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Lecture 5
SYNTHESIS WRITING
-What to cite and Why
-General rules of APA
-Parahrasin! " Su##arisin!
-$uotin!
Title of essay: Violent movies should be banned as they are the
major cause of violence.
Thesis: Violent movies are not the cause of violence.
Topic sentence: Violence has always been around with or without
movies.
Supporting Point:
Movies date bac to the early !"#$%s &yet violence has always been a
part and parcel of humanity. 'or e(ample& history illustrates the
)oman wars and their emperors. *aligula& has murdered more men
than +itler himself. ,hich movie did he watch-
Movies date bac to the early !"#$%s only& yet violence has always
been a part and parcel of humanity. Shan ./$!#0 claimed that history
illustrates the )oman wars and their emperors. *aligula& has
murdered more men than +itler himself. ,hich movie did he watch-
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Whenever you use a source, provide in
parenthesis:
the authors name and the year of publication
Eg: (Stephen, 2012)
Though feminist studies focus solely on womens
experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions (Fussell,1975).
Fussel (1975) claimed that though feminist studies
focus solely on womens experiences, they err by
collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered
impressions
1. Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
According to X. (2008), . (p.3).
X. (2008) argues that (p.3).
Use such signal verbs as:
acknowledge, contend, maintain,
respond, report, argue, conclude, etc..
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of
verbs in signal phrases
Sin!le author The theory %as first considered
in &''' (Pash) &''*+ ,
Pash (&''*+ clai#ed that-
& authors Roit#an and La.ontaine (&'/&+
0R 1 to achie2e
consistency1 (Roit#an "
La.ontaine) &'/&) 3 45+
5)4)5 authors 6on7in! et al3 (&'//+ su!!ested
that 0R (6on7in! et al3) &'//+
In-text citations help readers locate the cited
source in the References section of the paper.
Aears at the end of the aer
0n a searate a!e
List all sources you 8uote) arahrase or
su##ari9e in your aer
Arran!ed in alha:etical order
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Pash (&''*+ clai#ed that Pash) 63 (&''*+3 The last %hale3
North .re#antle) WA; .re#antle
Press
1to achie2e consistency1
(Roit#an " La.ontaine)
&'/&) 3 45+
Roit#an) <3 L3) " La.ontaine) T3 P3
(&'/&+3 The e=ercise rofessional>s
!uide to oti#i9in!
health; Strate!ies for re2entin! and
reducin! chro#ic disease3
Philadelhia) PA;
Wolters ?lu%er Health
Practice time:
Write the aroriate citation for the ite#s :elo%;
Practice time:
Write the aroriate citation for the ite#s :elo%;
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Giraffes li7e Acacia lea2es and hay and they can
consu#e @5 ounds of food a day3
A !iraffe can eat u to @5 ounds of Acacia lea2es
and hay e2eryday3
.or effecti2e co##unication) it is necessary to ha2e a
fairly accurate idea of %hat our listeners 7no% or do not
7no% that is ertinent to the co##unication3 If %e
assu#e that eole 7no% so#ethin! they do not) then
#isco##unication and erhas e#:arrass#ent #ay
result (Nic7erson) /AAA+3
In order to co##unicate effecti2ely) one #ust ha2e a
reasona:ly accurate idea of %hat they do and do not
7no% that is ertinent to the co##unication3 Treatin!
eole as thou!h they ha2e 7no%led!e that they do not
ha2e can result in #isco##unication and erhas
e#:arrass#ent3 (Nic7erson) /AAA+
In order to co##unicate effecti2ely) one #ust ha2e a
reasona:ly accurate idea of %hat they do and do not
7no% that is ertinent to the co##unication3 Treatin!
eole as thou!h they ha2e 7no%led!e that they do not
ha2e can result in #isco##unication and erhas
e#:arrass#ent3 (Nic7erson) /AAA+
Nic7erson (/AAA+ su!!ests that effecti2e co##unication
deends on a !enerally accurate 7no%led!e of %hat the
audience 7no%s3 If a sea7er assu#es too #uch 7no%led!e
a:out the su:Bect) the audience %ill either #isunderstand or
:e :e%ilderedC ho%e2er) assu#in! too little 7no%led!e a#on!
those in the audience #ay cause the#to feel atroni9ed
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!. 1se synonyms .different vocabulary with
same meaning0
It can :e difficult to choose a suita:le lace to
study En!lish
It is often a challen!e to ic7 u a rele2ant
school to learn En!lish
/. Substituting phrases with words
An e#loyee %ith an a#:ition to-
An a#:itious e#loyee-
2s you carefully read what you have written to
improve your wording and catch small errors of
spelling& punctuation& and so on& the thing to do
before you do anything else is to try to see where
a series of words e(pressing action could replace
the ideas found in nouns rather than verbs.
2s you carefully read what you have written to
improve your wording and catch small errors of
spelling& punctuation& and so on& the thing to do
before you do anything else is to try to see where
a series of words e(pressing action could replace
the ideas found in nouns rather than verbs.
As you edit) first find no#inali9ations that you
can relace %ith 2er: hrases3
/. Passive to active.vice versa0
An account %as oened :y Drs3 Si##s3(Passi2e+
Drs3 Si##s oened an account3(Acti2e+
Your fi!ures %ere chec7ed :y the research
deart#ent3(Passi2e+
The research deart#ent chec7ed your
fi!ures3(Acti2e+
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Acti2ity
Refer to Task 1
from Worksheet
Lecture 5
Include only the #ain oints of the ori!inal assa!e
Eo not %orry a:out follo%in! the ori!inal order of
ideas3
?ee the len!th do%n to no #ore than half the len!th
of the ori!inal3
Hei!ht connotes status in #any arts of the %orld3
E=ecuti2e offices are usually on the to floorsC the
underlin!s %or7 :elo%3 E2en :ein! tall can hel a erson
succeed3 Studies ha2e sho%n that e#loyers are #ore
%illin! to hire #en o2er F feet tall than shorter #en %ith
the sa#e credentials3 Studies of real-%orld e=ecuti2es and
!raduates ha2e sho%n that taller #en #a7e #ore #oney3
In one study) e2ery e=tra inch of hei!ht :rou!ht in an e=tra
G/)5'' a year3 Hut :ein! too :i! can :e a disad2anta!e3 A
tall) :ra%ny foot:all layer co#lained that eole found
hi# inti#idatin! off the field and assu#ed he 1had the
:rains of a T%in7ie31
Topic sentence: 3+eight connotes status in many parts of
the world.4
Main point: 35ven being tall can help a person succeed.4
Main point: 35(ecutive offices are usually on the top4
Main point: 3being too big can be a disadvantage4
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Throu!hout the %orld) :ein! tall %ill lead to rofessional success3
In fact) research sho%s that e#loyers are #ore li7ely to hire
taller #en and to ay the# #ore) as co#ared to shorter #en
%ith the sa#e 8ualifications
This su##ary is too :rief3 .urther) it
chan!es the #eanin! sli!htly) !i2in! the
i#ression that :ein! tall !uarantees
success3
In #ost countries) hei!ht su!!ests status3 .or instance) hi!her
e=ecuti2es nor#ally use to floors of office :uildin!s3 .urther)
research sho%s that #en o2er si= feet tall are #ore li7ely to :e
hired than those shorter than the# :ut %ith the sa#e
8ualifications3 Taller #en also recei2e !reater inco#es) ossi:ly as
#uch as G/)5'' a year #ore than those only one inch shorter than
the#3 Ho%e2er) as a tall and #uscular foot:all layer oints out) a
disad2anta!e to :ein! tall is that so#e indi2iduals #ay ercei2e
you as threatenin! or e2en du#:
This su##ary is too lon!3 Instead of focusin! on the #ain
oints) it includes all of the details that are in the ori!inal
assa!e3
Thou!h hei!ht #ay connote slo%ness to so#e eole) in the
:usiness %orld) it is al#ost uni2ersally associated %ith success3
.or e=a#le) taller #en are #ore li7ely to :e hired and to ha2e
!reater salaries3 .urther) those in to ositions %ithin a co#any
are #ore li7ely to %or7 on the to floors of office :uildin!s3
This su##ary is the #ost effecti2e3 In addition to includin! all
of the #ain oints) it lea2es out the uni#ortant details
Acti2ity
Refer to Task 2
from Worksheet
Lecture 5
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6ohnson ./$!#0& in his study regarding e(istence of
aliens& said& 7The alien spaceship appeared to be in a
shape of a doughnut with caramel topping.7
8ased on a study regarding e(istence of aliens& 6ohnson
./$!#0 stated that an alien space ship is shaped lie a
doughnut with caramel topping.
End of Lecture 5