Transformer Protection Philosophies

Transformer Protection TransformerProtection
ScottR.Secrest,PE
DirectorofEngineering
PES Boston Chapter Transformer Seminar
Power Transformer Protection PowerTransformerProtection
1. ProtectionPhilosophies
2. OvervoltageProtection
3. OvercurrentandThermalProtection
a. TransformerDamageCurve a a s o e a age Cu e
b. FuseProtection
c. OvercurrentRelayProtection
d Differential Protection d. DifferentialProtection
e. ThermalProtection
f. GasPressure
4 Monitoring and On Line Diagnostics 4. MonitoringandOnLineDiagnostics
Power Transformer Protection PowerTransformerProtection
Transformer Protection Philosophies TransformerProtectionPhilosophies
1. Reasonstoprovidetransformerprotection
d l l a. DetectandIsolateFaultyEquipment
b. MaintainSystemStability
c. LimitDamage
d. MinimizeFireRisk
e. MinimizeRisktoPersonnel
2. FactorsAffectingTransformerProtection
a. CostofRepair
b. Cost of Down Time b. CostofDownTime
c. AffectsontheRestoftheSystem
d. PotentialtoDamageAdjacentEquipment
e Length of Time to Repair or Replace e. LengthofTimetoRepairorReplace
Transformer Protection Philosophies TransformerProtectionPhilosophies
3. BasicTenetsofProtection
a. Speed a. Speed
b. Sensitivity
c. Reliability
d Security d. Security
4. ApplicableStandards
a C57 12 00 IEEE Standard General Requirements for LiquidImmersed a. C57.12.00 IEEEStandardGeneralRequirementsforLiquidImmersed
Distribution,Power,andRegulatingTransformers
b. C57.12.80 IEEEStandardTerminologyforPowerandDistribution
Transformers Transformers
c. C57.109 IEEEGuideforLiquidImmersedTransformerThroughFault
CurrentDuration
d C37 91 IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers d. C37.91 IEEEGuideforProtectingPowerTransformers
e. C62.22 IEEEGuidefortheApplicationofMetalOxideSurgeArrestersfor
AlternatingCurrentSystems
Transformer Overvoltage Protection TransformerOvervoltageProtection
f l TypesofOverVoltages
1. Temporary
a. PowerFrequency
b. RelativelyLongDuration(secondstohours)
c. AttributabletoGroundFaults,LoadRejection,Low , j ,
FrequencyResonance
2 Transient 2. Transient
a. FastRateofRise
b. ShortDuration(microsecondstomilliseconds)
c Attributable to Lightning Switching Flashover and c. AttributabletoLightning,Switching,Flashoverand
Restrike Phenomena
ConsiderationsforOvervoltageProtection
TemporaryOvervoltageLevelsandDuration
EquipmentBIL
SystemGrounding
Transformer Overcurrent Protection TransformerOvercurrentProtection
EquipmentOvervoltageWithstandRatings
GaplessMetalOxideArresterCharacteristics
Transformer Primary Rated Line to Ground Voltage:
kV
kV
4 . 66
3
115
3
Transformer Secondary Rated Line to Ground Voltage:
kV
kV
97 . 7
3
8 . 13
However Note that the secondary neutral is reactor grounded

Protect Transformer from Overloads
C57.91 IEEEGuideforLoadingMineralOilImmersedTransformers
Protect Transformer from Internal Faults
Protect Transformer from Through Faults
C57 109 IEEE Guide for LiquidImmersed Transformer ThroughFaultCurrent C57.109 IEEEGuideforLiquid ImmersedTransformerThrough Fault Current
Duration
Rated Current
Inrush Current
RatedkVA andVoltageplusadjustmentsfromC57.91
Short Circuit Currents
12xRatedCurrentfor0.1sec
Transformer Damage Curve
Fromsystemfaultstudy,availableSCConPrimary,SecbasedonTrf.Z
g
CalculatedperC57.109
Rated Transformer Primary Current:
A 157
13800 * 3
3750000
Rated Transformer Secondary Current:

3750000
A 520
4160 * 3
3750000
T f I h C t Transformer Inrush Current:

A 1884 12 * 157
Transformer Damage Curve C57.109
12 0
2
1250
2
t i
K t i
2
2
K
2
T
Z
K
Unbalanced Fault Through Delta-Wye Transformer
4160V
13800V
I
f
0.58*I
f
*V
s
/V
p
Transformer Differential Protection
High Speed Sensitive Protection for Internal Faults High Speed, Sensitive Protection for Internal Faults
Looks at current flowing into and out of zone
Unequal currents means fault in the zone
Special Considerations for Transformer Differential Relays
300-5A
2500-5A
33/44/55 MVA
115kV 13.8Y/7.97kV
Different Currents at Zone Boundaries Different Currents at Zone Boundaries
Typically Have a 30
o
Phase Shift from Primary to Secondary
Usually Have Mismatch in CT secondary currents, especially w/ LTCs
Primary and Secondary CTs may have Different Saturation Characteristics Primary and Secondary CT s may have Different Saturation Characteristics
Have to Worry About Transformer Inrush Current
Dealing w/ Delta-Wye Phase Shift
Traditional Method w/ Wye-Delta Connected CTs y
Traditional Method w/ Wye-Delta Connected CTs y
New Method w/ Wye Connected CTs and Phase Shift in Relay y y
Current Mismatch, Restraint, and Slope
300-5A
2500-5A
33/44/55 MVA
115kV 13.8Y/7.97kV
A I 1 276
55000000
A I 2301
55000000

A I
P
1 . 276
3 * 115000

A A I 61 . 4
300
5
* 1 . 276
PRel

A I
S
2301
3 * 13800

A A I 60 . 4
2500
5
* 2301
SRel

For Wye Connected CTs
A A I 97 . 7 3 *
2500
5
* 2301
SRel

For Delta Connected CTs
Current Mismatch, Restraint, and Slope
Older Style Relays Had Fixed Taps
New Numerical Relays Have Wider Range of Tap Settings
All bets off for LTCs All bets off for LTC s
Quality and location of CTs can affect saturation differently
Transformer Differential Relays Use Restraint Coil to Compensate y p
Slope: Ratio of Operating Current to Restraint Current
Inrush Current
Caused by residual flux in transformer core
Current Flows in One Set of Windings (typically the Primary)
hi h ld f l diff ti l l which could fool differential relays
Characterized by DC offset and high 2
nd
harmonic
content content.
If unloaded or lightly loaded, can also have high
5
th
harmonic content
Transformer Differential Relays utilize Harmonic Filters to discriminate
between Inrush Currents and Internal Faults
Ground Fault Sensing
Advantages of Newer Style Numerical Relays
Advantages of Newer Style Numerical Relays
Can use Wye Connected CTs for All Winding Connections
Low Burden Minimize CT Saturation Issues
Wide Range of Pickups Settings Minimize CT Mismatch Problems
Adjustable Slop Characteristics
Restrained and Unrestrained Differential Elements
Typically have other functions built in such as:
Primary and SecondaryTime and Inst OC Functions Primary and Secondary Time and Inst OC Functions
Restricted Earth Fault Element
Thermal Element (ANSI Device 49)
Typically include metering fault/event recording and communications Typically include metering, fault/event recording, and communications
Other Transformer Protection OtherTransformerProtection
Other Transformer Protection OtherTransformerProtection
ANSI Device 63
SuddenPressure or Rate of Rise Relay Sudden Pressure or Rate of Rise Relay
Sudden Pressure or Rate of Rise Relay
Applied on Sealed Tank Designs >5 MVA
Sudden Pressure Relay
Detects rapid changes in tank pressure due to
decomposition of transformer oil by an arc
Designed to ignore slow changes in tank pressure y g g g p
due to thermal cycling.
Gas Accumulator (Buchholz) Relay
Applied on Conservator Tank Designs
Installed in Pipe connecting Main and Aux Tanks
Trips for Rapid Gas Flowto Conservator Tank
Buchholz Relay
Trips for Rapid Gas Flow to Conservator Tank
Alarms for Slow Flow
Transformer Monitoring TransformerMonitoring
Standard Gauges and Indicators
Li id L l Liquid Level
Tank Pressure
Oil Temperature
Hot Spot Temperature
Gauges have contacts which can be
brought back to SCADA
LTC Controls
LTC Position
LTC Malfunction LTC Malfunction
Fan/Pump Controls
Fan/Pump Operating Stages
Fan/Pump Malfunction
Transformer Monitoring TransformerMonitoring
On-Line Water in Oil Monitoring
On-Line Dissolved Gas Monitoring
On-LineAcoustical and Partial Discharge Monitoring On Line Acoustical and Partial Discharge Monitoring

Transformer Protection Philosophies

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Transformer Protection Philosophies

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Transformer Protection TransformerProtection

However Note that the secondary neutral is reactor grounded

Rated Transformer Secondary Current:

T f I h C t Transformer Inrush Current:

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