CCB 3072 Process Instrumentation & Control Lab

MAY 2014

LAB REPORT



Experiment : 6 Temperature Measurement
Group : 6
Group members : MEGAT NAIMPUTRA B MGT RODZEP 15598
AIMI NADIA BT AB. KADIR 15593
MOHAMED ASYRAF B MOHAMED LIAS 15564
NUR AIDA BT NUR HARDY 15253
MOHAMED OWN ALLA MOHD MEKKI 15712
Lab Instructor : Maham
Date of Experiment : 9/07/2014
Date of Submission : 16/07/2014



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Table of Content

NO CONTENT PAGES
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
3.0 Methodology
4.0 Result
5.0 Discussion
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 Reference
8.0 Appendix




















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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In this experiment, there were five sub-experiments that we have conducted in order to
achieve the objectives of the experiment. The first one is the calibration of thermocouples
using thermocouples Type K and J. Secondly, we observed the step response of
thermocouples followed by thermocouple transmitter calibration, resistance thermometer
transmitter and lastly, calibration of resistance thermometer.
Thermocouples are based on the Seebeck effect, Peltier Effect and Thomson Effect.
Seebeck Effect states that if wire is made of two different materials are joined together at
their ends and if the two end or junctions are maintained at different temperature, a current
will flow in the circuit. Thermocouples are based on this effect. Two other effects known as
Peltier Effect and Thomson effect are also related to thermoelectric effects. The important
pairs of materials used as thermoelectric effects. The important pairs of materials used as
thermocouples are shown in Table 1.0.

Table 1.0: Important thermocouple pairs
Type Material Range,C Resolution V/C
B
Platinum 30% Rhodium-
Platinum 6% Rhodium

0 to 1820 11
E Chromel-Constantan -270 to 1000 80
J Iron-Constantan -210 to 1200 60
K Chromel-Alumel -270 to 1370 45
R
Platinum 13% Rhodium-
Platinum
-50 to 1760 15
T Copper-Constantan -270 to 400 60

2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this experiment are as follows:

To Calibrate Type K, and Type J thermocouples.
To Analyze the principles of a thermocouple transmitter and calibration of a
thermocouple transmitter.
To Calibrate Platinum Resistance thermometers.

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3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Experiment 1: Calibration of thermocouples

Thermocouples can be calibrated up to 650
o
C using the constant temperature bath .
A platinum resistance thermometer together with Model 756301 digital thermometer is used
as the Master Standard Unit. A thermocouple together with UM330 digital indicator is used
as the Unit Under Test.

1. All The equipment is connected .Use a Type K thermocouple as the UUT.
2. The constant temperature is set to bath temperature to 400C and allows the
temperature to stabilize. The temperature can be considered to be stabilized if the
MSU reading does not change for say 5 minutes. Note the MSU reading and the UUT
reading.
3. A minimum of FIVE (5) bath temperatures is selected between 400C and 3000C to
develop a calibration curve for the type K thermocouple. After each change wait for
about 15 minutes for the temperature to stabilize. All the relevant data is recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated for the type J thermocouples.


3.2 Experiment 2 : Thermocouple transmitter

The function of the temperature transmitter is to convert the mV output given by different
types of thermocouples to standard 4-20 mA output. Yokogawa YTA110 transmitter will be
calibrated in this experiment. In this experiment distributor is introduced to supply 24 VDC
to the transmitter and convert its 4-20 mA output to 1-5 V.
1. All the equipment are connected.
2. The bath temperature is adjusted for 400C. After the temperature has stabilized the
value given is read by the digital thermometer and the digital indicator.
3. The experiment is repeated by selecting a minimum of FIVE (5) bath temperatures
between 400C and 3000C
4. All relevant data is recorded.


3.3 Experiment 3: Resistance thermometer transmitter

Two and three wire connections in resistance thermometers

1. Connections is made for 3 wire connection
2. Disconnect the lead wires from the YTA110 transmitter. The resistance of the lead
wire (terminal B and B) is measure using the wheat stone bridge. The lead wire
resistance for terminal A and B is same as lead wire resistance for terminal B and B.
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3. The two lead wires are reconnected to the transmitter YTA 110.
4. The three wires connection read the output of the transmitter on UM330 Digital
Indicator.
5. Brain terminal is connected to the transmitter. Change sensor type from 3 wire to 2
wire.
6. The output of the transmitter is read on UM330 Digital indicator.
7. The temperature bath is adjusted for 500C.
8. Step 1 to 6 is repeated with the lead wires in the temperature bath.
9. All relevant data is recorded.


3.4 Experiment 4: Resistance thermometers

1. All The equipment is connected . 2 wire resistance thermometers are used as the
UUT. Short circuit terminal 2 and 3 at the back of UM330.
2. The constant temperature bath is set to 400C and the temperature is allowed to
stabilize. We can consider the temperature to be stabilized if the MSU reading does
not change for say 5 minutes. The MSU reading and the UUT reading is recorded.
3. A minimum of FIVE (5) bath temperatures is selected between 400C and 3000C to
develop a calibration curve for the 2 wire resistance thermometer. After each change
wait for about 15 minutes for the temperature to stabilize. All the relevant data is
recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated for the 3 wire resistance thermometer. All relevant data
is recorded.





















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4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Experiment 1: Calibration of Thermocouples

No
Bath
Unit Under
Test
Unit Under
Test
Master Standard
Units
Percentage
Error
Percentage
Error
Temperature
(C)
UUT (mV) UUT (C) MSU (C) UUT (%) MSU (%)
1 50 1.47 36.54 42.02 26.92 15.96
2 75 1.5 37.17 54.03 50.44 27.96
3 100 1.76 43.51 66.1 56.49 33.90
4 125 1.89 49.71 88.23 60.23 29.42
5 150 2.15 53.26 98.75 64.49 34.17
Table 1: Calibration of Thermocouples standard type


Graph 1: Output Temperature vs Input temperature










y = 0.1839x + 25.646
R = 0.9571
y = 0.5906x + 10.762
R = 0.9857
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
O
u
t
p
u
t

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(

C

)


Input temperature ( C )
Output temperature vs Input temperature
UUT MSU Linear (UUT) Linear (MSU)
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4.2 Experiment 2: Thermocouple Transmitter

Temperature
(C)
UUT (C) % Error
Thermocouple J Thermocouple K Thermocouple J Thermocouple K
50 48.6 45.6 2.8 8.8
75 69.7 67.7 7.1 9.7
100 90.5 85.5 9.5 14.5
125 117.8 109.6 5.7 12.3
150 144.1 141.7 3.9 5.5
Table 2: Comparison between Thermocouple J and K


Graph 2: Percentage error vs Temperature for thermocouple J and K

4.3 Experiment 3: Resistance Thermometer Transmitter

Water
Bath T
(C)
UUT
T
(2 wires),
C
UUT
T
(3 Wires),
C
(MSU), C Percentage Error
UUT (%)
Percentage
Error MSU (%)
Percentage Error UUT and MSU
2
Wires
3
Wires
2 Wires 3 Wires
25 24.8 21.3 22.2 0.8 14.8 11.2 11.71 4.05
50 47.2 45.3 46.14 5.6 9.4 7.72 2.30 1.82
75 73.0 72.5 70.6 2.67 3.33 5.87 3.40 3.40
100 95.1 92.4 90.5 4.9 9.5 9.5 5.08 2.10
125 121.3 119.6 119.70 2.96 4.32 4.24 1.34 0.08
150 144.8 141.8 142.1 3.47 5.47 5.27 1.90 0.21
Table 3: Resistance Analysis between 2 wires and 3 wires


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
E
r
r
o
r
,

%

Temperature, (C)
Percentage Error vs Temperature for different
thermocouples
Temperature (C) Temperature (C)
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Graph 3: Percentage error for 2 wires, 3 wires, MSU vs Temperature

4.4 Experiment 4: Resistance Thermometers
3wire
UUT
Error
%
2wire
UUT
Error
%
3wire
UUT
(V )
2wire
UUT
(V)
3 wire
resistance
thermomete
r
UUT
(C)

2 wire
resistance
thermomete
r
UUT
(C)

Master
Standard
Units
MSU
(C)
Bath
temperature
(C)
NO
1.488 14.56 1.18 1.203
2
22.5 25.4 22.17 Room
temperature
1
4.485 17.4 1.3224 1.362
4
40.3 45.3 38.57 50 2
7.4468 18.262 1.4848 1.533
6
60.6 66.7 56.4 75 3
4.7597 11.49 1.7096 1.755
2
88.7 94.4 84.67 100 4
4.2961 8.644 1.9128 1.955
2
114.1 119.4 109.9 125 5
3.1171 7.385 2.0824 2.127
2
135.3 140.9 131.21 150 6

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
E
r
r
o
r
,

%

Temperature, (C)
Percentage Error vs Temperature
Percentage Error 2 Wires Percentage Error 3 Wires
Percentage Error MSU (%)
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Graph 4: MSU VS (3wire, 2wire) temperature



5.0 DISUCSSION

5.1 Experiment 1: Calibration of Thermocouples
Based on the result obtained from first experiment, Master Standard Unit (MSU) gives a
better result compared to Unit Under Test (UUT). Comparing the percentage error obtained
from the experiment, MSU only gives a maximum error of 34.17 % whereas the UUT records
a higher percentage of error that is 64.49 %. There are certain factors that contribute to these
errors, for instance, human error. This human error may exist when the readings were taken
immediately before waiting for the temperature to stabilize using the type-K thermocouple.
This can be the underlying reason for the huge percentage error in obtaining the readings
from UUT. Besides that, it may also involve systematic error in which it is due to the
faultiness of the device itself. The faultiness of this equipment can be due to improper
calibration which may cause disruption of the precision and accuracy of these readings.

5.2 Experiment 2: Thermocouple Transmitter

For the second experiment, we experimented two different types of thermocouples at
different temperatures. Based on the result, it shows that thermocouple J shows less error
when compare it with thermocouple K. As the result shown, we can know that thermocouple
type J is more accurate as the difference of Units under Test (UUT) with set temperature is
smaller compare to the difference of thermocouple type K. This means that thermocouple J
consists of better material that is a good heat conductor.

y = 1.0472x + 4.7156
R = 0.9982
y = 1.0312x + 0.7912
R = 0.9995
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
2wire
3wire
Linear (2wire)
Linear (3wire)
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5.3 Experiment 3: Resistance Thermometer Transmitter

In this experiment, 5 random temperatures was also selected. We begin by taking the
temperature of bath temperature before starting with the selected temperature. In the first
graph, we compare the percentage error of 2-wire, 3-wire and MSU value along the
temperature. It is found that 2-wire has the least percentage error while 3-wire and MSU has
also the same percentage error. 2-wire has the least percentage error due to its less amount of
resistance. Lesser amount of resistance results in high sensitivity thus lowering the error. We
can see that when compared to MSU, 3-wire has less percentage error than 2-wire. This is
due to its similarity in the amount of resistance. 2-wire has a big difference in amount of
resistance with MSU. This is why it has higher percentage error when being compared to
MSU.

5.4 Experiment 4: Resistance Thermometers
In experiment 4, we can see that the resistance of 2 wire connection and 3wire connection are
almost same. The voltage of two wire system increased gradually with increasing the
temperature. The resistance thermometer transmitter converts the temperature which it sense
it from the surrounding to resistance than it converts the resistance to DC signal. The current
which resistance transmitter send it is constant so the voltage will calculated by using V=I*R.
From the formula we can say the voltage is directly proportional to the resistance.
From the formula of R
T
for the parallel connection which is:

(n= number of resistance) we can say that resistance of 2wire system should be higher. 3wire
can give more good reading because of lead wires and the parallel connection. Since the three
wires give better reading and low error that means if we increase the number of wire we will
get more accurate results.
5.5 Errors & Recommendation

The instrument is not sensitive enough due to inconsistent results that produced the
entire experiment and the instrument should be calibrated before doing the
experiment.
Students do not wait for the temperature to stabilize to get the readings. To avoid this,
students must wait several seconds to ensure the temperature has stabilized before
moving on to the next step.

6.0 CONCLUSION

From the result obtained in experiment 1, we can say that the measurement for temperature
for type K is the best by using MMU because is more sensitive and less percentage error if
we compare with UUT. In experiment 2, the data of the experiment also shows that Type J is
more sensitive compared to Type K which indirectly informs us the better material it possess.
In experiment 3, It is found that 2-wire has the least percentage error while 3-wire ans MSU
has also the same percentage error. 2-wire has the least percentage error due to its less
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amount of resistance. Lesser amount of resistance results in high sensitivity thus lowering the
error while the higher the temperature, the higher resistance there will be. In experiment 4,
two-wire configurations are the simplest resistance thermometer configuration. It is used
when high accuracy is not required. The resistance of the connecting wires is always included
with that of the sensor leading to errors of the signal. Three-wire configuration: this
configuration can be used to minimize the effects of lead resistances. The two leads to the
sensor are on adjoining arms and there is a lead resistance in each arm of the bridge and
therefore the lead resistance is cancelled out. The experiment data has shown to support the
said theory. Overall, the objectives specified have all been successfully met.



7.0 REFERENCES

Coughanowr, D. R, Process System Analysis and Control, 2nd edition McGraw Hill New
York 1991.
"Thermocouple temperature sensors". Temperatures.com. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
Duff, M. (2004, May 71). Two Ways to Measure Temperature using thermocouples feature
simplicity, accuracy, and flexibility. Retrieved from
http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/44-10/thermocouple.pdf

8.0 APPENDICES

Error Calculation

Formula =



Example for Input Temperature at 50C,
=

= 26.92 %
*other calculations follow the same method
The percentage error is calculated by using the formula:
Percentage Error
Formula =

Example for Temperature Bath at 50C for MSU,
=

= 6.97%
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The other set of data can be calculated using the similar method as is shown for the sample
calculation.
Temperature, T =

where X: UUT
Error (%) =



=