesignationoftheculvertcriticalsectionsshowninFigureIX4.
FIGUREIX.3.EXAMPLECULVERT,DIMENSIONSFROMPLANSHEET.
TABLEIX2.EXAMPLECULVERT,REQUIREDDIMENSIONS.
Dimension
Abbr.
numberofspans
coversoildepth
clearspan
clearheight
exteriorwallthickness
interiorwallthickness
topslabthickness
bottomslabthickness
tophaunchdimension
N
D
S
H
TEW
TIW
TT
TB
FT
bottomhaunchdimension
FB
Value
3.0
6.0
10.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.5
9.5
0.0
Units
ft
ft
ft
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
0.0 in.
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CulvertRatingGuide
79
TEC1
0
WTEC110
9
TIC1 TIC2
TEM1
2
M102
100
10
WTIC1 9
TIC3
TIM1
2
M105
TIC4
TEC2
TEM2
100
1
2
10
9 WTIC2
M108
10
10 WTEC2
9
M101
WEM1 5
WIM1
M103
M106
M109
5 WIM2
M104
WBEC1 00
BEC1
BEM1
WBIC1
6
0
100
BIC1
M107
1
BIC2
BIM1
0
100
BIC2
M110
WBIC2
2
BIC4
BEM2
WEM2
0
10 WBEC2
BEC2
FIGUREIX.4.CROSSSECTIONSKETCHOFTHEEXAMPLECULVERTFORTHEANALYTICALMODEL.
Commentary:
The10thpointnumberingschemeappliesonlyfortheCULV5output.ThesignconventionusedthroughouttheGuideisconsistent
withthislayoutinCULV5.However,inordertomaintainthesignconventioninthehigherlevelmodels(e.g.RISA2D),themembersmustbe
orientedasperFigureVI15.
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80
4. MATERIAL(STRUCTURAL)PROPERTIES
Designinformationincludingtheconcretestrength,reinforcingsteelgradeandotherdatamustbeobtained
fromtheplansheetandotherconstructiondocumentsasavailable.Whenthedesignyearisknown,structural
materialpropertiesfortheconcreteandsteelcanbeestablishedbasedonAASHTOpolicyasperSectionII.Cofthis
Guide.TableIX3summarizesthestructuralmaterialpropertiesfortheexampleculvert.
TABLEIX3.EXAMPLECULVERT,STRUCTURALMATERIALPROPERTIES.
MaterialProperties
Abbr.
Value
Units
comp.strengthofconcrete
fc
3000 psi
yieldstressofsteel
Fy
36000 psi
modulusofelasticityforsteel
Es
29000 ksi
modulusofelasticityforconc.
Ec
3122 ksi
modularratio
Whitney'sstressblock
0.85
5. SOILPARAMETERS
Sitespecificdetailsforthesoilsaroundthisculvertarenotavailable.Therefore,mediumsoilpropertieswill
beassumedfortheanalysis,asdefinedinSectionIV.EofthisGuide.TableIX4summarizesthesoilproperties.
TABLEIX4.EXAMPLECULVERTSOILPARAMETERS.
Type
Value
Units
soilunitweight
120 pcf
modulusofsubgradereaction
modulusofelasticity
Poisson'sratio
k
E
150 pci
20000 psi
0.3
Abbr.
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81
6. REINFORCINGSTEELSCHEDULE
Theculvertplansheetdetailsmustbecarefullyreviewedtodeterminethesizeandspacingofreinforcingbars
forthetensileandcompressivezonesintheculvert.SeeFigureIX3,FigureIX5andFigureIX6.Theareaofsteel
canthenbedeterminedusingEquationIX1.
EQUATIONIX1.AREAOFREINFORCINGSTEEL.
where: As= areaofthetensionreinforcement(in.2)

thereinforcingbarsize(1/8)
s = thereinforcingspacing(in.)
FIGUREIX.5.EXAMPLECULVERT,REINFORCINGSCHEDULEFROMPLANSHEET.
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82
FIGUREIX.6.EXAMPLECULVERT,DESIGNATIONOFREINFORCINGSTEELASPERPLANSHEET.
Ultimately,thegoalofthereinforcingsteelquantitytakeoffistoestablishtheareaofreinforcingsteelat
eachcriticalsection,forboththetensionandcompressionfaces,foreachmemberoftheculvert.Thismeansthat
itisnecessarytodefinetheareaofsteelateachcriticalsectionidentifiedonFigureIX4.TableIX5summarizes
thereinforcingsteelparametersforeachcriticalsectionoftheexampleculvert.
Itshouldbenotedthat,duetosymmetry,itisnecessarytospecifyonlyhalftheculvert.Sincetheexample
culvertisathreespanculvertshowninFigureIX4,Member106andMember103arethesameandwillyield
identicalresults.Thesameistrueformembers101and109,102and108,and104and110.Therefore,itis
necessarytodeterminethereinforcingsteelonlyforMembers101,102,103,104,105and107(1,2,3,4,5and7
inCULV5output).
Basedonthisfact,tosavework,someloadraterswillnotesymmetryconditionsupfrontandonlyspecify
criticalsectionsfortheuniquestructuralmembers.ThisGuidefollowsthispractice.
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CulvertRatingGuide
83
TABLEIX5.EXAMPLECULVERT,REINFORCINGSTEELSCHEDULE.
M105
M107
18
B
B
B
Y
Z
Z
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7.5
7.5
7.5
12
12
12
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
D
C
C
C
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
E1
Y
Z
Z
D
6
4
4
4
5
E2
E1
6
6
E1
E2
6
6
E2
8
8
8
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0.4602
5
0.4602
5
0.4602
5
0.4602 7.55
0.0000 7.5
6 0.8836 7.5
12 0.1963
5
12 0.1963
5
12 0.1963
5
8 0.4602 7.5
0.0000 7.5
5.5 0.9639 7.5
6 0.8836 7.5
0.0000 7.5
6 0.8836 7.5
5.5 0.9639 7.5
0.0000 7.5
5.5 0.9639 7.5
7. CULVERTINSTALLATIONMETHOD
Theculvertinstallationmethodisunknown.However,sincetheculvertwasdesignedandinstalledinthelate
1950s,itisreasonabletoassumethatresidualstresseswhichmighthaveexistedforanembankmentortrench
installationwillhavedissipated.Thusitwillbeacceptabletoignorehowtheculvertwasinstalled.
d(in.)
As(in.2/ft)
As(in.2/ft)
Spacing(in.)
BarDia.(1/8")
Mark
Spacing(in.)
M104
0.0000
0.1309
0.0000
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
0.4909
BarDia.(1/8")
M103
WBEC
WEM
WTEC
TEC
TEM
TIC1
WBIC1
WIM1
WTIC1
BEC
BEM
BIC1
TIC2
TIM1
TIC3
BIC2
BIM1
BIC3
Mark
M102
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
19
20
21
OutsideLayerReinforcingSchedule
d(in.)
M101
Sections
Member
InsideLayerReinforcingSchedule
TxDOT
AppendixB.
CulvertRatingGuide
EXAMPLECULVERTCAPACITYCALCULATIONS
85
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
86
Whenthemodeldimensions,materialproperties,soilproperties,andreinforcingsteelparametersare
defined,themoment,shearandthrustcapacitiesforeachcriticalsectionoftheculvertmustbedetermined.
Becausethereinforcingsteellayoutforculvertsisnotfullysymmetrical,capacityisadirectionalproperty.
Thatis,theculvertslabslicesunderanalysiswillhavedifferentcapacitiesdependingonthedirectionofbending.
ThesignconventionusedthroughoutthisGuideisthatbendingwhichproducestensionontheinsidefaceofthe
culvertispositive,whilebendingwhichproducestensionontheoutsidefaceoftheculvertisnegative.Thesign
conventionisdefinedintermsofbending,withshearandaxialthrustfollowingon.Thereisnoseparate,
independentsignconventionforshearorforaxialthrust.
Ultimatelythen,thecapacitymustbedeterminedforeachcriticalsection,foreachtypeofstress(moment,
shearandthrust),forbothpositiveandnegativebending.TableIX6summarizescapacitycalculationresultsfor
eachcriticalsectionforthepositivebendingcase.Thecapacityvaluesareobtainedusingthestepbystep
procedurepresentedinChapterVofthisGuide.ThecriticalsectionsaredefinedinFigureIX4ofAppendixA,and
theareasofreinforcingsteelassociatedwitheachcriticalsectionareshowninTableIX5.
CapacityStep3.
CapacityStep4.
CapacityStep5.
CapacityStep6.
CapacityStep7.
Sections
CapacityStep2.
Member
TensileFaceInside(PositiveBending)
CapacityStep1.
TABLEIX6.EXAMPLECULVERTSECTIONPROPERTIES.
c(in.)
F's(psi)
F'b(psi)
check
Mn(kft/ft)
Vn(klf)
M101
1
2
3
WBEC
WEM
WTEC
1.16
1.22
1.16
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
0.0426
NA
NA
OK
NA
2.4
1.7
2.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
M102
4
5
6
TEC
TEM
TIC1
1.39
0.68
1.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
10.2
10.2
10.2
13.4
13.4
13.4
M103
7
8
9
WBIC1
WIM1
WTIC1
0.98
0.98
0.98
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
2.6
2.6
2.6
8.4
8.4
8.4
M104
10
11
12
BEC
BEM
BIC1
1.39
0.68
1.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
10.2
10.2
10.2
13.4
13.4
13.4
M105
13
14
15
TIC2
TIM1
TIC3
1.57
0.68
1.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
10.2
10.2
10.2
13.4
13.4
13.4
M107
19
20
21
BIC2
BIM1
BIC3
1.59
0.68
1.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
10.2
10.2
10.2
13.4
13.4
13.4
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
87
TableVIII7summarizescapacitycalculationresultsforeachcriticalsectionforthenegativebendingcase.Again,
thecapacityvaluesareobtainedusingthestepbystepprocedurepresentedinChapterVofthisGuide.Notethat
thethrustcapacityneedonlybedeterminedonce.Becausethrustisalwaysnegative(compression),itisonly
presentedinTableIX7.
TABLEIX7.EXAMPLECULVERTSECTIONPROPERTIESCONT.
CapacityStep8.
CapacityStep7.
M107
CapacityStep6.
M105
CapacityStep5.
M104
CapacityStep4.
M103
WBEC
WEM
WTEC
TEC
TEM
TIC1
WBIC1
WIM1
WTIC1
BEC
BEM
BIC1
TIC2
TIM1
TIC3
BIC2
BIM1
BIC3
CapacityStep3.
M102
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
19
20
21
CapacityStep8.
M101
Sections
Thrust
CapacityStep1.
Member
TensileFaceOutside(NegativeBending)
c(in.)
F's(psi)
Pn(klf)
check
Mn(kft/ft)
Vn(klf)
Pn(klf)
0.64
1.05
0.64
1.16
0.96
1.39
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.16
0.96
1.44
1.39
0.96
1.39
1.44
0.96
1.44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
5.9
5.9
5.9
9.0
4.4
16.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
9.0
4.4
18.0
16.7
4.4
16.7
18.0
4.4
18.0
8.4
8.4
8.4
12.6
12.6
12.6
8.4
8.4
8.4
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
206.6
210.6
206.6
290.3
276.4
303.0
204.6
204.6
204.6
290.3
276.4
305.4
303.0
276.4
303.0
305.4
276.4
305.4
Itmustbeemphasizedthattheculvertloadratingprocessisonecomponentoftheculvertinspectionprocess,
andthetypicalcaseisthataculvertwhichisbeingloadratedwillhavehadavisualinspection.Section6.5.4ofthe
MCEBspecificallyaddressestherelationshipbetweenfieldinspectionandtheloadratingandnotesthatthe
conditionandextentofdeteriorationofstructuralcomponentsofthebridge[culvert]shouldbeconsideredinthe
computationofcapacitywhenforceormomentischosenforuseinthebasicratingequation.Thismeansthat
anydiscrepanciesfromplan,orexcessivedistresssuchasthinsections,spalling,cracking,deflection,exposed
reinforcingsteel,andotheritemswhichmayaffectstructuralcapacity,shouldbeconsideredwhenestablishing
actualsectioncapacities.Forthisexample,noadjustmentstoplanvalueshavebeenmade.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
AppendixC.
LEVEL1:CULV5EXAMPLEPROBLEM
89
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
90
CULV5Step1.
UsingdataobtainedfortheexampleculvertidentifiedinAppendixA,writetheCULV5
inputfileinabasictexteditor(eg,Notepad)accordingtotheforminFigureVI8.Alternatively,theload
ratermayusetheCulv5InputprogramdevelopedbyTechMRTandhostedontheTxDOTBridgeDivision
websitetocreatetheinputfile.Theinputfileforthisexampleisasfollows:
TAW
6-25-2008
Culvert Rating Guide VIII.C CULV-5 Example
PROB MC10-3 3 10x7w6
SPECE12
1 0
120.
CULV 310.007.006.00
09.5 09.5 07.0 07.0 2.060.30.
CULV5Step2.
RuntheCULV5programusingtheinputfilecreatedinstepone.Thefollowingisa
summaryoftheCULV5outputonsevenpages.Thisincludes:
CULVERT,SPECDATA.Page1presentsarestatementofinputvalues.Theloadratershould
verifythesearecorrect.
SUMMARYOFMAXIMUMFACTOREDMOMENTS,SHEARSANDAXIALFORCES.This
information,presentedonoutputpages2and3,isnotusedforculvertloadrating.
However,theloadratershouldnotethatbecausetheculvertstructureissymmetricalabout
itscenterline,eventhoughtheculvertisactuallymodeledusing10members,resultsare
onlypresentedfor6members.Thesearethe6membersrepresentingthemiddleandleft
sideofthemodel.Demandsforthefourmembersformingtherightportionofthemodel
(members6,8,9,and10)arethesameasforthethreemembersformingtheleftsideofthe
model(members1,2,3and4)andarethusomittedfromfurtherconsideration.
SUMMARYOFINDIVIDUALUNFACTOREDMOMENTSANDSHEARS.Thissectionofoutput
(pages4and5)containsdemandsformomentsandshearsat10thpointsforeachmember.
Thiswillbeusedinsubsequentstepsforloadrating.Shadedrowsrepresentcriticalsections.
Theseareeithermidspansectionsor10thpointnodesforinterpolationofcornercritical
sections.
SUMMARYOFINDIVIDUALUNFACTOREDAXIALFORCES.Thissectionofoutput(pages6
and7)containsdemandsforaxialthrustsat10thpointsforeachmember.Thiswillbeused
insubsequentstepsforloadrating.Shadedrowsrepresentcriticalsections.Theseareeither
midspansectionsor10thpointnodesforinterpolationofcornercriticalsections.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
JUN 25, 2008

CULV5
91
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (TxDOT)

PAGE 1
CONCRETE BOX CULVERT ANALYSIS
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- CULVERT, SPEC DATA (* DENOTES DEFAULT) -SERVICE LOAD DESIGN

LIVE LOADING
=
HS20
GAMMA FACTOR
=
1.00 *
BETA FACTOR FOR DL
=
1.00 *
BETA FACTOR FOR LL
=
1.00 *
SOIL WEIGHT (PCF)
= 120.00
IMPACT FACTOR
=
.00
NUMBER OF BARRELS
=
3
CLEAR SPAN (FT)
= 10.00
TOP SLAB THICKNESS (IN)
=
9.50
EXT WALL THICKNESS (IN)
=
7.00
DEPTH OF FILL (FT)
=
6.00
MAX LAT SOIL PRESSURE (PCF)= 60.00
TOP HAUNCH WIDTH (IN)
=
.00
ANALYSIS PROBLEM
OMIT LIVE LOAD AS PER SPECS
AXLE WT FOR OVERLOAD (LB)
PRINT 10TH PT MOMTS & SHRS
PRINT INFLUENCE LINES
CONCRETE WEIGHT (PCF)
=
NO
=
.00 *
=
YES *
=
= 150.00 *
FLOOR SPPORT
CLEAR HEIGHT (FT)
BOTTOM SLAB THICKNESS (IN)
INT WALL THICKNESS (IN)
LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE (FT)
MIN LAT SOIL PRESSURE (PCF)
BOTTOM HAUNCH WIDTH (IN)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
-- EXTRA DEAD LOAD AND SPECIAL LIVE LOAD -NONE
SNGL
7.00
9.50
7.00
2.00
30.00
.00
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
JUN 25, 2008

CULV5
92

PAGE 2
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM FACTORED MOMENTS, SHEARS AND AXIAL FORCES -BM 10TH --- MOMENTS (KFT) ---- ----- SHEARS (K) ------ -- @AXIAL FORCES (K) -NO PT LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3 LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3 LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-3.256
-2.288
-1.564
-1.067
-.786
-.707
-.815
-1.096
-1.537
-2.122
-2.819
-5.744
-3.509
-1.837
-.697
-.061
.098
-.191
-.898
-1.997
-3.459
-5.260
-5.098
-2.859
-1.180
-.035
.606
.771
.488
-.214
-1.307
-2.763
-4.553
1.436
1.113
.809
.523
.255
.005
-.226
-.439
-.634
-.811
-.970
3.217
2.478
1.776
1.110
.481
-.112
-.668
-1.188
-1.672
-2.119
-2.530
3.247
2.508
1.806
1.140
.511
-.082
-.638
-1.158
-1.642
-2.089
-2.500
-3.769
-3.769
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.760
-3.762
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.282
-5.276
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
-4.056
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-2.819 -5.262
1.130
-.735
4.671
2.046
7.004
3.880
8.114
4.770
8.000
4.720
6.663
3.731
4.139
1.803
.469 -1.110
-4.170 -5.468
-9.002 -11.193
-4.553
-.730
2.153
4.096
5.100
5.165
4.290
2.475
-.278
-3.972
-8.604
5.094
4.006
2.850
1.708
.642
-.383
-1.783
-2.849
-3.991
-5.147
-6.236
5.501
4.345
3.189
2.101
1.039
-.768
-1.805
-2.867
-3.954
-5.110
-6.266
4.056
3.168
2.280
1.393
.505
-.383
-1.270
-2.158
-3.046
-3.934
-4.821
-.983
-.999
-1.003
-1.003
-1.003
-1.003
-1.003
-1.003
-1.003
-.996
-.996
-2.517
-2.505
-2.504
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.511
-2.523
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
-2.500
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
.974
.967
.961
.954
.947
.941
.934
.927
.924
.920
.918
.026
.011
-.004
-.019
-.034
-.049
-.064
-.079
-.093
-.119
-.144
.342
.333
.324
.315
.306
.297
.288
.279
.270
.261
.252
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.047
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-.012
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.731
-10.732
-10.732
-10.758
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.550
-10.557
-10.769
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-9.260
-3.256
1.076
4.875
7.362
8.542
8.414
-5.744
-.882
2.221
4.256
5.253
5.210
-5.098
-.882
2.298
4.443
5.552
5.626
5.451
4.210
2.972
1.735
.513
-.622
5.934
4.694
3.454
2.213
.976
-.604
4.473
3.494
2.516
1.537
.559
-.420
-1.414
-1.416
-1.416
-1.416
-1.417
-1.417
-3.254
-3.247
-3.248
-3.248
-3.248
-3.248
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
TxDOT
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JUN 25, 2008

CULV5
93

PAGE 3
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM FACTORED MOMENTS, SHEARS AND AXIAL FORCES -- (CONT'D)

BM 10TH --- MOMENTS (KFT) ---- ----- SHEARS (K) ------ -- @AXIAL FORCES (K) -NO PT LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3 LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3 LDNG #1 LDNG #2 LDNG #3
4
4
4
4
4
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
6.978
4.129
4.277
2.009
.334 -1.150
-4.647 -5.692
-9.977 -11.857
4.663
2.665
-.368
-4.437
-9.542
-1.757
-2.979
-4.216
-5.454
-6.695
-1.816
-3.053
-4.293
-5.534
-6.774
-1.399
-2.377
-3.356
-4.334
-5.313
-1.417
-1.417
-1.417
-1.426
-1.410
-3.248
-3.248
-3.248
-3.264
-3.249
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
-3.247
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-8.614 -10.872
-4.386 -5.580
-.485 -1.908
2.465
.582
4.231
1.993
4.891
2.465
4.231
1.993
2.465
.582
-.485 -1.908
-4.386 -5.580
-8.614 -10.872
-8.353
-4.125
-.837
1.512
2.921
3.391
2.921
1.512
-.837
-4.125
-8.353
5.928
4.772
3.616
2.482
1.400
.339
-1.400
-2.482
-3.616
-4.772
-5.928
5.686
4.581
3.482
2.395
1.319
-.273
-1.319
-2.395
-3.482
-4.581
-5.686
4.438
3.551
2.663
1.775
.888
.000
-.888
-1.775
-2.663
-3.551
-4.438
-1.010
-1.010
-1.029
-1.018
-1.018
-1.000
-1.018
-1.018
-1.029
-1.010
-1.010
-2.508
-2.512
-2.511
-2.512
-2.512
-2.512
-2.512
-2.512
-2.511
-2.512
-2.508
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
-2.511
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-9.478 -11.481
-4.818 -5.908
-.585 -1.974
2.570
.781
4.476
2.344
5.195
2.869
4.476
2.344
2.570
.781
-.585 -1.974
-4.818 -5.908
-9.478 -11.481
-9.200
-4.540
-.915
1.674
3.228
3.746
3.228
1.674
-.915
-4.540
-9.200
6.276
5.032
3.788
2.545
1.320
.178
-1.320
-2.545
-3.788
-5.032
-6.276
6.177
4.963
3.749
2.535
1.321
-.110
-1.321
-2.535
-3.749
-4.963
-6.177
4.893
3.914
2.936
1.957
.979
.000
-.979
-1.957
-2.936
-3.914
-4.893
-1.396
-1.396
-1.414
-1.404
-1.385
-1.385
-1.385
-1.404
-1.414
-1.396
-1.396
-3.253
-3.230
-3.235
-3.236
-3.236
-3.236
-3.236
-3.236
-3.235
-3.230
-3.253
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
-3.235
NOTE: LDNG #1 =
LDNG #2 =
LDNG #3 =
@ = AXIAL
100%(VERT DL) + 100%(+VERT LL) + 50%(LAT DL)

100%(VERT DL) + 100%(-VERT LL) + 100%(LAT DL) + 100%(LAT LL)
100%(VERT DL) + 100%(LAT DL) + 100%(LAT LL)
FORCES CORRESPONDING WITH MAXIMUM MOMENTS AT SAME SECTION
TxDOT
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JUN 25, 2008

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94

PAGE 4
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
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-- SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL UNFACTORED MOMENTS AND SHEARS -BM 10TH

NO PT
--------- MOMENTS (KFT) --------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-2.150 -2.486
-2.119 -.606
-2.087
.786
-2.056 1.717
-2.024 2.217
-1.993 2.314
-1.961 2.036
-1.930 1.411
-1.898
.469
-1.866 -.764
-1.835 -2.258
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-1.835
1.648
4.191
5.795
6.459
6.184
4.970
2.816
-.278
-4.311
-9.283
-2.258
-1.976
-1.693
-1.411
-1.129
-.847
-.565
-.283
-.001
.281
.563
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
.614
.601
.588
.575
.562
.549
.536
.523
.510
.497
.484
-.231
-.227
-.223
-.219
-.215
-.211
-.207
-.203
-.199
-.195
-.191
.475
.479
.484
.488
.493
.497
.501
.506
.513
.521
.530
4
4
4
4
4
4
-2.150
1.696
4.506
6.281
7.020
6.723
-2.486
-2.174
-1.862
-1.550
-1.237
-.925
.137
.467
1.300
1.857
2.141
2.154
0
1
2
3
4
5
.137
.134
.131
.130
.129
.129
.128
.127
.127
.126
.145
----------- SHEARS (K) ----------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
-.645
-.651
-.657
-.662
-.668
-.673
-.679
-.685
-.690
-.696
-.707
-.462
-.134
.122
.304
.413
.450
.413
.304
.122
-.133
-.460
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.145 -.709
.470 -.005
1.326 -.107
1.915 -.217
2.219 -.331
2.240 -.445
1.976 -.559
1.465 -.673
.748 -.831
.000 -1.497
.000 -2.589
-.460
-.403
-.345
-.288
-.230
-.172
-.115
-.057
.001
.058
.116
3.735
2.847
1.959
1.072
.184
-.704
-1.591
-2.479
-3.367
-4.254
-5.142
-.316
-.322
-.328
-.334
-.340
-.346
-.352
-.358
-.363
-.380
-.396
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.041
-.645
.000
-.077
-.187
-.299
-.415
-.462
-.404
-.346
-.288
-.230
-.172
2.739
2.094
1.485
.913
.377
-.122
-.585
-1.012
-1.402
-1.756
-2.073
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
.026
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
-.030
.468
.374
.281
.187
.094
.000
-.093
-.187
-.280
-.374
-.467
.267 1.227 1.445

.267 1.025 1.177
.267
.757
.908
.267
.503
.709
.267
.325
.534
.267
.188 -.385
.267 -.325 -.534
.267 -.503 -.709
.267 -.757 -.908
.267 -1.025 -1.177
.267 -1.227 -1.445
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
-.017
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
-.035
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
4.123
3.145
2.166
1.188
.209
-.770
.295
.295
.295
.295
.295
.295
1.180
.918
.658
.400
.156
.000
1.461
1.199
.938
.676
.418
-.184
.055
.055
.055
.055
.055
.055
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
JUN 25, 2008

CULV5
95

PAGE 5
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL UNFACTORED MOMENTS AND SHEARS -- (CONT'D)

BM 10TH
NO PT
--------- MOMENTS (KFT) --------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
4
4
4
4
4
- 6
5.391
- 7
3.023
- 8
-.381
- 9 -4.820
- 10 -10.295
-.613
-.301
.011
.323
.636
1.894 -.534
1.405 -.656
.710 -.782
.011 -1.255
.000 -2.315
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-8.800
-4.572
-1.284
1.065
2.474
2.944
2.474
1.065
-1.284
-4.572
-8.800
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.372
.000
.000
.613
1.214
1.571
1.761
1.571
1.214
.613
.000
.000
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-9.681
-5.020
-1.395
1.194
2.747
3.265
2.747
1.194
-1.395
-5.020
-9.681
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.405
.000
.000
.608
1.174
1.526
1.727
1.526
1.174
.608
.000
.000
----------- SHEARS (K) ----------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
-.114
-.056
.001
.059
.117
-1.748
-2.727
-3.705
-4.684
-5.662
.295 -.156 -.418

.295 -.400 -.676
.295 -.658 -.938
.295 -.918 -1.199
.295 -1.180 -1.461
.055
.055
.055
.055
.055
-2.520
-1.455
-1.072
-.930
-.928
-.925
-.928
-.930
-1.072
-1.455
-2.520
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
.075
4.438
3.551
2.663
1.775
.888
.000
-.888
-1.775
-2.663
-3.551
-4.438
.000 1.490 1.247

.000 1.221 1.030
.000
.953
.819
.000
.706
.619
.000
.512
.431
.000
.339 -.273
.000 -.512 -.431
.000 -.706 -.619
.000 -.953 -.819
.000 -1.221 -1.030
.000 -1.490 -1.247
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-2.281
-1.369
-1.059
-.894
-.883
-.876
-.883
-.894
-1.059
-1.369
-2.281
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
.076
4.893
3.914
2.936
1.957
.979
.000
-.979
-1.957
-2.936
-3.914
-4.893
.000 1.383 1.284

.000 1.118 1.048
.000
.853
.813
.000
.588
.578
.000
.342
.342
.000
.178 -.110
.000 -.342 -.342
.000 -.588 -.578
.000 -.853 -.813
.000 -1.118 -1.048
.000 -1.383 -1.284
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
JUN 25, 2008

CULV5

PAGE 6
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL UNFACTORED AXIAL FORCES -BM 10TH

NO PT
-------- AXIAL FORCES (K) -------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-3.735
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
-.267
.099
.099
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.105
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.227
-1.220
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
-.054
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
.041
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
-2.073
.013
-.003
-.007
-.007
-.007
-.007
-.007
-.007
-.007
.000
.000
-.018
-.005
-.004
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.011
-.023
-.001
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
-9.581
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
.267
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.284
-1.285
-1.285
-1.310
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.290
-1.297
-1.510
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
.054
4
4
4
4
4
4
-.040
-.040
-.040
-.040
-.040
-.040
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-.004
-.006
-.006
-.006
-.007
-.007
-.007
.000
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
0
1
2
3
4
5
96
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
JUN 25, 2008

CULV5

PAGE 7
Win32 Ver 1.71 Aug 2003
TAW
6-25-2008

-- SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL UNFACTORED AXIAL FORCES -- (CONT'D)

BM 10TH
NO PT
-------- AXIAL FORCES (K) -------VDL

LDL
+VLL
-VLL
LLL
4
4
4
4
4
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-.040
-.040
-.040
-.040
-.040
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-2.739
-.007
-.007
-.007
-.017
.000
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.017
-.003
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
.024
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
-2.068
.000
.000
-.019
-.008
-.008
.011
-.008
-.008
-.019
.000
.000
.003
-.001
.000
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
.000
-.001
.003
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
-.467
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-.024
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
-2.744
.000
.000
-.019
-.008
.011
.011
.011
-.008
-.019
.000
.000
-.018
.005
.000
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.001
.000
.005
-.018
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
-.468
NOTE:
VDL = VERT DL
LDL = LAT DL
+VLL = MAX POSITIVE VERT LL
-VLL = MAX NEGATIVE VERT LL
LLL = LAT LL
INCLUDING IMPACT FACT.
INCLUDING IMPACT FACT.
97
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
98
CULV5Step3.
InterpretationoftheCulv5outputrequiresestablishingbothcornerandmidspan
criticalsections.UsingtheSUMMARYOFINDIVIDUALUNFACTOREDMOMENTSANDSHEARS,andthe
locationofthecriticalsectionsasperFigureIX4,selectthe10thpointsneededtosetupthelinear
interpolationassociatedwithmoment,shearandaxialthrustdemandsforthecornercriticalsections.
Calculationofthedemandloads,byinterpolation,requiresaclearunderstandingoftheoverallsign
conventionandthewayinwhichCULV5laysoutthemembersand10thpoints.TableIX8illustrates
howtocalculatedemandmomentsforthecornercriticalsections.Thissameapproachwouldbeusedfor
shearandaxialthrustvalues.
Recallthatmidspandemandsaremodeledasbeinglocatedatmidspan.Thismeansthatthemidspan
demandsoccuratnode5.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
99
TABLEIX8.CULV5CRITICALSECTIONSFORDEMANDS.
Member
Sections
1 WBEC
M101
M102
M103
M107
Interpolation
10
5
10
4 TEC
5 TEM
10
10
7 WBIC1
10
10
10
10
12 BIC1
10
13 TIC2
10
10
15 TIC3
10
19 BIC2
10
10
5
9
20 BIM1
10
14 TIM1
6 TIC1
11 BEM
10
8 WIM1
21 BIC3
where:
3 WTEC
10 BEC
M105
2 WEM
9 WTIC1
M104
10thPoints
10
10
thedemandatthecriticalsection
thedemandattheNth10thpoint
themodelspanlength(ft)
thelengthfromtheclosestcornernodetocriticalsection,N(ft)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
100
CULV5Step4. FromtheCULV5outputfile,SUMMARYOFINDIVIDUALUNFACTOREDMOMENTS,
SHEARANDAXIALFORCEStables,andbasedonthecriticalsectionsestablishedinStep3,recordthe
RawDemandsforverticaldeadload(VDL),lateraldeadload(LDL),maximumverticalliveload
(+VLL),minimumverticalliveload(VLL),andlateralliveload(LLL)demandsateachcriticalsection,
bothcornersandmidspans.SeeyellowhighlightingintheCULV5outputandthesummaryinTable
IX9.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
101
TABLEIX9.CULV5RAWDEMANDSATCRITICALSECTIONS.
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
Sections
MVDL MLDL M+VLL MVLL
MLLL
VVDL
VLDL
V+VLL VVLL
VLLL
PVDL
PLDL
P+VLL PVLL
PLLL
WBEC
2.134 1.531
0.135
0.648
0.295
0.040
2.411
0.026
0.030
0.420
3.735 0.267
0.099
1.227 0.054
WEM
1.993
2.314
0.129
0.673
0.450
0.040
0.122
0.026
0.030
0.000
3.735 0.267
0.108
1.227 0.054
WTEC
1.851 1.499
0.135
0.701
0.294
0.040
1.912
0.026
0.030 0.420 3.735 0.267
0.107
1.224 0.054
TEC
0.747 2.170
0.247
0.489
0.442
3.458
0.267
1.164
1.361
0.008
0.014 0.467
0.054
0.041
2.073
TEM
6.184
0.847
2.240
0.445
0.172 0.704
0.267
0.188
0.385
0.054
0.041
2.073 0.007 0.001 0.467
TIC1
7.729
0.475
0.000
2.248
0.098
4.865
0.267
1.164 1.361
0.054
0.041
2.073
0.000
WBIC1
0.621
0.233
0.473
0.313
0.041 0.017
0.005
0.040
0.035
0.000
9.581
0.267
1.284 1.290
0.054
WIM1
0.549
0.211
0.497
0.346
0.041 0.017
0.005
0.040
0.035
0.000
9.581
0.267
1.284 1.290
0.054
WTIC1
0.491
0.193
0.525
0.388
0.041 0.017
0.005
0.040
0.035
0.000
9.581
0.267
1.297 1.402
0.054
0.008 0.467
10
BEC
0.948 2.389
0.240
0.443
0.444
3.817
0.295
1.098
1.379
0.055
0.040 2.739 0.005 0.005 0.468
11
BEM
6.723
0.925
2.154
0.415
0.172 0.770
0.295
0.000
0.184
0.055
0.040 2.739 0.007 0.001 0.468
12
BIC1
8.584
0.538
0.003
1.984
0.099
5.356
0.295
1.098 1.379
0.055
0.040 2.739 0.005 0.007 0.468
13
TIC2
7.479
0.372
0.000
2.187
0.075
4.161
0.000
1.406
1.179
0.000
0.024
2.068
0.000
0.002
14
TIM1
2.944
0.372
1.761
0.925
0.075
0.000
0.000
0.339
0.273
0.000
0.024
2.068
0.011
0.001 0.467
0.467
15
TIC3
7.479
0.372
0.000
2.187
0.075
4.161
0.000
1.406 1.179
0.000
0.024
2.068
0.000
0.002
19
BIC2
8.224
0.405
0.000
1.996
0.076
4.587
0.000
1.300
1.210
0.000
0.024 2.744
0.000
0.011 0.468
20
BIM1
3.265
0.405
1.727
0.876
0.076
0.000
0.000
0.178
0.110
0.000
0.024 2.744
0.011
0.001 0.468
21
BIC3
8.224
0.405
0.000
1.996
0.076
4.587
0.000
1.300 1.210
0.000
0.024 2.744
0.000
0.011 0.468
0.467
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
102
CULV5Step5. Calculatethedeadandliveloaddemandforeachdemandtype(moment,shearand
axial),foreachloadcaseateachcriticalsectionusingEquationVI9andEquationVI10.Notethat
theliveloaddemandshaveamaximumandminimumcalculation.Tomaintainasystematic
approach,typicalpracticeistodetermineboththemaximumandminimumliveloadsforeachtype
ofdemandandselecttheminimum(controlling)valuewhencalculatingratingfactors.Calculatethe
deadandliveloaddemandateachsectionusingEquationVI9andEquationVI10whereDisthe
deadloaddemandandListheliveloaddemandrequiredforratinginEquationII1.SeeTableIX10
andTableIX11.
CULV5Step6. Afterdeterminingthedemands,useEquationVI1tocheckthatactualthrustdemandis
lowerthantheincidentalaxialloadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.Thischeckis
performedinthelastcolumnofTableIX10andTableIX11.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
103
TABLEIX10.CULV5DEMANDSFORTOTALLOADCASE.
WBEC
3.665
ML(max)
(kft/ft)
0.160
2.451
VL(max)
(klf)
0.446
4.002
PL(max)
(klf)
0.045
WEM
0.321
0.579
0.223
0.082
0.026
0.030
4.002
0.054
1.281
OK
WTEC
3.350
0.159
0.995
1.872
0.394
0.450
4.002
0.053
1.278
OK
TEC
2.916
0.196
0.931
3.725
1.218
1.415
2.032
0.459
0.481
OK
TEM
5.337
2.068
0.617
0.437
0.242
0.331
2.032
0.474
0.468
OK
TIC1
7.254
0.098
2.150
4.598
1.110
1.307
2.032
0.467
0.475
OK
WBIC1
0.388
0.432
0.354
0.012
0.040
0.035
9.314
1.230
1.236
OK
WIM1
0.338
0.456
0.387
0.012
0.040
0.035
9.314
1.230
1.236
OK
WTIC1
0.298
0.484
0.429
0.012
0.040
0.035
9.314
1.243
1.348
OK
10
BEC
3.337
0.204
0.887
4.112
1.153
1.434
2.779
0.473
0.473
OK
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
Sections
MD(kft/ft)
ML(min)
(kft/ft)
0.943
VD(klf)
VL(min)
(klf)
0.390
PD(klf)
PL(min)
(klf)
1.281
ThrustCheck
OK
11
BEM
5.798
1.982
0.587
0.475
0.055
0.129
2.779
0.475
0.469
OK
12
BIC1
8.046
0.102
1.885
5.061
1.043
1.324
2.779
0.473
0.475
OK
13
TIC2
7.107
0.075
2.112
4.161
1.406
1.179
2.044
0.467
0.465
OK
14
TIM1
3.316
1.836
0.850
0.000
0.339
0.273
2.044
0.456
0.468
OK
15
TIC3
7.107
0.075
2.112
4.161
1.406
1.179
2.044
0.467
0.465
OK
19
BIC2
7.819
0.076
1.920
4.587
1.300
1.210
2.768
0.468
0.479
OK
20
BIM1
3.670
1.803
0.800
0.000
0.178
0.110
2.768
0.457
0.469
OK
21
BIC3
7.819
0.076
1.920
4.587
1.300
1.210
2.768
0.468
0.479
OK
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
104
TABLEIX11.CULV5DEMANDFORTHEREDUCEDLATERALLOADCASE.
WBEC
2.900
ML(max)
(kft/ft)
0.135
1.246
VL(max)
(klf)
0.026
3.869
PL(max)
(klf)
0.099
WEM
0.836
0.129
0.673
0.021
0.026
0.030
3.869
0.108
1.227
OK
WTEC
2.600
0.135
0.701
0.916
0.026
0.030
3.869
0.107
1.224
OK
TEC
1.832
0.247
0.489
3.591
1.164
1.361
0.996
0.008
0.014
OK
TEM
5.761
2.240
0.445
0.571
0.188
0.385
0.996
0.007
0.001
OK
TIC1
7.492
0.000
2.248
4.731
1.164
1.361
0.996
0.000
0.008
OK
WBIC1
0.504
0.473
0.313
0.015
0.040
0.035
9.448
1.284
1.290
OK
WIM1
0.444
0.497
0.346
0.015
0.040
0.035
9.448
1.284
1.290
OK
WTIC1
0.394
0.525
0.388
0.015
0.040
0.035
9.448
1.297
1.402
OK
10
BEC
2.142
0.240
0.443
3.965
1.098
1.379
1.410
0.005
0.005
OK
Member
Sections
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
MD(kft/ft)
VD(klf)
VL(min)
(klf)
0.030
PD(klf)
PL(min)
(klf)
1.227
ThrustCheck
OK
11
BEM
6.261
2.154
0.415
0.623
0.000
0.184
1.410
0.007
0.001
OK
12
BIC1
8.315
0.003
1.984
5.209
1.098
1.379
1.410
0.005
0.007
OK
13
TIC2
7.293
0.000
2.187
4.161
1.406
1.179
1.010
0.000
0.002
OK
14
TIM1
3.130
1.761
0.925
0.000
0.339
0.273
1.010
0.011
0.001
OK
15
TIC3
7.293
0.000
2.187
4.161
1.406
1.179
1.010
0.000
0.002
OK
19
BIC2
8.022
0.000
1.996
4.587
1.300
1.210
1.396
0.000
0.011
OK
20
BIM1
3.468
1.727
0.876
0.000
0.178
0.110
1.396
0.011
0.001
OK
21
BIC3
8.022
0.000
1.996
4.587
1.300
1.210
1.396
0.000
0.011
OK
ML(min)
(kft/ft)
0.648
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
105
CULV5Step7. Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowithcalculatingthe
culvertloadratingfactors.
Pertheculvertratingflowchart(FigureIII2)calculateInventoryandOperatingratingfactorsforeach
criticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcasebasedonEquationII1.Thiscalculation
usesthecapacityvaluesforeachcriticalsectionasdeterminedinAppendixB.
capacities.
load.I.E.
1.3
TableIX12andTableIX13summarizethesecalculations.
CULV5Step8. Selectthecontrolling(minimum)RatingFactorsforInventoryandOperatingLevelsfor
eachcriticalsection.TheseappearinthetworightcolumnsofTableIX12andTableIX13.
CULV5Step9. Selectthecontrolling(minimum)RatingFactorsforInventoryandOperatingLevelsfor
theentireculvert.TheseappearatthebottomofTableIX13.
CULV5Step10. Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformalessconservative
analysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsinSection
VI.C.Inthisexample,thecontrollingfailuremodeismoment,soadditionalshearanalysisisnot
required.
CULV5Step11. CalculatetheInventoryRatingandOperatingRatingfortheculvert.Multiplycontrolling
loadratingfactorbythetrucktractortonnage(W=20tons)accordingtoEquationII2.
Summary:
BasedonaLevel1analysisusingCULV5,theInventoryRatingisHS9whilethe
OperatingRatingisHS15.Iftheculvertconditionisfairthisrequirespostingatthe
InventoryLevelorpostingattheOperatingLevelwithaninspectionfrequencyof24
months.Iftheconditionispoor,theculvertshouldbepostedattheInventoryLeveland
inspectedmorefrequentlythanevery24months.
TxDOT
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106
TABLEIX12.CULV5TOTALLOADCASERATINGFACTORCALCULATIONS.
(Max)RatingFactors
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
Sections
(Min)RatingFactors
ControllingRF
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFC
ORFC
WBEC
3.20
5.35
5.36
8.95
2062.79
3443.27
0.54
0.91
6.13
10.24
72.46
120.96
0.54
0.91
WEM
1.05
1.76
150.42
251.09
1752.62
2925.53
13.01
21.71
127.09
212.14
73.88
123.32
1.05
1.76
WTEC
4.42
7.38
6.96
11.62
1767.30
2950.03
0.70
1.18
6.09
10.17
72.66
121.28
0.70
1.18
TEC
11.01
18.38
3.21
5.35
289.14
482.64
2.41
4.02
2.76
4.60
275.32
459.57
2.41
4.02
TEM
0.73
1.22
26.61
44.43
266.16
444.28
8.50
14.20
16.71
27.89
269.57
449.98
0.73
1.22
TIC1
91.58
152.87
2.70
4.51
296.40
494.76
1.47
2.46
2.29
3.83
291.98
487.38
1.47
2.46
WBIC1
2.22
3.71
96.73
161.46
72.12
120.38
4.03
6.72
110.13
183.84
71.77
119.80
2.22
3.71
WIM1
2.17
3.63
96.73
161.46
72.12
120.38
3.61
6.02
110.13
183.84
71.77
119.80
2.17
3.63
WTIC1
2.10
3.50
96.73
161.46
71.35
119.10
3.20
5.34
110.13
183.84
65.82
109.86
2.10
3.50
10
BEC
9.39
15.68
3.18
5.30
279.54
466.61
2.24
3.74
2.56
4.27
279.23
466.10
2.24
3.74
11
BEM
0.62
1.04
117.52
196.16
264.66
441.77
9.41
15.71
42.70
71.27
268.04
447.43
0.62
1.04
12
BIC1
92.69
154.72
2.60
4.34
294.24
491.16
1.76
2.94
2.05
3.43
292.90
488.91
1.76
2.94
13
TIC2
120.81
201.66
2.59
4.32
296.38
494.73
1.54
2.58
3.09
5.16
297.59
496.75
1.54
2.58
14
TIM1
1.48
2.48
18.23
30.42
276.65
461.79
4.75
7.93
21.22
35.42
269.56
449.95
1.48
2.48
15
TIC3
120.81
201.66
2.32
3.87
296.38
494.73
1.54
2.58
2.76
4.61
297.59
496.75
1.54
2.58
19
BIC2
124.96
208.59
2.60
4.34
297.20
496.10
1.81
3.01
2.80
4.67
289.98
484.04
1.81
3.01
20
BIM1
1.39
2.32
34.71
57.94
275.10
459.20
5.31
8.87
52.66
87.90
268.06
447.45
1.39
2.32
21
BIC3
124.96
208.59
2.31
3.85
297.20
496.10
1.81
3.01
2.48
4.14
289.98
484.04
1.81
3.01
TxDOT
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107
TABLEIX13.CULV5REDUCEDLATERALLOADCASERATINGFACTORS.
(Max)RatingFactors
Member
Sections
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
(Min)RatingFactors
ControllingRF
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFC
ORFC
WBEC
21.04
35.12
119.83
200.02
938.44
1566.47
1.50
2.50
153.60
256.40
75.72
126.39
1.50
2.50
WEM
10.10
16.86
149.02
248.74
877.05
1464.00
3.28
5.47
128.31
214.18
77.20
128.86
3.28
5.47
WTEC
19.73
32.94
169.64
283.16
872.16
1455.83
1.64
2.74
110.44
184.34
75.93
126.75
1.64
2.74
TEC
25.10
41.89
3.42
5.71
15501.32
25875.28
5.75
9.60
2.92
4.88
9236.45
15417.76
2.92
4.88
TEM
0.56
0.94
34.68
57.90
18111.49
30232.26
12.36
20.64
14.16
23.63
126780.46
211625.85
0.56
0.94
TIC1
NA
NA
2.51
4.19
NA
NA
1.35
2.25
2.14
3.58
19685.50
32859.64
1.35
2.25
WBIC1
1.88
3.15
96.76
161.52
69.02
115.22
4.78
7.98
110.09
183.76
68.70
114.68
1.88
3.15
WIM1
1.87
3.12
96.76
161.52
69.02
115.22
4.22
7.04
110.09
183.76
68.70
114.68
1.87
3.12
WTIC1
1.82
3.04
96.76
161.52
68.32
114.04
3.69
6.15
110.09
183.76
63.22
105.54
1.82
3.04
10
BEC
26.68
44.54
3.41
5.70
29204.91
48749.74
5.92
9.89
2.72
4.55
26211.86
43753.65
2.72
4.55
11
BEM
0.45
0.74
NA
NA
18076.06
30173.12
13.98
23.33
29.46
49.17
126532.45
211211.85
0.45
0.74
12
BIC1
3235.59
5400.95
2.39
3.99
29862.05
49846.65
1.59
2.65
1.91
3.19
20399.45
34051.38
1.59
2.65
13
TIC2
NA
NA
2.59
4.32
NA
NA
1.44
2.41
3.09
5.16
73264.68
122295.66
1.44
2.41
14
TIM1
1.61
2.69
18.23
30.42
11524.71
19237.40
4.24
7.08
21.22
35.42
126771.78
211611.35
1.61
2.69
15
TIC3
NA
NA
2.32
3.87
NA
NA
1.44
2.41
2.76
4.61
73264.68
122295.66
1.44
2.41
19
BIC2
NA
NA
2.60
4.34
NA
NA
1.68
2.80
2.80
4.67
11997.94
20027.33
1.68
2.80
20
BIM1
1.52
2.54
34.71
57.94
11503.68
19202.30
4.71
7.86
52.66
87.90
126540.53
211225.35
1.52
2.54
21
BIC3
NA
NA
2.31
3.85
NA
NA
1.68
2.80
2.48
4.14
11997.94
20027.33
1.68
2.80
ControllingRatingFactor
BEMM(max)RLL
0.45
0.74
LoadRating
(HSequivalent)
15
TxDOT
AppendixD.
CulvertRatingGuide
LEVEL2:RISA2DWITHSPRINGSEXAMPLE
109
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
110
RISA2DSpringStep1.
CalculateallloadsusingEquationVI2,EquationVI4,EquationVI5,Equation
VI6andEquationVI7.ThemagnitudesoftheseloadsaresummarizedinTableIX14.
TABLEIX14.RISA2DLOADS.
Type
Abbr.
Value
Units
verticaldeadload
DLv
0.720 ksf
horizontaldeadloadattop
DLhT
0.384 ksf
horizontaldeadloadatbottom
DLhB
0.851 ksf
horizontalliveload
LLh
0.120 ksf
verticalliveloadontop
LLvT
0.230 ksf
RISA2DSpringStep2.
CreateamodelconsistentwithFigureVI2andFigureVI10:
a. Disablecrackedsectionsandsheardeformationswithintheglobalparameters.Reduceoutputto
threepointspermember.ScreenshotsshowingthisstepareseeninFigureIX7.
FIGUREIX.7.RISA2DGLOBALPARAMETERS.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
b.
111
LayoutcornernodesasseeninFigureIX8.
FIGUREIX.8.RISA2DCORNERJOINTCOORDINATES.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
c.
112
Connectnodesusingmemberswithrectangularcrosssectionsandappropriateconcrete
propertiesaccordingtoTableII1andTableIV1.Drawmemberscounterclockwisearoundthe
centeroftheculverttoproduceconsistentmomentsignconventionsasperFigureVI15.Figure
IX9showsthedrawmemberboxusedtocreatethemembers.FigureIX10illustratesafew
waystocheckthatbeamdirectionsaredefinedproperly.
FIGUREIX.9.RISA2DMEMBERCREATION.
FIGUREIX.10.RISA2DMODELLAYOUTCHECK.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
d.
113
Usingthesplitmemberfunction,addsupportnodestothebottommembersandsetboundary
conditionsaccordingtoFigureVI11withspringconstantsfromEquationVI11.TableIX15
summarizesthespringsupportcalculations.FigureIX11andFigureIX12showhowtousethe
splitmemberfunctionandtheboundaryconditioncontrolstoproperlyrestrainthestructure.
TABLEIX15.SPRINGSUPPORTSCALCULATIONS.
Type
springspacing
modulusofsubgradereaction
interiorspringconstant
exteriorspringconstant
Abbr.
s
k
Value
12.8
150
23.0
11.5
Units
in
pci
kli
kli
FIGUREIX.11.RISA2DMODELADDINGTHENODESUSINGTHEJUSTADDFUNCTION
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
114
FIGUREIX.12.RISA2DMODELDEFININGTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONS
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
115
RISA2DSpringStep3.
ApplytheloadsaccordingtoFigureVI10inseparateBasicLoadCases.Figure
IX13depictslabelingthethreestaticBasicLoadCases.
FIGUREIX.13.RISA2DIDENTIFICATIONOFALLLOADGROUPSANDUSINGGRAVITYFEATURE
a.
VerticalDeadLoad,DLv(EquationVI2).Besuretoincludetheselfweightgravityloadingby
includingafactorof(1)intheYgravitydirection.FigureIX13showswheregravityisactivated.
FigureIX14showshowtodefinethedistributeddeadload.
FIGUREIX.14.RISA2DAPPLICATIONOFVERTICALDEADLOAD(DLV)
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
b.
116
HorizontalDeadLoad,DLh(EquationVI4andEquationVI5).FigureIX15showsapplyingthis
loadinRISA2D.
FIGUREIX.15.RISA2DAPPLICATIONOFHORIZONTALDEADLOAD(DLH)
c.
HorizontalLiveLoad,LLh(EquationVI6).FigureIX16illustratesthisloadapplication.
FIGUREIX.16.RISA2DAPPLICATIONOFHORIZONTALLIVELOAD(LLH)
TxDOT
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117
RISA2DSpringStep4.
VerticalLiveLoad,LLVT(EquationVI7)mustbecalculatedandplacedasa
movingloadasseeninFigureVI12,FigureVI13andFigureVI14.Themovingloadwillbeapproximated
bycreatingamovingloadpatternof10equivalent,uniformlyspaced,pointloadsoverthelengthofeach
loadasseeninFigureVI16,FigureVI17andFigureVI18.Thesefiguresshowthemovingload
discretizedandgroupedintermsofthe10equivalent,uniformlyspaced,pointloads.ChecktheBoth
Waysboxtoinsurethattheliveloadmovesfromlefttorightandrighttoleft.
FigureIX17throughFigureIX20presentsaseriesoffourimagesdepictingthisprocess.Thefirstfigure
showshowtocreateamovingloadinRISA.Thenextshowshowtoaddapatternanddefinetheload
case.Thethirdimageshowstheapplicationofthemovingloadtothestructure.Thefourthimageisan
animatedgraphicthatfacilitatescheckingtomakesurethemovingloadisproperlyapplied.
FIGUREIX.17.RISA2DHOWTOCREATEAMOVINGLOAD
TxDOT
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FIGUREIX.18.RISA2DADDINGAPATTERNANDDEFININGTHEMOVINGLOADCASE
118
FIGUREIX.19.RISA2DAPPLYTHEMOVINGLOADTOTHESTRUCTURE
TxDOT
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FIGUREIX.20.RISA2DANIMATEDGRAPHICTOCHECKTHEMOVINGLOADCASE
119
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
120
RISA2DSpringStep5.
Usethesplitmemberfunctiontosplitthememberstocreatethecritical
sectionnodes.RelabelandsortthecriticalmembersusingaconventionsimilartotheCULV5naming
convention.SeeFigureVI19.
FigureIX21throughFigureIX23presentsaseriesofthreeimagesdepictingtheprocess.Thefirstimage
showshowtocreatethecriticalsections.Thesecondimageillustratestheprocessofrelabelingthe
nodestorepresentthecriticalsections.Thethirdimageshowsacheckdemonstratingthattherelabeled
beamelementsarenowcorrectlylabeledandcanbesortedbythenewmembername.Thisfacilitates
subsequentdataanalysis.
FIGUREIX.21.RISA2DSPLITMEMBERTOCREATECORNERCRITICALSECTIONNODES.
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FIGUREIX.22.RISA2DRELABELNODESTOREPRESENTCRITICALSECTIONS.
121
FIGUREIX.23.RISA2DRELABELEDBEAMELEMENTSTOFACILITATESORTBYMEMBERNAMES.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
RISA2DSpringStep6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
122
CreatefourLoadCombinationsfordeadandlivedemands.
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheTotalLoadCasedeadloaddemands
DLvfactorof1.0
DLhfactorof1.0
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheTotalLoadCaseliveloaddemands:
LLvfactorof1.0
LLhfactorof1.0
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorsfortheReducedLateralLoadCasedeadloaddemands:
DLvfactorof1.0
DLhfactorof0.5
UsethefollowingBasicLoadCaseFactorstheReducedLateralLoadCaseliveloaddemands:
LLvfactorof1.0
LLhfactorof0.0
FigureIX24showshowtodefinethefourloadcombinationsinRISA2D
FIGUREIX.24.RISA2DCREATIONOFLOADCOMBINATIONS
TxDOT
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123
RISA2DSpringStep7.
UseRISA2Dtosolveformoment,shearandaxialdemand,deadandliveloads
separately.Thiswillrequirefourseparatecomputerruns,oneforeachloadcombination.
FigureIX25showsthesolvecommandtoperformthedemandcalculations.Thisparticularimage
appliestotheTotalLoadCasefordeadload.Threemorecomputerrunswillhavetobemade:TotalLoad
Caseliveload,ReducedLateralLoadcasedeadload,andReducedLateralLoadcaseliveload.
FIGUREIX.25.RISA2DSOLVINGFORDEADLOADDEMAND,TOTALLOADCASE.
TxDOT
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124
FigureIX26illustratestheRISAoutputfromthesecomputerruns.ThisparticularimageshowsRISA
memberoutputforTotalLoadCaseliveloadcalculations.Notethatthisoutputincludesbothmaximum
andminimumvaluesateachsection(node)ofthemodel.Allfourloadcombinationswillhavetobe
performed.Thislevelofoutputfacilitatessubsequentdataanalysis.
FIGUREIX.26.RISA2DOUTPUTSHOWINGMEMBERSECTIONFORCESFORDETERMININGLIVELOADDEMAND.
RISA2DSpringStep8.
Recordthedeadloadandthemaximumandminimumliveloaddemandsfor
eachcriticalsectionforbothloadcasesfromthememberforcestable.
ThesedataareobtainedfromtheRISAmembersectionforcetableillustratedinFigureIX26.TableIX16
andTableIX17summarizedataforeachcriticalsection,foreachloadcase(totalandreducedlateral),for
eachdemandtype(moment,shearandthrust).Notethatbecausetheliveloaddataareformenvelope
solutions,theseincludebothmaximumandminimumvalues.
RISA2DSpringStep9.
Afterdeterminingthedemands,useEquationVI1toverifythatactualthrust
demandislowerthantheincidentalaxialloadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.Thisisshown
inthefarrighthandcolumnofTableIX16andTableIX17
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125
TABLEIX16.RISA2DTOTALLOADCASEDEMANDS.
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
PD(klf)
WBEC
3.509
4.546
PL(max)
(klf)
0.006
WEM
0.471
0.492
0.086
0.062
0.062
0.082
4.251
0.006
1.227
OK
WTEC
3.092
0.132
0.971
1.854
0.357
0.501
3.955
0.006
1.227
OK
TEC
2.764
0.251
0.953
3.679
1.139
0.006
2.013
0.405
0.549
OK
TEM
5.198
1.819
0.479
0.495
0.307
0.404
2.013
0.405
0.549
OK
TIC1
7.711
0.114
2.214
4.669
0.054
1.372
2.013
0.405
0.549
OK
WBIC1
0.103
0.263
0.187
0.099
0.107
0.103
9.952
0.166
2.038
OK
WIM1
0.242
0.264
0.216
0.099
0.107
0.103
9.656
0.166
2.038
OK
WTIC1
0.586
0.630
0.570
0.099
0.107
0.103
9.361
0.166
2.038
OK
10
BEC
3.454
0.316
0.755
3.832
0.053
1.002
2.797
0.386
0.530
OK
Member
M101
TotalLoadCaseDemands
VL(max)
VL(min)
VD(klf)
(klf)
(klf)
2.462
0.482
0.338
ML(max)
(kft/ft)
0.203
Sections
MD(kft/ft)
ML(min)
(kft/ft)
0.805
PL(min)
(klf)
1.227
ThrustCheck
OK
11
BEM
4.716
1.210
0.172
0.786
0.207
0.111
2.797
0.386
0.530
OK
12
BIC1
6.952
0.466
1.696
4.388
0.972
0.111
2.797
0.386
0.530
OK
13
TIC2
7.228
0.244
2.338
4.174
1.328
0.130
1.914
0.374
0.580
OK
14
TIM1
3.206
1.549
0.432
0.000
0.388
0.388
1.914
0.374
0.580
OK
15
TIC3
7.228
0.244
2.338
4.174
0.130
1.328
1.914
0.374
0.580
OK
19
BIC2
7.104
0.352
1.608
4.355
0.056
0.889
2.896
0.355
0.561
OK
20
BIM1
3.780
0.751
0.002
0.470
0.118
0.118
2.896
0.355
0.561
OK
21
BIC3
7.104
0.352
1.608
4.355
0.889
0.056
2.896
0.355
0.561
OK
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126
TABLEIX17.RISA2DREDUCEDLATERALLOADCASEDEMANDS.
WBEC
2.780
WEM
0.658
0.052
0.527
0.007
0.061
0.081
4.101
0.065
1.168
OK
WTEC
2.307
0.167
0.682
0.889
0.061
0.081
3.806
0.065
1.168
OK
TEC
1.620
0.191
0.504
3.530
1.082
0.065
0.969
0.061
0.081
OK
Member
Sections
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
ReducedLateralLoadCaseDemands
VL(max)
VL(min)
VD(klf)
PD(klf)
(klf)
(klf)
1.269
0.061
0.081
4.397
ML(max)
(kft/ft)
0.084
MD(kft/ft)
ML(min)
(kft/ft)
0.516
PL(max)
(klf)
0.065
PL(min)
(klf)
1.168
ThrustCheck
OK
TEM
5.595
1.987
0.315
0.644
0.248
0.463
0.969
0.061
0.081
OK
TIC1
8.060
0.003
2.350
4.818
0.000
1.431
0.969
0.061
0.081
OK
WBIC1
0.128
0.254
0.195
0.127
0.116
0.093
10.101
0.104
2.098
OK
WIM1
0.317
0.297
0.186
0.127
0.116
0.093
9.806
0.104
2.098
OK
WTIC1
0.762
0.693
0.503
0.127
0.116
0.093
9.510
0.104
2.098
OK
10
BEC
2.268
0.133
0.302
3.648
0.016
0.930
1.437
0.081
0.061
OK
11
BEM
4.992
1.310
0.045
0.902
0.250
0.059
1.437
0.081
0.061
OK
12
BIC1
7.104
0.373
1.757
4.459
1.000
0.059
1.437
0.081
0.061
OK
13
TIC2
7.434
0.153
2.418
4.174
1.328
0.127
0.841
0.101
0.100
OK
14
TIM1
3.001
1.468
0.511
0.000
0.388
0.388
0.841
0.101
0.100
OK
15
TIC3
7.434
0.153
2.418
4.174
0.127
1.328
0.841
0.101
0.100
OK
19
BIC2
7.293
0.272
1.679
4.425
0.047
0.917
1.564
0.100
0.101
OK
20
BIM1
3.781
0.753
0.043
0.479
0.118
0.118
1.564
0.100
0.101
OK
21
BIC3
7.293
0.272
1.679
4.425
0.917
0.047
1.564
0.100
0.101
OK
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127
RISA2DSpringStep10.
Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowith
calculatingtheculvertloadrating.Pertheculvertratingflowchart(FigureIII2)proceedtocalculate
InventoryandOperatingratingfactorsforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcase
perEquationII1.Thiscalculationusesthecapacityvaluesforeachcriticalsectionasdeterminedin
AppendixB.
capacities.
load.I.E.
1.3
RISA2DSpringStep11.
Selectthecontrollinginventoryandoperatingratingfactorsforeachsection.
TheseappearinthetworightcolumnsofTableIX18andTableIX19.
RISA2DSpringStep12.
bottomofTableIX19.
Selecttheoverallcontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvert.Theseappearatthe
Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformaless
RISA2DSpringStep13.
conservativeanalysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsin
SectionVI.C.Inthisexample,thecontrollingfailuremodeismoment,soadditionalshearanalysisisnot
required.
CalculatetheInventoryandOperatingRatingsperEquationII2.Multiply
RISA2DSpringStep14.
controllingloadratingfactorbythetrucktractortonnage(W=20tons).Theseappearatthebottomof
TableIX19.
Summary:
BasedonaLevel2analysisusingRISA2Dwithspringsandmediumsoil,the
InventoryRatingisHS14whiletheOperatingRatingisHS23.Iftheculvertconditionisfairthisrequires
noposting.Iftheconditionispoor,theculvertshouldbepostedattheInventoryLevelandinspected
morefrequentlythanevery24months.
TxDOT
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128
TABLEIX18.RISA2DTOTALLOADCASERATINGFACTORCALCULATIONS.
(Max)RatingFactors
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
(Min)RatingFactors
ControllingRF
Sections
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFC
ORFC
1 WBEC
2.98
4.98
4.95
8.27
15416.62
25733.89
0.75
1.26
7.06
11.79
75.39
125.84
0.75
1.26
2 WEM
1.06
1.76
62.89
104.97
15748.74
26288.28
34.77
58.04
46.64
77.86
77.01
128.55
1.06
1.76
3 WTEC
6.48
10.82
7.71
12.86
15475.63
25832.39
0.88
1.47
5.49
9.17
75.68
126.32
0.88
1.47
4 TEC
9.89
16.52
3.49
5.83
327.30
546.33
2.61
4.35
1332.79
2224.73
241.45
403.03
2.61
4.35
5 TEM
0.88
1.46
21.09
35.21
311.53
520.02
10.78
18.00
13.60
22.71
229.82
383.62
0.88
1.46
6 TIC1
81.84
136.60
166.22
277.46
341.80
570.54
1.38
2.30
2.18
3.64
252.15
420.89
1.38
2.30
7 WBIC1
4.77
7.97
35.54
59.32
532.08
888.16
6.05
10.10
38.07
63.55
43.34
72.34
4.77
7.97
8 WIM1
3.97
6.63
35.54
59.32
533.14
889.94
6.20
10.34
38.07
63.55
43.43
72.49
3.97
6.63
9 WTIC1
1.34
2.23
35.54
59.32
534.21
891.72
2.71
4.52
38.07
63.55
43.51
72.63
1.34
2.23
10 BEC
6.55
10.94
65.98
110.14
342.19
571.20
2.74
4.58
3.49
5.83
249.22
416.00
2.74
4.58
11 BEM
1.56
2.60
27.58
46.03
325.65
543.59
28.35
47.32
56.43
94.19
237.17
395.90
1.56
2.60
12 BIC1
19.04
31.79
3.65
6.10
360.29
601.41
2.45
4.08
75.87
126.64
262.40
438.01
2.45
4.08
13 TIC2
37.05
61.84
2.77
4.62
370.29
618.10
1.43
2.39
63.79
106.49
238.77
398.57
1.43
2.39
14 TIM1
1.80
3.01
15.93
26.58
337.51
563.39
9.19
15.34
14.93
24.92
217.64
363.29
1.80
3.01
15 TIC3
37.05
61.84
66.77
111.45
370.29
618.10
1.43
2.39
2.48
4.14
238.77
398.57
1.43
2.39
19 BIC2
25.47
42.52
156.93
261.95
391.59
653.65
2.52
4.21
3.58
5.98
247.80
413.63
2.52
4.21
20 BIM1
3.26
5.43
49.98
83.42
353.92
590.78
2157.34
3601.11
51.48
85.93
223.96
373.84
3.26
5.43
21 BIC3
2.52
42.52
4.02
6.70
391.59
653.65
2.52
4.21
150.03
250.44
247.80
413.63
2.52
4.21
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129
TABLEIX19.RISA2DREDUCEDLATERALLOADCASERATINGFACTORS.
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
Sections
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFC
ORFC
1 WBEC
33.08
55.21
50.85
84.87
1424.45
2377.73
2.02
3.37
57.06
95.25
79.27
132.32
2.02
3.37
2 WEM
23.00
38.39
63.24
105.56
1455.11
2428.92
4.39
7.33
47.73
79.67
80.98
135.17
4.39
7.33
3 WTEC
14.94
24.94
72.04
120.25
1429.89
2386.82
1.94
3.25
41.10
68.61
79.57
132.83
1.94
3.25
4 TEC
29.74
49.64
3.76
6.27
2183.29
3644.42
6.29
10.50
121.65
203.07
1644.21
2744.56
3.76
6.27
5 TEM
0.68
1.14
26.47
44.19
2078.63
3469.71
17.15
28.63
11.68
19.49
1565.39
2612.99
0.68
1.14
6 TIC1
948.45
1583.18
NA
NA
2279.58
3805.15
1.21
2.02
2.03
3.39
1716.72
2865.60
1.21
2.02
7 WBIC1
5.00
8.35
32.64
54.48
848.42
1416.20
5.73
9.56
42.34
70.68
42.06
70.20
5.00
8.35
8 WIM1
3.38
5.64
32.64
54.48
850.12
1419.04
7.44
12.41
42.34
70.68
42.14
70.34
3.38
5.64
9 WTIC1
1.06
1.77
32.64
54.48
851.82
1421.89
3.28
5.47
42.34
70.68
42.23
70.48
1.06
1.77
10 BEC
45.63
76.16
522.77
872.63
1640.75
2738.78
9.21
15.37
3.88
6.47
2178.69
3636.74
3.88
6.47
11 BEM
1.31
2.19
22.55
37.65
1561.93
2607.21
112.02
186.98
107.34
179.18
2074.03
3462.04
1.31
2.19
12 BIC1
24.04
40.12
3.51
5.86
1727.02
2882.79
2.31
3.86
143.46
239.46
2293.25
3827.97
2.31
3.86
13 TIC2
59.89
99.97
2.77
4.62
1377.54
2299.42
1.33
2.22
65.30
109.00
1391.31
2322.42
1.33
2.22
14 TIM1
1.98
3.31
15.93
26.58
1256.17
2096.84
7.53
12.57
14.93
24.92
1268.73
2117.80
1.98
3.31
15 TIC3
59.89
99.97
68.34
114.08
1377.54
2299.42
1.33
2.22
2.48
4.14
1391.31
2322.42
1.33
2.22
19 BIC2
33.38
55.72
187.87
313.60
1398.12
2333.79
2.35
3.92
3.43
5.72
1384.28
2310.68
2.35
3.92
20 BIM1
3.25
5.42
49.93
83.35
1264.40
2110.57
100.36
167.52
51.52
86.00
1251.88
2089.68
3.25
5.42
21 BIC3
33.38
55.72
3.85
6.42
1398.12
2333.79
2.35
3.92
179.65
299.88
1384.28
2310.68
2.35
3.92
TEMM(max)RLL
0.68
1.14
LoadRating
(HSequivalent)
14
23
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AppendixE.
LEVEL3:RISA2DWITHLEFEEXAMPLE
131
TxDOT
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132
RISA2DLEFEStep1. ModifythemodelcreatedfortheLevel2analysistomatchFigureVI20throughthe
followingsteps:
a.
RemoveallLevel2boundaryconditionsandloads.FigureIX27showstheculvertmodelwithout
loadsorboundaryconditions.
FIGUREIX.27.RISA2DWITHLEFEREMOVEBCANDLOADS.
TxDOT
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b.
133
Placenewnodesattheoutsidecornersofthesoilareaaswellasattheedgesdirectlyabove,
belowandoutsidetheoutsidecornersoftheculvertaccordingtoFigureVI20.FigureIX28
showsthenewnodelocations
FIGUREIX.28.RISA2DWITHLEFENEWNODELOCATIONS.
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c.
134
ConnectthenodesfromRISA2DLEFEStep1.busingtheplatedrawingtooltomakeeightlarge
soilelementssurroundingtheculvertandfillingthesoilarea.
i. TheelementsshouldhavethematerialpropertiesfromTableIV3.FigureIX29
illustrateshowtodefineanewmaterialproperty.
FIGUREIX.29.RISA2DWITHLEFESOILMATERIALPROPERTYDEFINITIONS.
TxDOT
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135
ii. Theelementsshouldbe12in.thick.FigureIX30showswheretodefinetheplate
properties.FigureIX31showstheculvertwiththedrawnplates.
FIGUREIX.30.RISA2DWITHLEFEDEFINEPLATEPROPERTIES.
FIGUREIX.31.RISA2DWITHLEFEDRAWPLATES.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
d.
136
Usethesubmeshtooltoautomaticallysubmeshthelargeplates.Besuretospecifya
minimumof10elementsalongeachculvertspan.FigureIX32showswheretodefinetheextent
ofthesubmeshing.FigureIX33showsthesubmeshedsoilstructureinteractionmodel.
FIGUREIX.32.RISA2DWITHLEFEPLATESUBMESHINGCONTROLS.
FIGUREIX.33.RISA2DWITHLEFEPLATESUBMESH.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
e.
137
Createathinsoilbeamatthegroundsurface,runningfromthetopleftcornerofthesoilarea
tothetoprightcorner.FigureIX34showswherethesoilmemberisdefined.ThisallowsRISA
torunamovingloadacrossthetopsurface.
FIGUREIX.34.RISA2DWITHLEFESOIL"BEAM".
TxDOT
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f.
138
Settheboundaryconditionsfortheoutsideedgeofsoilmesh.FigureIX35showshowtodefine
theboundaryconditions.
FIGUREIX.35.RISA2DWITHLEFEBOUNDARYCONDITIONS.
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139
RISA2DLEFEStep2. EstablishtheRISAloadcasesfordeadloadandliveload.
a.
Thedealloadissimplya1gravityloadingintheGlobalYdirectionFigureIX36illustratesthis
point.
FIGUREIX.36.RISA2DWITHLEFEBASICLOADCASES.
TxDOT
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b.
140
TheliveloadisamovingloadofmagnitudeandspacingasillustratedinFigureVI21and
calculatedinEquationVI12alongthesoilbeamcreatedinstep2.e.TableIX20showsthe
magnitudeoftheliveloads.FigureIX37showhowtodefinethemovingliveload.FigureIX38
showstheanimationofthemovingliveload.ChecktheBothWaysboxtoensurethattheload
movesfromrighttoleftandfromlefttoright.
TABLEIX20.RISA2DWITHLEFELIVELOADCALCULATIONS.
Type
Abbr.
Value(klf)
verticalliveload(16k)
LLvT
2.605
verticalliveload(4k)
LLvT
0.651
FIGUREIX.37.RISA2DWITHLEFEMOVINGLIVELOADDEFINITION.
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141
FIGUREIX.38.RISA2DWITHLEFEMOVINGLIVELOADANIMATION.
TxDOT
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142
RISA2DLEFEStep3. UseRISA2Dtosolveformoment,shearandaxialdeadandliveloadsseparately.This
willrequiretwoseparatecomputerruns:onefordeadload,oneforliveload.FigureIX39illustrates
usingthesolutionboxtosolveforthedeadloaddemands.FigureIX40showsthememberresultsforthe
deadloaddemands.
FIGUREIX.39.RISA2DWITHLEFESOLVEFORDEADLOADDEMANDS.
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143
FIGUREIX.40.RISA2DWITHLEFERESULTSFORDEADLOADDEMANDS.
RISA2DLEFEStep4. Recordthemaximumandminimumdemandsateachcriticalsectionfromthemember
forcetable.
ThedataareobtainedfromtheRISAmembersectionforcetableillustratedinFigureIX40.TableIX21
summarizesdataforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype(moment,shearandthrust).Notethat
becausetheliveloaddataareformenvelopesolutions,theseincludebothmaximumandminimum
values.
RISA2DLEFEStep5. Afterdeterminingthedemands,useEquationVI1toverifythatactualthrustdemandis
lowerthantheincidentalaxialloadassumedinthemomentcapacityequations.Thischeckisshowinthe
farrightcolumninTableIX21
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144
TABLEIX21.RISA2DWITHLEFEDEMANDS.
Member
M101
M102
M103
3.816
ML(max)
(kft/ft)
0.123
ML(min)
(kft/ft)
0.584
2.925
VL(max)
(klf)
0.369
VL(min)
(klf)
0.068
M105
M107
PL(min)
(klf)
1.219
0.575
0.115
0.050
0.228
0.057
0.065
7.192
0.041
1.425
OK
3 WTEC
1.760
0.066
0.704
1.358
0.021
0.370
5.246
0.041
1.398
OK
4 TEC
1.528
0.105
0.659
2.657
0.826
0.020
0.765
0.187
0.273
OK
5 TEM
2.879
1.126
0.067
0.417
0.174
0.243
0.308
0.528
0.333
OK
6 TIC1
6.378
0.018
1.480
4.128
0.017
1.031
1.251
0.442
0.418
OK
7 WBIC1
0.204
8 WIM1
0.119
0.289
0.245
0.092
0.102
0.111
10.242
0.028
2.047
OK
0.112
0.098
0.092
0.102
0.111
9.946
0.028
2.047
OK
9 WTIC1
0.442
0.470
0.485
0.092
0.102
0.111
9.651
0.028
2.047
OK
3.776
0.158
0.562
4.187
0.004
0.605
2.752
0.153
0.357
OK
MD(kft/ft)
1 WBEC
2 WEM
10 BEC
M104
7.553
PL(max)
(klf)
0.027
Sections
VD(klf)
PD(klf)
ThrustCheck
OK
11 BEM
3.801
0.579
0.001
0.527
0.090
0.016
1.791
0.284
0.358
OK
12 BIC1
5.796
0.079
1.315
4.244
0.847
0.027
2.451
0.154
0.355
OK
13 TIC2
5.956
0.048
1.419
3.929
1.015
0.030
1.221
0.408
0.386
OK
14 TIM1
2.339
1.065
0.076
0.175
0.214
0.214
0.786
0.505
0.397
OK
15 TIC3
5.956
0.048
1.419
3.929
0.030
1.015
1.221
0.408
0.386
OK
19 BIC2
6.036
0.112
1.385
4.248
0.020
0.856
2.572
0.198
0.379
OK
20 BIM1
3.092
0.544
0.000
0.319
0.055
0.055
2.061
0.279
0.356
OK
21 BIC3
6.036
0.112
1.385
4.247
0.856
0.020
2.572
0.198
0.378
OK
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
145
RISA2DLEFEStep6. Thisstepgoesbeyondcalculationofdemandloadsandhastodowithcalculatingthe
Operatingratingfactorsforeachcriticalsection,foreachdemandtype,foreachloadcaseperEquation
II1.
capacities.
a.
b.
load.I.E.
1.3
TableIX22summarizesthisstep.
RISA2DLEFEStep7. Selectthecontrollinginventoryandoperatingratingfactorsforeachsection.Thisis
showninthefarrightcolumnofTableIX22.
RISA2DLEFEStep8. Selecttheoverallcontrollingratingfactorsfortheculvert.Thisisshowninthebottom
righthandcornerofTableIX22.
RISA2DLEFEStep9. Ifshearcontrolstheloadrating,theloadratershouldperformalessconservative
analysisoftheshearfailuremodebasedonshearcriticalsectionsaspertheprovisionsofSectionVI.C.In
thisexample,thecontrollingfailuremodeismoment,soadditionalshearanalysisisnotrequired.
RISA2DLEFEStep10.
CalculatetheInventoryandOperatingRatingsperEquationII2.Thisisshown
inthebottomrighthandcornerofTableIX22.
Summary:
BasedonaLevel3analysisusingRISA2DwithLEFEandmediumsoils,theInventory
RatingisHS14whiletheOperatingRatingisHS24.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
146
TABLEIX22.RISA2DWITHLEFELOADRATING.
(Max)RatingFactors
Member
M101
M102
M103
M104
M105
M107
(Min)RatingFactors
ControllingRF
Sections
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFM
ORFM
IRFV
ORFV
IRFP
ORFP
IRFC
ORFC
1 WBEC
27.64
46.13
5.72
9.54
3359.20
5607.27
0.72
1.21
82.56
137.81
74.40
124.20
0.72
1.21
2 WEM
3.98
6.64
65.35
109.09
2261.72
3775.33
61.05
101.90
61.51
102.68
65.07
108.62
3.98
6.64
3 WTEC
32.84
54.82
222.64
371.63
2245.86
3748.86
2.35
3.92
8.24
13.75
65.87
109.95
2.35
3.92
4 TEC
53.57
89.43
5.55
9.27
712.85
1189.91
4.89
8.17
369.22
616.32
488.29
815.07
4.89
8.17
5 TEM
2.65
4.43
36.95
61.67
240.89
402.11
56.34
94.05
22.81
38.08
381.96
637.58
2.65
4.43
6 TIC1
473.93
791.09
508.94
849.53
314.22
524.51
2.60
4.35
3.22
5.37
332.26
554.62
2.60
4.35
7 WBIC1
4.55
7.60
37.32
62.30
3148.25
5255.15
4.37
7.30
35.29
58.90
43.06
71.88
4.37
7.30
8 WIM1
10.02
16.72
37.32
62.30
3154.58
5265.73
12.90
21.54
35.29
58.90
43.15
72.03
10.02
16.72
9 WTIC1
1.98
3.30
37.32
62.30
3160.89
5276.26
3.01
5.02
35.29
58.90
43.24
72.17
1.98
3.30
10 BEC
44.13
73.66
2171.81
3625.26
863.48
1441.35
3.34
5.58
5.43
9.06
370.06
617.72
3.34
5.58
11 BEM
4.20
7.01
65.15
108.74
444.73
742.36
4327.27
7223.21
381.78
637.28
352.80
588.91
4.20
7.01
12 BIC1
103.57
172.88
4.29
7.17
904.42
1509.69
3.68
6.15
308.71
515.31
392.34
654.91
3.68
6.15
13 TIC2
172.46
287.87
3.77
6.29
340.45
568.29
2.89
4.83
271.55
453.28
359.85
600.68
2.89
4.83
14 TIM1
3.11
5.19
29.36
49.01
251.30
419.48
45.41
75.81
26.58
44.37
319.66
533.59
3.11
5.19
15 TIC3
172.46
287.87
284.42
474.77
340.45
568.29
2.89
4.83
3.39
5.66
359.85
600.68
2.89
4.83
19 BIC2
74.34
124.09
436.19
728.10
703.07
1173.59
3.39
5.66
3.79
6.33
367.30
613.12
3.39
5.66
20 BIM1
5.25
8.77
115.82
193.33
452.12
754.70
NA
NA
101.85
170.01
354.33
591.46
5.25
8.77
21 BIC3
3.39
5.66
4.25
7.09
703.07
1173.59
3.39
5.66
416.85
695.82
368.28
614.74
3.39
5.66
WBECM(min)
0.72
1.21
LoadRating
(HSequivalent)
14
24
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
147
Commentary:
FigureIX41presentstheinventoryratingsandoperatingratingsfortheexampleculvert
foreachlevelofanalysis.Asexpected,theLevel3analysismorecarefullydeterminesthemoment,shearandaxial
thrustdemandsandthusyieldsthehighestloadrating.NotethattheLevel1analysisusingCULV5showsthatthe
culvertwillrequireloadposting.However,theLevel2and3analysesindicatetheculvertmaynotrequireload
postingdependingonthestructuralconditionoftheculvert.PertheflowchartinFigureIII1,ifthestructural
conditionratingfortheculvertisgreaterthanorequalto5asdeterminedbasedonproceduresoutlinedinthe
TxDOTBridgeInspectionManual(TxDOT2002),theculvertwillnotneedtobeloadposted.Otherwise,theculvert
wouldneedtobepostedattheoperatingratinglevel.
30.0
loadrating(HS)
25.0
24.1
22.8
20.0
14.9
15.0
10.0
13.7
14.4
8.9
5.0
0.0
Level1:CULV5
Level2:RISA2Dw/Springs
IR
Level3:RISA2DW/LEFE
OR
FIGUREIX.41.INVENTORYRATINGANDOPERATINGRATINGFORMC1033SPAN10'X7'WITH6'FILL.
CarefulreviewofthesolutionsinAppendicesC,D,andE,alsoshowsthatforeachlevelofanalysisthecritical
sectionisdifferentinbothlocationandbendingdirection.Level1showsapositivemomentcontrollingcaseinthe
bottomexteriormidspan.Level2showsapositivemomentcontrollingcaseinthetopexteriormidspan.
However,Level3showsanegativemomentcontrollingcaseinthewallbottomexteriorcorner.Intuitionsuggests
thatthiswouldbethecase,thatis,thefiniteelementapproachyieldsamorerealisticoutcomebecauseitmodels
soilarchingeffects.Intuitionsupportsthisconclusionaswellbecausemomentredistributionoccursasthemid
spanscrackandbecomemoreflexible.Thisinturntransfersmomentloadtothecornersresultingingreater
momentsattheexteriorcorners.Thishigherordereffectcouldbeyetmoreaccuratelymodeledusingnonlinear
concretemodelsinaLevel4analysis.However,becauseloadpostingmaynotberequiredbasedontheLevel3
solution,ithasbeendeemedunnecessarytoperformaLevel4analysis.
TxDOT
CulvertRatingGuide
AppendixF.
POLICYSOURCEDOCUMENTS
149

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CULVERTRATINGGUIDE

Identify culvert for

Perform Inventory and Operating

Establish parameters for

Establish parameters for

Establish parameters for

Establish parameters for

Determine dead and

Determine dead and

Determine dead and

Calculate Inventory and

Select the minimum

b. S OIL M ODULUSOF E LASTICITY

S + TEW/24 + TIW /24 (ft)

TEW /24 + F/12 (ft)

TIW /24 + F/12 (ft)

TB /24 + F/12 (ft)

a. T OTAL L OAD C ASE

b. R EDUCED L ATERAL L OAD C ASE

c. I NTERPRETATIONOF L OAD C ASE D ATA

b. CULV5 S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

c. CULV5 S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

Control-Section-Job A11 Coder A3

Date (Automatic) A11

Description for the run - free form alphanumeric comments A80

Line 2. Job Description

Unit Code (English)

Line 4. SPEC Card

B.C. Code (leave blank) Int Wall, T (in.) F4.1

Line 5. CULV Card

WTEC typ. between 8 and 10

WTIC typ. between 8 and 10

WBEC typ. between 0 and 2

WBIC typ. between 0 and 2

scorn = SM /20 (in.)

scorn = SM /20 (in.)

b. RISA2D S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

c. RISA2D/S PRINGS S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

Theoretical Model & RISA-2D Moving Load

M102 from TIC1 to TEC

M101 from WTEC to WBEC

M104 from BEC to BIC1

b. RISA2D S TRENGTHSAND L IMITATIONS

c. RISA2D/LEFE S TEP BY S TEP I NSTRUCTIONS

where: As= areaofthetensionreinforcement(in.2)

JUN 25, 2008

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (TxDOT)

Culvert Rating Guide VIII.C CULV-5 Example

-- CULVERT, SPEC DATA (* DENOTES DEFAULT) -SERVICE LOAD DESIGN

-- EXTRA DEAD LOAD AND SPECIAL LIVE LOAD -NONE

JUN 25, 2008

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (TxDOT)

Culvert Rating Guide VIII.C CULV-5 Example

JUN 25, 2008

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (TxDOT)

Culvert Rating Guide VIII.C CULV-5 Example

-- SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM FACTORED MOMENTS, SHEARS AND AXIAL FORCES -- (CONT'D)

100%(VERT DL) + 100%(+VERT LL) + 50%(LAT DL)

JUN 25, 2008

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (TxDOT)

Culvert Rating Guide VIII.C CULV-5 Example

-- SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL UNFACTORED MOMENTS AND SHEARS -BM 10TH