Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
EE 3446
Circuits II
Lab Manual
Howard T. Russell, Jr., PhD
V 1.1 2010 OPAL
tx
- 1 -
EE 3446
Circuits II
Lab Manual
V 1.1 2010 OPAL
tx
Table of Contents
Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs ..2
Lab Experiment No. 1 Time-Domain Characteristics of Linear Networks ........................30
Lab Experiment No. 2 Mesh and Nodal Matrix Equations of Linear Resistive Networks .39
Lab Experiment No. 3 FM Transmitter Design Phase 1 & 2 ....57
Lab Experiment No. 4 Network Theorems Part 1 .60
Lab Experiment No. 5 Network Theorems Part 2 .....70
Lab Experiment No. 6 Amplifier Networks .....79
Lab Experiment No. 7 Op-Amp Test and Measurement ..81
Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples ...87
Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example ...91
Appendix 3 Bills of Material ....97
- 2 -
Title Page. Every lab report begins with a title page. This page includes the course and section number, expe-
riment number, experiment title, date the experiment was performed, date the report submitted, and student name
and ID number. A sample of the EE 3446 lab report cover page is included in Attachment D.
Introduction. A brief description of the purpose of the lab and a discussion of key information the reader will
need to understand the experiment. Give a brief description of the theory the experiment is based upon.
Procedure. Describe how the experiment was performed. List equipment, instruments, and components used
in the experiment. Include the theory, equations, and detailed schematics of circuits involved.
Results. Present the results of the experiment with data collected from measurements performed. Data should
be professionally and neatly presented in the form of tables, graphs, and plots.
Discussions. Discuss any new ideas and/or questions produced in the experimental process. Comment on the
validity, accuracy, and usefulness of the procedure.
Conclusion. A description of what the experiment revealed. Generate a comparison between the expected re-
sults based on theory and the actual results. An attempt should be made here to explain any discrepancies between
these results.
Appendix. The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and
schematics made during the experiment.
References. List any material contributed from other sources.
VIII. Useful Web Sites
Mouser Electronics www.mouser.com
Jameco Electronics www.jameco.com
Marlin P. Jones & Associates, Inc. www.mpja.com
Electronics Express/RSR www.elexp.com
Nuts and Volts (magazine) www.nutsvolts.com
- 4 -
Attachment A
Tools and the Tool Box
August 2, 2009
Component Example Brand Example Source Price ($)
Suitable container (all-purpose plastic
tool box; fishing tackle box)
Keter (13 all-purpose
box)
Wal-Mart 3.64
Needle nose pliers (4 to 5) (Figure 1) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
12.88
(set of 6)
Diagonal cutters (4 to 5) (Figure 2) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
Wire strippers (5) (Figure 3)
H-Tools (cutter and
stripper, 34-899C)
Frys 3.49
Prototype breadboard (6.5 x 2 to 6.5 x
4 with 3 to 5 binding posts) (Figures 4
and 5)
Elenco (Model 9425,
6.5 x 2, 830 test
points)
Frys 9.99
Precision screwdriver set (6 to 11 piece
set with slotted and Phillips screwdrivers)
(Figure 6)
Stanley (6 piece; 4 slot-
ted, 2 Phillips)
Wal-Mart 4.88
22 gauge solid hook-up wire (Figure 7)
Frys product number:
PLU#1615281
Frys 2.99
Tax: 3.09
Total: 40.96
Photos
Figure 1
5 needle-nose pliers
- 5 -
Figure 2
5 diagonal cutters
Figure 3
Wire strippers
- 6 -
Figure 4
Three binding post breadboard
Figure 5
Three binding post breadboard
- 7 -
Figure 6
Screwdriver set
Figure 7
22 gauge wire
- 8 -
Attachment B
- 9 -
- 10 -
- 11 -
- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
- 17 -
- 18 -
- 19 -
- 20 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -
- 27 -
- 28 -
Attachment C
- 29 -
Attachment D
EE 3446.002
Lab Experiment 2
Resistors and Resistor Color Bands
Date experiment performed: June 7, 2010
Date Lab Report submitted: June 14, 2010
Student name: Howard T. Russell, Jr.
Student ID: 1000xxxxxxxxx
- 30 -
A. RL network N
1
(Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2)
L
1
R
2
E
g
(t)
680H
1K
i
L
(t)
v
R
(t)
v
L
(t)
N
1
v
in
(t)
A B
Figure 1
RL network N
1
1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the resistor voltage v
R
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the independent
variable, and E
g
(t) as the network excitation,
b. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a step function with an amplitude of
10V; that is,
( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =
and solve the ODE for the complete time-domain function for v
R
(t) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot v
R
(t) and v
L
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage
and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the axes with cor-
rect units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 1;
c. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a sinusoidal function with a peak voltage
of 10V and a frequency f of 150KHz; that is
( ) ( ) 10 sin
2
150
g
E t V t
f
f KHz
=
=
=
and solve the ODE for the complete time-domain function for v
R
(t) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the resistor voltage v
R
(t), and the induc-
tor voltage v
L
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large
enough to observe several frequency cycles, label the axes with correct units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 2.
2. PSPICE simulation
a. prepare network N
1
in Figure 1 for time-domain analysis in PSPICE,
b. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following pa-
rameters
1 0.0 initial value (V)
2 10.0 pulsed value (V)
1.0 delay time (sec.)
1.0 rise time (sec.)
1.0 fall time (sec.)
5.0 pulse width (sec
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= .)
10.0 period (sec.) PER u =
- 32 -
B. RC network N
2
(Figure 2, Tables 3 and 4)
E
g
(t)
I
C
(t)
C
1
R
2
10nF
1K
v
C
(t)
v
R
(t)
N
2
v
in
(t)
B A
Figure 2
RC network N
2
1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the indepen-
dent variable, and E
g
(t) as the network excitation,
b. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a step function with an amplitude of
10V; that is,
( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =
and solve for the complete time-domain function for v
C
(t) and the resistor voltage v
R
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot v
C
(t) and v
R
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage
and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the axes with cor-
rect units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 3.
c. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a sinusoidal function with a peak vol-
tage of 10V and a frequency f of 15KHz; that is
( ) ( ) 10 sin
2
15
g
E t V t
f
f KHz
=
=
=
and solve for the complete time-domain function for v
R
(t) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the resistor voltage v
R
(t), and the capa-
citor voltage v
C
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large
enough to observe several frequency cycles, label the axes with correct units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 4.
2. PSPICE simulation
a. prepare network N
2
in Figure 2 for time-domain analysis in PSPICE,
b. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following
parameters
- 34 -
1 0.0 initial value (V)
2 10.0 pulsed value (V)
10.0 delay time (sec.)
1.0 rise time (sec.)
1.0 fall time (sec.)
50.0
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= pulse width (sec.)
120.0 period (sec.) PER u =
i. sweep time from zero seconds to 120 seconds,
ii. plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the capacitor voltage v
C
(t), and the resistor voltage v
R
(t) versus time, and
iii. fill out the second column of Table 3;
c. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a sinusoidal voltage source with the follow-
ing parameters
0.0 offset voltage (V)
10.0 amplitude (V)
15.0 frequency (Hz)
VOFF
VAMPL
FREQ K
=
=
=
i. sweep time from zero seconds to 120 seconds,
ii. plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the capacitor voltage v
C
(t), and the resistor voltage v
R
(t) versus time, and
iii. fill out the second column of Table 4.
Table 3
RC network N
2
parameters, 10V step input
Parameter
Method
Units Analysis Simulation Breadboard
Time-constant sec.
Rise-time t
R
sec.
Final value v
R
() V
Table 4
RC network N
2
parameters, 10V sinusoidal input
Parameter
Method
Units Analysis Simulation Breadboard
Peak v
R
(t)/peak v
in
(t) V/V
Phase offset
m
deg.
- 35 -
C. RLC network N
3
(Figure 3, Table 5)
E
g
(t) =10Vu(t)
R
1
R
3
L
2
C
4
100
10nF
v
C
(t)
i
C
(t)
680H
i
L
(t)
v
in
(t)
N
3
820
A
B
Figure 3
RLC network N
3
1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the indepen-
dent variable, and E
g
(t) as the network excitation,
b. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a step function with an amplitude of
10V; that is,
( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =
and solve for the complete time-domain function for v
C
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis
for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the
axes with correct units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 5.
2. PSPICE simulation
a. prepare network N
3
in Figure 3 for time-domain analysis in PSPICE,
b. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following
parameters
1 0.0 initial value (V)
2 10.0 pulsed value (V)
10.0 delay time (sec.)
1.0 rise time (sec.)
1.0 fall time (sec.)
90.0
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= pulse width (sec.)
180.0 period (sec.) PER u =
i. sweep time from zero seconds to 100 seconds,
ii. plot the input voltage v
in
(t) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) versus time, and
iii. fill out the second column of Table 5.
- 36 -
Table 5
RLC network N
3
parameters, 10V step input
Parameter
Method
Units Analysis Simulation Breadboard
Exponent
m
rad./sec.
Damped frequency of
oscillation
m
rad./sec.
Damping ratio
Undamped frequency of
oscillation
n
rad./sec.
Period of oscillation T
d
sec.
Final value v
R
() V
Percent overshoot PO %
Phase offset
m
deg.
IV. Lab Measurements
In this part of the lab, you are to build these networks on your breadboard and take time-domain measurements necessary
to verify the analytical and simulation calculations performed in the pre-lab. You will use the Agilent 33120A function
generator to provide network excitations and the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to take measurements. Data taken from
these measurements will be used to complete Tables 1 through 5.
A. RL network N
1
(Construction and measurements)
1. layout network N
1
shown in Figure 1 on your breadboard using components provided by the GTA,
2. connect the Agilent 33120A function generator to the network in place of the voltage source E
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 100KHz, an
amplitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B
probe to terminals B and ground of N
1
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the resistor voltage v
R
(t) (Channel B) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step
input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 1;
4. configure the function generator to produce a sinusoidal voltage waveform with a frequency of 150KHz, an
amplitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B probe to terminals B
and ground of N
1
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the resistor voltage v
R
(t) (Channel B) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V sinu-
soidal input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 2.
- 37 -
B. RC network N
2
(Construction and measurements)
1. layout network N
2
shown in Figure 2 on your breadboard using components provided by the GTA,
2. connect the Agilent 33120A function generator to the network in place of the voltage source E
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 10KHz, an
amplitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B
probe to terminals B and ground of N
2
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the resistor voltage v
R
(t) (Channel B) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step
input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 3;
4. configure the function generator to produce a sinusoidal voltage waveform with a frequency of 15KHz, an am-
plitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B probe to terminals B
and ground of N
2
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the resistor voltage v
R
(t) (Channel B) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V sinu-
soidal input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 4.
C. RLC network N
3
(Construction and measurements)
1. layout network N
3
shown in Figure 3 on your breadboard using components provided by the GTA,
2. connect the Agilent 33120A function generator to the network in place of the voltage source E
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 12.5KHz, an
amplitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual channel oscilloscope to terminals A and
ground and channel B probe to terminals B and ground of N
3
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the input voltage v
in
(t) (Channel A) and capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Channel B),
compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step input,
ii. apply the math functions of the oscilloscope to fill out the third column of Table 5.
V. Lab Report
The report for this lab experiment must be neatly and professionally word-processed and must contain the following
items
Title Page.
Introduction.
Provide your account of what this lab experiment is about and what is expected.
Pre-lab.
Include and explain all of your pre-lab derivations, calculations, and simulations. Detail discussions on any
problems encountered. Include Tables 1 through 5 filled out as required.
Lab Procedure.
Include an explanation on how the measurements are to be performed. Explain the use of lab instruments in
performing measurements. Provide schematics of all networks and the connection of the function generator and
oscilloscope. Provide detailed discussions and comments on any problems encountered with equipment and
taking measurements.
Results.
Tables 1 through 5 neatly and completely filled out with the results of your calculations, simulations, and mea-
surements. Provide errors in percent among the calculated, simulated, and measured values with the calculated
values as the basis.
Discussions.
Provide detailed answers and discussions to the following questions
(a) How well do the measured values correspond to those from calculations and simulation?
(b) Are the errors among calculated, simulated, and measured values within reasonable (5% absolute) toler-
ances? If not, explain why not.
(c) Explain mathematically the relationship between time constant, and rise and fall time.
- 38 -
(d) Explain the significance and importance of network time constants, and rise and fall times. Why these
values are or are not important.
(e) Explain what can be determined about a network from its time constants.
Conclusion.
Provide detailed answers and discussions to the following questions
(a) In your opinion, do the measurements match the results of calculation and simulation?
(b) Are the procedures and methods used in this experiment suitable for characterizing the time-domain beha-
vior of networks similar to the ones examined in this lab? Explain why or why not.
(c) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
(d) Explain what you learned from this lab and how you can apply what you learned.
References.
Include all of your pencil and paper work. All notes, calculations, derivations, measurements, and comments
performed in an informal manner with pencil and paper. This material serves as reference and back-up to the
formally written material included above. Include any references to textbooks and papers.
- 39 -
1
Download data sheets for these devices for use in the lab.
- 40 -
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V
B. Calculated variables for network N
2
(Figure 2, Tables 2(a) and 2(b)).
1. Derive the MAME for N
2
in symbolic and numerical form using the mesh orientations shown in the schematic.
2. Solve the MAME for the mesh current vector I
m
and use it to fill out Table 2(a).
3. Apply the mesh currents to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
network component, and place these values in Table 2(b) for the network variable map (be sure to include these
variables for the VCVS).
4. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 2(a) where indicated.
Network N
2
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
1
R
3
E
ps1
10K
30K
10K
10K
20K
V
R5
V
R5
( =2V/V)
m
1
m
2
m
3
N
2
1
2
3
0
5V
Figure 2
Resistive network N
2
Table 2(a)
Calculated mesh currents
for N
2
Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1
m
2
m
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W
- 42 -
Table 2(b)
Calculated variable map for N
2
Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
10K
R
2
10K
R
3
20K
R
4
30K
R
5
10K
E
ps1
5V
VCVS = 2V/V
C. Calculated variables for network N
3
(Figure 3, Tables 3(a) and 3(b)).
1. Derive the NAME for N
3
in symbolic and numerical form using the positive node voltage orientation shown on
the schematic.
2. Solve the NAME for the node voltage vector V
n
and use it to fill out Table 3(a).
3. Apply the node voltages to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
network component, and place these values in Table 3(b) for the network variable map.
4. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 3(a) where indicated.
Network N
3
R
3
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
4.7K
3.3K 5.6K
1.2K
2.7K 7.5K
1K
2K
3.6K
E
ps1
E
ps2
5V
8V
1
2
3
4
5
0
N
3
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
V
n4
V
n5
Figure 3
Resistive network N
3
- 43 -
Table 3(a)
Calculated node voltages
for N
3
Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W
Table 3(b)
Calculated variable map for N
3
Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
4.7K
R
2
3.3K
R
3
5.6K
R
4
1.2K
R
5
2.7K
R
6
7.5K
R
7
1K
R
8
2K
R
9
3.6K
E
ps1
5V
E
ps2
8V
D. Calculated variables for network N
4
(Figure 4, Tables 4(a) and 4(b)).
1. Derive the NAME for N
4
in symbolic and numerical form using the positive node voltage orientation shown on
the schematic.
2. Solve the NAME for the node voltage vector V
n
and use it to fill out Table 4(a).
3. Apply the node voltages to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
network component, and place these values in Table 4(b) for the network variable map.
4. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 4(a) where indicated.
- 44 -
Network N
4
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
E
ps1
2K
3K 1K
6.8K
5.1K
J
g2
20V
1mA
1 2 3
0
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
N
4
Figure 4
Resistive network N
4
Table 4(a)
Calculated node voltages
for N
4
Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W
Table 4(b)
Calculated variable map for N
4
Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
2K
R
2
3K
R
3
6.8K
R
4
1K
R
5
5.1K
E
ps1
20V
J
g2
1mA
- 45 -
Table 5(a)
Measured variable map for N
1
Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
100
R
2
120
R
3
100
R
4
1.2K
R
5
1.8K
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V
Table 5(b)
Measured mesh currents
for N
1
Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1
m
2
m
3
m
4
m
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W
- 47 -
Figure 6
Network N
2
with op-amp simulated VCVS
- 48 -
Table 6(a)
Measured variable map for N
2
Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
10K
R
2
10K
R
3
20K
R
4
30K
R
5
10K
E
ps1
5V
VCVS = 2V/V
Table 6(b)
Measured mesh currents
for N
2
Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1
m
2
m
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W
C. Measured variables for network N
3
(Figure 7, Tables 7(a) and 7(b)).
1. Build network N
3
shown in Figure 7 below (identical to Figure 3) on your breadboard with particular attention
paid to strict layout procedures. Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage sources E
ps1
and E
ps2
, and set the supply voltages to 5V and 8V, respectively, as indicated on the schematic.
2. Measure with the DMM the resistance of each resistor and the voltage source voltages. Record these values in
the third column of Table 7(a) where indicated.
3. Use the DMM to measure the voltage at each node (V
ni
) with respect to the ground node (node 0) and record
in Table 7(b) where indicated. Label on the schematic the polarity of the node voltage with a positive (+) or
negative (-) sign.
4. Apply KVL to the node voltages to calculate the voltage across each network resistor. Record the resistor vol-
tages in the fourth column of Table 7(a).
5. Complete the entries in Table 7(a) by computing the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor.
Use KCL to compute the current through and the power dissipated by the power supply voltages.
6. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 7(b) where indicated.
- 49 -
Network N
3
R
3
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
4.7K
3.3K 5.6K
1.2K
2.7K 7.5K
1K
2K
3.6K
E
ps1
E
ps2
5V
8V
1
2
3
4
5
0
N
3
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
V
n4
V
n5
Figure 7
Resistive network N
3
Table 7(a)
Measured variable map for N
3
Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
4.7K
R
2
3.3K
R
3
5.6K
R
4
1.2K
R
5
2.7K
R
6
7.5K
R
7
1K
R
8
2K
R
9
3.6K
E
ps1
5V
E
ps2
8V
- 50 -
Table 7(b)
Measured node voltages
for N
3
Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W
D. Measured variables for network N
4
(Figures 8(a) and 8(b), Tables 8(a) and 8(b)).
1. Build the network shown in Figure 8(a) with a 2N3819 NJFET. This network is current diode that is to replace
the current sink in network N
4
in Figure 4. Adjust the 10K trimpot R
T
for a drain current I
D
of 1mA. Use the
DMM to measure the resistance of the adjusted trimpot. Label this resistance R
S
.
2. Build network N
4
shown in Figure 8(b) on your breadboard with the current diode network biased by a source
resistor having a value as close as possible to the value of R
S
. Again, pay attention to strict layout procedures.
Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage source E
ps1
and set the supply voltage to 20V
as indicated on the schematic.
3. Measure with the DMM the resistance of each resistor and the voltage source voltage. Record these values in
the third column of Table 8(a) where indicated.
4. Use the DMM to measure the voltage at each node (V
ni
) with respect to the ground node (node 0) and record
in Table 8(b) where indicated. Label on the schematic the polarity of the node voltage with a positive (+) or
negative (-) sign.
5. Apply KVL to the node voltages to calculate the voltage across each network resistor. Record the resistor vol-
tages in the fourth column of Table 8(a).
6. Complete the entries in Table 8(a) by computing the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor.
Use KCL to compute the current through and the power dissipated by the power supply voltage.
7. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 8(b) where indicated.
- 51 -
Network N
4
J
1
R
T
V
DD
10V
I
D
10K
2N3819
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
S
2K
3K
6.8K
1K
E
ps1
20V
1 2 3
0
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
1mA
J
1
N
4
2N3819
(a) (b)
I
D
V
DD
10V
Figure 8
(a) NJFET current diode
(b) Resistive network N
4
with NJFET current diode
Table 8(a)
Measured variable map for N
4
Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
2K
R
2
3K
R
3
6.8K
R
4
1K
R
5
5.1K
E
ps1
20V
J
1
1mA
Table 8(b)
Measured node voltages
for N
4
Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W
- 52 -
V. Post-lab Assignment
In order to establish a legitimate comparison between the matrix methods of network analysis and physical measure-
ments from actual networks, you are to recalculate the variable maps generated for each network in the pre-lab using
measured resistance values. Fill out the following Tables below for each network.
A. Recalculated variables for network N
1
(Figure 1, Tables 9(a) and 9(b)).
1. Repeat the calculation steps performed in the pre-lab assignment on network N
1
with resistor values measured
in the lab and recorded in Table 5(a).
2. Record the recalculated mesh currents in Table 9(a).
3. Record the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each network component, and place
these values in Table 9(b).
4. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 9(a) where indicated.
Table 9(a)
Recalculated mesh currents
for N
1
Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1
m
2
m
3
m
4
m
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W
Table 9(b)
Recalculated variable map for N
1
Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
Value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
100
R
2
120
R
3
100
R
4
1.2K
R
5
1.8K
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V
- 53 -
I. Introduction
The object of this lab experiment is to gain familiarity with the design cycle of analog circuits. The network used in
this project is a simple RF transmitter that must oscillate with a frequency within the FM band (88MHz to 108MHz).
The network used in this design is shown in Figure 1 where a single NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
(MPS5179) is employed as the active device that drives a tuned LC circuit to set the oscillation frequency. Your job
in this lab involves the first two phases in the design cycle of analog circuits
the application of the theory and tools developed in Circuits II to analyze the network in Figure 1 and
the application of the PSPICE circuit simulator to investigate the networks large-signal time-domain behavior.
The third phase is the actual fabrication and testing of the design to verify the analysis and simulation results. This
phase is reserved for a future lab experiment.
II. Components and Instruments
No electronic components or instruments are required for this lab experiment.
= =
= =
= =
= =
(1)
Insert the BJT model into the equivalent circuit in Figure 2(a), assume the capacitor C
4
has an initial voltage (v
C4
(0))
stored on its plates, and do the following.
(a) Derive the symbolic s-domain function for the voltage V
C
(s) at the collector C. Express V
C
(s) as a rational re-
sponse function of s with v
C4
(0) as the excitation. For best results, apply the NAME algorithm in your analysis
[1].
(b) Use the response function for V
C
(s) to derive symbolically the relationship among the network and model com-
ponents that will sustain oscillation.
(c) Derive the symbolic expression for the frequency of oscillation (f
osc
) in Hz.
(d) Use the network and model component values to generate a plot of the analytical frequency of oscillation (f
osc
)
versus C
3
swept from 6.5pF to 30pF. Include at least 10 points in this plot for good resolution.
IV. Phase 2: Simulation
Use the PSPICE program to perform a dc operating point and time-domain simulation of the network shown in Fig-
ure 1. Use the 2N5179 BJT found in the Fairchild semiconductor parts library in place of the MPS5179 device. In
the simulation of the dc operating point, make sure the inductor L
1
and all capacitors (C
1
through C
7
) are void of
initial conditions; that is, i
L1
(0) and v
C1
(0) through v
C7
(0) are all zero. This will prevent initial condition contamina-
tion of the networks dc bias point. From this simulation, do the following.
(a) Generate a complete voltage, current, and power map of the network at dc. Use the tabular format for this map
as was done in several Problem Set problems.
(b) Generate a plot of the simulated frequency of oscillation (f
osc
) versus C
3
from 6.5pF to 30pF. Include at least 10
points in this plot for resolution.
(c) Compare the analytical and simulated plots of f
osc
versus C
3
. Comment on which plot is more accurate and
why.
- 58 -
+V
CC
Mod. input
gnd
V
CC
9V
Ant.
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
C
4
C
3
C
5
L
1
Q
1
C
6
C
7
15K
10K
220
3.3nF
3.3nF
10pF
3.3nF
101.5nH
C
3
=6.5pF to 30pF
(trimmer capacitor)
Q
1
=MPS5179
(NPN RF BJ T)
10nF 10F
Figure 1
RF transmitter network
C
4
v
C4
(0)
R
3
C
3
L
1
Q
1
V
E
(s) V
C
(s)
r
g
m
v
B
B
C
C
E
E
(a)
(b)
Figure 2
(a) Transmitter network equivalent circuit
(b) HF BJT model
- 59 -
V. Lab Report
Your lab report on these design phases should consist of the following:
Analysis and simulation phases.
(a) Detailed derivations from circuit analysis. Expression for f
osc
and conditions for oscillation from analysis. A plot of
f
osc
vs C
3
.
(b) Voltage and current map from analysis.
(c) Time-domain plots from simulation. Determine f
osc
and conditions for oscillation from these plots. A plot of f
osc
vs
C
3
.
(d) Voltage and current map from simulation.
(e) A conclusion and comments on the accuracy of your measurements and extracted parameters.
(f) An appendix containing copies of pages from your lab notebook containing all data and calculations made during
the experiment.
Discussions.
Provide detailed discussions on how well the analytical results and values correspond to those from simulation.
Conclusion.
(a) Are the procedures and methods used in this experiment suitable for designing analog networks similar to the
ones examined in this lab? Explain why or why not.
(b) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
(c) Explain what you learned from this lab and how you can apply what you learned.
Appendix.
The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and schematics made
during the experiment. Include all of your pencil and paper work. All notes, calculations, derivations, measure-
ments, and comments performed in an informal manner with pencil and paper. This material serves as reference and
back-up to the formally written material included above. Include any references to textbooks and papers.
References.
List any material contributed from other sources.
VI. References
1. H.T. Russell, Jr., An Algorithm for the Fast Generation of the Nodal-Analysis Matrix Equation of a Linear
Network, OPAL Engineering, Inc., 1995.
- 60 -
N
R
G
E
G
V
AB
A
B
R
AB
Figure 1
Network N connected to E
G
and R
G
Since RAB is the only unknown in this expression, it can be calculated from
1
G
AB
G
AB
R
R
E
V
=
(2)
The result from this equation will be more accurate if the value of R
G
is selected to be very close to that of R
AB
. You are
to apply this method to measure the terminal input resistance of two networks.
A. Resistive network N
1
.
1. Build network N
1
shown in Figure 2(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 1(a) where indicated.
3. Use network analysis operations to do the following:
a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminal 1 to ground of N
1
(R
in1
) using specified component values and
record in Table 1(b),
b. calculate the value of R
in1
using measured component values and record in Table 1(b), and,
c. use the DMM to measure the value of R
in1
and record in Table 1(b).
4. Connect terminals 1-0 of N
1
to the 10V source and R
G
as shown in Figure 2(b) and do the following:
a. select a specified value of R
G
to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of R
in1
; record this value
in Table 1(c),
b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of E
G
, and record in Table 1(c),
c. measure the voltage V
10
at terminal 1 to ground of N
1
and record in Table 1(c),
d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of R
in1
using the measured values of E
G
, R
G
, and
V
10
; record in Table 1(c), and
e. calculate the difference () in percent between the DMM measured value of R
in1
and the value of R
in1
calcu-
lated from the voltage divider operation; use the DMM value as the basis with
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1
voltage divider DMM
% 100%
DMM
in in
in
R R
R
= (3)
record in Table 1(c) where indicated.
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to resis-
tor tolerance.
- 62 -
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
270
3.3K R
in1
5.1K
1.6K
100
1
2
3
0
N
1
N
1
R
in1
R
G
E
G
1
0
(a) (b)
V
10
10V
Figure 2
(a) Network N
1
(b) N
1
in the voltage divider connection
Table 1(a)
N
1
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
R
1
270
R
2
1.6K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
100
R
5
3.3K
Table 1(b)
R
in1
from N
1
(Figure 2(a))
Condition R
in1
()
Calculated from specified R values
Calculated from measured R values
R
in1
measured with DMM
Table 1(c)
R
in1
from voltage division (Figure 2(b))
R
G
specified
()
R
G
measured
()
E
G
measured
(V)
V
10
measured
(V)
R
in1
calculated
()
(%)
- 63 -
B. Resistive network N
2
.
1. Build network N
2
shown in Figure 3(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 2(a) where indicated.
3. Use resistor combination operations to do the following:
a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminals A-B of N
2
(R
AB
) using specified component values and record
in Table 2(b),
b. calculate the value of R
AB
using measured component values and record in Table 2(b), and,
c. use the DMM to measure the value of R
AB
and record in Table 2(b).
4. Connect terminals A-B of N
2
to the 10V source and R
G
as shown in Figure 3(b) and do the following:
a. select a specified value of R
G
to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of R
AB
; record this value
in Table 2(c),
b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of E
G
, and record in Table 2(c),
c. measure the voltage V
AB
across terminals A-B of N2 and record in Table 2(c),
d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of R
AB
using the measured values of E
G
, R
G
, and
V
AB
; record in Table 2(c), and
e. use equation (3) to calculate the difference () in percent between R
AB
s DMM measured value (3c) and
R
AB
s value calculated from the voltage divider operation (4d), use the DMM value as the basis; record in
Table 2(c).
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to resis-
tor tolerance.
R
2
R
1
N
2
R
3
R
5
R
7
R
4
R
8
R
6
R
9
A
B
1 2
3
4 5
15K
30K
30K
10K
7.5K 2K
10K
24K
2K
R
AB
(a)
N
2
R
G
E
G
V
AB
A
B
(b)
10V
Figure 3
(a) Network N
2
(b) Voltage divider with N
2
- 64 -
Table 2(a)
N
2
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
R
1
15K
R
2
30K
R
3
2K
R
4
30K
R
5
24K
R
6
10K
R
7
2K
R
8
7.5K
R
9
10K
Table 2(b)
R
AB
from N
2
(Figure 3(a))
Condition R
AB
()
Calculated from specified R values
Calculated from measured R values
R
AB
measured with DMM
Table 2(c)
R
AB
from voltage division (Figure 3(b))
R
G
specified
()
R
G
measured
()
E
G
measured
(V)
V
AB
measured
(V)
R
AB
calculated
()
(%)
- 65 -
V. Application of Current Division
An important application of current division is applied in the design of a current output digital-to-analog converter
(DAC). These networks use binary scaled currents generated in a resistive ladder network called the R-2R ladder.
This network is responsible for repeatedly dividing the input reference current (I
ref
) into a series of branch currents
scaled by powers of 2. A typical R-2R ladder network is shown in Figure 4 where 1K and 2K resistors are used.
R-2R current divider network N
3
.
1. Build R-2R network N
3
shown in Figure 4 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor and the voltage source E
G
with the DMM and record in Table 3(a) where indi-
cated.
3. Apply the current division operation to calculate values for the currents listed on the schematic and record in Table
3. Use specified resistor and voltage source values in these calculations.
4. Measure with the DMM these currents and record their values in Table 3.
5. Calculate the difference () in percent between the currents measured from the network (3) and those calculated
with specified component values (2) as the basis, and record in Table 3 where indicated.
6. Provide comments on the accuracy of the current divider network N
3
for providing precise binary-weighted currents
resistor scaling and tolerance.
E
G
R
G2
R
G1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
I
ref
I
1
I
3
I
5
I
7
I
8
12V
1K
1K
1K 1K 1K
2K
2K
2K 2K 2K
N
3
Figure 4
R-2R network N
3
Table 3(a)
N
3
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G
12V
R
G1
1K
R
G2
1K
R
1
2K
R
2
1K
R
3
2K
R
4
1K
R
5
2K
R
6
1K
R
7
2K
- 66 -
R
8
2K
Table 3(b)
N
3
currents
Current
Calculated from current
division (A)
Measured from N
3
(A)
(%)
I
ref
I
1
I
3
I
5
I
7
I
8
VI. Superposition
A. Resistive Network N
4
.
1. Build network N
4
shown in Figure 5 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the value of each resistor and each voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 4(a) where indicated.
3. With both sources connected and turned on, measure V
AB
and record its value in Table 4(a) where indicated.
4. Perform the following operations.
a. With E
G1
turned on and E
G2
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, perform the following operations
i. calculate voltage V
AB
using the specified component values and record in the first row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage V
AB
using the measured component values and record in the first row of Table 4(b), and
iii. measure with the DMM voltage V
AB
from the breadboard and record in the first row of Table 4(b).
b. With E
G2
turned on and E
G1
turned off by removing it with a short circuit, perform the following operations
i. calculate voltage V
AB
using the specified component values and record in the second row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage V
AB
using the measured component values and record in the second row of Table 4(b),
and
iii. measure with the DMM voltage V
AB
from the breadboard and record in the second row of Table 4(b).
c. Apply the superposition theorem to do the following
i. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values calculated from specified component values and
record in the third row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values calculated from measured component values and
record in the third row of Table 4(b), and
iii. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values measured from the breadboard and record in the
third row of Table 4(b).
d. Calculate the difference () in percent (%) between V
AB
measured directly from N
4
(step 3) and the total V
AB
calculated from superposition with measured values (step 3ciii); use the direct measured value as the basis.
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of
making these measurements.
- 67 -
E
G1
E
G2
14V 14V
R
1
R
2
R
3
30K 15K
7.5K
V
AB
A
B
N
4
Figure 5
Network N
4
Table 4(a)
N
4
values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G1
14V
E
G2
14V
R
1
30K
R
2
15K
R
3
7.5K
V
AB
Table 4(b)
N
4
voltages from superposition
Voltage
Calculated from
specified R values
(V)
Calculated from
measured R values
(V)
Measured from N
4
(V)
V
AB
(E
G2
= 0)
V
AB
(E
G1
= 0)
V
AB
(total)
B. Resistive network N
5
.
1. Build network N
5
shown in Figure 6 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the value of each resistor and each voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 5(a) where indicated.
3. With both sources connected and turned on, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
directly from N
5
and record their values
in column 5 of Table 5(b) under Direct measurement where indicated.
3. Perform the operations similar to those performed in Part A.
a. With E
G1
turned on and E
G2
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
, and
record in the first column of Table 5.
b. With E
G2
turned on and E
G1
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
, and
record in the second column of Table 5.
c. Apply the superposition theorem to calculate the total measured values for V
AB
and V
CD
, and record in the
fourth column of Table 5(b).
- 68 -
Table 5(b)
N
5
voltages
Voltage
Measured with
E
G2
= 0
(V)
Measured with
E
G1
= 0
(V)
Total from
superposition
(V)
Direct
measurement
(V)
(%)
V
AB
V
CD
- 70 -
Table 1(a)
N
1
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G1
15V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
4.7K
R
5
3.9K
R
6
2.7K
R
L
6.8K
Table 1(b)
N
1
Thevenins equivalent
Component
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values
Measured from N
1
(%)
E
TH
R
TH
I
L
V. Nortons Equivalent
Resistive network N
2
.
1. Build network N
2
shown in Figure 2(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of the voltage sources and resistors with the DMM, and record in Table 2(a).
3. Apply basic network operations to do the following:
a. calculate values for the Nortons current source J
N
, Nortons conductance G
N
, and the current I
L
through R
L
using the specified values of the components and record in Table 2(b),
b. calculate values for J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
using the measured values of the components and record in Table 2(b),
c. apply the DMM on N
2
to measure values for J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
and record in Table 2(b), and
d. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
measured from the network (c) and those
calculated with specified resistor values (a) as the basis, and record in Table 2(b) where indicated.
4. Provide comments on the accuracy and convenience of Nortons equivalent for providing precise resistor currents
connected as loads to the network.
- 73 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
3K
15K
1.5K
3.6K
3K
12K
6V 12V
A
B
R
L
6.8K
(b)
J
N
G
N
N
2N A
B
I
L
(a)
N
2
V
L
Figure 2
(a) Network N
2
(b) Nortons equivalent network
Table 2(a)
N
2
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G1
6V
E
G2
12V
R
1
3K
R
2
15K
R
3
1.5K
R
4
3.6K
R
5
3K
R
6
12K
R
L
6.8K
- 74 -
Table 2(b)
N
2
Nortons equivalent
Component
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values
Measured from N
2
(%)
J
N
G
N
I
L
VI. Reciprocity and Reciprocal Networks
A. Resistive Network N
3
.
1. Build network N
3
shown in Figure 3 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the value of each resistor and voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 3(a) where indicated.
3. Perform the following operations.
a. Remove voltage source E
G2
from the connection by replacing it with a short circuit. Turn on voltage source
E
G1
, measure its value, and record in Table 3(a) then
i. using specified component values, calculate current I
G2
and transconductance Y
T21
from
2
2
21
1
0
G
G
T
G
E
I
Y
E
=
= (1)
and record both I
G2
and Y
T21
in Table 3(b) where indicated,
ii. using measured component values, calculate current I
G2
and transconductance Y
T21
and record both in Ta-
ble 3(b) where indicated,
iii. measure with the DMM current I
G2
from the breadboard and use it to calculate Y
T21
; record both in Table
3(b) where indicated, and
iv. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between Y
T21
measured and Y
T21
calculated with specified com-
ponent values as the basis, and record in Table 3(b).
b. Remove voltage source E
G1
from the connection by replacing it with a short circuit. Turn on voltage source
E
G2
, measure its value, and record in Table 3(a) then
i. using specified component values, calculate current I
G1
and transconductance Y
T12
from
1
1
12
2
0
G
G
T
G
E
I
Y
E
=
= (2)
and record both I
G1
and Y
T12
in Table 3(b) where indicated,
ii. using measured component values, calculate current I
G1
and transconductance Y
T12
and record both in Ta-
ble 3(b) where indicated,
iii. measure with the DMM current I
G1
from the breadboard and use it to calculate Y
T21
; record both in Table
3(b) where indicated, and
iv. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between Y
T12
measured and Y
T12
calculated with specified com-
ponent values as the basis, and record in Table 3(b).
4. Provide comments on the accuracy of your calculations and measurements for generating the transconductance
functions Y
T21
and Y
T12
.
- 75 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
8.2K
1K
5.1K 6.8K
4.7K 3.9K
2.7K
8V
12V
N
3
I
G1
I
G2
Figure 3
Network N
3
Table 3(a)
N
3
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G1
8V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
6.8K
R
5
4.7K
R
6
3.9K
R
7
2.7K
- 76 -
Table 3(b)
N
3
transconductances
Parameter
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values
Measured from N
3
Difference
(%)
I
G2
(E
G2
= 0) (A)
Y
T21
(E
G2
= 0) (S)
I
G1
(E
G1
= 0) (A)
Y
T12
(E
G1
= 0) (S)
B. Network N
4
.
1. Build network N
4
shown in Figure 4 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Determine from measurements if N
4
is reciprocal. Provide definite reasons why it is or is not.
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
D
1
1K
1K
1K
100
1N4148
V
1
V
2
N
7
Figure 4
Network N
4
VII. Maximum Power Transfer
Resistive network N
5
.
1. Build network N
5
(identical to network N
1
in Figure 1(a)) shown in Figure 5 on your breadboard using parts sup-
plied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of the voltage sources and resistors with the DMM, and record in Table 5(a).
3. Connect the load resistors R
L
listed in Table 5(b) to terminals A-B and measure the corresponding load voltage V
L
,
load current I
L
, and load power P
L
. Record these measurements in Table 5(b) where indicated.
4. Generate a plot of P
L
(linear scale) versus R
L
(log scale) and indicate the maximum power P
L
(max) and correspond-
ing R
L
(R
L
(opt)) on the plot.
5. Use the measured component values in Table 5(a) to calculate the optimal value for the load resistor R
L
(R
LC
(opt))
that will produce the maximum power delivered by N
5
to the load. Calculate the maximum power P
LC
(max). Make
use of the Thevenins equivalent.
6. Calculate the difference () in percent (%) between the measured maximum power and the calculated maximum
power with the measured value as the basis, and record in Table 5(c).
7. Compare P
LC
(max) to P
L
(max) and R
LC
(opt) to R
L
(opt) and comment on the accuracy of the calculations and mea-
surements of these terms.
- 77 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
A
B
8.2K
1K
5.1K 4.7K
3.9K
2.7K
15V
12V
N
5
R
L
V
L
I
L
Figure 5
Network N
5
Table 5(a)
N
5
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
E
G1
15V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
4.7K
R
5
3.9K
R
6
2.7K
R
L
6.8K
- 78 -
Table 5(b)
N
5
measurements
Specified R
L
value ()
Measured R
L
value ()
Load voltage
V
L
(V)
Load current
I
L
(A)
Load power
P
L
(W)
100
300
1K
2K
3K
5.1K
6.8K
10K
30K
51K
Table 5(c)
N
5
maximum power transfer
Parameter Measured value Calculated value (%)
R
L
(opt)
P
L
(max)
- 79 -
R
2L
R
1L
R
3L
R
P
R
1R
R
3R
R
2R
20K
10K 5K
+5V
+5V
10K
OA
L
OA
R
V
oR
V
oL
20K
10K 5K
V
in
-5V
-5V
right channel
left channel
Figure 1
Audio panpot amplifier
V
in
R
1a
10K
R
2a
V
o1
V
o2
R
L
510
R
1b
10K
R
2b
OA
1
OA
2
+5V
+5V
-5V
-5V
V
o
Figure 2
Bridge amplifier
(aka Boomer Amplifier)
- 81 -
DUT
R
2
R
3
R
7
R
5
R
6
R
8
R
9
+5V +5V
-5V -5V
+V
psp
-V
psn
OP07 V
o2
V
id
R
4
R
1
V
ic
V
o
I
p
I
n
S
4
S
2
R
C
C
C
30K
100
100
100K
100K
2K
2K
2K
2K
51K
OP07
V
o1
U1 U2
OP07
U3
+5V
-5V
R
F3
2K
R
p
10K
V
id
or V
ic
(a)
(b)
300nF
1
2
Figure 1
Op-amp test circuit OATC1
Table 1
DUT parameters
(V
psp
/V
psn
= 10V, R
L
= 2K, T = 27C)
Parameter Description
LM741
Data sheet
OATC1 Units
V
os
Input offset voltage V
I
B
Input bias current A
I
BOS
Input bias offset current A
P
diss
Power dissipation W
CMRR Common-mode rejection ratio dB
PSRR
p
Positive power supply rejection ratio dB
PSRR
n
Negative power supply rejection ratio dB
G
vdm
(0) Open-loop dc differential-mode voltage gain V/V
G
vcm
(0) Open-loop dc common-mode voltage gain V/V
- 83 -
2
S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3
nd
Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY,
2001.
- 84 -
where
R R R
R R
R R
R R
p
n
= +
= +
+
1 2
4
3 7
3 7
(2)
These equations are used in the procedures that follow to measure a series of low-frequency op-amp parameters. In
these procedures, the indicated changes in V
id
and V
ic
are provided by the dc voltage generator with values.
1. Input offset voltage V
os
a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
to zero by connecting pins 1 and 2 to ground,
c. measure V
o2
with a dc voltmeter,
d. calculate V
os
from
V
R
R R
V
os o
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
3
3 7
2
(3)
2. Open-loop differential-mode voltage gain G
vdm
a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
ic
to zero by connecting pin 1 to ground,
c. connect the output of the signal generator to pin 2 for V
id
,
d. adjust R
p
to change the dc value of V
id
to get
V V V
id id id
= 1 2 a f a f (4)
e. measure the corresponding dc values of V
o2
to get
V V V
o o o 2 2 2
1 2 = a f a f (5)
f. calculate G
vdm
from
G
R
R
R
R
V
V
vdm
o
id
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
5
6
7
3
2
1
1
(6)
3. Common-mode rejection ratio CMRR
a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
id
to zero by connecting pin 2 to ground,
c. connect the output of the signal generator to pin 1 for V
ic
,
d. adjust R
p
to change the dc value of V
ic
to get
V V V
ic ic ic
= 1 2 a f a f (7)
e. measure the corresponding dc values of V
o2
to get
V V V
o o o 2 2 2
1 2 = a f a f (8)
- 85 -
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
1
1
7
3
2
(9)
4. Positive input terminal current I
p
a. open switch S
2
, close switch S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
to zero by connecting pins 1 and 2 to ground,
c. measure V
o2
with a dc voltmeter,
d. calculate I
p
from
I
R
R
R R
V V
p
p
o os
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
1
3
3 7
2
(10)
5. Negative input terminal current I
n
a. close switch S
2
, open switch S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
to zero by connecting pins 1 and 2 to ground,
c. measure V
o2
with a dc voltmeter,
d. calculate I
n
from
I
R
R
R R
V V
n
n
o os
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
1
3
3 7
2
(11)
6. Input bias current I
B
and input bias offset current I
BOS
a. calculate I
B
and I
BOS
from
I
I I
I I I
B
p n
BOS p n
=
+
=
2 (12)
Example. Four 741-type op-amps were tested with this circuit. Circuit values for the DUT are given below.
V V
V V
R K
CC
EE
=
=
=
5 06
5 05
51
7
.
.
(13)
Data for V
os
Unit V
o2
(V) V
os
(V)
7001 -0.294 575.3
7014A -0.238 465.7
2E23 -0.157 307.2
D34 -0.0634 124.1
- 86 -
Data for G
vdm
Unit V
id
(1) (V) V
o2
(1) (V) V
id
(2) (V) V
o2
(2) (V) G
vdm
(V/V)
7001 -1.012 -0.316 +1.023 -0.276 26.00K
7014 -1.001 -0.258 +1.069 -0.221 28.59K
2E23 -1.049 -0.1603 +1.038 -0.1599 2.67M
D34 -1.093 -0.0668 +1.096 -0.0666 5.59M
Data for CMRR
Unit V
ic
(1) (V) V
o2
(1) (V) V
ic
(2) (V) V
o2
(2) (V) CMRR
7001 -1.029 -1.294 +1.069 0.757 22.81K
7014 -1.075 -1.301 +1.069 0.819 45.65K
2E23 -1.016 -1.162 +1.044 0.878 52.63K
D34 -1.018 1.065 +1.048 0.974 39.10K
- 87 -
Figure 3
Right way - low to the board and tight
Figure 4
Right way low to the board and even tighter
- 89 -
- 91 -
Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map
Element
Specified
value
Measured
value
Element voltage Element current
Element
power (W)
Nodes
Measured
value (V)
Nodes
Calculated
value (A)
+ +
R
1
10K 9.8251K
R
2
3.3K 3.2624K
R
3
680 684.22
R
4
51K 50.294K
R
5
56K 55.175K
R
6
56K 55.158K
V
ps
10V A B
Table 2
Kirchhoff current law
Node
Total current
into (I
in
) (A)
Total current
out of (I
out
) (A)
KCL
(I
in
I
out
) (A)
1
2
3
4
A
B
- 93 -
Table 3
Kirchhoff voltage law
Circuit
Total cw voltage
drop (V
cw
) (V)
Total ccw voltage
drop (V
ccw
) (V)
KVL
(V
cw
V
ccw
) (V)
V
ps
, R
1
,
R
5
, R
6
R
5
, R
2
, R
3
,
R
4
V
ps
, R
1
,
R
2
, R
3
, R
4
,
R
6
- 94 -
Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map
Element
Specified
value
Measured
value
Element voltage Element current
Element
power (W)
Nodes
Measured
value (V)
Nodes
Calculated
value (A)
+ +
R
1
10K 9.8251K A 1 1.09245 A 1 111.1897 121.4692
R
2
3.3K 3.2624K 1 4 0.18271 1 4 56.00478 10.23263
R
3
680 684.22 4 3 38.073m 4 3 55.64438 2.118549
R
4
51K 50.294K 3 2 2.8199 3 2 56.06832 158.1071
R
5
56K 55.175K 1 2 3.0406 1 2 55.10829 167.5623
R
6
56K 55.158K 2 B 6.1287 2 B 111.1117 680.9704
V
ps
10V 10.0147V A B 10.2831 A B -111.4 1.145537m
Table 2
Kirchhoff current law
Node
Total current
into (I
in
) (A)
Total current
out of (I
out
) (A)
KCL
(I
in
I
out
) (A)
1
(I
R1
)
111.1897
(I
R2
+ I
R5
)
111.1131
76.63n
(0.069%)
2
(I
R4
+ I
R5
)
111.1766
(I
R6
)
111.1117
64.91n
(0.058%)
3
(I
R3
)
55.64438
(I
R4
)
56.06832
423.9366n
(0.762%)
4
(I
R2
)
56.00478
(I
R3
)
55.64438
360.4n
(0.648%)
A 0
(I
R1
+ I
ps
)
210.3n
210.3n
(0.189%)
B
(I
ps
+ I
R6
)
-288.3n
0
288.3nA
(0.259%)
- 96 -
Table 3
Kirchhoff voltage law
Circuit
Total cw voltage
drop (V
cw
) (V)
Total ccw voltage
drop (V
ccw
) (V)
KVL
(V
cw
V
ccw
) (V)
V
ps
, R
1
, R
5
, R
6
(V
R1
+ V
R5
+ V
R6
)
10.26175
(V
ps
)
10.2831
21.35m
(0.208%)
R
5
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
(V
R2
+ V
R3
+ V
R4
)
3.040683
(V
R5
)
3.0406
83
(0.0027%)
V
ps
, R
1
, R
2
, R
3
,
R
4
, R
6
(V
R1
+ V
R2
+ V
R3
+ V
R4
+ V
R6
)
10.26183
(Vps)
10.2831
21.267m
(0.207%)
A
B
1 4
3 2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
V
ps
10K 3.3K
680 56K
56K 51K
10V
Figure 3
Oriented network schematic
Total power dissipated by resistors (delivered to resistors) = 1.14046mW
Total power delivered by the power supply = 1.145537mW
Absolute difference (%) = 5.076W (0.445%)
- 97 -
Lab 2
Bill of materials (BOM)
Resistors
100 (2) 120 1K (2)
1.2K (2) 1.8K 2K (2)
2.4K (2) 2.7K (2) 3K
3.3K 3.6K 4.7K
5.1K 5.6K 6.8K
7.5K 10K (3) 20K
30K 100K (2) 10K trimpot
Active devices:
TLC274 op-amp 2N3819 NJFET
- 99 -
Lab 3
Bill of materials (BOM)
No electronic components or instruments are required for this lab experiment.
- 100 -
Lab 4
Bill of materials (BOM)
Resistors
100 270 1K (5) 1.6K
2K (5) 2.7K 3.3K 3.9K
4.7K 5.1K 6.8K 7.5K
8.2K 10K (2) 15K 24K
30K (2)
- 101 -
Lab 5
Bill of materials (BOM)
Resistors:
100 300 1K (3) 1.5K
2K 2.7K 3K (2) 3.6K
3.9K 4.7K 5.1K (2) 6.8K (2)
8.2K 10K 12K 15K
30K 51K
Diode:
1N4148
- 102 -
Lab 6
Bill of Materials
Part Description Count
Op-amp
TLC274, quad CMOS op-amp, plastic
encapsulated
1
Resistor 510, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 1
Resistor 5.1K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 10K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 10
Resistor 18K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 20K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 30K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 39K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 51K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Pot 10K, 1/4W, single turn potentiometer 1
Misc. Wire
- 103 -
Lab 7
Bill of materials (BOM)
Active devices:
OP-07 op-amp (3) LM741 DUT
Resistors:
100 (2) 2K (5) 30K
51K (3) 100K (2) 10K trimpot
Capacitors:
300nF, NPO multilayer