IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO.

1, JANUARY 2014 145

Series-Fed Microstrip Antenna Lattice With Switched
Polarization Utilizing Butler Matrix
Izabela Slomian, Krzysztof Wincza, Member, IEEE, and Slawomir Gruszczynski, Member, IEEE
AbstractA novel concept of a series-fed microstrip antenna
array with switched polarization has been proposed. The pre-
sented antenna array consists of radiating elements connected
together with transmission line sections, creating a lattice with
series connections between elements. The lattice is also series
fed using slots in the common ground plane. Moreover, it is
shown that the proposed antenna array is capable of providing
linear, dual-linear, circular, and dual-circular polarization when
appropriately fed by a Butler matrix. The theoretical analysis
and measurement results of a 4 4 microstrip antenna array
operating within 5.5-GHz frequency range are presented, showing
the potential usefulness of such a structure.
Index TermsAntennas with recongurable polarization,
antennas with reduced losses, Butler matrix feeding network,
microstrip antenna array, series-fed antennas.
I. INTRODUCTION
I
N RECENT years, the demand for antennas to be applied
in modern wireless communication and radar systems
has been constantly growing. Nowadays, antenna arrays are
expected to provide different features for various applications
from a common aperture, i.e., recongurable bandwidth [1]
or polarization [2], [3]. To fulll such requirements, the mi-
crostrip technology can be applied, featuring low prole, low
weight, and the possibility of integration with hardware. One
of the most crucial problems, which still needs to be solved
in microstrip antennas is the loss reduction in their feeding
networks. In order to reduce the dissipation losses and to obtain
more compact size of a feeding network, a series feeding
technique can be applied [4]. There are various methods of
series feeding of linear antenna arrays; the radiating elements
can be connected to the feeding line with additional trans-
mission line sections [5], electromagnetically coupled to the
transmission line [6], or alternatively the excitation signal can
be guided through consecutive radiating elements with the
use of either direct or electromagnetic coupling [7][9]. In
order to provide linear polarization of a high gain antenna,
one can design a two-dimensional array with the use of the
series-parallel feeding technique [10] or the seriesseries one
[11], [12]. Nevertheless, a more useful type of two-dimensional
antenna seems to be an antenna lattice, in which all rows and
columns are intersecting [13]. In this type of antenna, rows
Manuscript received April 04, 2013; revised August 23, 2013; accepted Oc-
tober 10, 2013. Date of publication October 25, 2013; date of current version
December 31, 2013. The work was nancially supported by the National Sci-
ence Center under SONATA Program, Contract UMO-2011/03/D/ST7/01783.
The authors are with the AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059
Cracow, Poland (e-mail: izabela.slomian@agh.edu.pl; krzysztof.wincza@agh.
edu.pl; slawomir.gruszczynski@agh.edu.pl).
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2013.2287293
and columns can be fed separately which makes it capable
of providing various polarization congurations, as long as
good isolation between orthogonal feeding ports is maintained.
After introduction of an antenna lattice, it has been widely
investigated. Its concept has been utilized, e.g., as a parasitic
layer to perform beam scanning by switching interelement
connections [14] or to form the probe-fed lattice, in which the
signal exciting the central element propagates through adjacent
radiating elements [15]. Another application of the considered
antenna lattice concept is the dual-polarized dual-band antenna
described in [16], where two planar antennas operating in
different frequency ranges have been integrated in the same
aperture. The higher frequency band has been covered with
the use of circular radiating elements connected in a similar
way as presented in [13], and the rows and columns of the
applied antenna lattice have been fed from the sides. Therefore,
a broadside beam has been achieved in a narrow frequency
range. The relative frequency range in which the main-beam
squint of the linearly polarized antenna is lower than 1 equals
3%. In [17], a similar approach has been applied, where an
antenna lattice with corner-fed radiating elements has been
presented, showing the improvement of isolation between ad-
jacent antenna ports. Moreover, in [17], various congurations
of an antenna lattice feeding network have been presented.
One of the proposed solutions employs a lattice of four 2 2
antenna subarrays with corporate feeding of rows and columns,
in which transmission-line sections are used as 180 phase
shifters. The relative bandwidth in which the main-beam squint
is lower than 1 equals 10.6%. The second concept shows a
4 4 antenna lattice with parallel feeding introduced at the
sides of rows and columns. The relative bandwidth of this type
of antenna lattice having main-beam squint lower than 1 is
4.9 %. All the presented solutions feature a broadside beam in
a narrow frequency range due to either asymmetrical feeding
of consecutive antenna elements (feeding of antenna lattices at
their edges), or the utilization of narrowband phase shifters.
In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the design of a
polarization-recongurable series-fed antenna lattice. The pre-
sented double-layer antenna array is composed of radiating ele-
ments located in four rows and four columns, and the elements
are directly connected along vertical and horizontal lines with
transmission-line sections forming a fully symmetrical antenna
lattice. The excitation of the proposed antenna lattice is pro-
vided with the use of four transmission lines coupled to the
lattice through 45 -inclined slots within the common ground
plane, which simultaneously act as power dividers. The uti-
lized slot-coupled power dividers [10], [12] allow for achieving
a broadside beam in a wide frequency range, the symmetry of
the antenna lattice along both vertical and horizontal lines, and
the minimum length of the feeding lines, simultaneously. The
0018-926X 2013 IEEE
146 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
proposed antenna lattice is able to provide linear polarization,
when fed at an arbitrarily chosen port, or at two collinear ports
with out-of-phase signals, as well as dual-linear, dual-circular,
or left-handed/right-handed circular polarization when fed at all
four ports. In the proposed antenna conguration, to excite cir-
cular polarization, all four input ports have to be fed with signals
having equal amplitudes and 0 , 90 , 180 , 270 differential
phases. Therefore, we propose a novel application of a Butler
matrix [18], which can be used as a feeding network of the
described recongurable antenna lattice. It not only allows for
achieving circular polarization, but also dual-circular andwith
an additional directional couplerdual-linear polarization. The
proposed solution has been veried by electromagnetic simu-
lations and measurements of the manufactured antenna lattice
operating in 5.5-GHz frequency range.
II. ANTENNA CONCEPT
The proposed antenna array uses the layer structure com-
posed of two laminate layers separated with an air gap, as shown
in Fig. 1(a). The antenna pattern is placed on the upper met-
allization layer and consists of a 4 4 array of radiating el-
ements, which are series-connected with the shortest possible
transmission-line sections forming a lattice. The antenna lattice
has been fed with the use of straight feeding lines placed on the
bottom metallization layer and coupled to the centers of every
rowand column of the lattice with the use of inclined slots in the
common ground plane. Such a structure ensures that the signal
applied to one of the input ports is rst divided by the slot-cou-
pled three-way power divider [12], in which part of the power is
transferred to the upper transmission line, and signals at its ter-
minations have equal amplitudes and are out-of-phase in broad
frequency range. The power received at the third output of the
three-way power divider is afterwards divided on a slot-cou-
pled two-way power divider [10] in the similar manner. Due to
the applied method of antenna lattices excitation, the broadside
beam is obtained in a broad frequency range when the collinear
antenna ports are fed with signals having the same amplitudes
and the opposite phases. A schematic drawing of the proposed
antenna has been shown in Fig. 1(b). As shown, the proposed
antenna lattice on the upper metallization layer features sym-
metry along vertical and horizontal lines, and a central sym-
metry, whereas the coupling slots in the common ground plane
feature the central symmetry, which improves the resulting ra-
diation pattern.
A. Radiating Elements
In the proposed solution, microstrip patches have been ap-
plied as the radiating elements. In order to form an antenna
lattice, three kinds of radiating elements have been designed:
2-port radiating elements to be placed in the corners of an-
tenna lattice (elements A), 3-port radiating elements located
on its edges (elements B), and 4-port radiating elements in the
center (elements C). To obtain good polarization properties, it
is required to achieve high isolation between orthogonal ter-
minations of all radiating elements. Moreover, by the appro-
priate choice of the transmission between collinear terminations
of B- and C-type radiating elements, it is possible to achieve
nonuniform amplitude distribution along linear antenna arrays
in both principal cut-planes, and therefore, to reduce sidelobe
level. In order to ensure a proper amplitude distribution across
Fig. 1. Proposed polarization-recongurable antenna lattice. (a) Cross-sec-
tional view of the utilized dielectric structure and (b) schematic diagram of
antenna lattice showing three kinds of series-connected radiating elements,
straight feeding lines, and coupling slots within the common ground plane.
the antenna lattice along both rows and columns, an appropriate
adjustment of the transmission coefcients has been made by
changing the characteristic impedances of transmission line sec-
tions. The distance between radiating elements equals a guided
wavelength providing in-phase excitation of all radiating ele-
ments at the center frequency. Nevertheless, all of the transmis-
sion lines introduced in the antenna lattice are in high impedance
standard to reduce the deteriorative inuence of transmission
lines radiation on the radiation pattern of the entire antenna lat-
tice. When all types of radiating elements have been designed,
they have been properly connected to form a 2 2 series-fed
antenna subarray, and four such subarrays, together with the se-
ries-connected slot couplers, constitute an entire antenna lattice.
B. Slot-Coupled Power Dividers
When the 2 2 microstrip antenna subarray is designed,
the power division network independently feeding all rows
and columns of the entire antenna lattice has to be developed.
Placement of the antenna lattice and the feeding transmission
lines on different metallization layers, separated by a ground
plane, gives the possibility of preserving the symmetry of the
resulting antenna in opposition to the concepts presented in
[13], [16], and [17]. The antenna lattice has been fed with the
use of two-way and three-way slot-coupled power dividers
SLOMIAN et al.: SERIES-FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA LATTICE WITH SWITCHED POLARIZATION UTILIZING BUTLER MATRIX 147
Fig. 2. Slots symmetry concepts: (a) axial symmetry and (b) central symmetry.
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the utilized modied Butler matrix [20].
described in detail in [10] and [12]. In the considered case, the
4 4 antenna lattice has been fed with the use of four straight
transmission lines placed as shown in Fig. 1(b). The upper
lines have been matched to the input impedances of the 2 2
antenna subarrays, whereas the lower lines have been matched
to 50 .
C. Feeding Network
The lattices feeding network has been designed with the use
of the slot couplers mentioned in the previous subsection. To ob-
tain proper excitation of the entire antenna lattice four feeding
lineseach coupled to the radiating lattice with two slot cou-
plershave been used (see Fig. 1(b)). The inclination angles of
slots coupled to a particular feeding line are the same and equal
45 with respect to the feeding line. It has to be emphasized
that, depending on relative positions of the coupling slots, there
are two possible solutions of antenna lattices feeding providing
the broadside beam, as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2(a) presents the
slots placed above collinear feeding transmission lines symmet-
rically with respect to the orthogonal axis. Such a structure has
to be fed with equal amplitude and in-phase signals. The other
conguration is presented in Fig. 2(b), in which slots are placed
symmetrically with respect to the center of an antenna lattice. In
this case, the pairs of collinear antenna subarrays have to be fed
with out-of-phase signals. Therefore, to generate circular po-
larization, a 4 4 Butler matrix, which ensures 90 90
differential phases at adjacent output ports [19] can be applied.
Such a matrix can be designed as an appropriate connection of
three 3-dB/0/180 directional couplers and a 3-dB/90 coupler,
as is shown in Fig. 3, [18], [20].
Fig. 4. Block diagram of an antenna lattice and a Butler matrix connection
required for achieving the desired polarization. Congurations used to obtain
(a) circular left-handed, right-handed or dual-circular polarization, (b) linear
(horizontal) polarization with termination of unused ports and vertical, and
(c) horizontal or dual-linear polarization using an additional directional coupler.
D. Generated Polarizations
It has to be emphasized that the application of such a Butler
matrix allows for generating various polarizations of antenna
lattice, which have been schematically presented in Fig. 4.
The left-handed, right-handed circular polarization, as well as
dual-circular polarization can be obtained by exciting all of
the antenna ports with the Butler matrix (Fig. 4(a)), whereas
vertical and horizontal linear polarizations may be achieved by
exciting two collinear feeding lines with out-of-phase signals
and having the remaining outputs of the Butler matrix termi-
nated (Fig. 4(b)). Alternatively, one of the linear polarizations
can be obtained by exciting all four ports of the antenna lattice
with the Butler matrix having additional 3-dB/90 directional
coupler connected to the input ports, as shown in Fig. 4(c).
Such a feeding network allows also for achieving dual-linear
polarization. In addition, the proposed antenna lattice can also
be fed with each input port separately, exciting either vertical
linear polarization of 4 2 antenna lattice, or horizontal linear
polarization of 2 4 antenna lattice. All the possible feeding
congurations of the designed antenna lattice and the corre-
sponding radiation patterns have been listed in Table I.
The drawback of Butler matrix utilization for generating
linear polarizations in the conguration presented in Fig. 4(b)
is the losses arising from equal power split to all of its outputs,
148 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
TABLE I
ANTENNA LATTICE FEEDING CONFIGURATIONS
resulting in 3 dB power loss. Such losses are avoided in the
conguration shown in Fig. 4(c). Therefore, the utilization
of fully polarization-recongurable four-port antenna lattice,
which exhibits very good performance in a broad frequency
range, benets in wide range of possible applications.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed concept has been veried by measurements
of the manufactured 4 4 antenna lattice operating within
the 5.5-GHz frequency range. The antenna lattice has been
designed with the use of two Arlon 25N laminates separated
with a 1.52-mm air gap. The parameters of the utilized structure
are shown in Fig. 1(a). The electromagnetic simulations have
been performed with the use of Ansoft Ensemble software
assuming innite ground plane.
A. 2 2 Antenna Subarray
As radiating elements, standard square microstrip patches fed
with microstrip lines have been utilized. The B and C radi-
ating elements have been designed to ensure appropriate trans-
mission coefcient between collinear ports and isolation be-
tween orthogonal ports. Moreover, the designed antenna ele-
ments spaced 0.78 apart have been connected to form 2 2
antenna subarray with the use of 175 transmission line (to re-
duce the deteriorative radiation). The designed 2 2 subarray
has been matched to 75 . Fig. 5 presents the simulated S-pa-
rameters of the designed 2 2 antenna subarray. The resonant
frequency of the antenna subarray is 5.5 GHz and the 10-dB
bandwidth is almost 200 MHz. As it is seen, the poorest iso-
lation has been achieved between #2 and #3 ports; however,
it is still on an acceptable level. The radiation patterns of the
Fig. 5. Magnitude of scattering parameters of the 2 2 antenna subarray. Re-
sults of electromagnetic simulations.
Fig. 6. (a) Layout of the 4 4 polarization-recongurable antenna lattice and
(b) the view of feeding line and coupling slots showing all needed dimensions.
Antenna latticeblack; feeding linesgray.
designed 2 2 antenna subarray have been veried by electro-
magnetic simulations, in which equal-amplitude and in-phase
SLOMIAN et al.: SERIES-FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA LATTICE WITH SWITCHED POLARIZATION UTILIZING BUTLER MATRIX 149
Fig. 7. Photographs of the manufacture 4 4 polarization-recongurable
antenna lattice. (a) Top metallization layer with radiating elements and series
feeding network and (b) bottom metallization layer with feeding lines.
TABLE II
TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS OF RADIATING ELEMENTS AND
SLOT-COUPLED POWER DIVIDER
TABLE III
DIMENSIONS OF ANTENNA LATTICE SHOWN IN FIG. 6
signals have been assumed for linear polarization and equal-am-
plitude quadrature signals have been assumed for circular polar-
ization. The achieved beamwidth of the designed antenna sub-
array is 34 in both principal cut-planes, and the sidelobe level
better than 13.8 dB has been obtained. The cross polarization
obtained at the main direction is 16.3 dB and the simulated gain
is 14.5 dBi, respectively. Such properties have been obtained
for both linear and circular polarization.
B. 4 4 Antenna Lattice Geometry
The pairs of B and pairs of C elements, placed along the axes
of symmetry of the antenna lattice, have been connected with the
transmission lines placed above the coupling slots. The distance
between these particular elements has been increased to facili-
tate the design of slot couplers. The characteristic impedance
of transmission lines connecting pairs of B elements and pairs
Fig. 8. Magnitudes of scattering parameters of the 4 4 polarization-recong-
urable antenna lattice. Results of electromagnetic simulations performed with
innite ground plane and nite ground plane assumption, measurement results
of the manufactured antenna lattice.
of C elements have been adjusted to ensure appropriate cou-
pling level between the feeding transmission lines and trans-
mission lines of the antenna lattice. Afterwards, the three-way
and two-way slot-coupled power dividers have been designed
to provide appropriate power distribution across linear antenna
arrays required for sidelobe level reduction. The transmission
coefcients of radiating elements and a three-way slot-coupled
power divider have been listed in Table II. To ensure appro-
priate phase relations at the inputs of 2 2 antenna subarrays,
the upper lines of slot couplers have been meandered. The layout
of the designed antenna lattice and its feeding network has been
presented in Fig. 6 showing all dimensions, the values of which
are listed in Table III. The photographs of the manufactured an-
tenna have been shown in Fig. 7.
C. Scattering Parameters of 4 4 Antenna Lattice
The simulated and measured reection coefcients at one of
antenna inputs as well as isolation between collinear and orthog-
onal ports are shown in Fig. 8. The resulting center frequency
obtained upon electromagnetic simulations assuming innite
ground plane is 5.525 GHz, the resonant frequency obtained
during nite-ground-plane simulations is 5.475 GHz, whereas
the measured resonant frequency is 5.428 GHz. The differences
between simulated and measured values may arise from inac-
curate spacing between laminate layers and the inaccuracy of
PCB etching. In addition, there can be noticed the discrepancies
between the results of electromagnetic simulations performed
with and without the assumption of innite ground plane. Nev-
ertheless, a good agreement between the simulations and mea-
surements has been obtained. The simulated isolation between
all ports is better than 22.5 dB, and the measured one is better
than 25 dB. The measured scattering parameters of the 4 4
Butler matrix utilized during the radiation pattern and antenna
gain measurements have been shown in Fig. 9. It can be noticed
that in the frequency range of interest the power division and
differential phases between consecutive outputs are not ideal
and may have inuence on the obtained radiation properties.
Fig. 10 presents the magnitude of scattering parameters of the
antenna lattice connected with the Butler matrix, as shown in
Fig. 4(a). Simulated magnitudes of the reection coefcients
obtained at RHCP and LHCP are lower than 27 dB, and the
measured magnitudes of the reection coefcients reach 13
150 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
Fig. 9. Measured scattering parameters of the 4 4 Butler matrix shown in
Fig. 3 and utilized for feeding of the proposed antenna lattice: (a) transmission
coefcients and (b) differential phases obtained between consecutive outputs
and RHCP input port (black lines) or LHCP input port (grey lines) [18].
dB in the 55.8-GHz frequency range; however, at the resonant
frequency, magnitudes of the reection coefcients are lower
than 20 dB. Moreover, the manufactured antenna lattice fea-
tures good isolation between RHCP and LHCP ports.
D. Radiation Patterns of 4 4 Antenna Lattice
It needs to be emphasized that innite ground plane has
been assumed in electromagnetic simulations performed to
obtain radiation patterns, axial ratio and antenna gain. The
radiation patterns for linear polarization, simulated and mea-
sured at the center frequency in the cut-plane, are shown
in Fig. 11. The achieved simulated beamwidth in vertical
and horizontal planes are equal 15 and 17 , respectively.
The measured beamwidth for horizontal polarization is the
same as simulated one, whereas the measured beamwidth
for vertical polarization is slightly wider than the simulated
one. The sidelobe level is better than 14.5 dB in the case of
Fig. 10. Magnitudes of scattering parameters of the 4 4 polarization-recon-
gurable antenna lattice connected to the Butler matrix, as presented in Fig. 4(a).
Results of electromagnetic simulations (not including the losses of cables con-
necting the antenna lattice with the Butler matrix) have been marked grey and
measurement results of the manufactured antenna lattice and 4 4 Butler ma-
trix have been marked black [18].
Fig. 11. Normalized radiation patterns of the 4 4 polarization-recongurable
antenna lattice obtained at the center frequency in cut-plane. (a) Vertical
linear polarization, and (b) horizontal linear polarization. Results of electromag-
netic simulationsgray lines and measurement results of the manufactured an-
tenna latticeblack lines. The co-polar radiation patterns are plotted with solid
lines and cross-polar radiation patternswith dashed lines.
vertically polarized antenna and is better than 13.9 dB in the
case of horizontal polarization. The measured sidelobe level for
vertical polarization is 13.7 dB and for horizontal polarization
is 12.2 dB. The cross-polarization level at the main direction
is better than 21 dB. The simulated and measured radiation
patterns for circular polarization are shown in Fig. 12 and, as
in case of linearly polarized antenna lattice, are in a very good
agreement in terms of beamwidth and sidelobe level. In the
simulated RHCP co-polar radiation pattern, the sidelobe level
SLOMIAN et al.: SERIES-FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA LATTICE WITH SWITCHED POLARIZATION UTILIZING BUTLER MATRIX 151
Fig. 12. Normalized radiation patterns of the 4 4 polarization-recongurable
antenna lattice obtained at center frequency in cut-plane. (a) Left-handed
circular polarization, and (b) right-handed circular polarization. Results of elec-
tromagnetic simulationsgray lines and measurement results of the manufac-
tured antenna latticeblack lines. The co-polar radiation patterns are plotted
with solid lines and cross-polar radiation patternswith dashed lines.
Fig. 13. Axial ratio of the 4 4 polarization-recongurable antenna lattice at
the main direction. Results of electromagnetic simulations assuming ideal ex-
citing signalsgray line and measurement results of the manufactured antenna
lattice connected with the utilized 4 4 Butler matrixblack line.
is 13 dB, whereas the measured one is 12 dB. The simulated
LHCP co-polar sidelobe level is better than 16 dB, whereas
the measured one is better than 17.5 dB. The measurements
of radiation patterns have been performed with the use of the
Butler matrix described in [18]. Although all of the presented
radiation patterns concern the results obtained in the
cut-plane, the radiation patterns obtained in the cut-plane
are identical due to the symmetry of the antenna lattice. Any
discrepancies noticed in the obtained radiation patterns would
arise from the performance of utilized Butler matrix and the
error of antenna alignment during measurements. It has to be
Fig. 14. Antenna gain of the 4 4 polarization-recongurable antenna lattice:
(a) linearly polarizedconguration shown in Fig. 4(b) and (b) circularly polar-
izedconguration shown in Fig. 4(a). Results of electromagnetic simulations
assuming ideal exciting signalsgray line and measurement results of the man-
ufactured antenna lattice connected with the 4 4 Butler matrixblack line.
Losses of the Butler matrix are not included.
underlined that, in the proposed solution, the broadside beam
is maintained in both cut-planes within a very wide frequency
range exceeding 17.5%. Nevertheless, despite very good phase
relations obtained in the antenna lattices feeding network, the
sidelobe level increases due to the frequency dependence of
transmission coefcients of particular power dividers.
E. Axial Ratio and Gain of 4 4 Antenna Lattice
A comparison of the simulated and measured axial ratio of
the circularly polarized antenna lattice is presented in Fig. 13.
As it is seen, the theoretical axial ratio is lower than 0.18 dB,
whereas the measured one reaches 1.75 dB. The differences be-
tween the measured and simulated values are most likely caused
by not ideal power split and phase offsets of the Butler ma-
trix used during the measurements. Fig. 14 presents the com-
parison between the simulated and measured gain, for vertical
and horizontal linear polarization as well as right-handed and
left-handed circular polarization. The presented results do not
take into account losses of the Butler matrix. The achieved re-
sults for both linear and circular polarizations are in close agree-
152 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
ment. The simulated radiation efciency of antenna lattice at the
center frequency is 0.79 dB. The losses within the feeding net-
work are 0.64 dB.
IV. CONCLUSION
An innovative approach to the design of a series-fed antenna
lattice has been proposed. The radiating elements have been
connected with short transmission-line sections and the formed
structure has been fed by four transmission lines coupled to the
lattice through the 45 -inclined slots within the common ground
plane. The utilized structure provides symmetry of an antenna
lattice along both vertical and horizontal lines, which improves
the achievable radiation patterns. It has been shown that the pro-
posed antenna is able to provide linear and dual-linear polariza-
tion as well as right-handed, left-handed circular polarization
and dual-circular when appropriately fed with the use of a 4 4
Butler matrix. Moreover, it has been shown that, in spite of the
utilization of the series feeding technique, such an antenna en-
sures a broadside beamin a wide frequency range due to the pro-
posed slot-coupled feeding of the antenna lattice. The proposed
solution can be easily extended to the 2N 2N antenna lattice
composed of four identical series-fed antenna subar-
rays and four identical slot-coupled feeding transmission lines
(designed with the use of slot-coupled power dividers), while
maintaining the same feeding conguration as in the presented
example. The proposed approach of fully polarization-recong-
urable antenna lattice has been veried by measurements of the
manufactured 4 4 antenna, fed with the use of the previously
developed Butler matrix. The obtained results fully conrmed
the presented analysis.
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Izabela Slomian received the B.Sc. degree and
M.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunications
from AGH University of Science and Technology,
Cracow, Poland, in 2012 and 2013, respectively.
Since 2011, she has been working in cooperation
with Microwave Technology and High Frequency
Electronics research team at the Department of
Electronics, AGH UST. Her scientic interests lie in
microstrip antenna arrays. She has coauthored nine
journals and conference papers.
Krzysztof Wincza (S06M07) was born in Wal-
brzych, Poland, on May 27, 1979. He received the
M.Sc. degree and the Ph.D. degree in electronics
and electrical engineering from the Wroclaw Uni-
versity of Technology, Poland, in 2003 and 2007,
respectively.
In 2007, he joined the Institute of Telecommunica-
tions, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Wroclaw Uni-
versity of Technology. In 2009, he joined the Fac-
ulty of Electronics at AGH University of Science and
Technology, Cracow, Poland, where he became an
Assistant Professor.
Dr. Wincza was the recipient of The Youth Award presented at the Tenth
National Symposium of Radio Sciences (URSI) and the Young Scientist Grant
awarded by the Foundation for Polish Science in 2001 and 2008, respectively.
He has coauthored 31 journal and 48 conference scientic papers.
Slawomir Gruszczynski (M06) was born in Wro-
claw, Poland, on December 14, 1976. He received
the M.Sc. degree and the Ph.D. degree in electronics
and electrical engineering from the Wroclaw Univer-
sity of Technology, Poland, in 2001 and 2006, respec-
tively.
From 2001 to 2006, he was with the Telecom-
munications Research Institute, Wroclaw Division,
and from 2005 to 2009, he worked at the Institute
of Telecommunications, Teleinformatics and Acous-
tics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw,
Poland. In 2009, he joined the Faculty of Informatics, Electronics and Telecom-
munications at AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland,
where he became a Head of the Department of Electronics in 2012. He has
coauthored 32 journal and 45 conference scientic papers.
Dr. Gruszczynski is a member of the Young Scientists Academy at Polish
Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Committee of Electronics and Telecommuni-
cations at Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).