1

The Engineering Faculty

of
The University of Rijeka


Ksenija Mance


Gramatika I
Grammar File I



Review of
Grammatical and Syntactical
Structures




2014/2015


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CONTENTS

1 Word Formation 3
2 Collective Nouns 6
3 Plural of Nouns 10
4 Compound Nouns/Nouns in Groups 17
5 Articles 20
6 Use of the Genitive 34
7 Appropriacy Focus 39
8 Continuous Aspect 44
9 Present Simple and Continuous 45
10 Past Simple and Past Continuous 49
11 Perfect Aspect 55
12 Present Perfect Simple and Continuous 57
13 Past Perfect Simple and Continuous 66
14 Expressing the Future 71
15 Future Perfect Simple and Continuous 72
16 Expressing the Future Exercises 78
17 Various Aspects of Expressing Time 80
18 Passive Aspect 116
19 Causative have 139
20 Various Language Exercises 140
21 Collocations 142
22 Inchoative Verbs 150

References 153


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WORD FORMATION

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Words can be formed by adding a prefix to the beginning or a suffix to the end. There
are many prefixes and suffixes
Example of prefixes: un-, dis-, im-, mis-
un-+certain uncertain dis-+appear disappear
im-+possible impossible mis-+understand misunderstand

Examples of suffixes: -ness, -ful, less, -ship
happy+-ness happiness care+-ful careful
end+-less endless friend+-ship

I. Add a word from the box to the prefix in each sentence to make a negative word.

advantage agree appear fortunately interesting patient employed understanding

1. I didnt read all of the book because I found it .....interesting.
2. Cycling has one dis................................ . It makes you feel hot and sweaty.
3. Sue had a ticket for the theatre, but ............................. she fell ill that night.
4. Terry cant stand waiting in queues, because shes very im.............................
5. My brother always dis.............................. when its time to do the washing-up.
6. After Jack lost his job, he was un............................ for three months.
7. Oh, I completely dis........................ with you. I think it was a great film.
8. Because of a mis.............................., half the class went to the wrong classroom.

II. Complete the word in each sentence with a prefix from the box.

out- over- under- re-

1. My alarm clock didnt go off, and so I ........................ slept this morning.
2. Pete packed some shirts and socks, some ......................... wear, and his jeans.
3. Its very cold this morning, so wear your .......................coat.
4. Our team was completely ......................... played by the team from Wales.
5. Ive decided to .................write my leter, because I made too many mistakes.
6. Steve ..................cooked the meat, and it was burnt in places.
7. I have to go to the library today and .....................new my ticket.
8. The staff went on strike because they were ....................paid and overworked.

III. Complete the word in each sentence with a suffix from the box, Make any other
necessary changes to the word.

-er -let -ess -hood -ship -ful -ery

1. After two years of friend.................... , Kate got to know david really well.
2. If you dont speak the language you feel more like a foreign............................ .
3. Sarah spent a very happy child................... on a small island.
4. I asked a steward.................. what time the plane arrived, but she didnt know.
5. Every teenage.................. knows that parents worry a lot.
6. Dont forget to add a spoon............... of sugar, and some milk.
7. We live in a beautiful neighbour.................. on the outskirts of the city.
8. Tina picked up a hand................ of snow, and threw it in my face.
9. Under the floor there was a rumbling sound of machine................ .
10. The college sent Sue a small book ..................... describing its courses.
11. Maria and Louis have a really good relation........................ .
12. George won the medal for brave.......... .

IV. Complete each sentence with a noun made from the verb given.

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inhabit refuse act advertise employ imagine cook bore build accommodate

1. There are over one million........................... in this city.
2. Greg often suffers from ......................................... in the school holidays.
3. This is the tallest .................................... in the whole of the country.
4. Some students cant find suitable ........................................ .
5. I was upset by Caros............................... to help me.
6. It took Richard years to become a successful ............................ .
7. Every ............................... in this country has received a pay rise.
8. You need a lot of ......................................... to write a good story.
9. Dont forget to turn off the ................................... before you leave.
10. I saw an interesting ...................................... in the local paper.

V. Complete each sentence with a noun ending in ness made from a word in the box.
Make any necessary changes.

dark friendly happy lonely short sick silly thin tired thorough

1. The .......................................... of the journey surprised me, as I thought it would be longer.
2. Sue was impressed by the ........................................ of everyone in her new school.
3. We knew it was going to rain because of the ................................ of the sky.
4. Old Mrs Holts ................................... was cured when she was given a pet cat.
5. The doctor told Peter that his ............................. was a result of overwork.
6. Wendys teacher was impressed by the ........................................ of her work.
7. We wished the bride and groom ..................................... in their new life together.
8. Joes teacher began to grow tired of his ........................ in class.
9. I felt rather cold when I arrived because of the .................................... of my clothes.
10. Jean took a travel ............................... pill, and then she felt much better.

VI. Complete the word in each sentence with a suffix from the box.

-less ly y ish ic al -ous

1. Everone thanked the fire-fighters for their hero.................. efforts.
2. Paul received most of his music ........................... education from his mother.
3. The government is going to provide more houses for home.......... people.
4. Lisas mother ..................... qualities made her a favourite with the children.
5. It was very fool.................... of you to leave all the doors and windows open.
6. On rain...... days, we spend a lot of time indoors watching television.

VII. Complete the following sentences by adapting the word given in brackets.

1. You need to _______ the final point of the presentation. It's rather confusing. (clear)
2. The film turned out to be a big _____________ . It was really quite boring. (disappoint)
3. Don't forget to ______________ the modem when you have finished using it. (connect)
4. Ben sulks like a child when he doesn't get his own way. He's so ___________ . (mature)
5. Oliver's CV is truly ________________ . He's bound to get the job. (impress)
6. Actually, I found Tonys book was ........................................... interesting. (surprise)
7. ...................................... , my father used to go to school with your father. (interest)
8. Im .................................... ashamed of your behaviour! (thorough)
9. Being un............................... means that you share with others. (self)
10. Not taking exercise is rather un.................................... . (health)
11. Looking in the mirror too much is an example of .......................... . (vain)
12. The ................................ of the diamonds baffled the police. (thief)
13. This question is ................................ difficult, isnt it? (awful)

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VIII. Complete the table


Noun Verb Adjective
vary
prediction
resultative
accelerative
behave
cause
change
precision
valid
investigate
occur
performable
act
define
formal
motion
link
specify
formulated



IX. Complete the following sentences by adapting the word given in brackets.

1. Dont depend on him. He is a very ______________________ person (rely).
2. Our solutions _____________________ (effective) address our customers needs to
____________________ (reduction) emissions.
3. The staff are always making mistakes because they are so __________________ (efficient).
4. Every year thousands of species of plants and insects ____________________ (appear).
5. You need to ___________ the final point of the presentation. It's rather confusing. (clear)
6. The film turned out to be a big ________________ . It was really quite boring. (disappoint)
7. Don't forget to __________________ the modem when you have finished using it. (connect)
8. Ben sulks like a child when he doesn't get his own way. He's so _______________ . (mature)
9. Oliver's CV is truly ______________________ . He's bound to get the job. (impress)
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Nouns
8
COUNTABLES AND UNCOUNTABLES

Countable nouns include individual things, people, places and units of measurement:
a computer, a report, an office, a manager; a metre, a kilo, a pound

Countable nouns can be used in the plural, follow words such as many, these, those, several,
few, a few and are used with a/an

Uncountable nouns include substances, many abstract ideas, and verbal nouns:
gold, plastic; safety, progress, travel, weather; brainstorming, engineering, video-
conferencing
Uncountable nouns take the singular form of the verb; have words like much, a little, little,
some before them and do not take the when used in general sense

Some of the more common uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted, have no
indefinite article and usually no plural:

wool water wood ink flour progress
tobacco paper butter cheese glass cloth
grass jam wheat coffee silver gold
music soup milk honesty swimming tea
poetry adventure sugar meat butter metal
iron darkness stupidity help sand sleep
advice advertising baggage cash damage insurance
employment equipment information news furniture software
legislation luggage merchandise money research bread
transport traffic travel weather work accommodation


Uncountable nouns and countables in the plural are preceded by some when a certain
quantity or number is implied:
Give me some bread and milk.

Which of the following words can be either countable or uncountable?
Remember that only countables take a or an.

drink glass cabbage onion garlic steel
spinach rosemary tea hair ice music
butter toast meat chocolate luggage mail
jam soap honey milk salt jewelry
corn butter sugar cloth water tobacco

A small piece of garlic or a clove of garlic;
A leaf or two of mint, dill, rosemary and other herbs:

Whereas spinach is uncountable because we see only a large heap of leaves to chop up,
we talk of a cabbage because we buy the plant whole and regard it as a reasonable unit.

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Some Measuring Words for Noncount Nouns


a pound, (cube, stick or pat) of butter
a clove of garlic
a piece, (slice) of toast
a piece of chocolate*
a piece of candy*
a piece of meat
a piece, block, cube of ice
a piece of jewelry
a piece of luggage
a piece of mail
a piece of music
a piece of advice
a piece of information
a piece of equipment
a sheet of paper
a show of strength
a spell of bad weather
a pair of scissors
a bottle of perfume
a barrel of oil
a stroke of inspiration
a pair of jeans
a flash of good luck
a mountain of work
a round of applause
a kernel, an ear, a bushel of corn
a loaf of bread
bushel = measure for grain and fruit, 8 gallons or about 36,4 litres
a lump, cube, spoonful of sugar
a scoop, dish, pint, quart of ice cream
pint =1/8 of a gallon, 0,568 of a litre, US=0,473 of a litre
a jar of jam
a bar, cake of soap
a jar of jelly
a spool, piece of thread
a ball of yarn (ue)
a jar of honey
a pinch of salt
a glass, cup, bottle, carton, gallon, quart of milk
gallon = 4,5 litres,
quart = 1,14 litres or 2 pints

*Can also be used as a count noun.

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Collective nouns

Match these words for a group:

pride, shoal, flock, herd, pack, bunch, school

to the following words:

cards, lions, sheep, bananas, cows, fish, birds, dolphin, whale

of cards of dolphins
of lions .... of whales
of sheep of elephants
of bananas of birds
of cows of fish
N.B. pack of cards, pride of lions, flock of sheep, bunch of bananas, herd of cows,
school of dolphins, school of whales, herd of elephants, flock of birds, shoal of fish


ASSIGNMENT 1
Correct the following:

The news are very sad and depressing. The news is very sad and depressing.
Im going to buy a bread.
We had a very good travel.
Im looking for a work.
What a beautiful scenery!
We had a nice weather.
Thats a good advice.
I have to buy furnitures.
These informations were not correct.


ASSIGNMENT 2
Explain the difference between:

a noise and much noise; a notice and notice of; damages and the damage;
a talk and talk; a paper and some paper; business travel and a business trip;
a lot of work and a particular job or task; some good advice and one suggestion;
a hair and long hair, a spare room and there isnt enough room,
experiences and a lot of experience, a good time and I havent got time.

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Plural of Nouns
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ASSIGNMENTS

1 Make these plural and pay attention to the pronunciation:

museum taxi boy

brush bus buzz dress

match box

dictionary art-gallery lady country

life shelf

roof chief cliff dwarf

thief housewife scarf wharf

potato negro

soprano Giotto photo radio
commando

bath mouth youth path
truth

Glensbury Jones Fox Grotto
The ex two Germany

man woman goose child

ox foot mouse tooth
donkey

*N.B brushes, buses, buzzes, dresses, matches, boxes, dictionaries, art-gallerieslives, ladies, countries, lives, shelves, roofs,
chiefs, cliffs, dwarfs, thieves, housewives, scarfs/scarfs, wharfs/wharves, potatoes, negroes BUT sopranos, Giottos, photos,
radios, commandos, baths, mouths, youths, paths, truths, the Glensburys, the Joneses, the Foxes, the Grottos, the ex two
Germanys, men, women, geese, children, oxen, feet, mice, teeth, donkeys


Nouns with two plural forms of different meaning

cloths (textile material) and clothes (clothing in general)
five pence (whole amount) and five pennies (six one-penny pieces)


Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

2 Make the following nouns plural
The element denoting the principal idea takes the plural ending

boy friend knight-errant looker-on
man-of-war mother-in-law notary public
lieutenant-general lieutenant governor* passer-by

*N.B. boy friends, knights errant, lookers-on, men-of-war, mothers-in-law, notaries public,
lieutenant (leftennt) generals, lieutenant (lu: tennt) governors.

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Both elements equally important take the plural ending

Knight Templar Lord Justice Manservant woman driver*

*N.B. Knights Templars, Lords Justices, menservants, women drivers


Verb forms in compounds do not take the plural endings

go-ahead forget-me-not hold-up stand-up*

*N.B. go-aheads, forget-me nots, hold-ups, stand-bys

Make the following nouns plural

hanger-on .. girl-friend ..
sit-in . sister-in-law ..
run-down . shop-assistant
woman clerk . fellow traveller ..
take-off . fire-work ..
go-between editor-in-chief
fountain pen man-eater ..
man secretary boy scout ..
passer-by good-for-nothing .
asistant manager


Special Plurals

letter names: Dot your is
numerals. In the 1990s or 1990s
abbreviations: two MPs or MPs
in expressions as: the ifs and buts, the pros and cons, the whys and wherefores, the
ups and downs


Foreign Plurals

In scientific English there are a large number of words borrowed from
other languages. They have been absorbed into language, but they
have not been thoroughly naturalized. Usually they retain their
original plural forms. The largest number by far of these foreign plurals
is of Latin and Greek origin. Here is the list of nouns of foreign origin
with their foreign plurals:
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Foreign Plurals
Singular Plural
From Latin
bacillus (bsils) bacilli (bsilai)
stimulus (stimjuls) stimuli (stimjulai)
nucleus (nju:klis) nuclei (nju:kliai)
radius radii
calculus calculi
alga (aelg) algae
larva larvae
addendum addenda
bacterium (baektirim) bacteria
datum data
momentum momenta
desideratum desiderata
erratum errata
medium media
stratum strata (-tums)
curriculum curricula (-lums)
maximum maxima
minimum minima
memorandum memoranda (-dums)
spectrum spectra (-rums)
symposium symposia
vortex vortices, vortexes
vertex vertices, vertexes
index indices (a mathematical term)
indexes (lists of contents of books)
From Greek
basis (beisis) bases (beisi:z)
crisis (kraisis) crises (kraisi:z)
analysis (naelsis) analyses (naelsi:z)
diagnosis diagnoses
ellipsis ellipses
hypothesis hypotheses
oasis oases
parenthesis parentheses
synopsis synopses
thesis theses
axis axes
criterion criteria
phenomenon (finominn) phenomena (finomin)

From Italian
spagetti spagetti
graffiti graffiti
confetti confetti

From Hebrew
kibuz kibbuzim
genius has two plurals geniuses and genii
formula has two plurals formulae (in mathematics)
formulas (general)
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ASSIGNMENT FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS
(AUTO-CORRECTIVE TEST)


A Put into the plural!

1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.
2. Another criterion is needed in analysing this phenomenon.
3. The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken to the museum.
4. Calculate the radius of the circle.
5. Vortex is on the point where two lines meet to form an angle.

B Translate into English!

1. Neke bakterije su bezopasne ili korisne, a od nekih se umire.
2. Fenomeni prirode nikada nee prestati ovjeka ispunjavati divljenjem i
strahopotovanjem.
3. U nekim zemljama je obiaj na karnevalima i vjenanjima bacati konfete.
4. Ono to mi trebamo su podaci, t.j. injenice i brojke a ne nejasne informacije.
5. Obje dijagnoze su bile pogrene pa je jadan ovjek umro.
6. I otac i sin su mirovni suci.
7. U knjizi ima dosta tiskarskih pogreaka. Ti ima prvo izdanje. Ja sam upravo
kupio revidirano izdanje koje ima listi pogreaka.
8. U Rimu, Pompejima a i kod nas u Rijeci moe vidjeti lijepe grafite na zidovima
nekih staroklasinih zgrada.
9. Takvi masovni mediji kao radio i televizija su mona sredstva komunikacije.
10. Jesi li napravio analize onih kemikalija?
11. Njezin je rukopis tako lo! Teko mi je , na primjer, razlikovati njezina slova a od
njezinih slova o. Zato ne stavlja toke na svoja slova i?
12. Moderne metode uenja uglavnom se baziraju na poticaje (podraaje) i odgovore.
13. Javni biljenici po tradiciji, vode biljeke (zapise) predmeta koji su vani za sud kao
i zapise privatnih transakcija i dogaaja gdje se trai slubeni ovjereni zapis ili
dokument sastavljen od osobe strune kvalifikacije i znanja.
14. Svi mi imamo svoje uspone i padove u naim ivotima. Imamo svoje uspone i
padove u naim karijerama, raspoloenjima, nivoima energije i sa naim
familijama.
*FATAL implies the inevitability or actual occurrence of death or disaster
(A FATAL DISEASE, A FATAL MISTAKE);
DEADLY is applied to a thing that can and probably (but not inevitably) will cause death
(a DEADLY POISON);
MORTAL implies that death has occured and is applied to the immeadiate cause of the death
(He has received a MORTAL BLOW);
LETHAL is applied to that which in its nature or purpose is a cause of death
(A LETHAL WEAPON);





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A Auto-corrective Test
1. Crises often occur in the best regulated families.
2. Other criteria are needed in analysing these phenomena.
3. The skeletons found in the lower strata were taken to the museums.
4. Calculate the radii of the circles.
5. Vortices are at the points where two lines meet to form angles.



B Translation
1. Some bacteria are harmless or beneficial, others are mortal (or lethal, fatal, deadly
*N.B. see explanation).
2. The phenomena of nature will never cease to fill man with amazement and awe.
3. In some countries it is customary to throw about confetti at carnivals and weddings.
4. What we need are data, i.e., facts and figures, and not vague pieces of information.
5. Both diagnoses were wrong, so the poor man died.
6. Both the father and the son are JPs (or JP's) (= justice of the peace).
7. There are quite a lot of misprints in this book. You've got the first edition. I've just
bought the revised edition containing errata slip.
8. In Rome, in Pompeii and in our Rijeka you can see fine graffiti (graffito, usu. only
plural) on the walls of some ancient buildings.
9. Such mass media as radio and television are powerful means of communication.
10. Did you make analyses of those chemicals?
11. Her handwriting is so bad! I find it difficult, for instance, to distinguish her a's from
her o's. Why doesn't she dot her i's?
12. Modern teaching methods are mostly based on stimuli and responses.
13. Traditionally, notaries public record matters of judicial importance as well as private
transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up
with professional skill or knowledge was required. (Instead of traditonally we may say
by tradition)
14. All of us have highs and lows in our lives. We have ups and downs in our careers, our
moods, our energy levels, and with our families.


N.B. This data is correct.
These data are correct.
The media are/is often accused of being biased.







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A noted professor charged Harward University with gender
discrimination.
Can we be discriminated against on the basis of gender?

Can we change things from inside or linguistically?

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

male professors and female colleagues
bachelor/spinster
widow/widower
hero/heroine
actor/actress
waitor/waitress
host/hostess
(shop) manager/manageress
prince/princess
duke/duchess
usher/usherette
sufragette
male nurse
female patient
woman driver, and the plural form women drivers
lady doctor but lady doctors
businessman, policewoman
salesman, saleswoman, salesperson and plural forms salesmen, saleswomen and
salespersons


Accoding to the equal opportunities laws in both England and the
United States, job advertisements cannot state the sex of the
person required.

So, many women describe themselves as actors or managers.
Jobs ask for flight attendants, salespersons or person required to help with
young children. Meetings often have a chairperson, who asks for a
spokesperson to give their opinions.
In the same vein, people often prefer to use their to avoid his or her, even when
they are only referring to one person.
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19








COMPOUND NOUNS
20
Nouns in Groups

Apostrophe s (s)

I. We use s to express a relationship between a person or animal and another person,
animal or thing.
her husbands job Laras friends the lions share

II. s can be used to show that something belongs to or is associated with a group of
people, a place or an organisation.
Rijekas success New Yorks Fifth Avenue the boards decision
our companys policy the banks corporate clients

III. s is used with nouns referring to the duration of an event or a specific time.
yesterdays newspaper a weeks holiday a days work
at a moments notice

IV. s is added to a noun that specifies a part of an object or a quality it has.
the cars design the computers memory


Compound Nouns

I. These are commonly formed by placing two or three nouns together. The first noun
classifies the second.
a garden flower a flower garden a bank account
an assembly line a credit card an air traffic controller

II. When compound nouns are used in expressions of measurement with a numeral, the
first noun is singular.
a five-star hotel a hundred-dollar bill a ten-day course


Of

I. We combine two nouns with of when referring to more abstract concepts.
the meaning of life

II. With words that indicate a part of something, we use this of structure:
the top of the page the end of the meeting

III. We prefer the of structure with words that refer to units or a certain quantity of
something.
a stroke of luck an ounce of gold a round of negotiations



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1 Explain the following nouns in group

low-cost radio-frequency identification chips
hands-on laboratory
a solutions provider
a five-star hotel



2 Only one of the following two or three combinations is an acceptable
noun combination. Underline the correct one.

yesterdays paper a paper of yesterday yesterday paper
a bear market a bears market a market of bears
the share of lion the lions share the lion share
our company policy the policy of our company our companys policy
economies of scale scale economies scales economies
the novel of Mark Twain Mark Twains novel the Mark Twains novel
a week holiday a weeks holiday holiday of a week
a telephone network a telephones network a network of telephone
a scheme of bonus a bonus scheme a schemes bonus
power supply the supply of power powers supply
five days course a five-day course a five days course
p-type silicon slice p type silicon slice the slice of p type silicon
pool-cathode rectifier rectifier pool cathode cathode pool rectifier
power amplifier amplifier power powers amplifier
communication system the system of communication systems communication
consumer market consumers market the market of consumers
control grid voltage voltage of the contol grid voltage control grid
output voltage voltage output output of voltage
voltage regulator circuit regulator voltage circuit circuits voltage regulator
cathode-ray tube cathode ray tube the tube of cathode rays
computer memory the computers memory memory of the computer
computers word size computer word size word size of the computer
coil of wire wire coil wires coil
computers memory computer memory memory of the computer
a scale control system a control scale system system control scale
a bill of hundred euro a hundred euros bill a hundred- euro bill
the two hundreds euros banknote the two hundred euro
banknote
the car design the cars design design of the car
car design process a process of the cars design cars design process


22

3 Put the three words into the right order to make acceptable noun phrases.

analysis questionnaire needs ........................................................
world trade centre ........................................................
project power generation ........................................................
programme training management ........................................................
procedure control quality ........................................................
opportunity overseas investment .......................................................
mechanism exchange rate .......................................................
scale system control .......................................................
section output .......................................................
signal output .......................................................
power output .......................................................
supply power .......................................................
set computer .......................................................
wire ground .......................................................
spending consumer .......................................................
a display unit cathode ray tube .......................................................
control procedure quality .......................................................
modulation laser noise amplitude .......................................................














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ARTICLES
24
Insert articles where necessary
An Auto-Corrective Test

Spreading of . English throughout . World

.. English language was carried around .. globe by . . English merchants and
.. explorers; its roots were firmly fixed in many parts of .. new continents by ..
permanent settling there of .. whole communities of .. people from .. British
Isles who took with them their institutions, their traditions and their way of life.

Though .. spreading of .. language through other countries of .. vast British
Empire of .. 19th century was of .. completely different nature, linked as it was
to .. overwhelming power of .. Britain's economic, political and military
strength, its influence and utility have not been refused. On .. contrary,
language and .. concepts it conveys form one of .. most important links in ..
free association of .. Commonwealth countries.

.. cause for .. English as .. international means of .. communication seems,
nowadays, to have been taken up by .. England's most rebellious off-spring: ..
United States. .. US position as one of .. worlds superpowers, its wealth and
economic power, reaching world-wide through its international companies, its
advanced technology, political and military power, have given .. English language
.. good lead over other national languages which are also competing for .. first
place as .. global tongue of communication.



The Spreading of English throughout the World

The English language was carried around the globe by English merchants and explorers; its
roots were firmly fixed in many parts of the new continents by the permanent settling there
of whole communities of people from the British Isles who took with them their institutions,
their traditions and their way of life.

Though the spreading of the language through other countries of the vast British Empire of
the 19th century was of a completely different nature, linked as it was to the overwhelming
power of Britain's economic, political and military strength, its influence and utility have not
been refused. On the contrary, the language and the concepts it conveys form one of the
most important links in the free association of the Commonwealth countries.

The cause for English as an international means of communication seems, nowadays, to
have been taken up by England's most rebellious off-spring: the United States. The US
position as one of the worlds superpowers, its wealth and economic power, reaching world-
wide through its international companies, its advanced technology, political and military
power, have given the English language a good lead over other national languages which are
also competing for first place as a global tongue of communication.

25
ARTICLES (1)

OMISSION OF THE ARTICLES (ZERO ARTICLES)

The definite article denotes that the following noun refers to a particular person, animal or
thing as distinct from others of the same kind .Therefore, it is not used before nouns in a
general sense, even if they are qualified by an attribute. The article is omitted:

1) before uncountable nouns, i.e. verbal nouns (gerunds), abstract nouns used in a
general sense, nouns of matter, substances, colours, illnesses, etc.:
Bungee jumping is a dangerous expensive hobby.
Political freedom is essential in a democratic country.
Gold is precious, iron is useful.

1
Classical music, red wine, country-life, life at sea, and similar combinations,
though specified as compared with music, wine, life etc. without any qualification, are
sufficiently general in meaning to be used without the article ' the '.

But: The music of the 19th century, the wine of Istra, the life that you can lead in the country
or at the sea, etc.

Plastics is a product of synthetic resinous substances.
Red, white and blue are the colours of the Croatian flag.
Bob is in bed. He has got influenza *
N.B.* EXCEPTION: the plague [pleig]

2) before plural common nouns:
In free countries, citizens have a right to demonstrate, but policemen sometimes arrest
demonstrators.
Supersonic airliners can fly at twice the speed of sound.

3) before names of sciences and arts, sports and games:
In mathematics accuracy is essential.
Music is one of the fine arts.
In Canada ski-dooing is becoming as popular as skiing.
Cricket is the national English game.

4) before the names of the days, months, seasons and festivals:
Sunday is a day of rest. March is the third month of the year. Winter is usually very cold in
Helsinki. Christmas falls on the 25th of December.

5) before names of meals and foods:
I usually have milk and cereals for breakfast.
If we don't hurry, we'll be late for dinner. I don't like fish very much. I prefer meat.

6) before personal names, even if preceded by a title or by an adjective when this
almost forms part of the name:
Mr Green is speaking to Captain Wells.
Queen Victoria reigned 64 years.
President Abraham Lincoln was a strong opponent of slavery.
26
7) with the names of places
continents: Africa, (not the Africa), but Europe is called the Old Continent
countries, states: France, Germany, Japan
islands: Krk, Cres, Sicily
cities, towns: New York, Zagreb, Paris
mountains: Mt. Everest, Kilimanjar, Uka
lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Como

* BUT the definite article is used in names with Republic, Kingdom, States (the United
Kingdom, the United States of America, the Republic of Croatia), the Netherlands
The Plitvice Lakes
Plural names of countries, mountains and islands, as well as names of seas, rivers and
canals, require the definite article:

The Pennines ['penainz] are the backbone of England.
The Hebrides lie off the west coast of Scotland.
The colour of the Mediterranean (Sea) is deep blue.
The Sava is the longest river in Croatia.
The Suez Canal was re-opened to traffic in 1975.

1
These are the most common exceptions: the Congo, the Transvaal, the Sudan, the
Crimea [Krai'mi], the Ucraine [)u:'krain], the Tyrol [Ti'roul], the Ruhr, the Saar, the
Vatican, the Levant, the Sahara.

2
The Cape of Good Hope, The Mount of Olives ['olivz], the Lake of Geneva etc.

8) before names + common nouns denoting streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.
(both names and nouns are written with capital letters):

streets: Oxford Street, First Street
squares: Grosvenor Square
parks: Hyde Park

Burlington House is the home of the Royal Society and other learned societies.
The style of Westminster Abbey is closer to French Gothic architecture than any other English
church.
Kennedy Airport is one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.
The National Gallery stands on a terrace overlooking Trafalgar Square.

But in some cases it is customary to use the article:
The Albert Hall, the Victoria Embankment, the Haymarket, etc.

Note that:
a) London Road is a proper name, whereas
the London road is the road leading to London.

b) Universities named after a place usually have two forms: The University of London
(which is the official name) and London University. Universities named after a person have
one form only: Yale University.
27
9) before certain nouns like: market, bed, church, hospital, prison, college, university,
school, sea, town, court and some means of transport like: bus, car, train, plane,
etc., when we think of the use made of the building or object:
Bed is the best place to stay in, when we are tired.
She goes to church every morning, (to attend a service)
He has been at sea for twenty years, and his son wants to go to sea as well.
I usually go to town by car. (town is contrasted with the suburbs)

But the article is used when we refer to the building or object as such:
I couldn't sleep well because the bed was not comfortable.
She was in the church when it began to rain, (inside the church, perhaps visiting it etc.
but not for the service.)
We often spend our summer holidays at the sea.
She was sleeping in the car.
to go into/enter the Church = take holy orders;
Army in the sense of the military forces of a country
be in the army = be a soldier or
go into/join the army = become a soldier;

10) before Heaven God, Paradise, Hell (Inferno); Parliament, Congress (Parliament
in the U.S.); people, mankind, man, woman; personifications like Fortune, Fate,
Nature, Providence, etc.:
Man cannot live on bread alone.
Woman was struggling to achieve equality of rights.
This is a famous statue of Fortune, the blindfold goddess.
' Paradise Lost' is a famous poem by John Milton.
The bill was presented to Parliament for approval.
Congress will meet again tomorrow.

11) in a good number of prepositional phrases, like: at length
a) finally, at last: At length, he succeeded.
b) for a long time: He spoke at length.
c) in detail: He dealt with the subject at length.

at tea-time, at dinner-time, at dawn, at sunrise, at sunset, at dusk, at midnight,
etc. in case that...
(to) be at work, go to work, set to work
from North to South, from East to West (but: the North, the East, etc.)
from head to foot, from top to bottom
from beginning to end, from morning till night, etc.

12) with appositions, especially in titles
Petar Petrovi, President of the Youth Club

13) with familiar titles and names expressing relationship
Professor Brown, Uncle Petar

14) with the superlatives of adverbs, with next, most, last
Most people; Who cooks best? Next Friday
28
ASSIGNMENT

a) Insert the definite article where necessary
_____ Technical English as used in _____ fundamentals of electrical engineering is exemplified by
_____ selection of basic original texts. ____ focus of pedagogical attention is not so much directed to
_____ subject-matter of _____ articles but more to ___ linguistic explanation of ____ organization
of ___ discourse structure as used in _____ engineering English, _____ development, distribution and
location of ____ information data, ____ rhetorical devices, all this with ___ aim of improving
students orientation and comprehension of an engineering text. ____ rhetorical introduction given in
____ foreword indicates ____ important features of ___ text comprehension. In ___ pedagogical
materials following ____ texts an attempt is made to embrace _____ different aspects of logical and
rhetorical devices used in ___ texts to consolidate ___ use of syntax and lexis as used in ___ context.


b) Insert the definite article where necessary

_____ engineers creations are of ____ steel, ___aluminum, ____ glass, ____ glass fibre, ___ plastics,
___ concrete and every other material used by ____ Man.
_____ engineer must have a deep knowledge of these materials and may be skilled at fashioning
them: but to do so is not his job. His own tools are a drawing board and notebook, ____ pencils and
pens, ____ slide rulers, ____ typewriter, ____ test equipment, ____ computer, ____ instruments and
dozens of volumes of reference books, ____ catalogues and ____ articles from _____ technical press.


c) Insert the definite article where necessary

1 While John was going to _____ hospital to see _____ friend, he involved in _____ car accident
and was taken to _____ hospital in _____ ambulance.
2 What is your brother going to do when he leaves _____ school? Going to ____ University?
No, he has a mind to go into _____NATO Army.
3 You know that we never stay in _____ town on _____ Saturdays and Sundays. We leave _____
town on _____ Friday evening and spend ______ week-end in our cottage on _____ outskirts of
_____ town of Rijeka.
4 The use of ____ nuclear bombs would spell disaster for _____ mankind. Ever since the terrible
experience in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ______ man has been trying to get more and more
powerful bombs although he knows that _____ use of _____ nuclear bombs would spell disaster
for ______ mankind.
5 Tonights concert at _____ Ivan Zajc is dedicated to _____ music of _____ 19th century.
Shall we go?
Yes, if only you can get _____ tickets.
6 _____ Heaven knows how much that poor old woman has been suffering. _____ life has been
hard on her. If there's a person that deserves _____ Heaven, that is her.
7 _____ Netherlands are so called because a part of their territory is below _____ sea level.

8 _____ Niagara Falls are _____ massive waterfalls on _____ Niagara River, straddling _____
international border between _____ Canadian province of _____ Ontario and _____ U.S. state of
_____ New York.
9 _____ Plitvice Lakes lie in _____ basin of _____ karstic rock, mainly _____ dolomite and
limestone, which has given rise to their most distinctive feature.
10 _____ lakes are divided into _____ 12 Upper Lakes (Gornja jezera) and _____ four Lower Lakes
(Donja jezera).

29
ARTICLES (2)

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE - (II)

A noun used with specific reference is preceded by the definite article. A noun has
specific reference:

1) when it denotes a particular or a specific person, animal or thing, already
mentioned or known to the speaker or to the listener:
The teacher is going to explain a new lesson. At what time is the concert tonight? The train
was late this morning. I liked the music, but the film wasnt good at all. But nouns mentioned
in general are used without the: Could we live without music?

2) when it is followed by a defining prepositional phrase or a defining relative
clause with actually restrictive functions:
I like the tune of this song, but not the words.
The green of the countryside in spring is wonderful.
The tea without sugar is mine.
The dinner (that) they gave me was excellent.
It is no longer the London (that) I saw some years ago.
BUT: These are reproductions of eight paintings kept in the National Gallery.
(Reproductions of which paintings? It is not specified.)
Take no notice of men who speak to you in the street. (Which men? All men
who ... - General sense.) Besides, the definite article is used:

3) before a singular noun which stands for a whole class or species:
To the demonstrator, the delinquent youth and to the militant black a policeman may be
someone to scorn and to fear.
The donkey is an animal of burden. (The newspaper is a source of information.
Exceptions: man and woman

4) before collective nouns, singular and plural, to denote the whole body:
Some people think that the police are tools of the Government. The country, that is to say the
nation, requests order and work. The family is regarded as a social group.
In the latest elections the Labour party defeated the Conservatives. The Puritans struggled for
civil and religious freedom. The Catholics and the Protestants.
But, as is the case with nationality nouns, the definite article is not used to denote only a
part of the whole:
In such countries as Italy, France and Spain, Catholics are the majority. Except for a few
fanatics, Puritans were not narrow-minded dogmatists.

5) before adjectives used as nouns to denote a whole class of people
It might be a way for the wretched to escape the hard reality of life.
This is a very difficult time for the young and the unemployed, not to speak of the homeless.

6) To denote a single individual, however, or a group of individuals (not the whole
body), we must say: a young man, some young men, Englishmen, old people, etc.,
and not a young, some young, etc.
It is also to be noted that the -s genitive (Saxon form) is not used with adjectives
functioning as nouns:
The hopes of the young, the needs of the poor, etc.
30
7) before adjectives used as nouns to express an abstract idea or quality (with a
singular verb):
John Keats worshipped the beautiful. In modern architecture the new often mingles with the
old. America is the country of the spectacular.

8) With personal names when they are preceded or followed by words use in
apposition and having unique reference. When the noun-apposition is followed
by the preposition ' of ', the definite article may be omitted:
The poet Dylan Thomas was only 39 years old when he died in 1953.
We owe the theory of relativity to the German scientist Albert Einstein.
King Alfred the Great was a good ruler.
Rome, (the) capital of Italy, is built on seven hills.

9) before proper names:
a) when they designate families or dynasties (the Browns, the Tudors, )
b) when they are preceded by the title ' Reverend ' or another title of British origin
(The Reverend Joseph Martin, the Emperor Napoleon, the Czi Nicholas, etc.);
c) when they are converted into common nouns to designate ships, car famous
hotels or theatres, etc. (The Queen Elizabeth (a ship), the Michelangelo (a ship), the
Mercedes, etc.; the Savoy (Hotel), the Scala, etc.)

10) before nouns referring to a person or thing unique in their own sphere
a) The Lord = God, the King or the Queen (in their country), the House (< Commons or of
Lords), The Pope, the (Lord) Mayor, the Renaissance, the Restoration, the river (in a definite
place), etc.
b) the sun, the. moon, the sky, the stars, the universe, the world, the sea, the ocean, the wind,
the rain, the earth, etc.

11) before mind, soul and material parts of a human body used in the singular; and
in a general sense or in some idiomatic expressions:
The eye is the mirror of the soul.
Puccini's music goes straight to the heart.
She became red in the face.
He can't understand: he's weak in the head.

12) before the words the cinema, theatre, garden, country, sky, sea, ground, country
environment, radio, piano, and mountains:
Are you going to the theatre tonight?
Tom is working in the garden.
They don't like living in the country.
She's going to spend a holiday in the mountains.

13) before the names of meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)

14) in superlatives
the best student; the highest mountain, the most important rule, the most exciting event

15) with the comparative in the correlative group
The sooner the better. The more one knows the more one wants to know.
31
ASSIGNMENT

a) Insert the definite article where necessary

Nikola Tesla was _____ inventor and _____ mechanical and electrical engineer. Born in __Smiljan,
___Croatian Krajina, ____Austrian Empire. Tesla is often described as ____ most important scientist
and inventor of ____ modern age, a man who "shed light over ____ face of ____Earth". He is best
known for many revolutionary contributions in the field of ____electricity and _____ magnetism in
_____ late 19th and early 20th centuries. ____ Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed _____
basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems.
After his demonstration of ____wireless communication (radio) in 1894 and after being ___ victor in
_____ "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of _____ greatest electrical engineers who
worked in _____America. Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many
of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in _____ United States,
_____Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in _____ history or _____popular
culture, but due to his eccentric personality and his seemingly unbelievable and sometimes bizarre
claims about _____ possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately
ostracized and regarded as _____ mad scientist.
b) Insert the definite article where necessary

Leonhard Paul Euler was _____ pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent ___ most
of his life in ___Russia and ____Germany.
Euler made _____important discoveries in _____fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He
also introduced much of ____ modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for
mathematical analysis, such as ____ notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his
work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy.
Euler is considered to be ____ preeminent mathematician of ____ 18th century and one of ____
greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 6080 quarto volumes.
Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, ____ pastor of ____ Reformed Church, and Marguerite
Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena.
Soon after ____ birth of Leonhard, _____ Eulers moved from Basel to ____ town of Riehen, where
Euler spent ____ most of his childhood.

c) Insert the articles where necessary.

1 This is _____ book dealing with _____ history of Croatia during _____ Middle Ages.
2 We know very little of _____ young Shakespeare, but what really interests us is not
_____ private life of _____ man, it is his genius and _____ art.
3 _____ Italian of Dante sounds musical but far-fetched to _____ modern ear.
4 In France, before _____ Revolution, _____ commons were ' The Third Estate ', as
distinguished from _____ clergy and _____ nobility.
5 It is well-known that _____ cow is sacred in some parts of _____ India. Did you know
that it was sacred in _____ ancient Greece, too?
6 When _____ sun shines, _____ earth and _____ sea look bright and gay. It is _____ feast
for _____ eye.
7 _____ worlds population is increasingly growing. _____ cities become enormous.
8 _____ industries and _____ vehicles pollute _____ air, _____ rivers and _____ sea.
9 plants and _____ animals become extinct.
10 I think he's telling _____ truth. You can feel _____ certain sincerity in his words.
11 We had _____ very nice dinner. What did you have for _____ dinner?


32
ARTICLES (3)

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

The indefinite article is used:

1) with the meaning of one or any before singular countable nouns:

Use a pen instead of a pencil, please.
A bird flies, a fish swims.
He likes smoking a pipe.
Take an umbrella if you go out. It is raining.
Can I have a single room with a bathroom?
He took a seat in the front row.
Note, however:

2) When two persons or objects naturally go together and are regarded as a unit,
the indefinite article is not repeated:
She has a father and mother who can look after her.

3) A/an is sometimes used before uncountable nouns qualified by an adjective or
another specification. In this special use, a/an often means some, a kind of...:
There is a heavy traffic in this street.
When she saw him, she felt a desire to run away.
She has a humility that makes her more attractive.

4) One is used in a numerical sense:
One man in ten. (He has one son and two daughters.
but a/an is used after not in such cases as:
Not a word shall I say in my defense.
Not a trace could be found.
Not a hair of your head shall be touched.

5) before singular countable nouns denoting a part of the human body or an item of
clothing as objects of the verb to have or of a preposition with an equivalent
meaning (in such cases, Italian uses the definite article):
She has dark hair, a tall forehead, blue eyes, a turned-up nose and thick lips. The dress with
( having) a tall collar is very pretty. He came without (= not having) an overcoat.

6) before a word used in apposition after a name or noun and denoting ' one among
others' Mr Simon, a teacher in our school, has compiled a booklet on English
idioms.
Bath, a favourite residential place in Roman times, owes its name to its mineral
springs.
Waiting for Godot, a play by Samuel Beckett, was first produced in London in 1955.
33
7) before words denoting units of measure, weight, quantity, time, etc
They came one at a time.
She has three English lessons a week.
He sells that article at 50p. a pound, a meter, a dozen, a piece, a box, etc.'
NOTE: Sometimes per or every may be used:
A hovercraft travels at about 70 miles per hour. He goes to Paris on business twice every
year.

8) before a personal name preceded by a title, in which case a/an is equivalent to ' a
certain ':
A Mr Reed (or: a certain Mr Reed, one Mr Reed) wants you on the phone, He introduced
me to a Dr Arnold (or: a certain Dr A., one Dr A.)
BUT, if there is no title, English only uses:
A certain Reed (or: one Reed) wants you on the phone. He introduced me to a certain
Arnold (or: one Arnold).

9) before nouns denoting a title, profession, office, etc. He is a doctor, a Protestant,
a Chinese, etc.

BUT, no article is used in the following cases:

a) when the title or office can be held by a single person:
Frank Smith is captain of our football team.
As mayor of the town, I have the honour of welcoming you.
1
But: to sell/buy by the dozen, by the pound, by the packet, etc. when a dozen or pound or
packet etc. is the smallest quantity to be sold or bought.

b) when a person holds more than one title or office:
He spoke as director and solicitor of the company.
William Blake was book engraver and poet.

c) generally after such verbs as turn (appoint elect etc. and after such expressions as
the post of, the rank of, etc.:
He turned critic (or: novelist, Catholic, socialist, etc.) at the age of 32.
He was appointed Minister of Education.
Winston Churchill was elected member of the Royal Society for special reasons.
He obtained the post of cashier in a big department store.

10) The indefinite article a/an is also used in a great number of idiomatic
expressions.
as a punishment, a reward, a prize
at a good/low/high etc. price; at a profit; at a loss
be at a loss for sth/to do sth = be perplexed, uncertain:
He was at a loss for words.
for a change: for the sake of variety
on an average
on a large/vast/small scale
in a loud voice
be in a bad/good/cheerful etc. humour or temper
be/go on a journey/pilgrimage/visit etc.
34
fly into a rage or passion

earn a living, make a career
have a bent/gift/turn/flair for ..., have a fancy/liking for ....
have/bear a grudge
have/wish a merry Christmas, a happy New Year, a pleasant journey, a good time, a happy
birthday, etc.
have, eat with, an appetite
on an empty stomach
have a cold, a cough, a headache, a sore throat, a temperature

but: have flu, rheumatism pneumonia etc.
die of an illness but: die of grief
die a natural/violent/early death
keep someone at a distance
wear/grow a beard, a moustache
work with a will

11) with few and little
a few friends = a small number, or what the speaker considers a small number and
a little time = a small amount, or what the speaker considers a small amount.
Few and little are also used without article but then they can be replaced by hardly any
I have less and less time for entertainment and amusement.
There are fewer and fewer jobs.
35
ASSIGNMENT


a) Supply the indefinite article where necessary.

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for ___ inviscid flow, ___ increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with ___ decrease in pressure or ____ decrease in the fluid's
potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the DutchSwiss mathematician Daniel
Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Bernoulli's principle can
be applied to various types of ___fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted as ___Bernoulli's
principle is equivalent to the principle of ___conservation of energy. This states that in ___ steady
flow the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along ___ streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain ___
constant. If the fluid is flowing out of ___ reservoir the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all
streamlines because in ___ reservoir the energy per unit mass (the sum of pressure and gravitational
potential gh) is the same everywhere. Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own
weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along ___ section of ___ streamline, where the speed
increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from ___ region of higher
pressure to ___ region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has
moved from ____ region of lower pressure to ___ region of higher pressure. Consequently, within
___ fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest
speed occurs where the pressure is highest.


b) Insert either the definite or indefinite article or leave the space blank (zero
articles).

In ___ 1950s and from their new base in Bavaria, S&H started to manufacture ___computers,
____semiconductor devices, ____washing machines, and ____ pacemakers. Siemens AG was
incorporated in 1966. _____ Companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980. In
1988 ___ Siemens and ____GEC acquired ____ UK defense and technology company Plessey.
___Plessey's holdings were split, and Siemens took over ___ avionics, radar and traffic control
businesses as Siemens Plessey.
In ___1997 Siemens introduced ___ first GSM cellular phone with ____colour display. Also
in 1997 Siemens agreed to sell ____ defense arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace (BAe) and
___ UK government agency, ____ Defence Analytical Services Agency (DASA). BAe and DASA
acquired the British and German divisions of ___ operation respectively.
In 1999, Siemens' semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company known as ___
Infineon Technologies. Also, Siemens Nixdorf Information system AG formed part of Fujitsu
Siemens Computers AG in that year. ____ retail banking technology group became Wincor Nixdorf.
In ___February 2003, ____Siemens reopened its office in Kabul.
In ___2004, Siemens took over ___ mantle of official Formula One timekeeper, replacing ____TAG
Heuer.
In ___November, 2005, Siemens signed ___ 12 year agreement with the Walt Disney
Company to sponsor attractions in its Florida and California parks.
In ___2006, Siemens announced ___ purchase of Bayer Diagnostics, which was incorporated
into ____ Medical Solutions Diagnostics division officially on 1 January 2007.
In ____March 2007 ___ Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally
financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against ___ union IG Metall. He has
been released on bail. Offices of ____ labour union and of Siemens have been searched. Siemens
denies any wrongdoing.



36
c) Insert either the definite or indefinite article or leave the space blank (zero
articles).

Shell structure of the atom

_____ formerly accepted theory as to _____ structure of _____ atom postulated that _____ electrons
move about _____ nucleus somewhat as _____ planets move about _____ sun in _____ solar system.
For _____ purposes of _____ visualization, it is still convenient to think of _____ electron as _____
point mass, _____ nucleus. From this standpoint _____ electrons will be found to occupy _____
quantized energy levels (called _____ orbits or _____ orbitals) which define certain energy band.
These shells possess _____ increasingly greater "radii" measured from _____ nucleus. _____
innermost shell is designated as _____ K shell; the following are _____ L, M, N, O, electrons per
shell respectively of 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8. _____ number of electrons in _____ shell is limited according
to _____ Pauli exclusion principle. As _____ elements increase in _____ atomic number Z (_____
number of _____ positively charged protons in _____ nucleus and hence also _____ number of _____
electrons possessed by _____. neutral atom), they generally fill _____ shells in _____ orderly fashion
but _____ discrepancies occur because _____ electrons, relatively far out from _____ nucleus are
screened from _____ charge on _____ nucleus and effectively "see" _____ smaller nucleus charge.
_____ screening causes the discrepancies from _____ normal filling of _____ electrons.


d) Insert the appropriate articles where necessary

1 Leonardo da Vinci, _____ Florentine artist and _____ scientist, is _____ glory of
_____ Italian Renaissance.
2 Being abandoned by her parents, the poor girl has quite _____ hard life.
3 _____ man in _____ grey suit is _____ leader of the HDZ party. 'He is _____
husband of my cousin Mary.
4 Yesterday she walked in _____ rain without _____ hat and without _____
umbrella, and today she has _____ cold and _____ temperature.
5 They say that, on _____ average, Venice is sinking one inch _____ year.
6 If you must earn _____ living and have_____ chance of getting _____ job, regard
it as _____ treat and work with _____ will. You will make _____ career!
7 That boy has _____ turn for languages, but he is _____ ass for mathematics.
8 Good-bye! Have _____ good journey and _____ pleasant holiday in Shotland! But
don't forget to take _____ raincoat and _____ umbrella wherever you go, as _____
weather is very unsteady over there.
9 Don't bear me _____ grudge, please. Let us shake ____ hands and make _____
peace.
10 "Do you still bear _____ grudge against _____ Fiat?"



37















USE OF THE GENITIVE
38
USE OF THE GENITIVE

Saxon Form or s Genitive Form is used to show possession, a quality
or a state relating to a person.

1 When the noun of the possessor is
- singular, even if it ends in s, or if it is
- plural not ending in s, we add apoostrophe + s


noun + s (apostrophe +s)


The s genitive is used:
with nouns and names denoting persons and animals:
St Jamess Palace; the childrens new toys; Moses laws;
Dickenss novels or Dickens novels

possession in common
Peter and Marys new house

individual possession
Peters and Marys houses or
Peters house and Marys

with geographical or institutional names and personifications:
Londons Hyde Park; the familys support; musics voice;

with nouns denoting time, with adverbs like today, tonight, etc:
Last Fridays party; a moments rest; tonights dinner;

with set phrases like:
an hours walk; within a stones throw (=very close);
in somebody elses shoes

Double Genitive

A friend of Marys = One of Marys friends
Some ideas of John = Some of Johns ideas
Two sisters of Toms = Two of Toms sisters.
Two photos of Toms wife
Toms wifes photos
Marys mothers friend
39
2 When the noun of the possessor is
- a plural ending in s, we add only apostrophe.


noun + (only apostrophe)


Speakers Corner; Euripidesplays; for goodnesssake, for justice sake;

The Genitive with Ellipsis

Words which denote buildings like store, shop, church, cathedral, house,
hospital, restaurant etc. may be omitted, provided the sense is clear, e.g.:

Dont take my umbrella, take Susans.
Whose umbrella is this? Its Johns.
This newspaper is yesterdays.
Mrs Nicholls was a happy life.
This new car is Dr Foxs.
Im going to the dentists tomorrow.
I always spend my holidays at my grandparents.

The apostrophe is often dropped in names of large department stores,
publishing houses, travel agencies, e.g.:

Harrods, Longmans, Cooks, st Albans, etc


ASSIGNMENT

Apostrophe - possession
In the following advertisement for a department store, the
apostrophes to denote possession are missing. Put them in where
necessary.

PETER SMITHS DEPARTMENT STORE

This seasons sale has bargains for everyone! We sell everything families need!
On the third floor: ladies coats and girls dresses, all at half price. Mens trousers, on the
second floor, are in this years colours and styles again at a low, low price. Or see our ranges
of boys summer jackets. Youll find childrens toys on the ground floor, with our selection of
books by Britains favourite authors. Dont forget: PETER SMITHS is Newtowns biggest
department store!
40
ASSIGNMENT

Correct the mistakes in these sentences:

1. James bike is very large. Isnt it a present from his grandparents?
2. The youngs dream is to have a lot of money.
3. A friend of Dean is living at us.
4. Last Monday I met Roberts and Peters grandmother. The two brothers love her very
much.
5. Goethe and Sheakespeares works are famous throughout the world.
6. I dont like that new dress of Ann.
7. This tables leg needs repairing.
8. The Napless Gulf is marvelous.
9. Do you remember the girls name that we met at the Johnsons last night? (two
mistakes)
10. This is my fathers portrait. Doesnt he look nice? (this is the case of specification, not
of possession)
11. The Mays month is the month when the gardens are full of flowers.
12. Have a rest. Here, at me, you are on holiday.
13. The dog of the friends of my brother is a spaniel. (use double genitive)
14. One of Tom friends is studying for his exams.
15. The office of the lawers of my fathers is near Speakers Corner.
16. St Jamess Palace was the official sovereigns residence.
17. This is a photo of me, and that is Marys.
18. Jim is Bob Stuarts cousin, our next door neighbour.
19. The sisters friend who is talking with your friend lives in Boston.
20. I dont remember the students name that helped me up with this heavy bag.


Use double genitive forms

1. Can you see the bicycle of the son of the doctor?
2. Some of your sons paintings are good.
3. Many of our teachers books are good.
4. Two of Mrs Walls daughters are married.
5. Many of the Johsons relatives live in the country.
6. Are you going sailing with some of the Clintons friends this afternoon?
7. Marys sisters friend is also my friend.
8. Who is that lady?
She is one of Mrs Wells cousins.
9. Handball is one of my sisters favourite games.
10. I wonder why some of Jills schoolfriends were absent this morning.


41
AUTO-CORRECTION

1. Jamess bike is very large. Isnt it a present from his grandparents?
2. The dream of the young is to have a lot of money.
3. A friend of Deans is living at us.
4. Last Monday I met Robert and Peters grandmother. The two brothers love her very
much. (Not an individual possession)
5. Goethes and Sheakespeares works are famous throughout the world.
(Individual possession)
6. I dont like that new dress of Anns.
7. The legs of the table
8. The Gulf of Naples the case of specification
9. The name of the girl that the possessor followed by an apposition/ at the Johnsons
10. A portrait of my fathers - this is the case of specification, not of possession
11. The month of May when the possessor followed by an apposition
12. Have a rest. Here, with me, / at my house you are on holiday.
13. The brothers friends dog is a spaniel.
14. One of Toms friends is studying for his exams.
15. The office of the lawers of my fathers is near Speakers Corner.
16. the official residence of the sovereign
17. This is a photo of me, and that is of Mary. Or this is my photo, and that is Marys.
18. Jim is the cousin of Bob Stuart, our next door neighbour.
The possessor is followed by an apposition
19. The friend of my sister who is talking with your friend lives in Boston.
The possessor is followed by a relative clause
20. I dont remember the name of the student that helped me up with this heavy bag.
The possessor is followed by a relative clause


Use double genitive forms

1. Can you see the bicycle of the son of the doctor?
Can you see the bicycle of the doctors son?
2. Some of your sons paintings are good.
Some paintings of your sons are good.
3. Many of our teachers books are good.
Many books of our teachers are good.
4. Two of Mrs Walls daughters are married.
Two daughters of Mrs Walls are married.
5. Many of the Johsons relatives live in the country.
Many relatives of the Johsons live in the country.
6. Are you going sailing with some of the Clintons friends this afternoon?
Are you going sailing with some friends of the Clintons this afternoon?
7. Marys sisters friend is also my friend.
A friend of Marys sisters is also my friend.
8. She is one of Mrs Wells cousins.
She is a cousin of Mrs Wells.
9. Handball is one of my sisters favourite games.
Handball is one of favourite games of my sisters.
10. I wonder why some of Jills schoolfriends were absent this morning.
I wonder why some schoolfriends of Jills were absent this morning.
42
















































43








Appropriacy Focus
44
ASSIGNMENT

1 Asking for Directions

Im looking for the hospital. How do I get there?
I wonder where the Palace Hotel is.
Do you happen to know which way the Bonavia Hotel is?
Could you tell me which direction the bus station is?
How do I get to / Can you direct me to the Palace Hotel?
Could you tell me where the Palace Hotel is?
Can you tell me the way to the Bonavia Hotel?
How do I find the Ivan Zajc National Theatre?
Im trying to find / get to the Faculty of Engineering.
Do you know where the Hotel Bonavia is?
Ive been told that ..... Quite so.

2 Giving Directions

Follow me, please.
Its on the right, near, (next to, beside) the Bonavia Hotel and opposite the library Number 1.
Take the second on the right.
Take the first left and then the second right.
Go straight on, just straight ahead, then turn left, go right up then down.
Go straight across then along the narrow path.
When you come to a crossroads, go straight across, and then turn right.
Its just round the corner. Its the last one on the right.
Keep going; keep on to the railway station.
You cant miss it; you cant go wrong because youll see signs from there.

Walk out of the front door of Bonavia Hotel, and turn left.
Youll see a fork (a crossroads) just ahead of you, with two paths going off to your right.
Take the left hand fork and walk along to the corner where theres a nice view of the sea.
Follow the path round, and walk along to the station.
The station is hundred metres past it on your right.
Take the bus to the Museum, and go down the hand steps.
Turn left and walk along for a couple of hundred metres.
On your right youll see the main entrance to the theatre.
Dont go in, but keep on to the crossroads. Go straight across,
then bear right. Walk up to the bend, and keep going.
Take the first left, then the first right. Carry on for about hundred metres.

3 You have Some Difficulties in Understanding What
Your British or American Friends Say

Did you understand what I said?
No, Im sorry but I didnt quite catch what you said.
I beg your pardon?
No, Im afraid I didnt understand.
No, Im sorry, but I missed what you said.
Would you say it again, please?

45
4 Whatever your Friends Suggest, you Disagree by Saying:

I dont really feel like going .... Im not in the mood for ..
That doesnt sound very ....
Are you serious?
Its up to you.
Would you rather ..
You know I cant stand his being ....
You must be joking .....
Id prefer something .....
You are wrong ... you are mistaken ....
Its not true.
Well, dont count on me.

5 Asking for assistance

- Id like you to have a look at my vacuum cleaner.
- Whats the matter?
- I dont know.
- Let me see. Oh, its nothing serious. Just a loose connection and the plug.
- Would you mind lifting that box/shutting the window/opening the door?
- Not at all. / Here you are. / You are welcome.

6 Asking Questions Refusing to Answer the Questions

Do you mind if I ask ...
Would you mind telling me ....
Id like to ask you ....
May I ask you to ......
Could you tell me ......
Is there anything in particular you have in mind?
Im in a hurry, I cant ...
Its none of your business ....
Id prefer not to talk about it.
Im sorry but I cant .... Sorry, Id like to ....

7 You Have Received a Present from a Friend and
You Mustnt Forget to Thank Him/Her

Many happy returns of the day.
(handing a big box of chocolates to Peter)
Oh, thank you. What beautiful books / what a .... box!!
Thank you for the fabulous .....
Thanks a lot for the ...
Its very kind of you to ....
It will always remind me of our friendship.
Thank you very much indeed for your hospitality, a lovely party, the delicious lunch
(dinner), a lot for a wonderful evening, ... of asking me.
Not at all. It was a pleasure. It was a pleasure to have you.
Were glad you liked it.
Im glad you enjoyed youeself so much.
46
8 Asking for advice

What do you think I should do?

If I were you, Id try to solve the problem some other way.
Youd really better stop straightaway.
Dont spend any more time on it.
I really think youd better try something else.

9 Enquiring after a Persons Comfort

- Are you quite comfortable?
- Im all right, thank you.

- Would you like a cigarette / a beer / a drink/ an orange juice/ a cup of tea or a cup of coffee?
- I dont feel like smoking / drinking anything / having tea nor coffee.

- Hows your family?
- Theyre all fine, thanks.

- Is your girl friend still away?
- Yes, she is. She is still in Canada.

- How long will she be staying in Canada?

10 At the bus stop

- Good morning, Mrs. Jones.
- Good morning, Mrs. Brown. How are you?
- Very well, thank you, and how are you?
- Quite well, thank you.
- Excuse me, is there a bus from here to Vukovarska Street?
- Oh, yes. You can catch a number 6 or 7 bus here.
- Thank you.
- Oh, thats my bus. Good-bye, Mrs. Jones.
- Good-bye, Mrs. Brown.

11 Shopping

- Where is the dress department, please?
- On the second floor.
- What can I do for you, madam?
- Im looking for a dress for my daughter here.
- What size does/do she/you wear?
- Size 40, I think.
- How do you like it? What do you think of it?
- Do you want to try it on? Theres the fitting-room.
- Does it suit me?
- It suits you perfectly. You look very nice in it.
- I dont like the colour. But I like this unusual pattern, and this perfect cut. It fits
perfectly.How much is it? Im afraid its a bit too deer. But Ill take it. Wheres the cachiers
desk, please?
Oh, its a very reasonable price, madam, if you consider the quality. You will be satisfied.
47
12 Making Plans for Your Future

What are you going to study next year?
What school are you going to?
What subjects are you going to take?

I believe there are a lot of opportunities in this field.
Its hard to decide nowadays.
Well, you might be right but I feel pretty sure that ...
Well, I dont think its a very good idea.

13 Apologizing

I apologize for being late. Sorry, Im late.
I apologize but it wasnt entirely my fault.
Im terribly sorry but my bus ..... I apologize again ...
I was delayed by .....
- . The cachiers desk is over there.

14 At a Restaurant

- Is this table free, waiter?
- Yes, sir. Here is the menu.
- Well, Im rather thirsty. Bring me a grapefruit juice.
- Very good, Sir. And to follow?
- A grilled steak with baked potatoes.
- Very good. What sweet do you like? Trifle, apple-pie and custard, ice-cream
- Bring me fruit salad, please, and coffee.
- Black or white?
- White, please. Oh, and the bill.

15 Having lunch at home

- Lunch is ready. Come to table.
- Whats there for lunch? A light meal?
- Yes, the English lunch is usually a light meal, you know. Please, hand me the water, Mary.
- Go to the kitchen, Tom, and bring me the butter, please.
- Is it in the fridge?
- No, its on a plate on the kitchen table.
- Can I clear the table?

16 Study the Following Appropriacy Focus
TELEPHONE COURTESY

- Hello, this is David speaking; is that you, Margaret? How are you?
- Very well, thank you. I say, are you busy this afternoon?
- Oh, no. Im quite free. What do you suggest?

Identifying yourself

This is Mr Xs secretary;
Mr Xs secretary speaking, versus Here is .
48
Finding out the identity of the caller

Whos calling please? Who am I speaking to? Who shall I say is calling?
Could you tell me your name? versus Who are you?

Finding out the reason for the call

Can you give me some idea what youre calling about?
Can you give me an idea what your call is about?
What are you calling about?
Where are you calling from?
Who do you want to speak to?
Can you explain me who do I make the cheque payable to?
versus Why are you calling?

Asking for someone

Hello. Could I speak to Mrs X, please? This is XY.
Id like to speak to the person in charge of
Id like to speak to someone about designing a
Can/may/could I speak to Mr X, please?
Id like to speak to the person whos in charge of sending
Id like to speak to Mr X. He is a diffucult person to get hold of, isnt he?
What time will he be back? What about lunch time? Is he free then? So what time can I
phone back? May I ring any time after 12.30? Ill phone back then.
He is not here at the moment, but you might call back in a minute.

Stating the reason for the call

Im calling to arrange Im calling on behalf of Im ringing about our order.
Could you put me through to Mr X? Could you connect me with Mr X?
I wonder if you could give me some more information.
Would you mind telling me about ?
Id like to ask you some questions about , if I may.
Could you tell me what you do exactly? What projects are you involved in at the
moment?
Are you designing a , constructing a , building a railway, planning several new
projects?
Id like to ask in what way this product is different from
Mr X could you give us your thoughts on the questions about
If I ... is that all right? Yes, certainly.

Closing the call

Thank you for organising
Ill look forward to seeing
Goodby! And thank you for calling back/ returning a call.
Goodby! And thanks for all your help.
Goodby! We look forward to seeing you next month.
Goodby! And thank you for calling.
Goodby! Im sorry I couldnt be of more help.

49





















CONTINUOUS ASPECT
50


CONTINUOUS ASPECT




1. I am studying English right now.


at seven o'clock last night.
2. I was studying English when you called.
while you were reading.


for a long time.
3. I have been studying English since September.
recently.


for a long time when he came toAmerica.
4. I had been studying English
since September when he dropped the
course.


5. I will be studying English at this time next year.


6. I will have been studying English for ten years by this time next year.




The Continous aspect - active expresses:
1. activity in progress
2. temporary activity
3. possibly incomplete activity
51

Present Simple and Continouos


Present simple is used for
permanent situations,
habits and routines,
facts that are always true,
and for general situations.
It is used with the adverbs of frequency such as:
always, usually, often, from time to time, seldom, rarely, frequently, every
Sunday,

Present Continuous is used for
temporary situations,
activities in progress,
events happening now and for particular situation and
a fixed future arrangement.



1 Turn these infinitives into ing forms


No change in spelling before adding ing.
to talk talking to ski skiing
to play playing to be being
to hurry hurrying to see seeing

Drop the silent e.
to live living to phone phoning

Double the final consonant if this is preceded by a a single vowel in a stressed syllable.
to get getting to prefer preferring
to stop stopping to cut cutting

Double the final l preceded by a single vowel.
to travel travelling to compel compelling

Change the ending ie to y and add ing.
to die dying to lie lying

Add a k before ing to verbs ending in c.
to picnic picnicking to mimic mimicking

52
3 ASSIGNMENT

Repeat PRESENT CONTINOUS and PRESENT SIMPLE!
Translate into English the following sentences, text and letter!

1. Napreduje li tvoj engleski?

2. Svijet se mijenja.

3. Stanovnitvo svijeta se vrlo brzo poveava.

4. Svaki dan se stanovnitvo svijeta povea za oko 200,000 ljudi.

5. Danas marljivo radimo.

6. Lijepi je dan. Predlaem da idemo u etnju.

7. Izaimo. Sada kia ne pada. Kia ne pada puno ljeti.

8. Kako esto igra tenis? Igra li svaki dan?

9. Sluaj one ljude. Kojim jezikom govore?

10. Govori li njemaki?

11. On nikada ne kasni. Uvijek dolazi na vrijeme na posao.

12. Ne slau se. Stalno se svaaju.

13. to obino radi za vikend?

14. U petak prireujem zabavu. eli li doi?

15. Jo uvijek itam knjigu koju si mi posudio.

16. Privremeno ivim ovdje u Rijeci. Moji roditelji ive ovdje.

17. Zato me tako gleda? Zar sam uinio neto loe?

18. Danas ne idem na faks busom. Prijatelj e me odvesti.

19. Imam probleme s komjutorom. Jo uvijek ga popravljam.

20. Stalno zaboravlja kljueve od auta.

21. Trebao bi ii na dijetu. Deblja se.

22. - to radi?
- Radim u putnikoj agenciji.

23. - Ma, to radi momentalno?
- Gledam TV.
53
Doruak ili ruak?

Obino ne ustajem rano nedjeljom. Ponekad ostajem u krevetu sve do ruka. Prolu sam
nedjelju ustao jako kasno. Kada sam pogledao kroz prozor bilo je vani mrano. Kakav dan!
pomislio sam. Ponovo pada kia. Upravo je tada zazvonio telefon. Bio je to moj prijatelj.
Upravo sam doao autobusom iz Zagreba, rekao je. Dolazim k tebi vidjeti te.
Jo uvijek dorukujem, rekao sam.
to radi? upitao je.
Dorukujem, ponovio sam.
Jao rekao je. Zar uvijek ustaje tako kasno? Pa ve je jedan je sat!





Draga Ana,

Jako se dobro zabavljam ovdje u Engleskoj. Semestar na faksu mi poinje tek na
jesen tako da koristim svaku priliku kako poboljati svoj engleski.

Ja sam u gostima kod mojih engleskih prijatelja koji imaju farmu. Radnim danom
hvatam bus za London da bih pohaao nastavu iz jezika. Mislim da dobro
napredujem. Moji prijatelji kau da je moj izgovor mnogo bolji nego kada sam
stigao. Sada razumijem gotovo sve. Vikendom pomaem na farmi. Momentalno
oni sada rade na polju, anju ito i trebaju svu moguu pomo. Teak je to rad ali
ja ga volim. Jaam miie!

Hoe li me doi posjetiti za Boi? Zimske praznike u provesti ovdje na farmi.
Moji prijatelji te ele upoznati a ima i puno prostora. Ali svakako mora donijeti
svoju najtopliju odjeu. Zimi je ovdje jako hladno.

Obavijesti me im odlui. I reci mi to radi ovih dana. Je li ti nedostajem?

Love,
Marko

54













55



Past Simple and
Past Continuous Tense



56

Past Simple and Past Continuous Tense
Turn these Infinitives into Simple Past Tenses:


No change in spelling before adding ed.
to work worked
to reveal revealed
to ski skied
to play played

Drop the silent e.
to live lived
to die died

Drop one e.
to free freed
to agree agreed

Double the final consonant if this is preceded by a single vowel.
to stop stopped
to prefer preferred

Double the final l if it is preceded by a single vowel.
to travel travelled
to compel compelled

Change the final y preceded by a consonant to i and add ed.
to carry carried
to study studied

Add a k before ed to verbs ending in c.
to picnic picnicked
to mimic mimicked







57
The contrast between the simple past and the present perfect.

MARK: I lived in France for a time.
YOU:Oh? How long did you live there?

MARK: I live in the north of London.
YOU: Oh, how long have you been living there?
Study the simple past .



The EC offered David Nelson a job in Robert Wilsons team. David decided to
accept.

Story
David picked up the phone. He wanted to tell Wilson that he would take the job. He dialled
the EBC. Their switchboard operator answered. She asked him if he knew Wilsons
extension. He didnt, and neither did she. It took her several seconds to find it. But when
she put David through, it was not the right Wilson. It seemed there was also a George
Wilson at the EBC. He told David that he would get the switchboard for him. Then ,
suddenly, David was cut off. The line went dead.
David was beginning to feel irritated now. He quickly dialled again. He got the wrong
number. His irritation grew. He dialled a third time. This time he got the EBC but the
operator told him Wilsons line was engaged. David slammed the phone down angrily. Only
a moment later, it rang. He picked it up and shouted Hello into it. It was Robert Wilson.
I tried to phone you a moment ago, David told Robert Wilson.
Really? So did I! I mean, I tried to phone you, but your line was engaged, Wilson
answered.

1 If you want to phone someone you must first
a) choose b) select c) dial d) make the number.
2 The switchboard operator is the telephonist in a large firm who
a)relates b) puts you trough c) contacts you d) binds you to the person you want.
3 David did not know Wilsons extension and
a) neither b) not c) so d) also did the switchboard operator.

1 Why did David want to phone Wilson?
2 Describe all the trouble he had the first time he rang.
3 What happened the second time?
4 What happened the third time?
5 What did Wilson tell David?

DAVID:I phoned a moment ago.
WILSON:So did I.
DAVID: I didnt get the right number.
WILSON:Neither did I.


58

Translate into English!

Marija se ozlijedila za vrijeme koncerta. Razgovarala je sa reporterom dok su je lijeili u bolnici:
Otila sam na koncert sa prijateljem. Uspjeli smo dobiti mjesta blizu prednjih sjedala. Bilo je OK sve
dok Johny nije poeo sa zadnjom pjesmom, i tek to je zapoeo svi su pojurili prema napred. Pjevali
su zadnju pjesmu, kada je jedan ovjek skoio na pozornicu. (ili Jedan je ovjek skoio na pozornicu
dok su oni pjevali svoju zadnju pjesmu.) Nismo mogli vidjeti nita, pa smo stali na svoja sjedala. Ne
znam to se zatim dogodilo, jer to se moralo dogoditi dok smo se penjali na sjedala. Ipak, prije nego
to smo se digli, ljudi su se pokuavali popeti na pozornicu a uvari su ih udarali sa palicama,
nosaima mikrofona, svaime. Johny je samo stajao tamo dok se sve to dogaalo. Odjednom je
neki idiot ugasio sva svjetla. uo sam vritanje i vikanje, a zatim sam baen sa sjedala dok su svi
odjurili sa pozornice. Nitko nije elio da doe do problema pa ipak kad sam se probudio bio sam
ovdje u bolnici. Moj je tata bio bijesan. Morali su ga nazvati prije nego to su operirali moju nogu, jer
su trebali njegovu dozvolu. Noga mi je pukla na dva mjesta i bio sam u nesvijesti dva sata.


1 Auto-Corrective Test (page 59)

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N.B. The answer to a question is always in the same tense as the question
itself.
59


1 Assignment

Retell a similar experience using past simple and past
continuous tenses

Mary was hurt during the concert. She spoke to a reporter while she was being treated in hospital.
I'd gone to the concert with a friend. We'd managed to get seats near the front. It was OK until Johny started
the last song, and just after he'd started everbody rushed up to the front. They were singing their last song
when a man jumped onto the stage/or A man jumped onto the stage while they were singing their last song.
We couldn't see a thing, so we stood up on our seats. I don't know what happened next, because it must have
happened while we were climbing onto the seats. Anyway, before we stood up, people were trying to climb
onto the stage, and the guards were hitting them with sticks, microphone stands, anything. Johy was just
standing there while all this was going on. Suddenly some idiot put all the lights out. I heard screaming and
shouting, then I was knocked off the seat when everybody rushed away from the stage. Nobody wanted there
to be any trouble and yet ... When I woke up I was here in hospital. My dad's furious. They had to phone him
before they could operate on my leg because they needed his permission. My leg was broken in two places,
and I was unconscious for two hours.

N.B.
She was driving to work when she had an accident.
She had an accident while she was driving to work.






















60



61






Perfect Aspect
62
Perfect Aspect is used when

- the exact time of the verb action is not important and
- the action is completed BEFORE another time


BEFORE PRESENT
Have you ever been to America?

(some time before present)

BEFORE PAST
When I arrived, he had already left.

(some time before I arrived)

BEFORE FUTURE
I'll have finished the report by tonight.

(some time before tonight)


Study the following perfect aspects:

I haven't finished this boring book yet;
I've read only 22 pages so far.

By the end of last year I had read only 10 pages,

and by next year I will have read two more.


Study Present Perfect Simple and Continuous, Units 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14;
Past Perfect Simple and Continuous, Units 15 and 16;
Future Perfect Simple and Continuous, Unit 24 from English Grammar in Use by Raymond
Murphy
63











PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
64
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

We have been reviewing English grammar since the beginning of
the semestar and we have taken up several verb forms and verb
construction but we haven't mentioned the perfect aspects yet.
We have learned when to use the present tense. We have written
many paragraphs and we have tried to remember to use the
appropriate verb tenses but we haven't always succeeded. When
will we be able to say that we have mastered the verb system of
English?
I have been working in this field for a lot of years as, a matter of
fact.
I have tried several different approaches and methods of teaching
the verb systems but I have never tried a way that is completely
satisfactory.
I have spoken to many of my students and they have assured me
that my explanations are easy to understand but I am still trying
to make them better. Teaching the aspects of the verb system has
been the only satisfactory method so far.
- How long have you been living In Rijeka?
I have been here for a long time. I left Crikvenica 30 years ago
and I have been living here ever since.
- How long have you been making your own decisions?
- How long have you been styding English?
- How long have you been attending the Faculty of Engineering?
- How long have you been working toward a degree?
- Have you been learning English for quite a long time?
65

The aspects of Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
I've cut my finger. (single action)
I've been cutting wood. (uninterrupted and repeated action)

She has had two operations. (completed action)
She has been having problems with her knee. (repeated)


He has lived here all his life. (permanent)
She has been living here for a few weeks (temporary)


Have you seen the Picasso exhibition? (it is still open)
Did you see the Picasso exhibition? (it is finished)

Who has been eating my sandwich? (incomplete action)
Who has eaten my sandwich? (completed action)



What have you been doing at the Faculty?
I have been sitting for exams.

How many exams have you passed so far?
I've passed three of them?

What were you doing at five o'clock yesterday afternoon?
(definite time)

What should you have been doing?

Should + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous)

You should have worked harder. (But you didn't)
You should have been doing exercises.
You should have been watching the road.
You shouldn't have hit him. (But you did.)
66

Present Perfect Simple


1 The present perfect tense is a mixure of present and past and is used in
conversations, letters, radio and television reports, broadcasts and
newspapers to introduce an action which will then be described in the
simple past tense.

The Prime Minister has decided to . This decision was announced when .


2 The present perfect tense is used for past actions whose time is not given,
for recent actions when the time is not mentioned. It can be used with
so far, until now, ever, never, always, often, lately, recently, yet, already
and just.

I haven't finished yet.
Have you finished yet?
Yes, I have already (just) finished.
He has always loved you. (a state)
We have often visited England. (a repeated event)


3 It can be used with a word or phrase denoting an incomplete period of
time, when there is no clear idea of when within the period the action
happened or of how many times. E.g.: today, this week, this month, this
year

Have you seen him today (this week, this year)? The action happened at any time
today (this week, or this year).
He has phoned at 11a.m. but He phoned at 2 p.m.
He was in hospital for a short period. (he is not in hospital any more) but
He has been in hospital for two weeks. (he is still there)


4 for and since are used with the present perfect and for expresses a period
of time whereas Since expresses a point of time and means from that
point to the time of speaking.

I have known you for a long time.
Jill has worked here since January 10th.
I have been to England since last week. (a point in time about seven days ago)
I have been to England for the last week. (the period of seven days that has just
finished)
67
The present perfect continuous tense

1 The present perfect continuous tense expresses an action
which is apparently uninterrupted.

I'm cold because I've been swimming for half an hour.
You look dirty. What've you been doing? Have you been cleaning the garage?


2 We do not use Present perfect continuous tense when we
mention the number of times a thing has been done or the
number of things that have been done.

I've writen an e-mail. (this job has been done)
I've been writing an e-mail. (this is how I've spent the last five minutes)
I have written 10 e-mails today.
- Have they been taking their exams?
- Yes, they have. They've taken five of them so far.
- Have you been attending the lectures?
- Yes, I have. I have attended five of them so far.
(five of them have been completed up till now and there are still more to take and
attend.)


3 The verbs of a static nature , such as stay, wait, sit, stand, lie,
study, learn, live, rest, etc. are rarely found in simple present
perfect, because by their very nature they continue into the
present.

He has been lying on the floor for two hours. (and there he is still.)
I've been studying hard for the last two months! (the action is still in progress)
- Have you been making your own wine for long?
- No, we've just started making it.


4 Guess where the following sentences come from!


They lit their seven candles and then saw that someone had been to visit them.
The first said, "Who has been sitting on my chair?"
The second said, "Who has been eating from my plate?"
The third, "Who has taken a piece of my bread?"
The fourth, "Who has taken some of my vegetables?"
The fifth, "Who has been using my fork?"
The sixth, "Who has been cutting with my knife?"
The seventh, "Who has been drinking out of my goblet?"

68
ASSIGNMENT 1
Translate into English!

1. to se dogodilo? (to je?) Zar si se porezao?

2. Od ruka me boli glava.

3. Nadia nije nikad vidjela kineske filmove.

4. Putnici su umorni jer nisu spavali cijelu no.

5. Bojim se da smo upravo razbili prozor. ao nam je!

6. David nije dobio nagradu ovaj put, ao mi je.

7. Jeste li ikad jeli makedonska jela, odlina su.

8. Ovdje sam poeo raditi pred tri godine.

Interesantno! Ja takoer radim ovdje tri godine.

9. Vidio sam tvoju prijateljicu pred nekoliko trenutaka.

Znam. I ja sam je takoer upravo vidio

10. Jo uvijek itam ovo poglavlje.

Niti ja jo nisam gotov sa itanjem ovog poglavlja.

11. Je li to va prvi posjet Junoj Americi?

Oprostite, nisam dobro uo? elite li znati jesam li ikad prije bio u Junoj
Americi?

12. Je li prolo dugo vremena odkada si razgovarao sa mojom sestrom?

Da, nisam razgovarao sa tvojom sestrom dugo vremena.

13. Spava li jo uvijek?

Da, jo se nije probudila.

14. Jim ivi u centru grada od 2000. godine.

15. Jesi li ikad pio ananas sok? Fantastian je.

16. Pouri se! Zar jo nisi zavrio? Tako si spor.

17. Mogu li dobiti drugu knjigu? Ovu sam ve proitao.

18. esto sam proao pored ove zgrade ali ovo je prvi puta da sam u njoj.

19. Mary radi u ovoj kompaniji pet godina.

20. U braku smo (oenjeni smo) divnih sedam godina.

21. Volim ju od dana kada smo se sreli.
69

ASSIGNMENT 2
Translate into English!

1. Tjednima se osjeam bolesno.
Mi se takoer ne osjeamo dobro u zadnje vrijeme.

2. Danima ju zovem telefonom, ali nije nikada kod kue.

3. Bojim se da je zadnji vlak otiao pred sat vremena.

4. Zahvaljujem se na tvojoj ponudi, ali odluio sam ne prihvatiti.

5. - Borat se daje u kinu Croatia. Jesi li ga vidio?
- Ne, jo nisam. Idemo li? Ve se dugo vremena veselim to u pogledati taj film.

6. Ali kada smo stigli u kino nije vie bilo karata.

7. Uivamo u naem putovanju. Do sada smo posjetili dvije zemlje.

8. Satima stojim ovdje I osjeam se umorno.

9. Ovo je bio naporan dan i jo nije proao.

10. Osjeam se stvarno iscrpljeno. Otili smo na zabavu prolu no. Nisam nikad dosad
bio na takvoj dosadnoj zabavi.

11. Momentalno radim za Zagrebaku banku ali sam odluio promijeniti posao.

12. Satima smo ovdje. Jesi li siguran da smo stigli na pravo mjesto?

13. Jesi li vidio moj kalkulator? Siguran sam da sam ga ostavio ovdje ranije.

14. Nikad nisam jeo hobotnicu, ali sam jednom na godinjem jeo rioto od liganja.

15. Nadam se da si vegetarijanac. Skuhao sam ti bosanski lonac bez mesa.

16. Molim te doi brzo! Nick je imao nesreu i otiao je u bolnicu.

17. Bez daha si. Zar si trao?

18. U zadnje vrijeme mnogi mladi se bave zmajarenjem.

19. Igram tenis od svoje desete godine.

20. - Via li esto Susan? Nisam je vidio mjesec dana.
- A kad si ti zadnji puta vidio Carol?
- Ako me pita kad sam zadnji puta vidio Carol, pa iskreno, nisam ju vidio oko sto
godina. Zaista, nisam ju vidio godinama.

21. - George nije nikada bolestan, zar ne?
- Nije bio bolestan od kada ga znam.

70
ASSIGNMENT 3
Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the
meaning. You may need to use the present perfect or the simple
past.

1. Imagine that last time we went to the theater was over two years.
We have not ..

2. I have not really enjoyed myself since your last birthday party.
Your birthday party

3. I wonder why my father has not seen his brother for nearly ten years.
Its nearly ten years .

4. Its ages since you tidied your room.
You have not .

5. How long is it since you last made your own clothes?
When .

6. I have not suffered from earache since the last time I went swimming.
The last time ..

7. Its weeks since I played chess.
I have not .



ASSIGNMENT 4
Study the following sentence and translate into Croatian

I have not seen him since last Monday, but I believe he is writing an essay on
Bearings at present.





71
ASSIGNMENT 5
Translate the following sentences:


1. John je strano uzrujan. Razvrgnuo je zaruke sa Marijom. Oigledno se viala s drugim dok
je bio u Africi.
2. Moe li prevesti ovo pisamce (biljeku) iz Rima. Razumio sam talijanski kad sam bio dijete
ali sada sam ga posve zaboravio.
3. to je ta ulupina (dent) na bonoj strani auta? Zar si imao nezgodu?
4. ao mi je, John nije ovdje; otiao je zubaru. Imao je problema sa zubom.
5. Cassette recorder je razbijen. Zar si se igrao okolo s njim?
6. Tvoj je talijanski jako dobar. Jesi li ga dugo uio? Kako si ga dugo uio?
7. Ima li neto protiv ako poistim stol? Jeste li dovoljno jeli?
8. Ne iznenauje me to to je pao ispit. Nije puno uio u posljednje vrijeme.
9. Oh ne! Djeca su kuhala. Pogledaj u kakvom je stanju kuhinja!
10. Koliko je puta Wendi zakasnila na posao ovaj tjedan?
11. Dati u onoj maki hranu. Satima sjedi na pragu. Siguran sam da skapava od gladi.
12. Cijelo jutro radim gramatike vjebe. Zasluujem poslasticu za ruak.
13. Nisi kupio svojoj majci poklon? To zaista nije lijepo od tebe.
14. Juer sam vidio Katie. Radila je u Australiji cijelu prolu godinu. Jesi li znao?
15. Gdje su mi sad pak kljuevi? Ovo je trei puta danas da sam ih izgubio.
16. Jesi li ikada igrao ah? Trebao bi pokuati. Siguran sam da je to igra koju bi volio.
17. Budi tih. Guna cijeli dan! (grumble)
18. Tvoj se tenis stvarno popravio! Zar si vjebao potajno?

72



73



Past Perfect
Simple and Continuous


Study the following sentence
He had been preparing for the English exam for quite a long
time before he actually sat for it.

N.B. sit for an exam pristupiti i polagati ispit

74
Past Perfect Simple
1 The Past perfect tense is related to an action in the past in the
same way that the Present perfect is related to the present
action, i.e., it describes an action completed before some
special past action.
He thanked me for what I had done for him.
2 It may not be necessary to use past perfect simple if we use
BEFORE or AFTER.

They went home after they (had) finished their work.
After I (had) heard the news, I hurried to see her.
Before help reached us, one woman (had) collapsed.
They told him they had not met him before.
He finished (OR had finished) work before I arrived.
He had already finished work before I arrived. (only one form possible)

3 The past perfect tense is used with REALIZE.

When I got home I realized I had lost my glasses.

4 With verbs of thinking: think, know, remember, understand,
be sure, suspect, etc

I thought Id seen the film before, but I hadnt.
Allan knew he had seen her somewhere before.

5 Past perfect in reported speech

The little girl asked what had happened to her ice-cream.
He refused to admit that he had stolen the book.
She said she had lost her wallet.

6 Pattern drills

- Why was he so angry?
- I hadnt given Mary his message.
- Did you really tear up the notice?
- It was a mistake. I realized it as soon as Id torn it up.

- Why didnt you go to the film?
- Because Id already seen it.
- Why couldnt he see the film properly?
- He hadnt taken his glasses with him.
75
Past Perfect Continuous



Lucy looked very tired this morning.
I know. Shed been writing all night.

Why was he so happy when he got home?
Hed been celebrating.

Their looking tired and happy was the result of what they had been
doing for some time before.




What was Toms excuse for being late this evening?
He said hed been watching T.V.

What was Lucys excuse for being late for lunch?
She said shed been marking exam papers.

The past perfect continuous replaces the present perfect continuous
in the indirect speech.



Did you go skiing before you got engaged?
Oh yes! Id been going skiing for years before I got engaged.

Did you go camping before you got married?
Oh yes! Id been going camping for years before I got married.

The past perfect continuous with for + period of time emphasizes the
continuity of the action.


So Johns finally finished his book!
Yes, he finished it yesterday, but hed been writing it for ages!


So Johns finally sold his land!
Yes, he sold it yesterday, but hed been talking about it for ages.

Hed been writing and talking about it before he finished his book
and before he sold his farm.

76

ASSIGNMENT
Translate into English!

Assignment 1

1 - Zato je bio tako iznenaen?

- Popravio sam njegov bicikl.

2 - Zato nisi mogao vidjeti izlobu?

- Nisam uzeo novac sa sobom.

3 - Zato nisi isprobao novi restoran?

- Jer sam ga ve isprobao.


B Assignment 2

4 - Zar si zaista potroio sav svoj novac?

- Bila je to greka. Shvatio sam to im sam ga potroio.

5 - Zato si juer vratio alat?

- Jer ga nisam naruio.

6 - Jeli on uo vijest u uredu?

- Ne, uo ju je prije nego to je otiao u ured.


C Assignment 3

7 - Ponovno je izgubila svoju vozaku.

- Ponovno? Nisam znala da ju je ve prije izgubila.

8 - Pokazala sam mu sliku.

- Nisi trebala. Ja sam mu je ve prije pokazala.

9 - Jesu li mukarci ugasili vatru u jutro?

- Da, ve su je ugasili kad sam ja stigla.
77
D Assignment 4


10 - Jesi li iao na jedrenje prije nego to si se oenio?

- O da! Jedrio sam godinama prije nego to sam se oenio.

11 - Kako se Tom ispriao to je zakasnio poslijepodne?

- Rekao je da je radio.

12 - Marija je ovo jutro izgledala jako zabrinuto.

- Znam. Razmiljala je o ispitima.

13 - Je li platio raun kad si ga zamolio?

- Ve ga je prije platio.



E Assignment 5


14 - Zato si naruio loe vino?

- Nisam ga nikad prije naruivao pa nisam znao da je loe.

15 - Mogu li nakon tebe proitati rad?

- ao mi je. Bacila sam ga nakon to sam ga proitala.

16 - Zato je bio tako razdraljiv kad se vratio kui?

- Prepirao se.

17 - Nije trebao pasti na ispitu. (fail)

- On ne bi pao da je marljivije uio.



78










79






















Expressing the Future
80
1 Expressing the Future



Going to


1 Is used to express personal intention. The action has usually been considered in
advance and some arrangements may have been made.
Im going to invite Mary.
Were going to buy a new car.

2 It is used to make prediction based on what you know, feel or can see.
Look at the clouds! Its going to rain.
Look at him! Hes going to faint.



Future simple


1 expresses a future fact or prediction.
Ill be fifty in January.
Georgell be here this evening.
The concertll begin at eight. Whenll it begin?

2 expresses a sudden decision.
Ill phone for help.
Ill come to your house tomorrow. (=deliberate intention or promise)

3 expresses an offer or request.
Shall I give you a lift?

4 expresses a threat or a promise.
Ill help you if you ask me to.
I wont do that again.
You wont eat too much, will you?
Dont worry, we shant eat much.

5 expresses an opinion about the future after verbs like think, suppose, expect, doubt if
and also with probably.
I suppose hell come on time.
Hell probably be back at six.

6 expresses strong probability.
There is a car pulling up. Itll be John.
81
Present continuous

expresses a pre-arranged future action. It is similar in meaning and use to going to but
has less sense of personal intention.
We are giving a party tomorrow, will you come?
The break down is being repaired tomorrow.
Im seeing her tomorrow. (=Im going to meet her)


Present Simple

expresses the certain future, a fixed future event usually based on a timetable or
programme.
What time does the train arrive?

Is to

1 expresses an instruction or order.
You are to study tenses expressing the future.

2 talks about an action or event which has been arranged, often officially.
Im to translate this into English.


About to/due to

talks about actions or events which are expected to happen, usually very soon.
Shet is about to have a baby. The baby is due to arrive in January.


Future continuous

1 talks about an action which will be in progress at a point in the future. It asks about
facts, not about intention.
What will you be doing this time next year?
Ill be taking my final exams.
Ill be lying on the beach this time next week.
Ill be starting a job.
2 talks about an action which will happen as a matter of course.
Benetton will be having its winter sales soon.
I shall go to the station tomorrow. Ill be seeing you then.
3 expresses a request for information rather than a request for action.
Will you be designing this part today?
4 expresses strong probability, supposition, and fact
Well be seeing us somewhere at the cafeteria.
What a lot of tests to correct! Ill probably be correcting them all day.
5 expresses future without intention
Ill be coming to your house tomorrow.

82

Future perfect simple and continuous

The duration or completetion of an action or state of affairs up to a specified
moment as seen from a point in the future is expressed in English by the Future
Perfect, Simple or Continuous, with for. Since is not used because, as a rule, the time
when the action or state started is not indicated. Croatian uses impersonal construction
biti e (vrijeme) da (ili kako) + Simple Present.

- Koliko su dugo u braku?
- How long have they been married?
- Prvog srpnja bit e 5 godina da su oenjeni, a u prosincu e biti dvije godine kako
ive u Rijeci.
- On July 1
st
they will have been married for five years, and in December they will
have been living in Rijeka for two years.

- Sutra e biti tri tjedna kako imam ovaj posao.
- By tomorrow I will have had that job for three weeks.

- Krajem oujka bit e dva mjeseca kako traim posao.
- By the end of March I shall have been looking for a job for two months.

- Krajem srpnja bit e dvije godine kako studiram u Rijeci.
- At the end of July I shall have studied in Rijeka for two years.

a) Future perfect simple

Future perfect talks about a future event which will be complete by a time which is in the
future.
I shall have done this by tomorrow.

Will you still be ironing the clothes at nine?
No, Ill have ironed them by then.

You havent ironed my shirt yet! Dont worry! Ill have ironed it by eight.

Well have been engaged for a year next August.

b) Future perfect continuous

Future perfect continuous talks about duration of an action or state of affairs which wont be
complete.


Have you been illustrating books for long?
By the time Ive completed this book, Ill have been illustrating them for five
years. (I shall continue illustrating them.)

Ill have been working at this Faculty of Engineering for 25 years next
September. (I wont quit, I shall continue working here.)

83
2 Future Perfect Tense Simple and Continuous

The future perfect is used for things that will be complete, will
already have happened by the time a certain point in the future is
reached.

Your teacher: Do this test now. It must be finished in an hours time.
You: All right. Ill have done it by then.

T: Finish this homework. Ill collect it in half an hour.
Y: Ill have finished it by then.

T: You must get through all the units before the term ends.
Y: All right. Ill have gotten through them by then.


The Future Perfect expresses the same relation to a future moment
as the Present Perfect expresses to the present moment and the
Past Perfect to the past moment.
The Future Perfect tells us that a certain action will be completed
by a certain future date. We are not interested in the time of the
action but in the fact of its completion by a certain time.


They will have finished the stadium in a years time.
(The action will be completed)

By next September they will have been working on the
stadium for a year.
(The action will still be in progress)



I shall have taken five exams by the end of the year.
By next December he will have written his third novel.
Before you go to see him, he will have finished this work.
I hope you will not have forgotten all this by tomorrow!
I shall have finished this translation long before you get back.
I hope it will have stopped raining by six oclock.
If we do not get there before eight, they will have eaten and drunk
everything.
I shall have finished this essay by supper time.
I shall have finished the work in an hour. =
(The work wont take me longer than an hour.)
84
3 Translate Future Perfect Tense Simple and
Continuous Sentences into Croatian!


a) - Will you still be mending your car at five?
- No, Ill have mended it by then.


b) - Theyve started to build the outdoor handball playground.
- I hope theyll have finished it in time for the Games.


c) - You havent repaired the car yet.
- Dont worry! Ill have repaired it by this evening.


d) - Have you been designing boats for long?
- By the time Ive designed this one, Ill have been designing them for
a year.


e) - How many boats have you designed now?
- When I design this one, Ill have designed three altogether.



f) - We cant visit the Petrovis now. Theyll be having a rest.
- Theyll have had a rest by now, surely?


g) - Shall we visit the Petrovis tonight, or will they still be packing?
- If they are, theyll have been packing the whole day.

85
4 The simple present and the present perfect may be used in place
of the future perfect (may be interchangeable) after temporal
conjunctions

We shall go out this afternoon. It will have stopped raining by then.
As soon as it has stopped (OR As soon as it stops raining), we shall go out.

He will have arrived by this time tomorrow.
The moment/ as soon as he has arrived, I shall let you know.

She tells me that by the time she has paid the mortgage and the bills there won't be a lot left to live on.


-Have you been making boats for long?
-By the time I've completed this one, I'll have been making them for a year.

-Have you been designing engines for long?
-By the time I've completed this one, I'll have been designing them for two
years.

-How many exams have you taken now?
-When I've taken this one, I'll have taken twelve altogether.

-When will you publish these reports?
-I can publish these reports as soon as I've finished them.They will have been published by this time
tomorrow.


5 EXPRESS THE FUTURE
Complete the text with the simple or continuous forms of the Future and Future
Perfect of the verbs in brackets.

What will life be like in 100 years time?
Some experts are pessimistic. By then, the population .................. ..................... ...............................
(double). We ........... ............... .................... (run out) of many essential materials like oil and coil. We
may even ................ ............ ......... (run out) of water to drink. Some experts believe that we .............
............ ............................. (live) in little boxes and ...................... (eat) artificial food.

Others are far more optimistic. They say that life .............. .............. (be) far better than it is today.We
may ............ ...................... (get) far more sunlight, ............................. (breath) fresher air, ...................
(live) in better buildings and .................... (lead) far better lives than we are today.

Life .............. ...................... .................... ........................... (certainly become) far more mechanised.
It ............... .................. .................... .......................... (may even become) too mechanised.
Mechanisation has already caused quite a few problems and .................. ...................... (cause) still
more. For example, many jobs ................ .................. ......................... (be automated). That is,
machines .............. .......... ......................... (do) many jobs that people do today. People .............. no
longer ................ ...................... (can) to learn only one job in their lifetimes. They ............... ..............
(must) learn several. Many of the jobs that young people are doing today ............ ................ ................
(become) unnecessary by the time they are sixty. This problem ............. ................ ....................
(grow) in 100 years time.

86
6 EXPRESS THE FUTURE An Auto-Corrective Test.
Complete the sentences with the simple or continuous forms of the Future,
Future Perfect, going to future, Present Simple and Continuous and Present
Perfect (used instead of Future Perfect ) of the verbs in brackets. Add for
when required.
1. Have you been waiting long?
Yes, by 6 o'clock I .......................................................................... (wait) ...........half an
hour.
I'm sorry, it ......................................................... ( never happen) again.
2. I'm afraid the orchestra ........................................................................ (play) ....... some
minutes by the time we got to the theatre. Let us hope they ........................................
(allow) us to enter.
3. How long have they been married?
On October 29th they ................................................................. (be) married ...... six
years, and in December they .............................................................. (live) in that flat next
to ours ..... ten months.
4. I wonder what the children are doing.
They ................................................................ (play) in the garden, I suppose.
Still playing? By 6 o'clock they ............................................................................. (play)
....... four hours.
5. By the time you come back, I ................................................................................ (sleep)
...... some hours, so please don't make a noise when you come in.
6. Your exercise is easy and short, mine is long and difficult. By the time I finish it, you
................................................................. (finish) yours ..... at least ten minutes.
7. I hope we .............................................. (hear) from him soon. On Tuesday next we
................ ............................................................ (not hear) from him ...... almost three
weeks. If we don't receive any news by tomorrow, we ................................... (send) him a
telegram.
8. Can you come dancing on Friday? It would be nice to see you on Friday.
....................................................................... (you do anything) on Friday?
Sorry, ............................................... (play) basketball.
9. Pat is buying a dog next week.
Really? What ........................................................... (she call) it?
10. Look at black clouds in the sky, I think it ............................................. (rain) this afternoon.
11. Where ........................................................(you live) and what .........................................
............................ in five years' time?
12. Let's run home before it ...................................... (rain).
13. Hand in your papers as soon as you ................................................................ (finish).
14. When the lesson ........................................ (finish) we'll meet and drink a cup of tea.
15. ........................................................... (we play tennis then?)
16. Pat's plane ...................................... (leave) at 12.00.
17. We .................................................................. (hold) a meeting soon, so we can decide then.
18. If you go on smoking at the rate you have till now, you .........................................................
(smoke) two packets before supper.
19. I ............................... (leave) tommorrow morning if I get a booking on the plane. The Air
Company ........................................... (give) me a definite answer by lunchtime today. If I
get a booking, by this time tomorrow I ........................................................... (fly) over the
Atlantic. To be exact, by this time I ............................................................ (fly) ...... half an
hour, but I .................................................. (have) to fly another seven hours before getting
to New York.
20. By the end of this academic year I ..................................................................... (do)
English .... three years.
By the same date I ......................................................... (study) it ... five years, but I
wonder if I ................................. (able) to understand English people and make myself
understood when I go to England next summer.
87
Key to Exercises Express the Future

1. Have you been waiting long?
Yes, by 6 o'clock I will have been waiting for half an hour.
I'm sorry, it will never happen again.
2. I'm afraid the orchestra will have been playing for some minutes by the time we get to the
theatre. Let us hope they shall allow us to enter.
3. How long have they been married?
On October 29th they will have been married for six years, and in December they will
have been living in that flat next to ours for ten months.
4. I wonder what the children are doing.
They will be playing in the garden, I suppose.
Still playing? By 6 o'clock they will have been playing for four hours.
5. By the time you come back, I shall have been sleeping for some hours, so please don't make
a noise when you come in.
6. Your exercise is easy and short, mine is long and difficult. By the time I finish it, you shall
have finished yours for at least ten minutes.
7. I hope we shall hear from him soon. On Tuesday next we shall not have heard from him
for almost three weeks. If we don't receive any news by tomorrow, we shall send him a
telegram.
8. Can you come dancing on Friday? It would be nice to see you on Friday.
Are you doing anything on Friday?
Sorry, I am playing basketball.
9. Pat is buying a dog next week.
Really? What is she going to she call it?
10. Look at black clouds in the sky, I think it is going to rain this afternoon.
11. Where shall you be living and what shall you be doing in five years' time?
12. Let's run home before it rains.
13. Hand in your papers as soon as you have finished.
14. When the lesson has finished we'll meet and drink a cup of tea.
15. Shall we play tennis then?
16. Pat's plane leaves at 12.00.
17. We'll be holding a meeting soon, so we can decide then.
18. If you go on smoking at the rate you have till now, you shall have smoked two packets
before supper.
19. I shall leave tommorrow morning if I get a booking on the plane. The Air Company will
have given me a definite answer by lunchtime today. If I get a booking, by this time
tomorrow I shall be flying over the Atlantic. To be exact, by this time I shall have been
flying for half an hour, but I shall have to fly another seven hours before getting to New
York.
20. By the end of this academic year I shall have been doing English for three years.
By the same date I shall have been studying it for five years, but I wonder if I shall be able
to understand English people and make myself understood when I go to England next
summer.






88








Various Aspects
of
Expressing Time
89
ASSIGNMENT 1
Translate into English the following dialogues using the proper
present, past and future tenses

Test A

1 - Jeli se juer loe ponaala u kazalitu?


2 - Moe li sada uti radio?
- Naravno da mogu. Mogu ga uti savreno.



3 - Kome si kupila knjigu? Tomici ili njegovom prijatelju?
- Kupila sam ju naravno njemu.



4 - Ide li uope ikada u kazalite?
- Da, otiao sam na dramu proli tjedan.



5 - Jesi li ve vidio najnoviji film?
- Da, upravo sam ga vidio.



6 - Zato ne narui juhu?
- Jer sam ju ve naruio.



7 - Je li stigao taksi?
- Da, upravo je stigao. Stigao je pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikad dobio nagradu?
- Da, dobio sam kolsku nagradu pred mnogo godina.



9 - Kako si ozlijedio svoje stopalo? -
- Ozlijedio sam ga dok sam se penjao.



90
10 - Gdje si bio kad su se svjetla ugasila?
- Veerao sam kad su se svjetla ugasila.



11 - to e raditi slijedei tjedan u ovo vrijeme?
- Skijat u se na Pohorju.



12 - Zato je bio tako uzrujan?
- Nisam predala obavijest Mariji.



13 - Imam vie odijela od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moja su ljepa od tvojih.




14 - Koju kuu voli vie?
- Vie volim stariju.



15 - On je paljiv voza, zar ne?
- Da, on je najpaljiviji voza kojeg sam ikada sreo.



16 - Kad je roendan tvog oca?
- etvrtog kolovoza.



17 - Petar stie slijedeeg ljeta a ja sam mislio da stie u jesen.



18 - Jesi li vidio Petra?
- itao je u knjinici kad sam ga zadnji puta vidio.



19 - Kada je poelo puhati?
- Poelo je upravo puhati kad sam zavrio sa poslom.




91
20 -Koliko dugo se poznajete?
-Poznajemo se od prole godine.



21 - Koliko si puta iao na taj ispit?
- Iao sam tri puta do sada.



22 - Je li ti dugo vremena trebalo za projekt?
- Napravio sam ga za tri sata, nisam nikada prije tako brzo projektirao.



23 - On obino odsjeda u hotelu ali danas e odsjesti kod svog prijatelja.



24 - Zar si zaista bacio novine?
- To je bila pogreka. Shvatio sam to im sam ih bacio.



25 - Nikad te nisam vidio da igra ah.
- Ali ja esto igram ah. Pa juer sam ga igrao!



26 - Oni opet bue cestu. Nadam se da sutra nee vie buiti cestu.



27 - Radi li ve dugo svoje vlastito vino?
- Ne, upravo sam ga poeo raditi.



28 - Je li ih sreo na zabavi?
- Ne, vidio ih je prije nego to je otiao na zabavu.



29 - Jesu li polagali ispite?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su ih poloili osam.



30 - Vru si. to si radio?
- Trao sam.




92
31 - Koliko si projekata nacrtao?
- Kad napravim ovaj projekt biti e ih zajedno tri.



32 - Ja sam mu poslao mail.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam mu ve poslala jedan.



33 - Je li uo istinu na sastanku?
- Ne, uo ju je prije nego je otiao na sastanak.




34 - Jo nisi popravio Nokia-u?
- Ne brini! Popravit u je do veeras.



35 - Koliko krumpira za olupit!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno emo ih lupiti cijeli dan.



36 - Ima li jo vijesti od Petra?
- Ne, dao sam ti sve vijesti koje postoje.



37 - Stefan me zove cijelo jutro.
- Ne pretjeruj! Zvao te je samo dva puta.



38 - Zato si vozio tako opasan auto?
- Nikad ga prije nisam vozio, pa nisam znao da je opasan.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena poslati estitke?
- Poslati u ih za vrijeme ruka.



41 - Jesi li ikad prije imao slinu nesreu?
- Nikad nisam imao niti jednu nesreu sve dok mi se nije dogodila ova.


93
TEST A
AUTO CORRECTION


MANNER PLACE TIME
1 - Did you behave rudely/badly at the theatre yesterday ? ( T) S/V/O/M/P/T

2 - Can you hear the radio now?
- Of course I can. I can hear it perfectly well.

3 - Who did you buy the book for? Tom or a friend of his? (one of his friends?)
- I bought it for Tom, of course.

4 - Do you ever go to the theatre?
- Yes, I do, I went to a drama last week.

5 - Have you seen the newest film yet ?
-Yes, I have, I have just seen it.

6 - Why don't you order the soup?
- Because I have already ordered it.

7 - Has the taxi arrived yet?
- Yes, it has just arrived. It arrived a minute ago.

8 - Have you ever received a reward?
- Yes, I received a reward many years ago.

9 - How did you hurt your foot?
- I hurt it while I was climbing.

10 - Where were you when the lights went off?
- I was having supper when the lights went off.

11 - What will you be doing at this time next week?
- I shall be skiing.

12 - Why was he so upset?
- I hadn't given Mary the note (or his message). OR
( I hadn't given the note or his message to Mary.)

13 - I have more suits than you have.
- Well, mine are prettier than yours.

14 - Which house do you prefer?
- I prefer the older one.
94

15 - He is a very careful driver, isn't he?
- Yes, he is the most careful driver I've ever met.

16 - When's your father's birthday?
- It's on August 4th.

17 - Peter's arriving next summer and I thought he was arriving in the autumn.

18 - Have you seen Peter?
- He was reading in the library when I saw him last.

19 - When did it begin to get windy?
- It was just beginning to get windy when I finished work.

20 - How long have you known each other?
- We've known each other since last year.

21 - How many times have you taken this exam?
- I've taken it three times so far.

22 - Did it take long to design the project? -
- I designed it in three hours, I've never designed a project so quickly before.

23 - He usually stays at a hotel.
- Well, he's staying at (the house of) his friend today.

24 - Did you really throw away the papers?
- It was a mistake. I realized it as soon as (the moment) I had thrown them away.
(I'd thrown them away).

25 - I have never seen you play chess.
- But I often play chess! I was playing it only yesterday!

26 - They' re drilling the road again.
- I hope they won't still be drilling the road tomorrow.

27 - Have you been making your own vine for long?
- No, I've only just started making it.

28 - Did you meet them at the party?
- No, I had seen them before they went to the party.
95

29 - Have they been taking their exams?
- Yes, they have. They've taken eight of them so far.

30 - You look hot. What've you been doing?
- I've been running.

31 - How many projects have you designed now?
- When I've finished this one I'll have designed three altogether.

32 - I've sent him an e-mail.
- You needn't have done that. (You shouldn't have done that).
I'd already sent him one.

33 - Did you hear the truth at the meeting?
- No, he'd heard it before he went to the meeting.

34 - You haven't repaired your Nokia yet?
- Don't worry! I'll have repaired it by midnight.

35 - What a lot of potatoes to peel!
- I'm afraid so. We'll probably be peeling them all day.

36 - Have you any more news of Peter?
- No, I've given you all the news there is. (hot news = svjee novosti)

37 - Steven's been telephoning me all morning.
- Don't exaggarate! He's only telephoned you twice.

38 - Why did you drive a dangerous car like this?
- I'd never driven a car like this so I didn't know it was dangerous.

39 - I'll be having lunch at the canteen tomorrow.
- We'll be seeing us there. I'll be having lunch there, too.

40 - When will you have time to send the cards?
- I'll send them at lunch-time.

41 - Have you had an accident like this before?
- I'd never had an accident at all until I had this one.
96
ASSIGNMENT 2
Translate into English the following dialogues using the proper
present, past and future tenses

Test B

1 - Jesi li juer ula dobar razgovor na radiju?



2 - Gdje je Petar?
- Bit e da jo spava.



3 - Kome si posudila novac? Petru ili njegovoj sestri?
- Posudila sam ga naravno njoj.



4 - to si juer donio Mariji?
- Donio sam joj ruu.



5 - Otiao je u Junu Ameriku. Nikada prije nije bio tamo, zar ne?



6 - Zato ne posjeti taj grad?
- Jer sam ga ve posjetio.




7 - Je li Marija nazvala?
- Da, upravo je nazvala. Nazvala je pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikad jahao magarca?
- Da, jesam proli tjedan.



9 - Kako si sreo svoju suprugu?
- Sreli smo se dok smo bili u Rimu.



97
10 - Gdje si bio kad je dola susjeda?
- Kosio sam travu kad je dola susjeda.



11 - Vi ne elite jesti previe, zar ne?
- Ne brinite! Ne emo jesti puno.



12 - to e raditi slijedee godine u ovo vrijeme?
- Poet u raditi na fakultetu.



13 - Zato je bio tako ljut?
- Nisam mu pripremila ruak.




14 - Imam vie roaka od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moji su bogatiji nego tvoji.



15 - Koju haljinu vie voli?
- Volim vie duu.



16 - On je rano ranilac.
- Da, on se ujutro budi najranije od svih koje sam ikad sreo.



17 - Kad je roendan tvog strica?
- Dvanaestog svibnja.



18 - Oni stiu u subotu uveer a ja sam mislila da stiu u podne.



19 - Vi ste neko slikali portrete, zar ne?
- Da, ali sada slikam pejzae.



20 - Kada je poela padati kia?
- Poela je padati kia ba kad sam se vratio sa posla.



98
21 - Koliko dugo studira na ovom fakultetu?
- Studiram ovdje ve dvije godine.



22 - Koliko si puta sanjao taj san?
- Sanjao sam ga tri puta do sada.



23 - Je li ti je trebalo dugo da napravi taj posao?
- Napravio sam ga za tri sata, do sada nisam nikad prije tako brzo napravio posao.



24 - On obino putuje vlakom ali danas e putovati avionom.



25 - Zar si uistinu pustio van pse?
- To je bila greka. Shvatio sam to im sam ih pustio.



26 - Nikad te nisam vidio da nosi make-up.
- Ali ja esto nosim make-up. Pa juer sam nosila make-up.



27 - Ona ga opet eka. Nadam se da ga sutra vie nee ekati.



28 - Koristi li se dugo ovom bankom?
- Ne, upravo sam ju poela koristiti.



29 - Je li izgubio naoale u kazalitu?
- Ne, izgubio ih je prije nego to je otiao u kazalite.



30 - Jesu li posjeivali muzeje?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su ih ve pet posjetili.



31 - Mokar si. to si radio?
- etao sam po kii.




99
32 - Koliko ste sada napisali knjiga?
- Kad napiem ovu biti e sve zajedno pet knjiga koje sam napisao.



33 - Kupila sam ti novine.
- Nisi trebala. Ja sam ih ve kupio.



34 - Jo nisi prevela to pismo?
- Ne brini! Prevest u ga do veeras.



35 - Koliko testova za ispravit!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno u ih ispravljati cijeli dan.



36 - Ima li jo informacija o nesrei?
- Ne, dala sam ti sve informacije koje postoje.



37 - Ona vie na mene cijelo jutro.
- Ne pretjeruj! Povikala je na tebe samo dva puta.



38 - Zato razgovara sa tako neuljudnim ljudima.
- Nisam s njima nikad prije razgovarao pa nisam znao da su neotesani.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena napraviti vjebe?
- Napravit u vjebe noas.



41 - Jesi li ikad prije koristio slian mobitel?
- Nikad nisam koristio nikakav mobitel sve dok nisam koristio ovaj!




100
AUTO CORRECTION
B TEST
1 - Did you hear a good talk on the radio yesterday? (T) S/V/O/M/P/T

2 - Where's Peter?
- I expect he is still sleeping.


3 - Who did you lend your money to? Peter or his sester?
- I lent it of course to her. (N.B. borrow from but lend, lent, lent to)


4 - What did you bring to Maria yesterday?
- I brought her a rose.


5 - He has gone to South America. He has never been there before, has he?

6 - Why don't you visit this town?
- Because I've already visited it.


7 - Has Maria telephoned?
- Yes, she has telephoned. She telephoned a minute ago.


8 - Have you ever ridden a donky?
- Yes, I rode one last week.


9 - How did you meet your wife?
- I met her while I was staying in Rome.
N.B I met her when I was in Rome.


10 - Where were you when your neighbour came?
- I was mowing the lawn.


11 - You won't eat too much, will you?
- Don't worry! We shan't eat much.


12 - What will you be doing this time next week?
- I'll be starting a job at the university.


13 - Why was he so angry?
- Because I hadn't prepared the lunch for him.
101

14 - I have more relatives than you have.
- Well, mine are richer than yours.


15 - Which dress do you prefer?
- I prefer the longer one.


16 - He is an early riser.
- Yes, he is the earliest riser I've ever met.


17 - When is the birthrate of your uncle?
- On July 12th.


18 - They're arriving on Saturday evening and I thought they were arriving at
midday.


19 - You once painted portraits, didn't you?
- Yes, but I'm painting landscapes now.


20 - When did it begin to rain?
- It was just beginning to rain when I returned from work.

21 - How long have you been studying at this university?
- I have been studying here for two years


22 - How many times have you dreamed this dream?
- I have dreamed it twice so far.


23 - Did it take you long to finish this job (to do this job)?
- I did it in three hours, I've never done a job so quickly before.


24 - He usually travels by train, but he's travelling by plane today.


25 - Did you really let out the dogs?
- It was a mistake. I realized it as soon as (the moment)I'd let them out.


26 - I have never seen you wear make-up.
- But I often wear make-up. I was wearing it only yesterday

27 - She's waiting for him again.
- I hope she won't still be waiting for him tomorrow.
102
28 - Have you been using this bank long?
- No, I've only just started using it.


29 - Did he lose his glasses at the theatre?
- No, he had (he'd) lost them before he went to the theatre.


30 - Have they been visiting museums?
- Yes, they have. They have visited five of them so far.

31 - You look wet. What have you been doing?
- I have been walking in the rain.


32 - How many books have you written now?
- When I have written this one I'll have written five books ltogether.


33 - I've bought you the newspapers.
- You needn't have done that. (You shouldn't have done that).
I'd already bought one.


34 -You haven't translated this letter yet?
- Don't worry! I'll have translated it by this evening.


35 - What a lot of tests to correct!
- I'm afraid so. I'll probably be correcting them all day.


36 - Have you any more information on accident?
- No, I've given you all the information there is.


37 - She has been yelling (shouting) at me all morning.
- Don't exaggerate! She's yelled (has shouted) at you only twice.


38 - Why did you speak to such rude people?
- I hadn't spoken to them before, so I didn't know they were rude.


39 - I'll be having lunch at the canteen tomorrow.
- We'll be seeing us then I'll be having lunch there, too.


40 - When will you have time to do your exercises?
- I'll do them tonight.

41 - Have you had a mobile like this before?
- I'd never had a mobile at all until I had this one.
103
ASSIGNMENT 3
Translate into English the following dialogues using the proper
present, past and future tenses

Test C

1 - Zar nisi vidio utrku zato jer je bila prevelika guva?


2 - Ona vozi jako brzo ovih dana, vidim.
- Ne, ne, u krivu si, ona obino ne vozi veoma brzo.



3 - Kome si kupila knjigu? Tomu ili jednom od njegovih prijatelja?
- Kupila sam ju naravno njemu.



4 - Izlazi li ikada u tjednu?
- Da, izaao sam proli tjedan.



5 - Otiao je u Nizozemsku.
- Nikada prije nije bio tamo, zar ne?



6 - Zato ne ita ovu knjigu?
- Jer sam je ve proitao.



7 - Je li se Petar vratio?
- Da, upravo se vratio. Vratio se pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikad imao nesreu?
- Da, imao sam nesreu 2005.



9 - Kako si spekao svoju ruku?
- Spekao sam je dok sam peglao.



104
10 - Gdje si bio kad je prola kraljica?
- Stajao sam na prozoru kad je kraljica prola.



11 - Jesi li ve vidjela Mariju?
- Ne, vidjeti u je poslijepodne.




12 - to e raditi sutra u ovo vrijeme?
- Uit u za ispite.



13 - Zato nisi mogao zapravo pogledati izlobu?
- Nisam imao nita novaca sa sobom.



14 - Imam vie prijatelja od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moji izgledaju bolje nego tvoji.




15 - Koji kaput vie voli?
- Volim vie deblji.




16 - On brzo ita.
- Da, on je najbri ita kojeg sam ikad sreo.



17 - Kad je roendan tvog brata?
- Dvadeset treeg travnja.



18 - Petra stie desetog srpnja a ja sam mislio da stie u kolovozu.



19 - Vi ste neko radili u banci, zar ne?
- Da, ali sad radim u uredu.




105
20 - Kada se je poelo smraivati?
- Upravo se poelo smraivati kad smo sklonili auto.



21 - Kako dugo si ve inenjer?
- Radim kao inenjer od 2006.



22 - Koliko si se puta vozio tim avionom?
- Vozio sam se tri puta do sada.



23 - Je li ti je trebalo dugo vremena da poisti garau?
- Poistio sam je za dva sata, do sada nisam nikad prije tako brzo poistio garau.



24 - On obino ide na faks busom ali danas e ii Aninim autom.



25 - Zar si uistinu nazvao policiju?
- To je bila greka. Shvatio sam to im sam ih nazvao.



26 - Nikad te nisam vidio da isti prozore.
- Ali ja esto istim prozore. Pa juer sam ih istio.



27 - Oni opet prireuju zabavu.
- Nadam se da sutra vie nee imati zabavu.




28 - Uzima li dugo lekcije iz plesa?
- Ne, upravo sam ih poeo uzimati.



29 - Je li pronaao kljueve u uredu?
- Ne, pronaao je kljueve prije nego to je otiao u ured.



30 - Je li prodavala svoje slike?
- Da, do sada ih je prodala osam.

106

31 - Izgleda ljutito. to si radio?
-Svaao sam se sa Suzi.



32 - Koliko ste filmova snimili sada?
- Kad zavrim s ovim biti e sve zajedno dva filma koja sam snimio.



33 - Rezervirao sam ti kartu.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam ve prije rezervirala jednu.



34 - Jo nisi pomela pod?
- Ne brini! Pomest u ga do veeras.



35 - Koliko krumpira za olupit!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno emo ih lupit cijeli dan.



36 - Ima li jo novosti od Petra?
- Ne, dala sam ti sve novosti koje postoje.



37 - Ona se ali cijelo jutro.
- Ne pretjeruj! Poalila se samo dva puta.



38 - Zato si koristio gusto ulje?
- Nisam ga nikad prije koristio pa nisam znao da je gusto.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena spakirati prtljagu?
- Spakirat u se kad idem na poinak.



41 - Jesi li ikad prije pobijedio u slinoj utrci?
- Nikad nisam pobijedio niti u jednoj utrci sve dok nisam pobijedio u ovoj!
107
ASSIGNMENT 4
Translate the following dialogues using the proper present, past
and future tenses

Test D


1 - Je li Vaa beba mirno i zdravo spavala u vlaku dok ste putovali za Austriju?


2 - Zato isti sada auto?
- Zar zato jer je subota? Jer uvijek isti auto subotom?



3 - Kome si posudila novac? Petru ili njegovoj sestri?
- Posudila sam ga naravno njoj.



4 - Ostaje li ikad budan do kasna?
- Da, prolu sam no gledao do kasna TV.



5 - Jesi li ve naruio juhu?
- Da, upravo sam ju naruio. Naruio sam je pred minutu.



6 - Zato ne dorukuje?
- Jer sam ve dorukovao.



7 - Jesi li ikad proitao neki ruski roman?
- Da, proitao sam jedan pred dvije godine.



8 - Kako si pronaao svoj prsten?
- Pronaao sam ga dok sam istio pod.



9 - Gdje si bio kad je sletio avion?
- ekao sam na aerodromu kad je stigao avion.



108

10 - Jesi li ve naruio knjige?
- Ne, naruit u ih prekosutra.



11 - to e raditi slijedei tjedan u ovo vrijeme?
- Leat u na pijesku, na plai.



12 - Zato nisi mogao zapravo otvoriti garau?
- Nisam uzeo kljueve sa sobom.



13 - Imam vie jabuka od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moje su zrelije nego tvoje.



14 - Koji vrt vie voli?
- Volim vie vei.



15 - On je paljiv voza, zar ne?
- Da, on je najpaljiviji voza kojeg sam ikada sreo.



16 - Kad je roendan tvog neaka?
- Prvog oujka.



17 - Moji gosti stiu u tjednu a ja sam mislio da stiu za vikend.



18 - Jeste li vidjeli djecu?
- Igrala su se u parku kad sam ih zadnji puta vidio.



19 - Kada je poelo puhati?
-Poelo je upravo puhati kad sam zavrio sa poslom.



20 - Kako dugo radi ovdje?
- Radim ovdje tjedan dana.


109

21 - Koliko si puta odrao taj govor?
- Odrao sam ga dva puta do sada.



22 - Je li ti je trebalo dugo vremena da proita knjigu?
- Proitao sam ju za etiri sata, do sada nisam nikad prije tako brzo proitao knjigu.



23 - On obino radi u uredu ali danas e raditi kod kue.



24 - Zar si uistinu potroila sav svoj novac?
- To je bila greka. Shvatila sam to onog trena kad sam ih potroila.



25 - Nikad ju nisam vidio da vozi auto.
- Ali ona esto vozi auto. Pa juer je vozila auto.



26 - On se opet osjea loe.
- Nadam se da se sutra vie nee osjeati loe.



27 - Radi li dugo ovdje?
- Ne, upravo sam poeo raditi.



28 - Jesu li korigirali svoje projekte?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su ih ispravili pet.



29 - Izgleda iscrpljeno. to si radio?
- Radio sam do kasna.



30 - Piete li ve dugo knjige?
- Kad zavrim ovu biti e pet godina kako ih piem.




31 - Ja sam mu poslao mail o najnovijim novostima.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam mu ve prije poslala jedan.
110

32 - Je li uo vijesti u uredu?
- Ne, uo ih je prije nego to je otiao u ured.



33 - Jo nisi platio raune?
- Ne brini! Platit u ih do sutra.



34 - Koliko odjee za oprat!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno emo ju prati cijeli dan.




35 - Ima li jo dokaza o njegovoj krivnji?
- Ne, dala sam ti sve dokaze koje postoje.



36 - Cijelo me jutro zove na kavu.
- Ne pretjeruj! Pozvala te samo dva puta.



37 - Zato si naruio tako loe vino?
- Nisam ga prije naruivao i pio pa nisam znao da je tako loe.



38 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



39 - Kada e imati vremena ispeglati koulje?
- Ispeglat u ih nakon veere.



40 - Koliko si vjebi napravio sada?
- Kad napravim ovu, bit e sveukupno dvanaest vjebi.




41 - Jesi li ikad prije vozio slian auto?
- Ne, nikad nisam vozio niti jedan auto sve dok nisam vozio ovaj!



111
ASSIGNMENT 5
Translate the following dialogues using the proper present, past
and future tenses

Test E

1 - Nisi li zavrio sa rukom?
- Nisam mogao. Hrana je bila pre slana.



2 - Zna da on pije puno ovih dana?
- Obino ne pije puno.



3 - Kome si kupila knjigu? Tomu ili jednom njegovom prijatelju?
- Kupila sam ju naravno njemu.



4 - Gleda li ikad do kasna televiziju?
- Da, prolu sam no gledao TV do kasna.



5 - Jesi li uo vijesti o Katici?
- Da, upravo sam dobio vijesti o njoj.



6 - Zato ne kuha ruak?
- Jer sam ga ve skuhao.



7 - Je li prestala padati kia?
- Da, upravo je prestala padati. Prestala je padati pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikad dobio utrku?
- Da, dobio sam je u koli pred godinu dana.



9 - Kako si slomio svoju nogu?
- Slomio sam ju dok sam skijao.



112
10 - Gdje si bio kad je doao potar?
- Zalijevao sam tratinu kad je doao potar.



11 - Jesi li ve oistila svoj stol?
- Ne, oistit u ga sutra.



12 - to e raditi sutra u ovo vrijeme?
- Igrat u ili gledat tenis.



13 - Zato nisi mogao zapravo pronai crkvu?
- Nisam uzeo kartu sa sobom.



14 - Imam vie knjiga od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moje su korisnije nego tvoje.



15 - Koju au vie voli?
- Vie volim veu.



16 - Ona je dobra kuharica, zar ne ?
- Da, ona je najbolja kuharica koju sam ikad sreo.



17 - Kad je roendan tvoje neakinje?
- Dvadeset drugog sijenja.



18 - Ona stie rano u ponedjeljak a ja sam mislio da stie kasno na veer.



19 - Vi ste neko pisali romane, zar ne?
- Da, ali sad piem udbenike.



20 - Kada se je poelo smraivati?
- Upravo se poelo smraivati kad smo sklonili auto.



113
21 - Kako dugo ima ovaj auto?
- Imam ga est mjeseci.



22 - Koliko si puta pogledao taj film?
- Pogledao sam ga tri puta do sada.



23 - Je li ti je trebalo dugo vremena da popravi TV?
- Popravio sam ga za tri sata, do sada nisam nikada prije tako brzo popravio TV.



24 - On obino spava na gornjem katu ali danas se odmara/ e se odmoriti na donjem katu.



25 - Zar si uistinu poderala cedulju?
- To je bila pogreka. Shvatila sam to im sam ju poderala.



26 - Nikad ju nisam vidio da nosi hlae.
- Ali ona esto nosi hlae! Pa juer je nosila hlae.



27 - Opet pada kia.
- Nadam se da sutra vie nee padati kia.




28 - Ui ve dugo ruski?
- Ne, upravo sam ga poeo uiti.



29 - Jesu li prisustvovali predavanjima?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su bili na pet.



30 - Izgleda umorno. to si radio?
- Vozio sam cijelu no.



31 - Snimate li ve dugo filmove?
- Kad zavrim s ovim biti e dvije godine kako snimam filmove.


114
32 - Rezervirao sam ti kartu.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam ve prije rezervirala jednu.



33 - Je li uo istinu na sastanku?
- Ne, uo ju je prije nego je otiao na sastanak



34 - Jo nisi ispeglala moje koulje?
- Ne brini! Ispeglati u ih do veeras.



35 - Koliko testova za ispravit!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno u ih ispravljati cijeli dan.




36 - Ima li jo za peglanje?
- Ne, dala sam ti sve to se treba ispeglati.



37 - Cijelo me jutro prekida.
- Ne pretjeruj! Prekinula te je samo dva puta.



38 - Zato si iao na tako teak ispit?
- Nisam iao na njega prije pa nisam znao da je teak.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena ii u kupovinu?
- Ii u u kupovinu prije ruka.



41 - Jesi li ikad napravio greku poput ove?
- Nikad nisam napravio niti jednu greku sve dok nisam napravio ovu!



115
ASSIGNMENT 6
Translate into English the following dialogues using the proper
present, past and future tenses

Test F

1 - Nisi li gotov sa veerom?
- Nisam. Hrana je bila pre vrua.



2 - Vidim da ovih dana radi jako puno.
- Ne, posve si u krivu. Zapravo (obino) ne radim puno.



3 - Kome si poslala kartu? Luciji ili njezinoj brai?
- Poslala sam ju naravno njezinoj brai.



4 - Jesi li ikad imao gripu?
- Da, prehladio sam se prolu zimu.



5 - Jesi li oistio svoj stol?
- Da upravo sam ga oistio.



6 - Zato ne gleda taj film?
- Jer sam ga ve gledala.



7 - Jesu li pisma stigla?
- Da, upravo su stigla. Stigla su pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikada vozio Mercedes?
- Da, vozio sam jedan prole godine.



9 - Koliko dugo si ve ovdje?
- Ovdje sam deset minuta.



116
10 - Gdje si bio kad je zvonio telefon?
- Ulazio sam u kadu kad je zazvonio telefon.



11 - Jesi li ve nazvala lijenika?
- Ne, nazvati u ga sutra.



12 - to e raditi slijedee godine u ovo vrijeme?
- Polagati u svoje zadnje ispite.



13 - Zato nisi mogao zapravo gledati film?
- Nisam uzeo naoale sa sobom.



14 - Imam vie poklona od tebe
. - Dobro, ali moji su zanimljiviji nego tvoji.



15 - Koju boju vie voli?
- Volim vie svjetliju .



16 - Ona je zgodna djevojka, zar ne?
- Da, ona je najzgodnija djevojka koju sam ikad sreo.



17 - Kad je roendan tvoje bake?
- Desetog sijenja.



18 - On stie u nedjelju poslijepodne a ja sam mislio da stie u jutro.



19 - Jesi li vidio Mariju
- Vjebala je klavir kad sam ju zadnji puta vidio.



20 - Kada je poela padati kia?
- Poela je upravo padati kia kad sam se vratio sa posla.



117
21 - Kako dugo ga poznaje?
- Poznajem ga od djetinjstva.



22 - Koliko si puta pogledao taj film?
- Pogledao sam ga tri puta do sada.



23 - Je li ti je trebalo dugo vremena da napie esej?
- Napisala sam ga za dva sata, do sada nisam nikada prije tako brzo napisala esej.



24 - On obino studira sa gospodinom Johnsonom ali danas e studirati sam.


25 - Zar si zaista udario svog prijatelja?
- To je bila greka. Shvatio sam to im sam ga udario.



26 - Nikad ih nisam vidjela da plove tim amcem.
- Ali oni esto plove tim amcem. Pa juer su plovili tim amcem



27 - Ona opet plae. Nadam se da sutra nee vie plakati.



28 - Snima ve dugo ovaj film?
- Ne, upravo smo ga poeli snimati.



29 - Jesu li otvarali svoje poklone?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su ih otvorili pet.




30 - Izgleda smeteno. to si radio?
- Pozdravljao sam se s prijateljicom.




31 - Projektira li ve dugo brodove?
- Kad zavrim ovaj biti e godina dana kako projektiram.




118
32 - Ja sam ti pozvao taksi.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam ve prije pozvala jedan.



33 - Je li uo vijesti u uredu?
- Ne, uo ih je prije nego to je otiao u ured.



34 - Jo nisi obojio vrata?
- Ne brini! Obojiti u ih do veeri.



35 - Koliko pozivnica za napisat!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno emo ih pisati cijeli dan.



36 - Ima li jo odjee za pranje?
- Ne, dala sam ti svu odjeu za pranje koju imam.




37 - Ta djeca cijelo jutro jure unutra i van.
- Ne pretjeruj! Utrala su unutra i van samo dva puta.



38 - Zato si gledao tako lo film?
- Nisam ga gledao prije pa nisam znao da je lo.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini
. - Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena oprati odjeu?
- Oprat u ju za vrijeme veere.



41 - Jesi li se ikad prije vozio ovakvim avionom?
- Uope se nikad nisam vozio niti jednim avionom sve dok se nisam vozio ovim!



119
ASSIGNMENT 7
Translate the following dialogues using the proper present, past
and future tenses

Test G

1 - Je li se juer loe ponaala u kazalitu?


2 - Moe li sada uti radio?
- Naravno da mogu. Mogu ga uti savreno dobro.



3 - Kome si kupila knjigu? Tomu ili jednom njegovom prijatelju?
- Kupila sam ju naravno njemu.



4 - Ide li uope ikada u kazalite?
- Da, otiao sam na dramu prolu tjedan.



5 - Jesi li ve vidio najnoviji film?
- Da, upravo sam ga vidio.



6 - Zato ne narui juhu?
- Jer sam je ve naruio.



7 - Je li stigao taksi?
- Da, upravo je stigao. Stigao je pred minutu.



8 - Jesi li ikad dobio nagradu?
- Da, dobio sam kolsku nagradu pred mnogo godina.



9 - Kako si ozlijedio svoje stopalo?
- Ozlijedio sam ga dok sam se penjao.



120
10 - Gdje si bio kad su se svjetla ugasila?
- Veerao sam kad su se svjetla ugasila.



11 - to e raditi slijedei tjedan u ovo vrijeme?
- Skijat u se na Pohorju..



12 - Zato je bio tako uzrujan?
- Nisam predala obavijest Mariji.



13 - Imam vie odijela od tebe.
- Dobro, ali moja su ljepa od tvojih.



14 - Koju kuu voli vie?
- Vie volim stariju.



15 - On je paljiv voza, zar ne?
- Da, on je najpaljiviji voza kojeg sam ikada sreo.



16 - Kad je roendan tvog oca?
- etvrtog kolovoza.



17 - Petar stie slijedeeg ljeta a ja sam mislio da stie u jesen.



18 - Jesi li vidio Petra?
- itao je u knjinici kad sam ga zadnji puta vidio.



19 - Kada je poelo puhati?
- Poelo je upravo puhati kad sam zavrio sa poslom.



20 - Koliko dugo se poznajete?
- Poznajemo se od prole godine.



121
21 - Koliko si puta iao na taj ispit?
- Iao sam tri puta do sada.



22 - Je li ti dugo vremena trebalo da napravi projekt?
- Napravio sam ga za tri sata, nisam nikada prije tako brzo napravio projekt.



23 - On obino odsjeda u hotelu ali danas e odsjesti kod svog prijatelja.



24 - Zar si zaista bacio novine?
- To je bila pogreka. Shvatio sam to im sam ih bacio.



25 - Nikad te nisam vidio da igra ah.
- Ali ja esto igram ah. Pa juer sam ga igrao!



26 - Oni opet bue cestu.
- Nadam se da sutra nee vie buiti cestu.



27 - Radi li ve dugo svoje vlastito vino?
- Ne, upravo sam ga poeo raditi.



28 - Je li ih sreo na zabavi?
- Ne, vidio ih je prije nego to je otiao na zabavu.



29 - Jesu li polagali ispite?
- Da, jesu. Do sada su ih poloili osam.



30 - Vru si. to si radio?
- Trao sam.



31 - Koliko si projekata nacrtao?
- Kad napravim ovaj projekt biti e ih zajedno tri.



122
32 - Ja sam mu poslao mail.
- Nisi trebao! Ja sam mu ve poslala jedan.



33 - Je li uo istinu na sastanku?
- Ne, uo ju je prije nego je otiao na sastanak.



34 - Jo nisi popravio Nokia-u?
- Ne brini! Popravit u je do veeras.



35 - Koliko krumpira za olupit!
- Bojim se da je tako. Vjerojatno emo ih lupit cijeli dan.



36 - Ima li jo vijesti od Petra?
- Ne, dao sam ti sve vijesti koje postoje.



37 - Stefan me zove cijelo jutro.
- Ne pretjeruj! Zvao te je samo dva puta.



38 - Zato si vozio tako opasan auto?
- Nikad ga prije nisam vozio pa nisam znao da je opasan.



39 - Sutra u ruati u kantini.
- Onda emo se vidjeti. I ja u ruati tamo takoer.



40 - Kada e imati vremena poslati estitke?
- Poslati u ih za vrijeme ruka.



41 - Jesi li ikad prije imao slinu nesreu?
-Nikad nisam imao niti jednu nesreu sve dok mi se nije dogodila ova!



123


Have you any more news of John?
No, Ive given you all the news there is.

Have you any more work, mending to give me?
No, Ive given you all the work/ mending there is.

Have you any more proof/ evidence of his guilt?
No, Ive given you all the proof/evidence of his guilt there is.

Have you any more information about the accident?
No, Ive given you all the information there is.

Have you any more washing/ironing to be done?
No, Ive given you all the washing/ironing there is.

All the news that there is = the noun is defined by a relative clause and note the omission of
that

124



















125



















Passive Aspect
126
Passive aspect

[Subject or thing receiving action] +
[the verb to be in the required tense] +
[Past participle of the required verb] +
[by] + [thing doing action]
Active Form
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
Petra washed the dishes
thing doing action verb object receiving action
Passive Form
Examples:
The dishes were washed by Petra.
Subject receiving action passive verb agent - doing action


127
ASSIGNMENT 1
Study Tip

ACTIVE PASSIVE



They often do it. It is often done.



They are doing it now It is being done now.



They did it yesterday. It was done yesterday.



They were doing it last week. It was being done last week.



They have already done it. It has already been done.



They had done it earlier. It had been done earlier.



They will soon do it. It will soon be done.



They will soon have done it. It will soon have been done.



They have to do it at once. It has to be done at once.



They may not have done it. It may not have been done.

128

ASSIGNMENT 2
Use the Passive Aspect. It is an auto-corrective test.

I am writing an e-mail The e-mail is being written.
He often writes e-mails. ...
I wrote him an e-mail. ..
I was writing him an e-mail. ..
I have already written him an e-mail. ..
I had written an e-mail before we met. ..
I am going to write an e-mail to him. ..
I shall write an e-mail to him.
I must write him an e-mail.
I must have written this e-mail to him.
I should have written an e-mail to him.
I would have written an e-mail to him if .
They may haven't done it yet.
Is it unlikely to discover intelligent life on other planets?

You have to keep dangerous chemicals in a safe place.




129

Auto - Corrective Test 2

I am writing an e-mail
An e-mail is being written.

He often writes e-mails.
E-mails are often written.

I wrote him an e-mail.
He was written an e-mail.
An e-mail was written to him.

I was writing him an e-mail.
He was being written an e-mail.

I have already written him an e-mail.
He has already been written an e-mail.

I had written an e-mail before we met.
An e-mail had been written to him

I am going to write an e-mail to him.
An e-mail is going to be written to him.


I shall write an e-mail to him.
An e-mail will be written to him.

I must write him an e-mail.
An e-mail must be written to him.

I must have written this e-mail to him.
This e-mail must have been written to him.

I should have written an e-mail to him.
An e-mail should have been written to him.

I would have written an e-mail to him if
The e-mail would have been written if .

They may haven't done it yet.
It may have not been done yet.

Is it unlikely to discover intelligent life on other planets?
Is intelligent life unlikely to be discovered on other planets?

You have to keep dangerous chemicals in a safe place.
Dangerous chemicals have to be kept in a safe place.
130
ASSIGNMENT 3
Use the Passive Aspect.
It is an auto-corrective test.


a)
indirect + direct objects
People will show the visitors the new buildings. =
The visitors
The new buildings

Somebody recommended me another doctor.
I
Another doctor ..


b)

Someone has stolen my car.

My car .

People drink wine a lot in Croatia.

Wine ..


c)
Someone has done it well. It .

Someone hurt her badly. She


d)
They are laughing at him. He .
We should do away with this practice. This practice
131
Auto - Corrective Test Assignment 3

a)

indirect + direct objects
People will show the visitors the new buildings. =

The visitors will be shown the new buildings.

The new buildings will be shown to the visitors.


Somebody recommended me another doctor. =

I was recommended another doctor.

Another doctor was recommended to me.

b)

Someone has stolen my car.
My car has been stolen. Do not use by someone.

People drink wine a lot in Croatia.
Wine is drunk a lot in Croatia. Do not use by people.

Nick was operated on at the hospital. Do not use by a doctor.

Three men have been arrested. Do not use by the police.


BUT
We were taught by a different teacher yesterday.

The meal was served by a waiter in a red coat.

c)
Someone has done it well. It has been well done.

Someone hurt her badly. She was badly hurt.

The work has been carefully done. OR The work has been done carefully.*

*Adverbs in ly go with the past particple, either before or after.
d)

They are laughing at him. = He is being laughed at.

That's a practice that should be done away with.

132
ASSIGNMENT 4 a
Study Tip

REPORTED
SAID
KNOWN
SUBJECT IS ASSUMED TO + INFINITIVE
ARE CONSIDERED
BELIEVED
EXPECTED
SUPPOSED

a. Goethe was the greatest of all playwrights. (considered)

b. My Scotish friend has travelled widely across Croatia. (said)

c. She needs very little sleep. (said)

d. He was a member of Animal Protection Society when he was young. (known)

e. The snow will disappear this afternoon. (expected)

f. The escaped prisoner is heading for Italy. (reported)

g. She has an income of over two hundred thousand pounds. (supposed)

h. Three people have been killed in an avalanche. (believed)

i. They were skiing in the area when the avalanche started. (presumed)

j. Is it true that the super powers are heading for an agreement on nuclear weapons?
(thought)

ASSIGNMENT 4 b
From the table below choose the most appropriate combinations.


Cuckoos have nine lives
Tokyo be good for the soul
Scotch whisky is/are said to cost nothing
Blood be thicker than water
Women live longer than men
Confession lay their eggs in other birds' nests
Cats be the home of crime
Chicago have the largest population of any city
Politeness be the best in the world
English people be very reserved

133
ASSIGNMENT 4 c

Rewriting in the Passive Voice
Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice. Do not include the words in italics,
either as they are or in any other form. Example:

They finally accepted his offer.
His offer was finally accepted.

1 They made no attempt to extinguish the fire.
............................................................................................................................
2 Somebody wants him on the telephone.
............................................................................................................................
3 They expect him to arrive early tomorrow morning.
.............................................................................................................................
4 During the attack we dropped over a hundred men on to the island by parachute.
...............................................................................................................................
5 They are going to give her a silver candlestick when she leaves the firm.
...........................................................................................................................
6 The umpires declared the match a draw.
...........................................................................................................................
7 The enemy will either take you prisoner or shoot you.
.............................................................................................................................
8 You could easily mistake him for a Frenchman.
............................................................................................................................
9 The police caught the thief red-handed.
...............................................................................................................................
10 After the funeral the solicitor read the will in the presence of all the dead man`s relations.
...............................................................................................................................
11 People criticized him for not offering to pay for the damage.
...............................................................................................................................
12 One ought never to assume that the enemy is stupid.
................................................................................................................................
13 The jury found the man guilty.
................................................................................................................................
14 The government has not yet decided whether to provide more funds for road-
building or not.
......................................................................................................................................
15 Someone has broken into my room and stolen my tennis-racquet.
.......................................................................................................................................
16 They held their annual conference at a pleasant town on the coast.
........................................................................................................................................
17 The Mayor cancelled the arrangement for the towns centenary celebrations as soon
as he received the news of the tragic crash at the airport.
......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
18 The Secretary informed me at the last moment that he had put my application for
membership before the Committee.
........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
134
ASSIGNMENT 4 d
Rewriting in the Passive Voice
Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice and retaining the subject as in the example.
Only the verbs which are in italics should be changed. Make any additional changes that
may be necessary. Example:
The youngest competitor won the first prize.
The prize was won by the youngest competitor.

1 His wife persuaded him to apply for the new post.
...........................................................................................................................
3 The current forced her to turn back when she was nearly half way across the river.
.....................................................................................................................................
4 An old friend of my fathers invited me to spend the summer on his farm.
................................................................................................................................
5 Everyone who met him liked him.
..............................................................................................................................
6 A huge wave swept them off their feet.
.............................................................................................................................
7 Too many people know your plans.
.............................................................................................................................
8 The Director of the fitm will himself interview applicants for the post of Works
manager.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
9 Milton wrote Paradise lost after he had gone blind.
....................................................................................................................................
10 The storm flattened thoudsands of banana trees and damaged a great many houses.
..................................................................................................................................
11 The professor is reprimanding the students for their bad behaviour.
.................................................................................................................................
12 Did Fleming or Florey discover penicillin?
13 ................................................................................................................................
14 Everybody is admiring the new college building.
.......................................................................................................................................
15 Some children found the hidden money while they were playing in an empty house.
....................................................................................................................................
16 Fewer than half the candidates answered the question correctly.
....................................................................................................................................
17 The new director has just introduced several important changes in the firms rules.
.......................................................................................................................................
18 Everyone who comes to the town visits the new dam.
....................................................................................................................................
19 Half the population of the city is greeting the distinguished visitors at the airport.
.....................................................................................................................................
135
ASSIGNMENT 4 e
Rewriting in the Passive Voice
Active to passive

1 We use this room only on special occasions.
................................................................................................................................
2 All the ministers will see him off at the airport.
................................................................................................................................
3 You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.
................................................................................................................................
4 Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
................................................................................................................................
5 They are pulling down the old theatre.
...............................................................................................................................
6 Why did't they mend the roof before it fell in?
...............................................................................................................................
7 The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not
returning books.
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
8 People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
...............................................................................................................................
9 Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return them. No
one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10 People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago.
................................................................................................................................
11 The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.
...............................................................................................................................
12 It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.
...............................................................................................................................
13 They make these artificial flowers of silk.
................................................................................................................................
14 The police shouldn't allow people to park there.
................................................................................................................................
15 They are watching my house.
................................................................................................................................
16 Nobody has used this room for ages.
...............................................................................................................................
17 Someone broke into his house and stole a lot of his things.
...............................................................................................................................
18 You shouldn't leave these documents on the desk. You should lock them up.
19 Fog held up the planes.
20 You are to leave this here. Someone will call for it later on.
21 They didn't look after the children properly.
136
22 Everyone looked up to him. (agent required)
137
Auto - Corrective Test Assignment 4


a) Goethe is considered to be the greatest of all playwrights.
b) He is said to have travelled widely across Croatia.
c) She is said to need very little sleep.
d) He is known to have been a member of Animal Protection Society when he was young.
e) The snow is expected to disappear this afternoon.
f) The escaped prisoner is reported to be heading for Italy.
g) She is supposed to have an income of over two hundred thousand pounds.
h) Three people are believed to have been killed in an avalanche.
i) They are presumed to have been skiing when the avalanche started.
j) Is it true that the super powers are thought to be heading for an agreement on nuclear weapons?




ASSIGNMENT 5
Insert either Active or Passive Sentences


Active Passive
Simple
Present
The house is
cleaned by Tim.
Present
Continuous
Right now, Petra is
writing the letter.

Simple Past The car was
repaired by Tim.
Past
Continuous
The salesman was
serving me when
suddenly my old
friend came into the
store.

Present
Perfect
Opatija has been
visited by many
tourists.
Present Recently, Ella has
138
Perfect
Continuous
been doing the work.
Past Perfect Many cars had been
repaired by Ella
before she received
her mechanic's
license.




Past Perfect
Continuous
Chef Jones had been
preparing the
restaurant's fantastic
dinners for two years
before he moved to
Paris.

Simple
Future
WILL
The work will be
finished by 5:00 PM.

Simple
Future
BE GOING TO

Sally is going to
make a beautiful
dinner tonight.



Future
Continuous
WILL
At 8:00 PM tonight,
the dishes will be
being washed by
John.
Future
Continuous
BE GOING TO
At 8:00 PM tonight,
John is going to be
washing the dishes.


Future
Perfect
WILL



The project will have
been completed
before the deadline.
139
Future
Perfect
BE GOING TO
They are going to
have completed the
project before the
deadline.

Future
Perfect
Continuous
WILL
The mural will have
been being painted
by the famous artist
for over six months
by the time it is
finished.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
BE GOING TO
The famous artist is
going to have been
painting it for over
six months by the
time it is finished.

Used to The bills used to be
paid by Jerry.
Would
Always
My mother would
always make the
pies.

Future in the
Past
WOULD
I knew the work
would be finished
by 5:00 PM.
Future in the
Past
WAS GOING
TO
I thought Sally was
going to make a
beautiful dinner
tonight.




140
ASSIGNMENT 6
Study the following pattern drills

1 - Who was the Hovercraft invented by?
- I think it was invented by an Englishman.

- Who was this table made by?
- I think it was made by my grandfather.


2 - Have the exams been set yet?
- They're being set now.

- Has the rubbish been collected yet?
- It's being collected now.


3 - When was the electricity bill last paid?
- It was paid a month ago.

- When was the car last repaired?
- It was repaired a month ago.


4 - Who invented the telephone?
- It was invented in America in 1876 that's all I
know.


5 - When will the car be serviced?
- I was told it would be serviced tomorrow morning.



141
6 - The fault must be corrected immediately.
- Don't worry! It'll be corrected immediately.

- The house must be cleaned thoroughly.
- Don't worry! Itll be cleaned thoroughly.


7 - Can't that man drive?
- No, but he can be taught to drive.

- Can't that student spell correctly?
- No, but she can be taught to spell correctly.


8 - Has anyone checked and signed those letters yet?
- No, they still have to be checked and signed.

- Has anyone washed and ironed his shirts?
- No, they still have to be washed and ironed.


9 - Someone must convince him of his mistake.
- He's already been convinced of it.

- Someone must warn her against borrowing
money.
- She's already been warned against it.

142

10 - Mary is late. Was she told to arrive on time?
- Yes, she was told by at least three people.

- John's late. Was he told to pick us up/ to fetch us?
- Yes, he was told by at least four people.


16 - The bill hasn't been paid.
- I thought it had been paid by your secretary. I'm
sorry.

- The seats haven't been booked.
- I thought they had been booked by your secretary.


17 - Did you get the ticket you were promised?
- Yes, I was sent two free tickets.

- Did you get the job you were promised?
- Yes, I was given a job in the bank/ factory.

- Did you get the money you were promised?
- Yes. I was paid 10 EU.


18 - They say that play's brilliant.
- It's not as brilliant as it's said to be.

- They say the film's exciting.
- It's not as exciting as it's said to be.



143
19 - There's been an earthquake.
- I know. At least a hundred people are said to have
been killed.

- There's been an accident.
- I know. At least 5 people have been hurt/injured.


20 - Did the man confess?
- Yes, but only after being arrested.
- Oh no! He confessed before being arrested.

- Did the man give up the fight and argument?
- Yes, but only after being knocked out.
- Oh no! He gave up before being knocked out.


21 - Did the man call the police?
- Yes, but only after being attacked and robbed.
- Oh no! He called the police before being attacked
and robbed.


22 - When do you want the result announced (i.e. to be
announced to the Press?
- It should be announced some time today.

- When do you want the books returned (i.e. to be
returned) to the library?
- They should be returned some time today.



144

23 - I'd like to question you about your latest
project.
- Not again! I was being questioned about my latest
project all day yesterday!


24 - Someone must warn John immediately.
- Don't worry. He's already been warned.

- Someone must burn the rubbish immediately.
- Don't worry. It's already been burnt.


25 - Have the plans been drawn up yet?
- One of them was drawn up yesterday, but the
other hasn't been drawn up yet.


26 - Why aren't the children resting?
- I don't know. They're supposed to be doing their
homeworks.

- Why isn't the plane flying to Paris?
- I don't know. It's supposed to be stopping in
Rome.


27 - When will the job be finished?
- I've no idea. It should have been finished hours
ago.

145
ASSIGNMENT 7
Pattern drill
Present perfect passive

Answer the questions by using the verb given in
brackets, in the passive.

Where's your car today? (steal)
Didn't you know? It's been stolen.

1 Why aren't you listening to your new CD? (break)
2 Where's the cake I bought yesterday? (eat)
3 Where are all the students? (send home)
4 Where's the book I sent you? (lose)
5 Where's that nice secretary? (transfer)
6 Why isn't Jack in the chess finals? (beat)
7 Did you get back the money you lost? (return)
8 Is the little girl still missing? (find)
9 Is your house still for sale? (sell)
10 Your house looks very nice. (paint)


146
ASSIGNMENT 8


GET + PAST PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION usually suggests
that the action described was accidental rather than intentional

On the way home, we got delayed by fog, got lost, got caught in a storm,
got involved in an accident and finally got stopped by the police.

- I havent broken this vase, have I?
- Well no, but it may have got broken. It might have got damaged or
shattered to pieces.




An impersonal construction can be used after agree, allege,
believe, feel, judge, know, rumour, say, think.

a It + passive + that clause

It was said that membership fees should be raised.

It is hoped that this meeting will be successful.


b Subject + passive + to infinitive/perfect infinitive

She is rumoured to have secret bank accounts in Switzerland.

Dinamo is believed to have had a good chance of beating
Hajduk.


147
ASSIGNMENT 9
I Put the following sentences into the passive!

1 Poverty drove him to desperation.
2 Somebody accused him of stealing money.
3 They can't put you in prison if they haven't tried you. (Two passives.)
4 You must account for every penny.
5 Did anybody ever teach you how to behave?
6 Who is using the computer at the moment?
7 Have they eaten it all up?
8 What are we doing in favour of our Mother Earth?
9 I can assure you I will arrange everything in time. (Two passives.)
10 You needn't think your joke took me in.
11 I should love someone to take me out to dinner.
12 Nobody would have stared at him if they had told him beforehand what clothes one
had to wear in such a place. (Three passives.)
13 They gave the thief a fair trial and sent him to prison. (Two passives.)
14 They say he is making a new movie about the Civil war. (He ..)
15 When is your date of birth?


II Translate the following sentences by using passive
constructions!

1 - Je li ovaj komad komponirao Verdi ili Wagner?
- Mislim da je Wagner.
2 - Kada ste zadnji puta servisirali auto?
- Trebao je biti servisiran pred mjesec dana.
3 - Raun za struju nije plaen.
- Mislio sam da ga je platila tvoja sekretarica. ao mi je.
4 - Njegove se upute moraju ozbiljno shvatiti jer e inae biti problema.
- Ne brini! Zna da e biti shvaene ozbiljno.
5 - Nije li joj (bilo) reeno da doe na vrijeme?
- Da, barem joj je troje ljudi reklo da doe na vrijeme.
6 - Je li prestao sa svaom nakon to su ga pretukli?
- Ne, prestao je prije nego to je bio pretuen.
7 - Juer su mu cijeli dan postavljali pitanja o njegovom najnovijem filmu.
8 - Dolo je do sporazuma. (to reach an agreemnet)
- Izvanredno! Nisam oekivao da e doi do sporazuma.
9 - Reeno mi je da stavim obavijest. (=put up a notice, put it in a public place)
- Ali ve je stavljena. Bit e da ju je netko drugi ve stavio.
10 - Je li prtljaga ikad naena?
- Da. Bila je krivo oznaena. (to label)
11 - Zato avion ne leti za London?
- Nemam pojma. Trebao bi se zaustaviti u Parizu. (suppose to)
12 - Jesi li dobio novac koji ti je obean?
- Da, plaeno mi je 100 eura.


148
ASSIGNMENT 10
I Put the following sentences into the passive!

1 People advised us not to go out alone.
2 They will ask us all several questions.
3 The police was questioning John.
4 A new company has taken the business over.
5 The others told the new students where to sit.
6 Is anybody doing the work right now?
7 Shouldn't they have finished it yesterday?
8 Someone must have taken the book.
9 Her beauty struck me deeply.
10 No one has ever taken me for an Englishman before, although someone did once
speak to me as if I were an American. (Two passives.)
11 You must clear up all these books and papers and put them away in the cupboards
you usually keep them in. (Three passives.)
12 It surprised me to hear someone had robbed you. (Two passives.)
13 People should tell us how much they expect of us. (Two passives.)
14 Lots of people believe the criminal is living somewhere else. (The criminal )
15 Rijeka is my place of birth.

II Translate the following sentences by using passive
constructions!

1 - Je li ovaj stol napravio tvoj otac ili nono?
- Moj nono.
2 - Kada je raun za struju zadnji puta plaen?
- Trebao je biti plaen pred mjesec dana.
3 - Mjesta nisu rezervirana..
- Mislio sam da ih je rezervirala tvoja sekretarica. ao mi je.
4 - On opet kasni. Zar mu nije reeno da nas pokupi ovdje?
- Da, barem mu je troje ljudi reklo da nas pokupi ovdje.
5 - Netko bi je morao upozoriti (opomenuti) da se kloni posuivanja. (to warn
against)
- Ve je upozorena na to.
6 - Greka se mora odmah ispraviti jer e inae biti problema.
- Ne brini! Zna da e biti ispravljena odmah.
7 - Je li ovjek pozvao policiju prije nego to je bio napadnut?
- Ne, pozvao je policiju nakon to je bio opljakan.
8 - Tvoj plan je prihvaen. (to accept the plan)
- Izvrsno! Nisam oekivao da e biti prihvaen.
9 - Reeno mi je da poaljem dokument.
- Ali on je ve poslan. Bit e da ga je netko drugi poslao.
10 - Zar sastanak jo nije dogovoren? (to arrange the meeting)
- Ne, ali oekujemo da e uskoro biti dogovoren.
11 - Zato se djeca ne odmaraju? (to rest)
- Nemam pojma. Trebala bi pisati svoje domae zadae. (suppose to)
12 - Jesi li dobio karte koje su ti obeane?
- Da, poslane su mi dvije besplatne karte.
149
Auto-corrective test - Assignment 9

GROUP A

1 He was driven to desperation by poverty.
2 He was accused of stealing money.
3 You can't be put in prison if you haven't been tried.
4 Every penny must be accounted for.
5 Were you ever taught how to behave?
6 Who is this computer being used by?
7 Has it all been eaten up?
8 What is being done in favour of our Mother Earth?
9 You can be assured that everything will be arranged in time.
10 You needn't think I was taken in by your joke.
11 I should love to be taken out to dinner.
12 He wouldn't have been stared at if he had been told beforehand what
clothes had to be worn in such a place.
13 The thief was given a fair trial and was sent to prison.
14 He is said to be making a new movie about the Civil War.
15 When were you born?

Auto-corrective test - Assignment 10

GROUP B

1 We were advised not to go alone.
2 We shall be all asked several questions.
3 John was being questioned by the police.
4 The business has been taken over by a new company.
5 The new students were told where to sit.
6 Is the work being done right now?
7 Shouldn't it have been done yesterday?
8 The book must have been taken.
9 I was deeply struck by her beauty.
10 I have never been taken for an Englishman before, although I was
once spoken to as if I were an American.
11 All these books and papers must be cleared up and put away in the
cupboards (that) they are usually kept in.
12 I was surprised to hear you had been robbed.
13 We should be told how much is expected of us.
14 The criminal is believed to be living somewhere else.
15 I was born in Rijeka.

150




Causative have

Sentence patterns
Verb forms of get or have + object + past participle of the
required verb



1 My hair is too long. I should get it cut.
2 My hair-do was poor. I had to get my hair done.
3 Ive taken some pictures. I have to get my film developed.
4 Our piano is out of tune. We must get it tuned.
5 My shoes are muddy Ill get them cleaned.
6 Our knives are blunt. We must get them sharpened.
7 My watch is out of order. I have to get it repaired.
8 The soles of my shoes are poor. Ill get my shoes soled.
9 My dress was worn out. I had a new dress made.



151
VARIOUS LANGUAGE EXERCISES

1 Confusing words

Underline the correct word in brackets, in each of the following sentences: e.g. The
thief (robbed/stole) all his money.

1 That person was a (notorious/famous) murderer and drunkard.
2 The doctor is (treating/curing) me for 'flu.
3 I caught/got a (glance/glimpse) of her running down a street.
4 I'm (unsatisfied/dissatisfied) with the performance of my new car.
5 We're living here (temporarily/momentarily) until we can find a new house.
6 An unknown (beneficiary/benefactor) has sent us $500.

glimpse = quick, short, imperfect view, e.g. I caught a glimpse of some deer from the
window of a train.
glance = quick look e.g. Take a glance at the newspaper headlines!


2 Transformation

It's so heavy I can't carry it. - It's too heavy to carry.

1. It's a pity we missed him. I wish
2. I regret having to tell you to leave. I'm sorry
3. Playing the game is more important than winning it. It's more
4. It's nearly 10 o'clock. It's getting
5. I'm happier now than I've been for years I haven't
6. He told me to give him the money. He demanded
7. We left early so that we shouldn't be late. We left early so as

3 Word Formation

Put the words in brackets into their correct form in this passage.

The subject of ghosts has long been of interest to both laymen and scientists alike. There
are three common theories as to their nature, which can be briefly
(summary) as follows:
1. The (sceptic) theory that ghosts have no physical
.. (real) at all. They are . (hallucinate), when appear purely
in the . (imagine) of the people who claim to see them.
2. That . (appear) have some form of semi-physical
. (exist). This theory possibly explains best the ghosts that
are seen in one place over a period of time by several witnesses.
3. That ghosts ar the (produce) of some form of
(telepathy) communication, of which we have little
(understand). This theory ................. (maintainance)
that some individuals, in certain circumstances, can transport an image of themselves that
can be seen by others. ............................ (Expound) of this theory say that it is possible
152
not only to transport this image over distance, but over time as well so that the image
can make ........................................... (appear) in the future, after the subject's death.


4 Pronunciation: word stress

Underline the stressed syllable in the words in italics in the following sentences.

e.g. I suspect that he knows the answer. He's the main suspect.

1. There has been a 10% increase in production this year.
2. There has been a decrease in the amount of imported goods on sale in the country.
3. Export sales have reached record levels.
4. There have been fewer strikes among factory workers.
5. The manchester factory produced 5000 cars in April.


5 Spelling

Look at these words. Underline the ones that are not spelt correctly, and correct them:

indispensible conscientous dependant (adj)
receive unpronouncible temporarily
rhythm succeed

indispensable, conscientious, dependant and also dependent, unpronounceable, succeed

6 Explain the difference in meaning by giving synonymous
expressions

1. expand and expend
2. mechanic and mechanical
3. electric and electrical
4. affect and effect
5. economic and economical


1. ...............................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................

3. ..............................................................................................................................

4. ..............................................................................................................................

5. ..............................................................................................................................


153







Collocations
154
Collocations

White tea
by Janet Whitcut

Examine and underline collocations, words that seem naturally to
belong together!

'Make Love, Not War!' was a popular slogan of the Vietnam years, much seen on badges
and banners. This fine sentiment is perfectly good English, but it would have needed a pretty
advanced foreign learner of the language to have invented it with confidence. This is the old
do and make problem again: you makeboth love and war (so that's all right); you also make
a mistake, a noise, or a promise; you do harm, business, your duty, or a favour; and there
seems to be no rule about it. Do and make probably correspond to one single verb in the
foreign learner's own language. Their 'meaning' in the real world seems practically identical.
The problem is purely one of what linguists call 'collocation'.
Probably the commonest problem of collocation for the learner is which English prepositions
go with what other words: you congratulate somebody on something, you feel a desire for
something; and it's on purpose, but by mistake. To use a word, even perhaps to understand
it, we need to know more than simply its relationship to things in the real world; we need to
know its use in the language: the other words it goes with, or 'collocates' with. This is easily
seen with purely grammatical words like have or with, which can be explained only in terms
of their use. It is equally true, however, of many far more ordinary items of vocabulary. A
foreigner may be able to put together perfectly good sentences such as 'I tried to . . . his
attention', or 'Please don't . . . offence at what I'm saying', and then undergo agonies of doubt
at how to fill the gaps. (You attract attention, you take offence.) Having successfully
learned to ask for white coffee, he may go on, flushed with confidence, to ask for white tea,
which won't do. (There's no way round this one, you just have to say 'Milk, please'.). After
successfully complaining to the doctor of a sore finger, he may go on to complain to the
dentist of a sore tooth, which won't do, either. (Teeth ache.) Or, having mastered the fact that
when he himself does a lot of work very fast he is working hard, he may go on to say 'It's
working hard' of the record-player or the washing-machine. (Wrong again; machines can't
work hard, because it needs conscious effort.)
A pair of words may be freely substituted for each other in one situation, while in other
contexts only one of them would be right. An argument can be either strong or powerful, but
we speak only of strong (not powerful) coffee, or a powerful (not strong) car. The rainfall
in the last month may have been either exceptional or abnormal, but a proud mother will
boast that her son is exceptional (= very gifted) not that he is abnormal (which would mean
physically or mentally handicapped). You can catch a bus but not seize it, miss it but not
lack it. Of the two apparently similar verbs performand commit, only commit will do if the
object is 'crime', only performif the object is 'experiment'.
But things are even more complicated than that. A word may change its own meaning, or
change the meaning of the words it collocates with, according to the company it keeps. The
foreigner who successfully asks for whitecoffee expects his cup of coffee to be, in fact, light
brown; but whitewine is a sort of greenish-yellow colour, and a whiteman is, as E.M.Forster
pointed out in A Passage To India, 'pinko-grey'. A person who is badly or seriously hurt
needs an ambulance and a hospital; one who is deeply hurt is suffering only from wounded
feelings. If we are hopping mad we are very angry, while if we are raving mad we're very
crazy.
155
Different collocations may have different opposites. The opposite of fresh bread is stale
bread, while the opposite of fresh water is usually salt water and the opposite of fresh meat
is probably bad meat, or even frozen meat.


A less often noticed kind of collocation is that of word order. Thunder goes with lightning,
naturally, but in English it's always thunder and lightning, never lightning and thunder; the
same with horseand cart, women and children, fish and chips.
There are some rare words that occur only in one particular collocation: you run amok or
take umbrage, and nobody has ever heard amok without run or umbrage without take. Some
of these come in pairs, of the thunder-and-lightning kind, and have the same problem of word
order: spick and span are used only together, and it can't be span and spick; kith goes only
with kin, and it has to be kith and kin, not vice versa.
We may seem here to be straying into the alarming area of idiom, but collocations and idiom
are different things. An idiom is usually defined as a group of words which 'mean something
more than the sum of their parts'; for instance kick the bucket means 'die', rather than
anything to do with 'kicking' or 'buckets'. But perfectly respectable, free-standing words
have this property of collocating with others, affecting and being affected by their context. It
is a real problem of language learning. One overcomes it by talking to native speakers of
English, and watching for a certain glazed look in their eyes. 'You can't say that.' 'Why not?'
'Because...' And when there's no 'because', the reason is probably collocation. Have another
cup of white tea and try again.

The author is Senior Research Editor of the Longman Dictionary and Reference Unit. She taught English as a Foreign
Language for some years, and was later a member of the research team on the Survey of English Usage at University
College, London, under Professor Randolph Quirk. She was an editor of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English



Collocation is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-
sounding speech and writing. For example, in English you say strong wind
but heavy rain. It would not be normal to say *heavy wind or *strong rain. And
whilst all four of these words would be recognized by a learner at pre-
intermediate or even elementary level, it takes a greater degree of
competence with the language to combine them correctly in productive use.
To a native-speaker these combinations are highly predictable; to a learner
they are anything but.
Collocation runs through the whole of the English language. No piece of
natural spoken or written English is totally free of collocation. For the
student, choosing the right collocation will make his speech and writing
sound much more natural, more native-speaker-like, even when basic
intelligibility does not seem to be at issue. A student who talks about * strong
rain may make himself understood, but possibly not without provoking a smile
or a correction, which may or may not matter. He will certainly be marked
down for it in an exam.
Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English



156
COLLOCATIONS WITH COMMON VERBS


DO

a crossword damage a degree
the dishes an exam French at school
the garden judo your hair
Hamlet your homework a photocopy
miles per hour nothing Paris
a sketch research a translation
the washing some writing the food for the party




MAKE

an appointment an attempt the bed
a cake changes a decision
dinner an effort a film
a fuss a guess an impression
a mark a mess a mistake
money money a noise
peace a photocopy progress
a promise a sketch a speech
a suggestion your will




TAKE

action a bath a bite
a break the bus a decision
a deep breath sb's details a dislike to sb
an exam a guess a holiday
an interest in sth a look a nap
notes a photo size 12
a tablet sb's temperature a walk



157



HAVE

an accident an argument a bath
a break breakfast cancer
a chat a cold difficulty
a drink a feeling fun
a guess a heart attack a holiday
an idea an interest a look
a meeting a party a nap
an operation patience problems
a shock a snack time





GIVE

sb an answer sb a chance a cry of pain
sb a headache sb help sb an idea
the impression that sb a kiss sb lessons
sb a lift your opinion a party
a performance sth a polish sb a present
priority to sth sb a push sb a shock
a sigh a speech
some thought to a welcome to sb



Taken from Oxford Collocations dictionary for students of English



158
ASSIGNMENT

1 Supply the correct form of
say and tell with the following words:

......... anything, ......... a story, ......... the time, .......... lies, his prayers,
......... so, .......... a good word, ......... the truth, ......... a secret
......... the difference, ......... nothing, ......... about experiences

2 Supply the correct form of
make or do with the following words:

the beds, my best, my homework,
trouble, any difference, very good business,
a lot of shopping, much progress, a lot of money,
exercise 12 on page 10, any more work,
the same mistake, a speech, my mind,
a few jobs, a favour, my best

Some other frequent collocations:
The noun business collocates with carry on, conduct, do, transact, work in, go
into, set up in, go out of, put sb/ sth out of;

The noun politics collocates with enter, go into, abandon, retire from, be
interested in, be active in, be engaged in, be /get immersed in, be/get
involved in, engage in, participate in, dabble in, play (informal) get embroiled
in, interfere in, intervene in, meddle in

The noun pollution collocates with the adjectives:
air, atmospheric, environmental, marine, river, water, chemical, industrial,
nuclear, lead, nitrate, noise, oil, ozone, sewage, vehicle, etc ,
and with the verbs:
cause, avoid, prevent combat, fight, tackle, cut, limit, minimize, reduce

environment 1 conditions of the place where you are (alien, new, unfamiliar,
changing, protected, safe, secure, stable, friendly, pleasant, clean, healthy,
stimulating favourable, i.e. a favourable environment for the spread of new ideas)
environment 2 the natural world (to preserve, protect, safeguard the
environment); conservation, protection of the environment, damage to the
environment, harmful to the environment, pollution of the environment )

nutrition collocates with the following adjectives: adequate, good, proper,
inadequate, poor
159
ASSIGNMENT 3

DO
Explain the meaning of the next sentences by using the following verbs:
Carry out an action; arrange, play the part of; suit, cheat, deceive; to be cooked; hurt;
become useless; clean, decorate, make tidy, fasten; recover; meet and do business; make
an end; get rid of; look after; manage without

1. I must do my best to help him.
2. What should I do next?
3. Will you do the flowers and the beds.
4. He does Hamlet very well.
5. This room will do me quite well. The log will do for us to sit on. I had a
suspicion he was doing me.
6. The steak was underdone, overdone, and half-done.
7. Dont be frightened, the dentist wont do anything to you.
8. Im afraid these shoes are done for, throw them away.
9. Youll have to do without a holiday this year,
10. That sort of thing should be done away with.
11. Ive done with him now.
12. Hes old enough to do for himself.
13. Please do up these books. Will you do up my dress at the back?
14. I should do it over with white paint if I were you.
15. We have to do with all sorts of people; we have to do with facts not theories.


MAKE
Explain the meaning of the next sentences by using the following verbs:
Give, earn; construct, build; reach, come to, behave in a certain way; force, persuade;
conclude; find out; move; complete, invent; compensate for, decide, use in the most
profitable wax; pretend, imagine

1. Can you make a new suit for me?
2. I wish to make him a present. He has made a lot of money.
3. What am I to make of your behaviour?
4. We must make up for lost time.
5. I havent made up my mind yet.
6. He made for the door and tried to escape.
7. Make the child behave! You cannot make me do what I dont wish to.
8. He makes the most of the little he has.
9. The disabled cruiser was only just able to make port.
10. The train leaves at 7.25, can we make it?
11. Two and two make four.
12. If you work hard youll make a good teacher.
13. Dont make a fool of yourself.
14. The children made believe that they were pirates.
15. Make sure that the doors are locked before you go to bed.
16. We still need 1000 Euros to make up the required sum.
17. Its all a made up story.


160
ASSIGNMENT 4
Find Collocations among the following words and write sentences:

apply
exert tensile, compressional or torsional forces
experience a small amount of plastic deformation
withstand stress
initiate caveat
degenerate cracks
undergo fatigue, wear or fracture
be subjected to failure
grow


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

161












I nchoative Verbs
162
STUDY THE FOLLOWING INCHOATIVE VERBS -
BECOME, GET, GROW, COME, GO, WORK, TURN, FALL,
RUN AND WEAR, and translate them into Croatian.

The door-knob has come loose. It will fall off soon.
How to tighten a loose door-knob?

Fan belt pulley on camshaft has worked loose.

The hinges have come loose.

The knot has come untied.

The door came unhinged.

The material has worn thin.

Both the engine and my telephone have gone dead.


It is growing/getting dark.
It is getting near tea-time.
Time is growing/getting short.
We are growing/getting older.
She became /grew suspicious.
His mind is becoming unhinged.

My dream will come true.
Have your supplies run low?
My carpet has worn thin.

The leaves have turned yellow.
The milk has turned sour.
When it freezes, water turns to ice.
The snow has turned into slush.
My hair has gone /turned white.
The weather has turned /become much colder.

The meat has gone bad.
Fruit quickly goes rotten in hot weather.
It has gone wrong.

I soon fell asleep.
It fell out of favour.
He fell sick.
She has just fallen asleep a-sobbing.

I have soon got to know the wisdom of being patient.

163

References


1 Murphy R.: English Grammar in Use, Third Edition, Cambridge University
Press 2004
2 Vince M.: Intermediate Language Practice with key, Macmillan Education
Between Towns road, Oxford OX4 3PP, 2003
3 Caselli E. : In English, Please!, VII edizione, 1986, Stampa Officine Grafiche
La Scuola Brescia
4 Sue OConnell: Advanced English C.A.E., with additional Grammar and
Listening material by Mark Foley and Russel Whitehead, Longman 2006
5 Allen W.S,: Living English Structure, B.A. Longman 1959
6 Thomson A.J. and Martinet A.V.: A Practical English Grammar, London
Oxford University Press 1970
7 Hornby A.S. : A Guide to Patterns and Usage in English, Oxford University
Press 1970
8 Hashemi L. and Murphy R. : English Grammar in Use, Supplementary
Exercises, with, Cambridge University Press 1955
9 Alexander L.G.: Practise and Progress, Longman Group llmited, 1978
10 Alexander L.G. : Practice and Progress, Teachers book, Longman, 1977
11 OConnell, S.: Focus on Advanced English C.A.E., revised and updated,
Longman, 1999
12 Viney P.: Streamline English, Workbook A, Oxford University Press, 1985
13 Viney P.: Streamline English, Workbook b, Oxford University Press, 1986
14 About.com. A reference guide to commonly used English phrasal verbs.
esl.about.com/.../aa011198.htm - Spremljeno u privremenu memoriju - Slino