Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.

72, 243-255 (1980)

Cont r i but i ons t o
Mineralogy and
Petrology
9 by Springer-Verlag 1980
Mineralogy, Petrology, and Phase Relations
of Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists
From the Tavsanh Region, Northwest Turkey
A. I. Okay
Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EW, England
Abstract. Gl aucophane- l aws oni t e facies bl ueschi st s
r epr esent i ng a me t a mor phos e d sequence of basi c ig-
neous rocks, chert s and shal es have been i nvest i gat ed
nor t heas t of t he di st ri ct of Tavsanl i in Nor t hwes t
Tur key. Sodi c amphi bol es are ri ch in magnes i um re-
flecting t he general l y hi gh oxi dat i on st at es of t he
blueschists. Lawsoni t e has a very uni f or m composi -
t i on wi t h up t o 2.5 wt . % Fe203. Sodic pyr oxenes
show an ext ensi ve r ange of compos i t i ons wi t h all t he
end- member s represent ed. Chl ori t es are uni f or m in
t hei r A1 / ( AI + F e + Mg ) r at i o but show var i abl e Fe/
( F e + Mg ) rat i os. Gar net s f r om met acher t s are ri ch
in spessart i ne ( > 50%) wher eas t hose f r om met aba-
sites are l argel y al mandi ne. Pi st aci t e ri ch epi dot e is
f ound in met acher t s coexi st i ng wi t h l awsoni t e. Phen-
gites arc di st i nct l y hi gher in t hei r Fe, Mg and Si
cont ent s t han t hose f r om greenschi st facies. Hemat i t es
wi t h l ow Ti Oz are ubi qui t ous in met acher t s.
Fe 2 +/ Mg par t i t i oni ng bet ween chl ori t e and sodic
amphi bol e is st rongl y cont r ol l ed by t he cal ci um con-
t ent of t he sodic amphi bol e and r anges f r om 1.1 for
l ow cal ci um subst i t ut i on t o 0.8 f or hi gher cal ci um
subst i t ut i on. The A1/Fe 3+ par t i t i on coeffi ci ent be-
t ween sodic amphi bol e and sodic pyr oxene is 2.1.
A model syst em has been const r uct ed i nvol vi ng
pr oj ect i ons f r om l awsoni t e, i r on- oxi de and quar t z
ont o a t et r ahedr on wi t h Na, A1, Fe 2+ and Mg at
its apices. Cal ci t e is t r eat ed as an i ndi ffercnt phase.
The model syst em i l l ust rat es t he i ncompat i bi l i t y of
t he sodic pyr oxene wi t h chl ori t e in t he gl aucophane-
l awsoni t e facies; this assembl age is r epr esent ed by
sodic amphi bol e.
Sodi c amphi bol e composi t i ons are pl ot t ed in
t er ms of coexi st i ng f er r omagnes i an mi neral s. Fi ve ma-
j or areas on t he sodi c amphi bol e compos i t i onal field
are del i neat ed, each associ at ed wi t h one of t he fol l ow-
ing mi ner al s: chl ori t e, st i l pnomel ane, talc, al mandi ne,
deerite.
Introduction
I n Nor t hwes t Tur key bl ueschi st s f or m a coher ent ,
di scont i nousl y exposed me t a mor phi c bel t about
20 km in wi dt h and 300 k m in l engt h (Fig. 1, inset).
They f l ank t he nor t her n mar gi ns of t he l arge ul t r ama-
fic massi fs in t he east ern par t of t he I z mi r - Anka r a
ophi ol i t e zone ( Br i nkmann 1972) f or mi ng a regi onal l y
me t a mor phos e d eugeosyncl i nal sequence of basi c
vol cani c rocks, cherts, shales and mi nor gabbr oi c in-
t rusi ons.
Al t hough t he existence of bl ueschi st s in Tur key
have been known f or over sevent y years (cf. van der
Ka a de n 1966), t he first det ai l ed st udy on t hei r pet r ol -
ogy was not publ i shed unt i l 1967 by C ogul u. He
wor ked in t he east ern par t of t he Nor t hwes t Tur ki s h
bl ueschi st bel t in t he regi on of Mihalli~ik, and dis-
t i ngui shed t hree me t a mor phi c zones: l awsoni t e, l aw-
soni t e-crossi t e, and epi dot e-crossi t e wi t h an i ncrease
in gr ade nor t hwar ds. He al so obt ai ned ages for bl ue-
schist me t a mor phi s m of 60-80 Ma (@o~ulu and Kr u m-
menacher 1967). Ltinel (1967) st udi ed a smal l ar ea
of gl aucophane- l awsoni t e facies bl ueschi st s sout h of
Eski sehi r (Fig. 1, inset) wi t h special reference to t he
bul k r ock chemi st r y and st ruct ure. Ka ya (1972)
wor ked on t he i sol at ed smal l bl ueschi st out cr ops
sout h of Tavsanh.
Geol ogy
Throughout the NW Turkish blueschist/ultramafic belt the out-
crops are separated by an extensive Neogene cover. A large area
(20 to 45 kin) of blueschists, ultramafics and marbles protrudes
from under the Neogene northeast of the district of Tav~anh (Fig.
1, inset). During the course of the present study, part of this
extensive area (30 to 13 km) of blueschists and ultramafics was
mappcd in detail and over 700 rock specimens were collected for
petrological investigations. In the studied area glaucophane-lawso-
nite zone blueschists form a coherent, complexly deformed regional
O010-7999/80/0072/0243/$02.60
244 A.I. Okay: Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey
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Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of Devlez area, Northeast Tav~anh. Locations of analysed specimens and specimen numbers are
indicated. The inset shows a simplified and generalized geotectonic map of Northwest Turkey, compiled from the geological maps
of Northwest Turkey (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. 1963, 1964) and the author' s own observations
metamorphic terrain. Towards the south they pass into an area
of lawsonite-sodic pyroxene-chlorite rocks (Okay, in preparation).
This narrow zone (2-3 kin) is in tectonic contact with an incipiently
metamorphosed spilite-chert-serpentinite complex and an ultraba-
sic massif.
This paper deals with the northern glaucophane-lawsonite zone
blueschists in the vicinity of the village of Devlez which form
a broad southerly-plunging synform, lying on a very thick, massive
marble series (Fig. 1). Occasional calcite pseudomorphs after lawso-
nite in some impure marble beds indicate that at least part of
the marbles have been metamorphosed in the blueschist facies.
No grade change across the region is detectable indicating
relatively uniform metamorphic conditions over a fairly large area.
The blueschists do not show any evidence of polymetamorphism
and retrogressive readjustment has been very minor.
Rock Types
The blueschists form a monotonous, metamorphosed sequence of
basic volcanic rocks interbedded with cherts and siliceous shales.
Small metagabbroic lenses and manganese rich rocks occur in mi-
nor quantities (< 1% of the exposures), Metagreywackes, interbed-
ded marbles and lenses of serpentinite have not been found in
the blueschist terrain of Devlez. Occasional veins contain calcite
and/or quartz.
Basic metavolcanic rocks make up approximately 50%-60%
of the exposures. Most are completely recrystallized with a penetra-
tive schistosity and with no traces of their previous igneous mineral-
ogy and texture. The common mineral assemblages in the metaba-
sites are:
sodic amphibole+lawsonite+phengite+sphene_+sodic pyroxene
_+chlorite _+quartz.
Sodic amphibole and lawsonite are by far the most common
phases in the metabasites, usually occurring in roughly equal
amounts (35%-50% each) and together making up over 80% of
the rock. Phengite and sphene are present in virtually all metaba-
sites as minor components (1% 10% each). The modal amount
of sodic pyroxene is quite variable ranging up 25%. Chlorite and
quartz are found as minor phases making up to 15% of the mode.
Other phases which may be present in the metabasites include
calcite, aragonite, almandine garnet and magnetite. Measured
modes of two typical metabasites based on over 2,000 point counts
are given in Table 1.
Metacherts occur as thinly-bedded quartzites with black linea-
tions due to the development of parallel oriented sodic amphibole
prisms and hematite platelets (Fig. 2). Metashales tend to be rich
A. I. Okay: Gl aucophane- Laws oni t e Zone Bl ueschi st s Fr om NW Tur key 245
Table 1. Meas ur ed modes of t ypi cal
Met abas i t es
K33 K643/ 2
(279) (326)
Met acher t Met as hal e
K460 K473
(366) (367)
Sodi c amphi bol e 45.4 36.6 9.8 4.5
Laws oni t e 36.2 27.7 5.9 1.3
Sodi c pyr oxene 0,8 22.5 - -
Chl or i t e tr. 1.0 tr. -
Ga r ne t - - 5.2 0.3
Quar t z - - 70.7 72. 2
Car bonat e 6.3 CA - - -
Hemat i t e - - 4.8 1.8
Magnet i t e O. 2 - - -
Pyr i t e - O. 2 - -
Phengi t e 5.0 2.9 3.6 19.3
Spheri c 5.9 9.2 - tr.
Tour mal i ne 0. 2 - - tr.
Apat i t e -- -- tr. tr.
tr. <0. 1
The number s in br acket s pr eceded by 122 (e.g. 122279) ar e
Har ker speci men number s. Al l speci mens are kept in t he Ha r ke r
Col l ect i on i n t he De pa r t me nt of Mi ner al ogy and Pet r ol ogy i n Ca m-
bri dge. CA- ar agoni t e r et r ogr adi ng t o cal ci t e
i n whi t e mi ca and consequent l y wel l - f ol i at ed wi t h a si l very-whi t e
lustre. Bot h met acher t s and met ashal es, hencef or t h r ef er r ed t o
si mpl y as met acher t s, i nvar i abl y have hi ghl y oxi di sed mi ner al as-
sembl ages wi t h a bunda nt hemat i t e ( Tabl e 3 and Fig. 2). They
ma ke up 40%- 50% of t he exposur es i n t he Tav~anl i area. The
mos t c ommon mi ner al assembl ages i n met acl zert s ar e:
quar t z + phengi t e + gar net + sodi c amphi bol e + hemat i t e + l awsoni t e
epi dot e chl ori t e.
Quar t z is t he domi na nt phase i n met acher t s ma ki ng up 70%-
90% of t he rock. Phengi t e is t he next most abundant mi ner al
Fig. 2. Phot omi c r ogr a ph of a f er r omagnesi an- r i ch ba nd in met a-
cher t ( K460) i l l ust r at i ng gar net (g), l awsoni t e (I), hemat i t e (black),
cr ossi t e (s) a nd phengi t e (p) al l set in quar t z
f or mi ng 5%- 10% of t he mode. Gar net , sodi c amphi bol e, hemat i t e,
l awsoni t e and epi dot e occur i n var i abl e quant i t i es each f or mi ng
1% t o 5% of t he rock. Chl or i t e, wher e pr esent , c ommonl y makes
up 1%- 2%. Sodi c pyr oxene is occasi onal l y f ound i n some met a-
chert s. Tabl e 1 gi ves t he meas ur ed modes of one met acher t (s.s.)
and one met ashal e.
Fi ne- gr ai ned, pal e- gr een j adei t e- quar t z- l aws oni t e- phengi t e
r ocks wi t h a gr anobl as t i c t ext ur e ( ?met a- ker at ophyr es, Tabl e 3)
are f ound i nt er cal at ed wi t h t he met abasi t es. Ot her r ar e r ock t ypes
i ncl ude, dar k- gr een, si l i ca- under sat ur at ed aeger i ne- chl or i t e- l awso-
ni t e r ocks and spessar t i ne- br auni t e bear i ng r ect a- manganes e depo-
sits.
Method
Mi ner al compos i t i ons were det er mi ned for t wel ve el ement s ( Na,
Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Ni , Cr, Ti, A1, Si) usi ng an el ect r onpr obe
mi cr oanal ys er wi t h a Har wel l Si(Li) det ect or and pul se pr ocessor
Tabl e 2. Mi ner al assembl ages i n 19 anal ys ed met abas i t es
M M ~ M ~ ~Z M M
Sodi c amphi bol e x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ga ws oni t e x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Epi dot e x x
Sodi c pyr oxene x x x x x x x x x
Chl or i t e x x x x x x x x x
Gar net x x x
CaCOa x x x x x x
Hemat i t e x x x
Magnet i t e x x x x x
Quar t z x x x x x x x x x x x
Al bi t e x x x
Phengi t e x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Sphene x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ot her s 1, 2 3, 4 3, 5 1
l : apat i t e; 2: t our mal i ne; 3: rel i ct augi t e; 4: t al c; 5: pumpel l yi t e
The number s i n br acket s pr eceded by 122 (e.g. 122275) are Ha r ke r speci men number s. Al l speci mens ar e kept i n t he Ha r ke r
Col l ect i on i n t he De pa r t me nt of Mi ner al ogy and Pet r ol ogy i n Cambr i dge
246 A. I . Oka y: Gl a u c o p h a n e - La ws o n i t e Zone Bl ues chi s t s F r o m NW Tur ke y
Tabl e 3. Mi ner al a s s e mbl a ge s i n 10 a na l ys e d me t a c he r t s a n d me t a s ha l e s , a nd 2 me t a ke r a t ophyr e s
Sodi c a mphi bol e x x x x x x x x
La ws oni t e x x x x x x x x
Epi dot e x x x x
Sodi c pyr oxe ne x x x x
Chl or i t e x x x
Ga r ne t x x x x x x x
He ma t i t e x x x x x x
Qua r t z x x x x x x x x x x
Phengi t e x x x x x x x x x
Sphene x x x x
Apat i t e x x x x x x
( St a t ha m 1976). The cor r ect i on pr oc e dur e s ar e gi ven by Swe a t ma n
a n d Lo n g (1969). To check t he accur acy o f t he a na l ys e s a n ol i vi ne
s t a n d a r d s uppl e me nt e d by a j adei t e s t a nda r d was us e d t h r o u g h o u t .
The accur acy is e s t i ma t e d t o be 2% for ma j o r el ement s ( mor e
t h a n 5% el ement pr esent ) . The me t h o d for e s t i ma t i ng ferri c i on
i n s odi c pyr oxe ne a n d s odi c a mphi bol e is gi ven i n earl i er pa pe r s
( Okay 1978, i n press).
Mineralogy
Sodic Amphibole
One h u n d r e d si xt y sodi c a mphi bol e anal ys es f r o m 2l me t a ba s i t e s
a n d 14 me t a c he r t s ar e pl ot t ed in t he Mi y a s h i r o ' s (1957) di a gr a m
i n Fig. 3 a n d ei ght of t hes e ar e gi ven in Tabl e 4. The act i nol i t e
c o mp o n e n t i n t he a na l ys e d sodi c a mphi bol e s is us ual l y s mal l ( Ca/
( Ca + Na) = XCa < 0.1). It is gener al l y hi gher i n s odi c a mphi bol e s
f r o m me t a ba s i t e s t h a n t hos e f r o m t he me t a c he r t s (Xca < 0.05), No
coexi s t i ng calcic a n d sodi c a mphi bol e pai r s ar e f o u n d i n t he Devl ez
area.
Lawsonite
The c ompos i t i on o f l aws oni t e is r e ma r k a b l y u n i f o r m a n d cl osel y
a p p r o x i ma t e s t o t he i deal s t r uct ur al f or mul a CaA12Si2OT-
Hz O( OH) z wi t h t he onl y not i cabl e s ubs t i t ut i on bei ng A1 by Fe
( max. 2. 5 wt . % F%O3) .
Sodic Pyroxene
Sodi c pyr oxe ne is a c o mmo n c ons t i t ue nt of t he me t a ba s i c r oc ks
i n t he Devl ez area. I t occur s l ess c o mmo n l y i n t he me t a c he r t s .
I n t he met abas i t es , sodi c pyr oxe ne is f o u n d as xenobl as t i c gr ai ns
s howi ng occas i onal r e pl a c e me nt by sodi c a mphi bol e . However ,
s uc h t ext ur es ar e l acki ng i n t he me t a c he r t s wher e i di obl ast i c
e qui gr a nul a r s odi c pyr oxe ne a n d s odi c a mp h i b o l e gr ai ns coexi st
st abl y 9
Sevent y- f i ve sodi c pyr oxe ne c o mp o s i t o n s f r om 18 s ampl es
f r o m t he Devl ez ar ea, i ncl udi ng t he ei ght pr evi ous l y publ i s hed,
ar e pl ot t ed i n t he acmi t e- j adei t e- augi t e t er nar y d i a g r a m i n Fi g.
4; six o f t he a na l ys e s ar e gi ven i n Ta bl e 4. As not e d i n a n earl i er
paper ( Oka y 1978) sodi c pyr oxe ne s f r om gl a uc opha ne - l a ws oni t e
faci es me t a ba s i t e s t e nd t o be enr i ched i n t he acmi t e c o mp o n e n t ,
c o mp a r e d wi t h t he sodi c pyr oxe ne s f r o m ecl ogi t es a n d hi gher gr ade
bl ueschi st s. Jadei t e i s f o u n d i n s o me rare, ma s s i ve me t a ke r a t o-
phyr es .
I I I 1 I I 1 I I

~ o i : ~
~ L o 9 ~ o g o o ,
LL [
- - oo o o o
=b o oo o Oo o ooo 9 o =. . " o
o
o ~ o o o 9 o o
4 . J ~ o o o o o o % a g o o a ~ o o
9 ~ 1 ~ ~ 0~0 0 0
t q ' ) i " o 9 f'~,"u~ ~ . .,~ 9 ,.. ~ o
~ / - _ . . ~ - Oo t ~ o-, o ~ g
| 9 9 9 0 ~ .
k - t 9 . -
9 I 9 9
9 d J ' 9 9
L 9 9 9 9 9
I I I I '1 , I I I ~ *
o Fe3+/ ( ge 3+ +AI ) Mh'
Fi g . 3. S o d i c a mp h i b o l e c o mp o s i t i o n s f r o m D e v l e z a r e a p l o t t e d
on t he Mi ya s hi r o di agr am. Sodi c a mphi bol e s f r o m met acher t s ,
f i l l ed circles; f r o m met abas i t es , open circles. G gl a uc opha ne ; FG
f e r r ogl a uc opha ne ; R r i ebecki t e; MR magnes i or i ebecki t e
Chlorite
Smal l a mo u n t s of chl or i t e ar e f o u n d in a b o u t one t hi r d of t he
bl ues chi s t s ampl es s t udi es f r o m t he Devl ez area. Chl or i t e is mu c h
r ar er i n me t a c he r t s onl y be c omi ng a ma j or pha s e in s o me r ar e,
s odi um- f r ee or s i l i ca- under s at ur at ed r ocks.
Chl or i t es s how a wi de r a nge of f e r r oma gne s i a n r at i os (XF~ =
0.2--0.6) a n d a r est r i ct ed AI/(A1 + Fe + Mg + Mn ) r at i o (0. 29-0. 34).
Chl or i t e c ompos i t i ons ar e pl ot t ed i n Fi g. 5 a n d f our chl or i t e anal -
yses ar e s h o wn i n Tabl e 4. Co mp a r e d wi t h t he chl or i t es f r o m
t he gr eens chi s t faci es, wher e t he A1/(A1 + Fe + Mg + Mn ) r at i o
r a nge s bet ween 0.35 a n d 0. 40 ( Br own 1967; Coope r 1972), chl or i t es
f r om bl ues chi s t s ar e char act er i zed by t hei r hi gher silica a n d l ower
a l umi na c ont e nt s (Fi g. 5). Th e s ubs t i t ut i on i nvol ved is Si (Fe 2+,
Mg ) = 2 Al .
A. I. Okay: Gl aucophane- Laws oni t e Zone Blueschists Fr o m NW Turkey 247
Garnet
The t wo maj or r ock t ypes i n t he Devl ez area, namel y met abasi t es
and met acher t s, cont ai n chemi cal l y and t ext ural l y di st i nct t ypes
of garnet . Met acher t s commonl y have a bunda nt smal l ( < 0.1 mm)
gr anul ar gar net gr ai ns associ at ed wi t h quar t z, phengi t e, hemat i t e
and sodi c amphi bol e (Fig. 2). These gar net s t end to be ri ch in
spessart i ne ( > 5 0 %) wi t h very l ow values o f pyr ope (av. 1%).
Gar net s o f t hi s t ype ar e c ommon in t he Fr anci s can Compl ex ( Er nst
et al. 1970) and in New Cal edoni a (Black 1973).
The second and much r ar er t ype of gar net is f ound i n r ocks
of basi c i gneous composi t i on. These t end t o be much l arger i n
size (1 3 mm) and mor e spor adi c in occur r ence t han t he fi rst t ype.
They consi st domi nant l y o f al mandi ne- gr ossul ar c ompone nt s wi t h
lesser pyr ope ( 8%- 10%) and spessar t i ne ( 1 %- 5 %) ; and are similar
in compos i t i on t o t he gar net s f r om t ype III met abasi t es f r om t he
Cazader o ar ea in Cal i f or ni a (Lee et al. 1963).
Gar net s f r om 10 met acher t s and 5 met abasi t es are pl ot t ed
in Fi g. 6 in t er ms of grossul ar, spessar t i ne and al mandi ne + pyr ope
end- member s ; six gar net anal yses, t hr ee f r om met abasi t es and t hr ee
f r om met acher t s, are s hown in Tabl e 4. Gar net s f r om t he Devl ez
area s how compl et e solid sol ut i on bet ween al mandi ne and spessar-
tine.
Zoni ng in t he spessar t i ne- r i ch gar net s f r om t he met acher t s
is di ffi cul t t o observe because o f t he very smal l size o f t he grains.
However , anal yses of separ at e gar net grai ns in a single t hi n sect i on
usual l y reveal var i at i ons in compos i t i on bet ween 20 30 mol . %
spessar t i ne- al mandi ne wi t h a fairly cons t ant grossul ari t e cont ent .
The gr ossul ar i t e cont ent s o f all anal ysed spessar t i ne gar net s are
relatively cons t ant l yi ng bet ween 10-20 mol . % (Fig. 6). Onl y gar-
net s f r om one met abasi t e out of five s howed zoni ng i nvol vi ng
an i ncrease Of al mandi ne t owar ds t he ri m (Fig. 6, Tabl e 4).
Epidote
Epi dot e is a r ar e mi ner al in t he ar ea; it mai nl y occurs in some
met acher t s in associ at i on wi t h hemat i t e and l awsoni t e. Twent y-
t hr ee epi dot es f r om 4 met acher t s and 3 met abasi t es were anal ysed
and t hese are shown on a hi s t ogr am in Fi g. 7a. Epi dot es f r om
met acher t s ar e i nvari abl y pi st aci t e-ri ch ( 27%- 35% pi st aci t e), and
occur i n much less abundance t han t he accompanyi ng l awsoni t e.
I n met abasi t es, epi dot e is usual l y f ound as small, r ounde d inclu-
si ons in l awsoni t e por phyr obl ast s, suggest i ng t hat it is a relict
phase f r om a spilitic pr ot ol i t h. Epi dot es f r om met abasi t es ar e less
pi st aci t e-ri ch t ha n t hose f r om met acher t s, wi t h pi st aci t e com-
ponent s of 20% 28%. All epi dot es cont ai n small amount s of Mn
whi ch subst i t ut es f or Ca.
The assembl age epi dot e- l awsoni t e- hemat i t e, as f ound in t wo
met acher t s (Tabl e 3), is composi t i onal l y i nvar i ant at cons t ant
P and T in t he syst em C a - A1 - Fe 3 + ; negl ect i ng small a mount of
Mn in epi dot e (0.07 per f or mul a uni t ) and Ti in hemat i t e (0.07
per f or mul a unit). The pi st aci t e c ompone nt of t he epi dot e and
t he ferric cont ent of l awsoni t e mus t be a ma xi mum f or t hi s i nva-
r i ant assembl age under t he par t i cul ar condi t i ons of me t a mor phi s m
(Fig. 7b). Epi dot es f r om t he t wo met acher t s have very si mi l ar
pi st aci t e c ompone nt s (31% and 32%) ; t he l awsoni t es have rela-
tively hi gh i r on cont ent s (av. 0.08 per f or mul a uni t ) conf i r mi ng
t he i nvar i ance of t he subassembl age.
Phengite
Phengi t e is t he onl y maj or K- bear i ng phase in t he Devl ez bl ue-
schists. It is an i mpor t ant consi t uent in t he met acher t s, and is
c o mmo n as a mi nor phase in met abasi t es. Si xt y-t wo phengi t e anal -
yses f r om 15 met abasi t es and 11 met acher t s are s hown in t he
A1 - F e - Mg di agr am in Fig. 8, six of t hese are given in Tabl e 4.
The Devl ez phengi t es ar e ri cher in Fe, Mg and Si t han t hos e of
t he greenschi st facies (cf. Br own 1967). I n t hose f r om t he met aba-
sites t her e is not even an overl ap bet ween t he bl ueschi st a nd green-
schist compos i t i ons (Fig. 8). All anal ysed phengi t es s how very lim-
i t ed sol i d sol ut i on t owar ds Ca- mi ca ( < 1 tool. %) and no sol i d sol u-
t i on wi t h par agoni t e.
Hematite
Hemat i t e is an essent i al par t o f t he met acher t mi neral assembl age.
It occurs as abundant , smal l pl at el et s closely associ at ed wi t h t he
ot her f er r omagnesi an mi neral s in t he r ock (Fig. 2). Four t een ana-
l ysed hemat i t es f r om 9 met acher t s and 2 met abasi t es cont ai n up
t o 4 wt . % Ti Oz and 0.2 wt . % V203.
Opaque mi neral s ar e much scarcer in t he met abasi t es. They
t end t o be ei t her pyri t e or magnet i t e. Magnet i t e of t en shows l at e
st age al t erat i on.
Aragonite/Caleite
Calcite or ar agoni t e part i al l y al t ered t o calcite occurs in some
met abasi t es as i nt erst i t i al grai ns or veins. I n some cases it ps eudo-
mor phs l awsoni t e. No ot her car bonat e was f ound in t he area.
In t he Devl ez area onl y one speci men (394/3) was f ound t o
cont ai n pumpelIyite in a l amel l ar i nt er gr owt h wi t h l awsoni t e.
Ta/c
Tal c was onl y f ound in one of t he anal ysed speci mens (356) coexi st -
ing wi t h chl ori t e and sodi c amphi bol e (Tabl es 2 and 4).
Quartz
Quar t z is t he domi na nt phase i n met acher t s and is pr esent in
small amount s in many met abasi t es (Tables 2 and 3).
Albite
Al bi t e is a very r ar e mi neral . It was onl y f ound in t wo met abasi t es
wher e it is pur e al bi t e wi t h no det ect abl e anor t hi t e component .
In t he bl ueschi st facies sodi c amphi bol es and pyr oxenes t ake
up onl y t r ace a mount s o f t i t ani um; subsequent l y sphene becomes
a ubi qui t ous accessory mi ner al in met abasi t es. It is less c o mmo n
in met acher t s (Table 2) wher e t i t ani um ent er s hemat i t e i nst ead
of f or mi ng sphene. Sphene occurs as poor l y cryst al l i ne dust y br own
aggregates. Rut i l e is not f ound in t he area. Bl ueschi st mi ner al s
not abl e in t hei r absence in t he Devl ez ar ea i ncl ude st i l pnomel ane
and deerite. The absence of t hese t wo mi neral s can be r el at ed
t o t he l ack of sui t abl e i r on- r i ch r ock compos i t i ons and t o t he
generally hi gh oxi dat i on st at es o f t he blueschists. However , as
stilpnomelane is an i mpor t ant mi neral in t he mor e r educed bl ue-
schists, such as Fr anci s can met acher t s, five st i l pnomel ane- bear i ng
mi neral assembl ages were anal ysed: one f r om a met a- aci di c r ock
8 km sout h o f t he area s hown in Fig. 1, and f our Fr anci s can
met acher t s ( f r om Heal dsbnr g, Ti bur an, Pacheco Pass, and Panoche
Pass). The essent i al mi ner al assembl age in Fr anci s can met acher t s
is ' q u a r t z +s o d i c a mp h i b o l e
chl or i t e' and in t he met a- aci di c r ock f r om Tavsanl i ' a l bi t e +
st i l pnomel ane + sodi c amphi bol e + quar t z + i l meni t e + l awsoni t e' .
Sodi c amphi bol es coexi st i ng wi t h st i l pnomel ane have c ompo-
si t i ons wi t h Fe2+/ Fe 2+ + Mg r at i os great er t han 0.5 (Fig. 12a)
charact eri st i c of r educed mi neral assembl ages whi ch recryst al l i zed
248
Table 4. Compositions of minerals
A.I. Okay: Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey
Sodic amphiboles Sodic pyroxenes
357/1 643]2 182 380 381 460 473 33 471 643/2 182 381 395
core rim
SiOz 57.36 5 6 . 7 1 5 5 . 9 9 58.20 57.54 56.52 5 7 . 9 1 58.70 53. 42 5 3 . 7 5 53.57 5 5 . 1 3 5 2 . 6 9 58.37
AI20~ 11.00 7.83 6.46 7.72 4.87 3.80 5.72 6.70 4.52 5.58 5.47 8.50 3_77 19. 59
TiO2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
FeO* 10. 47 1 5 . 1 2 1 6 . 7 1 1 1 . 6 5 1 6 . 5 2 23.87 15. 00 8.18 17. 74 1 3 . 8 5 1 4 . 8 8 1 8 . 4 4 22.97 7.55
MnO 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.27 0.45 0.23 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MgO 9.86 8.89 8.79 1 1 . 1 6 10. 39 6.57 1 0 . 6 7 14. 00 4.00 5.55 4.93 0.91 1.52 0.00
CaO 1.07 0.44 0.72 0.09 0.86 0.22 0.69 0.89 8.10 13. 36 9.19 1.92 4.07 0.09
Na20 6.72 7.23 6.97 7.76 6.84 7.46 7.22 7.26 9.16 6.36 8. 81 1 3 . 1 3 1 1 . 5 6 14. 38
Total 96.48 96.22 95,80 96.79 97.18 98.58 97,49 96.18 97.15 98.75 9 7 . 0 3 98,02 96.58 99.97
* Total iron as FeO
Si
A1 ~v
AI v~
Ti
Fe 3 +
Fe 2 +
Mn
Mg
Number of cations per 23 oxygens Number of cations per 6 oxygens
7.97 8.00 7.99 8.01 8.07 8.03 8.04 8.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 2.01 2.00 2.01
0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.77 1.30 1,08 1.25 0.81 0.64 0.94 1.08 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.37 0.17 0.80
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0,00 0.00 0.00
0.22 0.67 0.86 0.70 1.11 1.37 0.95 0.80 0.46 0.21 0.40 0.56 0.68 0.16
1.00 1.11 1.14 0.64 0.83 1.47 0.79 0.13 0.10 0.22 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.06
0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.04 1.87 1.87 2.29 2.17 1.39 2.21 2,85 0.22 0.31 0.28 0.05 0,09 0.00
~2 5.03 4.95 4.97 4.90 4.94 4.89 4.92 4.92 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.02
Ca 0.16 0.07 0.11 0.01 0.13 0.03 0.10 0.13 0.33 0.54 0.37 0.08 0.i7 0.00
Na 1.81 1.98 1.93 2.07 1.86 2.06 1.94 1,92 0.66 0.46 0.64 0.93 0.85 0.96
~2 1.97 2.05 2,04 2.08 1.99 2.09 2.04 2.05 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 0.96
Jd 20 25 24 37 17 80
Ac 46 21 40 56 68 20
Au 34 54 36 7 15 0
well within the magnetite stability field (Okay, in press). With
these compositions the whole sodic amphibole field, with the excep-
tion of an area around the glaucophane end-member, can be
inferred to be potentially stable in the glaucophane-lawsonite facies.
El ement Part i t i oni ng
T h e v a r i a b l e f e r r o ma g n e s i a n r a t i o s o f p h e n g i t e s a n d
s o d i c p y r o x e n e s wi t h i n a s i ngl e s e c t i o n a n d t h e i r
r e s t r i c t e d r a n g e d o n o t a l l o w r e l i a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t we e n t h e m a n d o t h e r mi n e r a l s t o b e
d e t e r mi n e d . Di s c u s s i o n o n e l e me n t p a r t i t i o n i n g i s
c o n s e q u e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e F e Z + / Mg d i s t r i b u t i o n
b e t we e n c h l o r i t e a n d s o d i c a mp h i b o l e a n d A1 / F e 3+
d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t we e n s o d i c a mp h i b o l e a n d s o d i c p y -
r o x e n e ,
Chlorite-Sodic Amphibole
F e 2 + / Mg r a t i o s f o r s e v e n t e e n c o e x i s t i n g h o mo g e n -
e o u s s o d i c a mp h i b o l e s a n d c h l o r i t e s a r e s h o wn i n
Fi g . 9 a . T h i r t e e n o f t h e p a i r s c o me f r o m De v l e z ,
2 f r o m Gf i me l e ( Li i n e l 1967), o n e f r o m Mi h a l l i c i k
( ~ o g u l u 1967) a n d o n e f r o m P a n o c h e Pa s s , Ca l i f o r -
ni a. T h e ma i n e r r o r s i n t h e d e t e r mi n a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i -
t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t KD a r i s e f r o m t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f f e r r i c /
f e r r o u s r e c a l c u l a t i o n i n s o d i c a mp h i b o l e mi c r o p r o b e
a n a l y s e s a n d t h e mi n o r u n d e t e r mi n e d f e r r i c i o n i n
c h l o r i t e ,
T h e F e a + / Mg d i s t r i b u t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s s t r o n g l y
d e p e n d e n t o n t h e c a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e s o d i c a mp h i -
b o l e a n d r a n g e s f r o m 1.1 f o r l o w c a l c i u m s u b s t i t u t i o n
( 0 . 0 0 < C a / C a + Na < 0 . 0 3 ) t o 0. 8 f o r i n c r e a s e d cal -
A. I . Oka y: Gl a u c o p h a n e - La ws o n i t e Zone Bl ues chi s t s F r o m NW Tur ke y
Tabl e 4 ( Cont i nue d)
249
Chl or i t es Tal c Ga r ne t s
27 33 356 182 356 357/1 471 380 460 473
cor e r i m
Si O/ 27.75 27.68 28.77 29.17 61.28 38.14 37.85 37.87 36.99 37.25 37.57
A1203 17.58 17.56 18,52 20.39 0. 00 21. 99 21.31 21.38 19.74 20. 77 20. 19
Ti O2 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0.25 0.33 0. 28
FeO* 22.99 21. 62 18.28 10.77 8.18 28.40 15.34 22. 34 9.49 7. 40 2.98
Mn O 0. 69 1.23 0, 32 0.52 0. 00 0. 84 13. 7t 7, 29 26. 17 30. 64 33.85
Mg O 17.67 19.19 21.47 25.12 25.72 2.25 0. 00 0.32 0.27 0.27 0. 29
Ca O 0. 09 0. 00 0.08 0. 00 0.00 9. 08 13.12 11.78 7.33 5.74 0, 56
Tot a l 86.77 87.26 87.44 86.11 95.19 100.89 101.34 100,97 100.25 102.30 101.72
Nu mb e r o f cat i ons per :
28 oxygens 22 oxygens 8 oxygens
Si 5.85 5,78 5. 84 5.78 8, 04 2,99 2. 98 3. 00 2, 99 2. 96 3. 00
A1 i~ 2, 15 2. 22 2. 16 2. 22 0.00 0.01 0. 02 0. 00 0.01 0. 04 0. 00
A1 vl 2. 22 2. 10 2. 27 2. 54 0. 00 2. 02 1.96 2. 00 1.87 1.91 1.90
Fe3 . . . . . 0. 00 0. 04 0.00 0.13 0.09 0. 10
Fe 2+ 4.05 3.78 3.10 1.78 0.90 1.85 0.97 1.48 0.51 0. 40 0. 10
Ti 0. 00 0. 00 0, 00 0. 00 0. 00 0.01 0. 00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0. 02
Mn 0. 12 0.22 0.06 0.09 0.00 0. 06 0.92 0.49 1.79 2. 06 2. 29
Mg 5.55 5.97 6. 50 7.41 5.03 0.26 0. 00 0. 04 0.03 0.03 0. 03
Ca 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 00 0. 00 0. 76 1.11 1.00 0. 64 0.49 0. 56
Tot a l 19.97 20.06 19.95 19.84 13.97 7.98 8. 00 8.01 8.00 8. 00 8.00
* Tot a l i r on as Fe O
Ai m. 63 32 49 17 13 3
Spess. 2 31 17 60 69 76
Pyr. 9 0 1 1 1 1
Gr oss. 26 37 33 22 17 19
Phengi t es
33 357/1 380 460 473 395
SiO2 51.43 51.71 52.20 52.15 51.50 47.75
A1/ O 3 22.50 22.95 23. 00 23. 27 24.96 30.04
Ti O2 0. 00 0. 20 0. 22 0.00 0. 14 0. 00
Fe O* 4. 95 3.93 4. 50 4. 45 2.78 3.93
Mn O 0. 00 0. 00 0.18 0.12 0.13 0. 34
Mg O 3.75 3.78 3.88 3.83 3.71 0.94
Ca O 0. 00 0.16 0. 00 0. 00 0, 00 0. 00
Na 2 0 0.00 0,00 0. 00 0.00 0, 00 0.00
K2 0 10.83 10.80 10,86 10.81 10,50 10.05
Tot a l
93.45 93.52 94. 84 94. 64 93,72 93.05
Nu mb e r of cat i ons per 22 oxygens
33 357/1 380 460 473 395
Si 7. 10 7.10 7.09 7.09 6.99 6. 57
A1 iv 0.90 0. 90 0.91 0.91 1,01 1.43
AW 2. 76 2.81 2. 77 2.82 2.99 3. 44
Ti 0. 00 0. 02 0.02 0. 00 0.01 0.00
Fe 2+ 0.57 0.45 0.51 0.51 0. 32 0.45
Mn 0. 00 0. 00 0. 02 0.01 0. 02 0. 04
Mg 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.19
4. 10 4. 06 4.11 4. 12 4, 09 4. 12
Ca 0. 00 0.02 0. 00 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00
Na 0. 00 0. 00 0, 00 0. 00 0, 00 0. 00
K 1.91 1.89 1.88 1,87 1.82 1.76
Tot a l 14. 0l 13.97 13.99 13,99 13.91 t 3. 88
* Tot al i r on as Fe O
250 A.I. Okay: Gl aucophane-Lawsoni t e Zone Blueschists Fr om NW Turkey
Ac
o o o c~
o o o 9
0 o
A u Jd
Fig. 4. Composi t i ons of sodic pyroxenes pl ot t ed on acmite-jadeite-
augite diagram. Sodic pyroxenes from metacherts, f i l l e d circles;
from metabasites, open circles; from met akerat ophyres, f i l l e d
squares
O-4
X % _
O.2
I I I I l l
o o. , 0. 2 o. 3 o 4 o ~ o. 6
Fe/Fe+Mg+Mn
Fig. 5. Composi t i on of chlorites from Nor t heast Tavsanh pl ot t ed
in t erms of t hei r Fe/ (Fe + Mg + Mn) and A1/(A1 + Fe + Mg + Mn)
ratios
9 : - . . o ~ o = o o ; \
' ' .
oO 9 9 - 9 ~ 9
/ V V V V " - / v ",.]
Sp Alm
Fig. 6. Gar net composi t i ons pl ot t ed on spessartine-grossular-(al-
mandi ne di agram; all pyrope cont ent s below 9%. Gar -
nets from me t ac he r t s , f i l l e d circles; from metabasites, open ci rcl es
a Mot.% Ea2Fe3Si3012(OH)
_>.
~ 3 -
~ C

E a A t
Fig. 7. a Composi t i ons of 23 epidotes from 7 blueschists pl ot t ed
in terms of t hei r pistacite components, b The compositionally inva-
ri ant epidote-lawsonite-hematite assemblage in t he Ca - Fe 3 + - A1
system from two met achert s (380 and 459)
AL
8~
Fe M g
Fig. 8. Phengite compositions pl ot t ed on A1 - F e - Mg diagram.
Phengites from metacherts, f i l l e d circles; from metabasites, open
circles. Composi t i onal field of phengites from East ern Otago
greenschists (Brown 1967) are shown by dashed lines
cium substitution (0.03 < X ca<0.10) in sodic amphi-
bole. A decrease in the partition coefficient, with in-
creasing calcium content in sodic amphibole, is to
be expected as the KD for actinolite/chlorite pairs is
0.58 (Kawachi 1975; Coombs et al. 1976).
A.I. Okay: Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey 251
1.6-
~.2
OA
0.0
0.0
o
' oi~ o18 1:2 ' 116
( F e / M g ) c h l o r i t e
1 . 6
,~I,2
,,=,
2 ~
0. B /
0.0
o.o o % o 1 8 1 ' . (
b (At/Fe3"]sodic., p y r o x e n e
Ok,
Fig. 9. a Fe 2 +/Mg ratios in coexisting sodic amphibole and chlorite,
where Fe* =total Fe, Sodic amphiboles with Xca< 0.03, open ci r-
cl es; sodic amphiboles with 0.03 < Xca < 0.1, f i l l e d ci rcl es, b A1/Fe 3 +
ratios in coexisting sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene
The Composition of the Fluid Phase and the Status
of C0 2
The abundance of hydrous bluescbist minerals, such
as lawsonite and/or sodic amphibole, in the initially
anhydrous basic igneous rocks is prima facie evidence
for the presence of fluid phase during the regional
metamorphism. The lack of graphite in the blueschists
suggests that the two main components of the fluid
phase were H20 and CO2. The common occurrence
of lawsonite-quartz and phengite-sphene subassem-
blages indicate that the fluid was dominated by H20
(Xco2<0.02, Hunt and Kerrick 1977 p. 286; Nitsch
1972).
In the phase relations analysis, CO2 can be
regarded either as as mobile component like H20,
or as an inert component like 02 (Zen 1974). In the
present study COz is regarded as an inert component
(like TiO2), and consequently calcite (and aragonite)
is omitted from the phase relation analysis as an indif-
ferent phase (like sphene or phengite). The reasons
for doing this are:
1. In the Tavsanli area metabasites occasionally
contain minor amounts of calcite, whereas calcite is
lacking in all studied metacherts. This difference in
the CO2 content between the two major rock types
is most probably a primary pre-metamorphic feature.
Spilites, the most likely protoliths of metabasites,
might well have contained small amounts of CO2
stored in calcite, which was preserved through the
metamorphism;
2. Most of the calcite-bearing metabasites contain
the assemblage lawsonite+calcite+quartz (Table 2)
which is a buffer for CO2 by the reaction: lawso-
nite + COz = calcite + quartz + pyrophyllite + H20.
Under most metamorphic conditions pyrophyllite
is probably not stable relative to potassium-mica. It
is unlikely, that this buffered assemblage could be
maintained at an externally controlled chemical
potential of COz; rather it suggests fCO2 was buffered
at very low values by the mineral assemblage,
3. No differences either in the mineral assemblage
or mineral compositions can be detected between cal-
cite-bearing and calcite-free rocks.
Sodic Amphibole-Sodic Pyroxene
Approach to Equilibrium
Most sodic pyroxenes and amphiboles from the Tav-
sanli area show zoning in their A1 and Fe 3+ com-
ponents. Six relatively homogeneous sodic amphi-
bole-sodic pyroxene pairs are shown in Fig. 9b; five
come from Devlez, one from Mihallicik. The partition
coefficient KD of 2.1 is quite different from 0.8 found
by Onuki and Ernst (1969).
The underlying principle of the phase relations anal-
ysis is the assumption that equilibrium has been
achieved between coexisting minerals at a single value
of P- T--X. This assumption is not strictly valid espe-
cially for the lower grades of metamorphism such
as the blueschist facies, where mineral zoning is com-
mon, relict minerals are present and former mineral
252 A.I. Okay: Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey
a A t =
/ / ~ * Q u o r t z
/ / \ +Lo.wsonife
/ / ~ +Iron-oxide
/ 1 \
A l b i f e L / \
A,,~to/:: ~ / L 6 - - - : - - - ~ ,
A[bil'e
Jadeite
. t
0.2
Acmite N
/
AI 9
~ S Quartz
9 Lowsonite
*Iron-oxide
*H20
[orite
filpnomelone
R/MR
0"4
1
\
Ornphacite
F i g . 10. a NAFM projection of mineral
compositions from quartz, lawsonite
and iron-oxide (hematite) onto the
tetrahedra Na - AI *- Fe 2+ - Mg. Only
some of the tie lines are indicated.
AI* =(A1-2Ca). b Projection of
mineral compositions from quartz,
lawsonite, HzO and iron-oxide
(hematite) onto the plane
Na - AI *- ( Fe z+, Mg). The jadeite and
augite contents of sodie pyroxenes are
also indicated. A1 * = (A1 - 2Ca)
assemblages may be recognizable. However, the es-
tablishment of the ideal phase compatibilities at dif-
ferent P- T- Xva l ue s is important in understanding
the evolution of mineral assemblages through meta-
morphism. Phase relations established from equili-
brated mineral assemblages can then be used to un-
derstand the nature of ' frozen reactions' and zoning
in minerals.
Metamorphic minerals are assumed to have
reached equilibrium in equigranular, schistose meta-
cherts (see Fig. 2) and metabasites. Rocks with reac-
tion textures involving replacement of sodic pyroxene
by sodic amphibole are interpreted to be in disequili-
brium.
At
/ / ~ *Quartz
/ \ +Lawsonife
/ \ +Iron-oxide
A[bite~" ~ .1"120
(Jn d e i f e ) ~ . . . _ ..~ ~ i r e
Fig. 11. Model phase relations in the glaucophane-lawsonite facies
for moderate Fe2+/Fe2++Mg values (0.30-0.50) in the rock,
shown on a NAF diagram. Sodic pyroxene field is s t i ppl ed
Phase Relations
The minerals considered in this study can be rep-
resented to a first approximation in the system
Na20 - K20 - CaO - MgO - FeO - MnO - Fe203
- A1203- Ti O2- Si O2- H20. K20, MnO and TiOa
are assumed to affect only the formation of the
phases phengite, spessartine and sphene respectively.
By considering quartz-bearing assemblages SiO2 is
regarded as an excess component, and H20 is
taken as a perfectly mobile component. The chemo-
graphic relationships are further simplified by pro-
jecting from lawsonite for CaO and from hematite
for Fe203 into the system Na 20- MgO- Fe O-
AlzO3 (NAFM). All projections are made from hema-
tite although part of the sodic amphibole field, as
well as almandine and stilpnomelane are only stable
with magnetite. However, projecting from magnetite
will only slightly alter the coordinates of sodic pyrox-
enes and amphiboles in the NAFM system but will
not have any effect on the topology. The algebraic
procedure used for projecting phases is that given
by Greenwood (1975).
Phase relations in the glaucophane-lawsonite
facies between the minerals sodic amphibole,
chlorite, albite, sodic pyroxene, almandine, stilpno-
melane and talc are shown in Fig. 10 a. In the NAFM
diagram sodic pyroxenes project into an open ended
' beak' shaped volume with the calcic end-members
plotting below the A1- Fe 2+- Mg plane. The posi-
tions of different sodic pyroxene end-members are
shown in a NAF triangular diagram (Fig. 10 b) where
Fe 2 + and Mg are treated as a single component. The
advantage of the NAF diagram lies in the precision
with which actual sodic pyroxene and sodic amphi-
bole compositions can be plotted.
Figure 11 shows an NAF diagram for moderate
Fe2+/Fe2++Mg values (0.3-0.5), where chlorite is
the stable ferromagnesian phase. Here, the important,
compositionally invariant assemblage is albite
(jadeite)-chlorite-sodic amphibole plus the projected
phases. Such assemblages are found in Northwest
Turkey, in New Caledonia (Black 1973, p. 224) and
in many other areas.
At lower Fe2+/Fe2++Mg values (<0.25) talc,
and at higher Fe2+/Fe 2+ +Mg values (>0.55) stillp-
A.I. Okay: Glaueophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey 253
, . . . . . . , , , ,
R
%
u
D
e
o o o S T I L P N OH E L A N E
i/ll///i//////,(///////~ r ~ l~ } ,//I//////1 1 ///1 1 /i////////;,, , , . . . , , , , , ,
9 : , ~ ' : : " 9 ~ , l l , , , ~ l l , , 71111111111111111~'il,'llll/#ll,,illil,I/,v/I/ll
I l l l
i l l I I ~ OI "
m m 9 ~ m 9 m m 9
, o , , : , 9 #
9 . . . _ . . . . . . .
o ~ . . . . . , . ~ : " . " : J , - - , .
" " ' " " " ; / i / t t / l i , l i D ; ; ; : i ; ; ' l l t i , , Y i
T A L E
I I I I _ _ I I ~ i t _ _ I ~ ] 1 , I I . . . . 1 | , | I - I I . 1
G MR G MR
Fig. 12. a Sodic amphibole composition in relation to the mineral assemblage. Sodic amphibole with chlorite, solid squares; with stilpnome~
lane, open squares; with chlorite and stilpnomelane, half-filled squares; with almandine, open circles; with talc and chlorite, open trzkmgles.
ll Phase relations of sodic amphibole in the glaucophane-lawsonite facies. Sodic amphibole compositions which may coexist with two
ferromagnesian minerals are ruled. Iron-oxides most probably can coexist with all sodic amphibole compositions. Albite is restricted
to glaucophane-ferroglalscophane solid solution
nomel ane are t he stable f er r omagnesi an mi neral s
coexisting wi t h sodic amphi bol e. The change f r om
one f er r omagnesi an mi neral t o anot her occurs at ap-
pr oxi mat el y const ant Fe 2 +/ Fe z + + Mg and t her ef or e
cannot be successfully i l l ust rat ed on t he NAF dia-
gram.
A pecul i ar pr obl em in t he Devl ez area is t he pres-
ence of al mandi ne garnet s wi t h 25%- 35% grossul ar
component coexisting with Al -ri ch amphi bol es. When
pr oj ect ed f r om l awsoni t e f or Ca on t he NAF plane,
the garnets pl ot near t he Fe 2+, Mg (F) apex; since
chl ori t e coexists with compar at i vel y Al - poor sodic
amphi bol e, gar net - amphi bol e and chl or i t e- amphi bol e
tie lines cross.
Ther e is no t ext ural evidence f or any disequili-
br i um bet ween coexisting l awsoni t e and garnet. Fur -
t her mor e garnet s f r om t he Cazader o area met abasi t es,
coexi st i ng with l awsoni t e and al mni nous sodic amphi -
bol e ( Col eman and Papi ke 1968, p. l 11), have similar
grossular component s ( 25%- 30%; Lee et al. 1963,
p. 472). It seems t hat t he blueschists of t he Devl ez
area recrystallized at t he critical P - T condi t i ons cor-
r espondi ng to t he chl ori t e-garnet t ransi t i on.
Instability of Sodic Pyroxene + Chlorite
Sodi c pyr oxenes cont ai n pr opor t i onat el y higher
amount s of Na + Ca t han sodic amphi bol es, conse-
quent l y t hey are rest ri ct ed t o t he sodi um-ri ch cor ner
of t he NAF M di agram. They are separat ed f r om the
f er r omagnesi an mi neral s by t he i nt erveni ng sodic am-
phi bol e composi t i onal fi el d and albite-sodic amphi -
bol e tie lines (Fig. 10a). Thus acmite- and j adei t e-ri ch
sodic pyroxenes cannot coexist with f er r omagnesi an
minerals, i nst ead sodic amphi bol e is t he stable phase.
Obvi ousl y sodic pyr oxene can coexist stably wi t h so-
dic amphi bol e in assemblages free of any f er r omagne-
sian minerals, as in t he sodi um-ri ch met acber t 381
(Tabl e 3).
The coexistence of sodic pyr oxene wi t h chl ori t e
and sodic amphi bol e in many blueschist met abasi t es
f r om t he Devl ez area is due t o an i mcompl et e pro-
grade sodic amphi bol e pr oduci ng react i on i nvol vi ng
sodic pyr oxene and chl ori t e (Okay in pr epar at i on) .
The Composition of Sodic Amphibole
in Relation to Mi neral Assemblage
All phases in t he NAF M system have tielines ext end-
ing t o t he sodic amphi bol e field; t her ef or e t he compo-
sitional field of sodic amphi bol es can be used as a
pl ane on which ot her phases are proj ect ed in t erms
of act ual sodic amphi bol e composi t i ons (Brown
1974).
In quar t z- bear i ng rocks, sodic amphi bol e can be
254 A.I. Okay: Glaucophane-Lawsonite Zone Blueschists From NW Turkey
r e ga r de d as cons i s t i ng o f fi ve ma j o r c o mp o n e n t s
( Na 2 0 , Mg O, Fe O, A1203, Fe2Oa) , c ons e que nt l y a ny
t hr ee phas es i n t he NAF M d i a g r a m pl us i r on- oxi de
s houl d coexi st wi t h a si ngl e c o mp o s i t i o n o f s odi c a m-
phi bol e. Sodi c a mp h i b o l e coexi st i ng wi t h t wo ot he r
phas es i n t he NAF M d i a g r a m pl us i r on- oxi de s houl d
be c ompos i t i ona l l y uni va r i a nt ; t he c o mp o s i t i o n
s houl d va r y a l ong a l i ne on t he Mi ya s hi r o di a gr a m.
I n Fi g. 12 a s odi c a mp h i b o l e s ar e s hown i n t e r ms
o f coexi st i ng mi ner al s ; t he f i gur e i ncl udes s odi c a m-
phi bol es f r o m Gt i mel e (Lfi nel 1967) a n d f r o m s t i l pno-
me l a ne - be a r i ng Fr a nc i s c a n met acher t s , as wel l as so-
di c a mp h i b o l e s f r o m t he De vl e z ar ea. Th e s odi c a m-
phi bol e c o mp o s i t i o n a l fi el d is di vi ded i nt o f our ma j o r
r egi ons each as s oci at ed wi t h one o f t he f ol l owi ng fer-
r o ma g n e s i a n mi ne r a l s : chl or i t e, a l ma ndi ne , t al c a n d
s t i l pnome l a ne ; a f i f t h ' d e e r i t e ' r egi on is pr es ent
a r o u n d t he r i ebecki t e e n d - me mb e r ( Mui r Wo o d 1977,
p. 256).
Spes s ar t i ne- r i ch gar net s ar e st abl e wi t h all s odi c
a mp h i b o l e c o mp o s i t i o n s as a n ext r a Mn - b e a r i n g
pha s e ; onl y a l ma n d i n e wi t h negl i gi bl e spessar t i ne
c o mp o n e n t is r est r i ct ed t o g l a u c o p h a n e (s.1.) be a r i ng
as s embl ages (357/1 a n d 536). Ho we v e r , as di scussed
earl i er, a l ma n d i n e mi ght r epr es ent a hi gher gr ade o f
me t a mo r p h i s m. Sodi c pyr oxe ne s ar e n o t s hown as
t he y d o n o t coexi s t s t abl y wi t h t he ot he r f e r r oma gne -
si an mi ner al s, l yi ng on t he oppos i t e si de o f t he s odi c
a mp h i b o l e c o mp o s i t i o n a l fi el d (Fi g. 10a).
Th e pos i t i on o f uni va r i a nt l i nes o n t he s odi c a m-
phi bol e fi el d will d e p e n d t o s ome ext ent on t he cal -
c i um c ont e nt o f t he s odi c a mp h i b o l e whi c h has a n
i mp o r t a n t effect on t he Fe Z+/ Mg pa r t i t i oni ng be-
t ween s odi c a mp h i b o l e a n d ot he r mi ner al s. Va r i a t i ons
i n t he c a l c i um c o n t e n t o f sodi c a mp h i b o l e a n d uncer -
t ai nt i es i n t he f er r i c/ f er r ous r ecal cul at i on wi l l r es ul t
i n c o mp o s i t i o n a l bands , r a t he r t h a n lines, o n t he s odi c
a mp h i b o l e field, ma r k i n g t he coexi s t ence o f t wo f er r o-
ma g n e s i a n mi ner al s (Fi g. 12b).
Br o wn (1974) fi rst r el at ed s odi c a mp h i b o l e c o m-
pos i t i on t o coexi s t i ng mi ner al s i n t he bl ueschi st s f r o m
Shuks an. Th e ma i n di f f er ence bet ween t he d i a g r a m
her e a n d Br o wn ' s d i a g r a m (1974, Fi g. 11) is i n t he
t r e a t me nt o f i r on- oxi de s ; as ma n y o f Br o wn ' s a mp h i -
bol e as s embl ages l acked i r on- oxi des , he a s s u me d t ha t
i r on- oxi des wer e not st abl e wi t h f e r r o g l a u c o p h a n e
a n d g l a u c o p h a n e c ompos i t i ons . Howe ve r , s odi c a m-
phi bol e c o mp o s i t i o n s f r o m No r t h we s t Tu r k e y de-
mo n s t r a t e t ha t t hi s is n o t t he case ( Oka y, i n pr es s ) ;
t he abs ence o f i r on- oxi des i n s ome as s embl ages is
pos s i bl y due t o l ow a mo u n t s o f f er r i c i on i n t he r oc k
gi vi ng i ncr eas ed c o mp o s i t i o n a l f r eedom.
Acknowledgements. I thank S.O. Agrell, E.H. Brown, G.T.R.
Droop, J.G. Spray, and R. Muir Wood for reviewing the manu-
script. Probe facilities were provided by the Department of Mineral-
ogy and Petrology in Cambridge. This work was carried out while
in receipt of a grant from the Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute of Turkey (M.T.A.), which is gratefully acknowledged.
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Received December 21, 1979; Accepted February 7, 1980