ISSN 0794-4543

JOURNAL OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

VOLUME 6, NUMBERS 1 & 2, 2002
Published by
Depar!e" #$ %urri&ulu! Sudies a"d Edu&ai#"al 'e&h"#l#(y,
)a&uly #$ Edu&ai#",
U"i*ersiy #$ ll#ri",
P+M+B+ 1,1,,
ll#ri"+ Ni(eria+
CONTENTS
'ile Pa(e++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- i
%#pyri(h Pa(e+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ii
N#es $#r %#"ribu#rs+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++ +++++++++,+ iii
Edi#rial B#ard++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-+++ *
Edi#rial++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++,++++++++++++ *i
%#"e"s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ *iii
%#"du&i"( E.a!i"ai#"s i" Ni(eria" U"i*ersiies/ 0 Ma"a(er1s
Perspe&i*es
N. Y. S. Ijaiya++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1
Ne2 Perspe&i*es i" 0dul Edu&ai#" i" Ni(eria i" he 21s %e"ury
S. N. Osuji++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 13
Mahe!ai&s 'ea&hers1 Per&epi#" #$ Sude"s1 Per$#r!a"&e i"
Mahe!ai&al 4#rd Pr#ble!s i" 52ara Sae
M. F.Salman++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 26
7"e(rai#" #$ 7"sru&i#"al Vide# i"# 'ea&her Edu&ai#"
Pr#(ra!!e Ni(eria
I. O. Salawu & A. O. A!la"i+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 81
7!pr#*i"( he 9ualiy #$ 7"sru&i#" i" Ni(eria" Pri!ary a"d
Se&#"dary S&h##ls hr#u(h he Br#ad&asi"( Media
M. O. Yusu++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 83
*iii
:e"der Di$$ere"&e i" S&h##l S&ie"&e/ 7!pli&ai#" $#r S&ie"&e
'ea&her Edu&ai#"
#. $%ll! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,, 1
7"e(raed U"is/ 0 Bluepri" # 7!pr#*e %rii&al 'hi";i"( i" Readi"(
Less#" a he <u"i#r Se&#"dary S&h##l =<SS>+
S. O. M%&a'unsi+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6,
7"*esi(ai#" Liera&y S;ills P#ssessed by Library %aal#(uers i"
?i(her 7"siui#"s i" 52ara Sae
(. O. Om!niyi++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3,
7"er@relai#"ships a!#"( 0&ade!i& Per$#r!a"&e, 0&ade!i&,
0&hie*e!e" a"d Lear"i"( Ou&#!es
0+ Ausu$+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ B3
'he N%%E Mi"i!u! Sa"dards as a Susai"able %urri&ulu!
7""#*ai#"
A. A. Ola!y%+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63
'he 7"*aluable R#les #$ %#!puer i" a De*el#pi"( %#u"ry
S. A. Onasanya++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 106
0"alysis #$ Pers#""el 7"*#l*e!e" i" Sp#rs Pr#(ra!!es i"
Ni(eria" U"i*ersiies
A. A. A&%s!y%+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 12C
7.

CON)*CTIN# E+AMINATIONS IN NI#E,IAN
*NI-E,SITIES. A MANA#E,/S 0E,S0ECTI-E
N. Y. S. I(AIYA
A"s12a31
The primary assignment of any school is to ensure effective teaching and
learning of which examination, a form of evaluation plays a significant role. In
spite of its importance especially in decision making about school programmes,
examination continues to receive less than its deserved attention especially in
Nigeria, even in universities that should lead by example. Hence, examination
malpractice is on the increase. Examination as part of teaching deserves to be
carefully planned, organised, coordinated and evaluated. !hen examination
malpractice occurs, it implies that some of its managers have shirked their
responsibilities. The study reported in this article using "# and ""$ lecturers and
students respectively of the %aculty of Education, &niversity of llorin showed that
seating arrangement in the examination hall and the typing and duplicating
stages are the most possible stages of examination malpractice. Examinations
have been denied ade'uate and conducive accommodation, sufficient
invigilators and ade'uate security. The findings confirm that the poor
management of examinations can lead to examination malpractice. Therefore, it
was recommended that examination management can be improved through
ade'uate provision of essential facilities, more lecturers and demand for
accountability.
In12!&u31i!n
Ma"a(i"( a"y i"siui#" #$ lear"i"( i"*#l*es pla""i"(, #r(a"isi"(, &#@
#rdi"ai"(, !#i*ai"(, !#"i#ri"(, e*aluai"(, e&+ he ea&hi"( a"d lear"i"(
a&i*iies # e"sure he aai"!e" #$ edu&ai#"al (#als a"d #bDe&i*es =0desi"a,
1660>+ 7" #her 2#rds, ea&hi"( a"d lear"i"( are he &e"ral $#&i #$ s&h##l
!a"a(e!e"+ 7 is h#2e*er hr#u(h e.a!i"ai#" ha pupils1 lear"i"( is
as&erai"ed+ 'his is 2hy ea&hi"( is $u"da!e"ally &#"sidered i"&#!plee 2ih#u
s#!e $#r! #$ e*aluai#"+ E.a!i"ai#"s are here$#re par a"d par&el #$ s&h##l
!a"a(e!e" $u"&i#"s+ %#"du&i"( e.a!i"ai#"s is as #ld as he edu&ai#"al
syse! isel$ a"d &#"i"ues # be p#pular 2ih#u a"y &redible aler"ai*e ye i"
spie #$ is sh#r&#!i"(s a"d !is!a"a(e!e" =0(he"a,
Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, Vol. 6 Nos. 1 & 2, 2002; N. Y. S Ijaiya, . 1 !
16
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
1666>+ E*aluai#" is h#2e*er a !ea"s # a" e"d "# a" e"d i" isel$+ 7 ser*es
se*eral purp#ses pari&ularly i" de&isi#" !a;i"( 2heher a he pri!ary,
se&#"dary #r eriary le*els+ 0 he e"d #$ a &#urse #$ sudy, a" e.a!i"ai#" has
# be ad!i"isered # deer!i"e he e.e" #$ sude"s1 a&hie*e!e" 2ih#u
2hi&h he er! #r se!eser #r a sessi#" &a""# &l#se a"d he i"siui#" as 2ell
as he sude"s &a""# pr#(ress Besides, e.a!i"ai#" ser*es !a"y #her
purp#ses+ 7 pr#*ides daa ha are use$ul # he s&h##l pr#prie#rs a"d &lie"ele,
ha is, he (#*er"!e" #r he pri*ae #2"ers, he sude"s, pare"s a"d
ea&hers+ 7 is used $#r &eri$i&ai#" #$ sude"s a"d pr#*ides $eedba&; # ea&hers
a"d pare"s #" sude"s1 a&ade!i& per$#r!a"&e+ 7 als# lar(ely deer!i"es D#b
pla&e!e" $#r s&h##l pr#du&s a"d !a"p#2er de*el#p!e" =:r#"lu"d, 1@6B,>+
E.a!i"ai#"s, li;e ea&hi"(, here$#re deser*e e$$e&i*e !a"a(e!e"+ 0 he
u"i*ersiy le*el, bei"( a he #p #$ he edu&ai#"al ladder, a&ade!i& e.&elle"&e
is hi(hly s#u(h a"d s# e.a!i"ai#"s !us "# be #yed 2ih+ U"i*ersiies are
e.pe&ed # !ee i"er"ai#"al sa"dard, he"&e he "eed $#r reliable a"d &redible
e.a!i"ai#" resuls+ 'his &a" #"ly be (uara"eed hr#u(h 2ell@!a"a(ed
e.a!i"ai#"s+
?#2e*er, 2ha is usually "# $ully appre&iaed by !a"y i"siui#"s,
e.a!i"ai#" b#dies as 2ell as he publi& is he $a& ha &#"du&i"( e.a!i"ai#"s
is lar(ely a !a"a(e!e" as;+ 7$ hi"(s (# ri(h #r 2r#"( duri"( he
e.a!i"ai#"s, i is be&ause h#se 2h# are i" &har(e, re$erred # i" his paper as
e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers, ha*e eiher d#"e he ri(h hi"( #r ha*e le$ he ri(h
hi"( u"d#"e+ E*e" he !#s $raudule" sude"s 2ill "# ha*e his 2ay i$ all
e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers per$#r!ed heir@duies as e.pe&ed, 2hereas su&h
sude"s 2ill e.pl#i a"y l##ph#le+ 'hus, S&h##l Pla" Pla""i"( a"d De*el#p!e"
as 2ell as Pers#""el Ma"a(e!e" play i!p#ra" r#le i" &#"du&i"( hi&h@$ree
e.a!s+
7" *ie2 #$ he si("i$i&a"&e #$ e.a!i"ai#"s # he pr#(ress #$ sude"s,
he i"siui#", he "ai#" a"d he 2#rld i" (e"eral, he "eed $#r heir e$$e&i*e
!a"a(e!e" &a""# be #*er@e!phasised+ 'he $a& ha e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e
has "#2 be&#!e a per!a"e" $eaure #$ #ur edu&ai#"al syse! =0de;ale, 166CE
Olashei"de, 166CE a"d 7Daiya, 166B> &alls $#r he "eeds # e!phasise he r#le #$
!a"a(e!e" i" &#"du&i"( hi&h@$ree a"d $raud@$ree e.a!i"ai#"s+ 0ls#, he
le*iy 2ih 2hi&h s#!e ea&hers a"d le&urers ha"dle e.a!i"ai#"s Dusi$ies su&h
a re@e!phasis+ S#!e #$ he! 2#uld ea&h a&i*ely $#r se*eral !#"hs bu 2he" i
&#!es # e.a!i"ai#"s, hey a;e he ba&;sea, (i*i"( heir Fuesi#"s # ypis #r
2
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
a !esse"(er # pr#du&e se*eral &#pies 2ih#u adeFuae se&uriy+ S#!e 2ill "#
e*e" sh#2 up $#r i"*i(ilai#" 2hile #hers, e*e" pri"&ipals, ha*e bee" &au(h
aidi"( a"d abei"( e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e+ ?#2 !a"y pri"&ipals ha*e b#hered
# prepare 2rie" rules a"d re(ulai#"s $#r e.a!i"ai#"s i" heir s&h##lsG 4here
su&h d#&u!e"s are a*ailable, as i" he u"i*ersiy, h#2 !a"y le&urers are
supplied 2ih &#pies #r h#2 !a"y #$ he! ha*e b#hered # read he!G M#s
pe#ple assu!e ha a"y ea&her sh#uld ;"#2+ ?#2e*er, "# all h#se 2h# ea&h
are rai"ed ea&hers !#s espe&ially i" he u"i*ersiies+ Besides, 2hile s#!e
e.a!i"ai#" rules are &#!!#" a"d #b*i#us, s#!e are pe&uliar # spe&i$i&
i"siui#"s =$#r i"sa"&e, pr#&edure $#r rep#ri"( a"d deali"( 2ih e.a!i"ai#"
!alpra&i&e>+
0"#her i"di&ai#" ha e.a!i"ai#"s are "# re&ei*i"( due ae"i#" i"
!#s i"siui#"s i" Ni(eria is ha he sa!e $a&iliies ha ha*e bee" #*er@
sre&hed a"d rep#red as i"adeFuae a"d "# &#"du&i*e $#r ea&hi"( a"d
e.a!i"ai#"s are le$ u"i!pr#*ed by !#s s&h##l !a"a(ers a"d !ade # be
used $#r de&ades e*e" as sude"s1 e"r#l!e" &#"i"ues # i"&rease+ 'he
i!p#ra"&e #$ s&h##l pla" # e$$e&i*e ea&hi"( a"d lear"i"( has bee" 2ell
sressed i" he lieraure =Olu#la, 16B6E 0deb#yeDe, 1668E O(u"sa"Du, 1660 a"d
Dur#sar#, 166B>+ 7 is h#2e*er eFually i!p#ra" $#r e$$e&i*e &#"du& #$
e.a!i"ai#"s+ M#s s&h##l buildi"(s are h#2e*er i" a sae #$ disrepair apar
$r#! heir i"adeFuae "u!ber a"d siHe a"d heir p##r !ai"e"a"&e =0deb#yeDe,
1660>+ 7 is his ;i"d #$ l##ph#les ha $raudule" sude"s e.pl#i # &hea i"
e.a!i"ai#"s+ S#!ei!es, e.a!i"ai#"s are s# rushed e*e" 2ih i"adeFuae
$a&iliies, ha hey l#se heir !ea"i"(+ ?appily he U"i*ersiy O$ La(#s re&e"ly
br#;e he u(ly &y&le by blaHi"( he rail 2he" i #pe"ed $#r use a !uli@purp#se
hall 2ih a &apa&iy $#r ,000 seas ha 2#uld ser*e as le&ure heare a"d e.a!
hall apar $r#! #her uses+ 0&&#rdi"( O!##la =2000> Ihe pr#De& represe"s he
U"i*ersiy ad!i"israi#"1s resp#"se # he i"&reasi"( pr#ble! #$ e.a!i"ai#"
!alpra&i&e a"d u"&#"du&i*e a!#sphere $#r 2rii"(, e.a!i"ai#"sI =p+ 26>+ 7"
&#"ras is he siuai#" a he Bayer# U"i*ersiy, 5a"# 2here sude"s re&e"ly
issued a Ihree day uli!au!I # he U"i*ersiy1s auh#riy I# pr#*ide adeFuae
$ur"iure i" le&ure r##!s #r $a&e a b#y&# #$ he $irs se!eser e.a!i"ai#"s+
I=he ?erald, 2000, p+ 66>+ Despie he i!p#ra"&e #$ e.a!i"ai#"s a"d da"(er
p#sed by e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e, i appears 2riers a"d resear&hers ha*e (i*e"
lile #r "# ae"i#" # he issue #$ !a"a(i"( e.a!i"ai#"s pre$erri"( # bla!e
C
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
sude"s $#r e*eryhi"( ha (#es 2r#"(+ 'he purp#se #$ his ari&le here$#re is
#/
1+ E.plai" e.a!i"ai#" as a !a"a(e!e" $u"&i#"E
2+ 7de"i$y a"d dis&uss he r#le #$ e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ersE
C+ Prese" he resul #$ a re&e" sur*ey #" !a"a(e!e" di!e"si#" #$
e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e a"dE
8+ Ma;e su((esi#"s $#r e$$e&i*e !a"a(e!e" #$ e.a!i"ai#"s+
7 is h#ped ha his paper 2ill se"siise s&h##l !a"a(ers a"d he ea&hers
=he e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers> i"# (i*i"( e.a!i"ai#"s all he &are a"d
seri#us"ess hey deser*e bu are s# !u&h la&;i"( i" !a"y i"siui#"s+
E4amina1i!n as a Mana5%m%n1 Fun31i!n
0s !e"i#"ed earlier, e.a!i"ai#"s li;e ea&hi"(, deser*e &are$ul
ha"dli"( by h#se i" &har(e+ Li;e ea&hi"( als#, i is Fuie a!e"able # !#s
ele!e"s #$ !a"a(e!e" "a!ely/ pla""i"(, #r(a"isi"(, super*isi"(, e*aluai"(,
e&+
67 0lannin5.- E.a!i"ai#"s, li;e ea&hi"( "eed # be pla""ed+ Pla""i"(
e.a!i"ai#"s sh#uld be par #$ he #*erall sh#r a"d l#"( ra"(e pla" #$ s&h##ls
a all le*els+ Su&h pla"s i"*#l*e a $#re&as #$ s&h##l a&i*iies $#r a er! #r a
se!eser a"d a sessi#"+ Pla""i"( "#r!ally i"*#l*es sei"( (#als a"d #bDe&i*es,
as 2ell as ide"i$yi"( "eeds $#r e$$e&i*e ea&hi"( a"d lear"i"( $#r he pr#De&ed
peri#d by a;i"( a l##; a he pas a"d $#re&asi"( he $uure+ 7 2ill spe&i$i&ally
i"&lude sipulai"( he "u!ber #$ 2ee;s $#r ea&hi"( a"d e.a!i"ai#", he dae
he laer 2#uld be(i" a"d e"d, he subDe&s #r &#urses # be au(h, 2h# ea&hes
2ha, a"d he ype a"d daes $#r &#@&urri&ular a&i*iies 2hi&h he pari&ular
s&h##l 2#uld e"(a(e i"+ 7" !#s s&h##ls, e.a!i"ai#"s usually &#!e up 2ihi"
he las 2# 2ee;s #$ he er! #r se!eser a"d he sessi#"+ ?#2e*er, hese
pla"s, li;e a"y #her ype #$ pla""i"( are si!ply pr#De&i#"s i"# he $uure # be
i!ple!e"ed i$ all hi"(s (# 2ell+ 7" #ur prese" edu&ai#"al siuai#", i is !#re
usual $#r hi"(s # (# 2r#"( a"d disrup s&h##l pla"s ha" $#r he s&h##l pla" #
pr#&eed s!##hly+ Due # sri;e a&i#" by ea&hers #r sude"s1 disurba"&es,
s&h##ls ha*e bee" &l#sed *ery #$e" a"d pla"s ha*e had # be re@arra"(ed 2ih
daes shi$ed+ )#r i"sa"&e, he U"i*ersiy #$ ll#ri" had # shi$ is re&e"ly held
se&#"d se!eser e.a!i"ai#" daes 2i&e =2001> due # sri;es by he a&ade!i&
sa$$ 2hile he hird #"e 2as #"ly a*ered by !a;i"( aler"ai*e arra"(e!e"s $#r
8
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
ypi"( #$ Fuesi#"s due # a sri;e by he sa$$+
Pla""i"( a" e.a!i"ai#" d#es "# e"d 2ih Dus $#re&asi"( daes
a&i*iies+ 7 is als# "e&essary # ide"i$y a"d &lari$y be$#re ha"d h#2 !a"y
sude"s 2ill be sii"( $#r a pari&ular &#urse #r subDe&, he halls #r &lassr##!s
# use a"d deer!i"e 2heher he spa&e a"d $ur"iure $#r sii"( are adeFuae
a"d &#"du&i*e $#r &#"du&i"( a pr#per e.a!i"ai#"+ 7$ "#, i!pr#*e!e" !us be
!ade #r aler"ai*e pla&es pr#*ided+
Pla""i"( 2ill als# i"&lude se&uri"( su$$i&ie" !aerials $#r pr#du&i#" #$
e.a!i"ai#" Fuesi#"s as 2ell as a"s2er s&rips+ 0ls#, a leas 2# 2ee;s # he
e.a!i"ai#", all dra$ Fuesi#"s !us be sub!ied # he ?ead #$ Depar!e" =?+
O+ D+> 2h# sh#uld *e he! a"d super*ise he ypi"( a"d pr#du&i#" #$ e"#u(h
&#pies+ 'here !us be i(h se&uriy $#r he paper a e*ery sa(e pari&ularly a
he ypi"(, dupli&ai"( as 2ell as he pa&;a(i"( sa(es+ 'hey !us als# be (i*e"
adeFuae se&uriy i" he i"er*al # he e.a!i"ai#" dae+ 'he pra&i&e #$ lea*i"(
Fuesi#" papers i" he &are #$ "#"@ea&hi"( sa$$ is 2r#"( si!ply be&ause
e.a!i"ai#"s are purely a&ade!i& sa$$ duies+ 'hey did he ea&hi"( a"d sh#uld
here$#re be abs#luely resp#"sible $#r e*aluai"( heir #2" 2#r; 2ih#u a"y
hi&h+ 7 is a r#le ha hey sh#uld (uide Deal#usly+ Prepari"( he e.a!i"ai#"
i!eable is als# par #$ he pla""i"( pr#&ess+
87 O25anisin5.- 'his i"*#l*es assi("i"( i"*i(ila#rs # *ari#us e.a!i"ai#"
halls i" su$$i&ie" "u!ber a"d spe&i$yi"( he &#urses #r subDe&s hey 2ill
i"*i(ilae as 2ell as he i!e $#r i"*i(ilai#"+ 'he "u!ber #$ sude"s #$$eri"( he
subDe&s #r he &#urse sh#uld (uide he e.a!i"ai#" #$$i&er #r he sub@Dea" =i"
he &ase #$ u"i*ersiies> i" b#h r##! a"d i"*i(ila#r all#&ai#"+ 0ll hese 2#uld
be re$le&ed #" he i!eable+
37 C3!-!2&ina1in5.- )#r s!##h &#"du& #$ e.a!i"ai#"s, here !us be
e$$e&i*e &#@#rdi"ai#" espe&ially # a*#id &lashes be2ee" 2# #r !#re papers
ru""i"( &#"&urre"ly $#r he sa!e se #$ sude"s+ %#@#rdi"ai#" 2ill i"*#l*e
&reai"( a rallyi"( p#i" 2here all a&i*iies &#""e&ed 2ih he e.a!i"ai#"s are
&e"red+ 7 2ill spe&i$i&ally &#@#rdi"ae he a&i*iies #$ i"*i(ila#rs, &lear
&#"$usi#"s #r pr#ble!s, disribue Fuesi#"s # he i"*i(ila#rs, re&ei*e a"s2er
s&rips a he e"d #$ ea&h paper a"d disribue he! # he ea&hers &#"&er"ed
$#r !ar;i"( #r # he ?+O+D+ 0" e.a!i"ai#" #$$i&er app#i"ed by he ?+ O+ D+ #r a
Sub@Dea" !ay per$#r! he $u"&i#"+ Su&h a &#@#rdi"a#r !us (# r#u"d he
e.a!i"ai#" halls # see ha he e.a!i"ai#" is (#i"( #" as pla""ed #r address
,
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
a"y pr#ble! rep#red # hi!
47 Su9%2:isin5 ;In:i5ila1in57.- 7"*i(ilai"( is he pr#&ess #$ #*erseei"( a"
e.a!i"ai#" 2hile i" pr#(ress+ 7 sars 2ih he &he&;i"(@i" #$ sude"s a"d e"ds
2he" a"s2er s&rips are &#lle&ed $r#! sude"s a"d sub!ied se&urely # he
&#@#rdi"a#r #$ he e.a!i"ai#"+ 7 als# i"*#l*es seei"( # i ha he e.a!i"ai#"
pr#&eeds s!##hly i" he hall a"d &heai"( by a"y !ea"s d#es "# #&&ur+ 'his
sa(e is a s#re p#i" i" he e.a!i"ai#" pr#&ess+ E.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e a;es
pla&e !#sly a his sa(e 2ih sude"s e.pl#ri"( all s#rs #$ a&i&s i"&ludi"(
1(ira$$i"(1, passi"( papers ar#u"d, i!pers#"ai#", lea*i"( papers #pe" $#r #hers
# &#py, e&+ =Olashei"de+ 166C> #r e*e" dru((i"( heir ea&hers # sleep duri"(
i"*i(ilai#" ='he :uardia", 2000>+ 7"*i(ila#rs ha*e als# bee" &au(h assisi"(
sude"s 2hile s#!e are (uily #$ "e(li(e"&e #$ duies =e+(+ readi"( "e2spapers
#r "#*els, (#i"( #u #$ he e.a!i"ai#" hall 2ih#u a subsiue, al;i"(, e&+>+
7"*i(ilai#" de!a"ds a l# #$ *i(ila"&e a"d &#!!i!e"+ Vi(ila"&e i" he
super*isi#" #$ a" e.a! i"*#l*es/
a> %he&;i"( &are$ully sude"s1 ide"iy &ards a"d e.a!i"ai#" &ards #
as&erai" ha here is "# i!pers#"ai#"E
b> %he&;i"( h#r#u(hly sude"s1 p#&;es a"d $e!ales1 d#uble 2rappers #
e"sure "# e.ra"e#us paper is a;e" i" # e.a!i"ai#" +hall/
&> E"suri"( ha ba(s a"d $ile Da&;e, purses, e.b##;s, "#es, e&+ are "#
a;e" i"side+
d> E"suri"( ha seai"( arra"(e!e" is d#"e i" a 2ay ha here is e"#u(h
spa&e be2ee" #"e sude" a"d he #her # pre*e" I(ira$$i"(I ha is, peepi"(
i"# s#!eb#dy else1s paper+ 4he" sude"s are (i*i"( he $reed#! # arra"(e
he!sel*es, he $raudule" #"es 2ill e.pl#i i # &hea+ 7deally, ea&h sea is # be
pre@"u!bered 2ih sude"1s e.a! #r !ari&ulai#" "u!bers s# ha ea&h sude"
&a" si!ply #&&upy his #2" sea+ 7"*i(ila#rs sh#uld !#*e r#u"d he hall a"d "#
# si i" #"e pla&e hr#u(h#u+
e> Ma;i"( sure ha &#lle&i#" #$ a"s2er s&rips is d#"e i" a" #rderly !a""er
#her2ise s#!e sude"s &a" sill &hea a his sa(e/
7 is i!p#ra" ha *i(ila"&e is !ai"ai"ed hr#u(h#u as $raudule"
sude"s bid heir i!e a"d 2ai $#r he bes #pp#ru"iy # &arry #u heir pla"s+
7"*#l*i"( "#"@ea&hi"( sa$$ #r #her sude"s i" he super*isi#" #$ e.a!i"ai#"s
is 2r#"(+
<
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
57 E:alua1i!n.- 'he purp#se #$ a"y e*aluai#" is # deer!i"e 2ha has
bee" a&hie*ed+ 7" his &ase i i"*#l*es a &rii&al assess!e" #$ he 2h#le pr#&ess
#$ he &#"du& #$ he e.a!i"ai#" 2ih a *ie2 # ide"i$yi"( sre"(hs a"d
2ea;"esses+ 'he e.a!i"ai#" #$$i&er #r he sub@dea" sh#uld prepare a rep#r
a$er ea&h e.a!, 2hi&h 2ill be prese"ed a he depar!e"al #r s&h##l #r $a&uly
!eei"( $#r dis&ussi#"+ Su&h a rep#r sh#uld &#"ai" seps a;e" # #r(a"ise he
e.a!i"ai#"s, pr#ble!s #r hi&hes e"&#u"ered #r rep#red as 2ell as
su((esi#"s $#r i!pr#*e!e"+ Oher ea&hers &#uld raise heir #bser*ai#"s a"d
!a;e su((esi#"s as 2ell+ 7" hi(her i"siui#"s, e.a!i"ai#" rep#rs (# $urher
# he hi(her le*el #$ de&isi#"@!a;i"( 2here he resuls are rai$ied be$#re bei"(
released # sude"s, ha is, he Se"ae &haired by he Vi&e %ha"&ell#r #r he
0&ade!i& B#ard %haired by he Pr#*#s #r he Re&#r i" %#lle(es #$ Edu&ai#"
a"d he P#lye&h"i&, respe&i*ely+ )ar rea&hi"( de&isi#"s &a" be a;e" a his
le*el $#r i!pr#*e!e" i" $uure e.a!i"ai#"s =e+(+ &#"sru&i"( addii#"al
&lassr##!, a!#"( #hers>+ 4h# he" are e.a! !a"a(ers a"d 2ha r#le d# hey
play i"di*iduallyG
E4amina1i!n Mana5%2s an& 1'%i2 ,!l%. T'% *ni:%2si1y %4am9l%.
'he pri!ary assi("!e" #$ a"y s&h##l is # ea&h a"d e.a!i"e+ 0"
e.a!i"er is s#!e#"e 2h# ess ;"#2led(e #r abiliy+ 'here$#re, all ea&hers are
e.a!i"ers Bu !a"a(i"( a" e.a!i"ai#" is a br#ader r#le ha" e.a!i"i"( =i+e+
sei"( Fuesi#"s a"d !ar;i"(>+ Ma"a(i"( e.a!i"ai#"s as !e"i#"ed earlier,
i"*#l*es pla""i"(, i!ple!e"ai#" a"d e*aluai#" #$ he 2h#le e.a!i"ai#"
pr#&ess+ 0" e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(er is s#!e#"e 2h# by *irue #$ his #$$i&ial
resp#"sibiliy is &#""e&ed, i" #"e 2ay #r he #her, 2ih pla""i"( a"d e.e&ui"(
e.a!i"ai#"s $#r 2hi&h he is a&&#u"able+ 'here$#re, all ea&hers a"d s&h##l
heads are e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers, ea&h playi"( spe&i$i& r#le a *ari#us sa(es #$
&#"du&i"( a" e.a!i"ai#"+
'he r#le #$ e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers is h#2e*er a hea*ily dele(aed #"e,
=i" a d#2"2ard $l#2 #$ &#!!u"i&ai#"> i" 2hi&h all he a&ade!i& sa$$ are
i"*#l*ed 2ih *ari#us resp#"sibiliies+ )#r i"sa"&e, i" he U"i*ersiies,
e.a!i"ai#" !aerials are "#r!ally pr#*ided by he Vi&e %ha"&ell#r =V%+> 2h#
releases $u"ds $#r heir pur&hase, passed #*er # he Dea" 2h# disribues he!
# he *ari#us ?eads #$ Depar!e" =?+O+D+> $#r heir #2" le&urers use
?#2e*er, a&&#u"abiliy $#r e.a!i"ai#"s $l#2s up2ard hr#u(h he sa!e
3
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
#$$i&ers+ 'he spe&i$i& resp#"sibiliies #$ ea&h e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(er i" Ni(eria"
u"i*ersiies are prese"ed bel#2 h#u(h here !ay be sli(h *ariai#"s $r#! #"e
u"i*ersiy # a"#her+
;a7 T'% -i3% C'an3%ll!2. 'he V% is he &hie$ e.e&ui*e he"&e he
a&&#u"i"( a"d rep#ri"( #$$i&er #$ he U"i*ersiy+ ?e is he &hair!a" #$ Se"ae,
he hi(hes auh#riy #" a&ade!i& !aers+ ?e here$#re has #*erall resp#"sibiliy
a"d re!ai"s a&&#u"able $#r all ea&hi"( a&i*iies i"&ludi"( e.a!s 2hi&h are his
pri!ary assi("!e" as i"deed ha #$ a"y s&h##l head =O(u"saDu, 16BC a"d
7Daiya, 1661>+ ?is r#le i"&ludes e"suri"( ha/
i+ e.a!i"ai#" daes are $i.ed 2ell ahead #$ i!e by se"aeE
ii+ !aerials are !ade a*ailable $#r he preparai#" #$ Fuesi#"s, !ar;i"(
a"d re&#rdi"( #$ (rades as 2ell as s&ripsE
iii+ all rules a"d re(ulai#"s (uidi"( e.a!i"ai#"s are 2ell d#&u!e"ed a"d
released # all le&urers a"d sude"s ahead #$ he e.a!i"ai#"E
i*+ e.a!i"ai#" halls a"d $ur"iure are a*ailable a"d &#"du&i*e $#r
e.a!i"ai#"sE
*+ le&urers a"d sude"s are ready $#r a hi&h@$ree e.a!i"ai#"E
*i+ a"s2er s&rips are !ar;ed #" i!e, resuls are prese"ed, dis&ussed a"d
appr#*ed by he Se"aeE
*ii+ E.a!i"ai#"s rep#r are prese"ed #" he $l##r #$ Se"ae a"d dis&ussed
$#r "e&essary de&isi#"s # be a;e" e+(+ &ases #$ e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e,
pr#ble!s #$ seai"( arra"(e!e", a!#"( #hers+
*iii+ De&isi#"s a;e" by Se"ae are i!ple!e"ed+
.i+ Re&ei*es e.a!i"ai#" resuls #$ he $a&ulies #" he $l##r #$ Se"ae a"d
2ih #her !e!bers, (i*es appr#*al # deser*i"( sude"s+
?#2e*er, s#!e #$ he r#les #$ he V+ %+ are dele(aed d#2"2ard # he
Dea"s, ?+O+Ds+ a"d he i"*i(ila#rs h#u(h he re!ai"s a&&#u"able+
;"7 T'% )%an. 'he &hie$ e.a!i"er #$ his )a&uly bei"( he a&&#u"i"( a"d
rep#ri"( #$$i&er #$ he )a&uly+ ?e 2#r;s 2ih a"d hr#u(h he Sub@Dea" #
e"sure a hi&h@$ree e.a!i"ai#"+ 'he $a&uly &arries #u is #2" pla""i"( a"d
#r(a"ises he i"*i(ila#rs $#r he e.a!i"ai#"+ 'he Dea" re!ai"s a&&#u"able $#r
e.a!i"ai#"s i" his #2" )a&uly+
'he r#le #$ he Dea" as $ar as e.a!i"ai#"s are &#"&er"ed is # e"sure ha/
i+ 'he )a&uly !a;es adeFuae preparai#" # !ee he dae se $#r he
e.a!i"ai#" by Se"ae by prepari"( he e.a! i!eable a"d &#lle&i"( he
!aerials released by he V+%+ $#r e.a!i"ai#" purp#sesE
B
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
ii+ E.a!i"ai#" i!eable rea&hes he sude"s a"d le&urers a leas 2#
2ee;s be$#re &#!!e"&e!e"E
iii+ E.a!i"ai#" !aerials are disribued # all depar!e"s early e"#u(h $#r
preparai#" #$ Fuesi#" papersE
i*+ E.a!i"ai#" hals are adeFuae i" "u!ber a"d &#"du&i*e $#r e.a!i"ai#"
=e+(+ 2ell li(hed, spa&es be2ee" e.a!i"ees, *e"ilaed, e&+>
*+ 'he $ur"iure are e"#u(h # a&&#!!#dae he sude"s &#!$#rablyE *i+
Ea&h paper is 2ell i"*i(ilaedE
*ii+ U"i*ersiy rules a"d re(ulai#"s (uidi"( he &#"du& #$ e.a!i"ai#"s are
sri&ly #bser*edE
*iii+ E*eryhi"( is u"der &#"r#l by (#i"( r#u"d he e.a!i"ai#" halls
#&&asi#"allyE
i.+ Mar;i"( is d#"e #" i!e, resuls are prepared a"d prese"ed # he
)a&uly B#ard #$ E.a!i"ers 2hi&h he &hairs a"d appr#*ed $#r #"2ard
prese"ai#" # he Se"aeE
J 'he Dea" als# prese" resuls #$ his )a&uly #" he $l##r #$ he Se"ae
a"d see;s $i"al appr#*alE
.i+ Dire&s ?+O+Ds+ # release resuls # he sude"sE
.ii+ E*aluae he pr#&ess #$ he e.a!i"ai#" by re&ei*i"( he rep#r $r#! he
Sub@Dea", prese" i a he )a&uly !eei"( $#r dis&ussi#" a"d su((esi#"s $#r
i!pr#*e!e",
.iii+ Ses up a pa"el # i"*esi(ae &ases #$ e.a!i"ai#" !is&#"du& rep#red
# hi! by he &hie$ i"*i(ila#r+
;37 T'% =%a& ! )%9a21m%n1 ;=.O.)7. ?e is als# a &hie$ e.a!i"ai#"
!a"a(er bei"( he a&&#u"i"( a"d rep#ri"( #$$i&er #$ his depar!e"+ 'he
?+O+D+ 2#r;s 2ih a"d hr#u(h he e.a!i"ai#" #$$i&er #$ his depar!e"
=app#i"ed by hi!> # e"sure ha/
i+ ?is depar!e"al e.a!i"ai#" i!eable is prepared a"d &ir&ulaed 2ell
ahead #$ he e.a!i"ai#"+ 7$ he i!eable is &e"rally &#"r#lled by he )a&uly,
he e"sures ha all &#urses h#u(h by his depar!e" are a&&#!!#daed #" he
i!eableE
ii+ Le&urers prepared heir Fuesi#"s a"d !ar;i"( s&he!e a"d sub!i #
hi! $#r *ei"(E
iii+ 'he Fuesi#"s are yped a"d e"#u(h &#pies pr#du&ed a"d sa$ely par;ed,
ready $#r he e.a!i"ai#"E
6
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
i*+ 0deFuae se&uriy is (i*e" # he Fuesi#" papers be$#re he paper is
2rie"E
*+ E.a!i"ai#" halls are &#"du&i*e i" er!s #$ spa&e, $ur"iure a"d li(hE
*i+ 9uesi#" papers a"d a"s2er s&rips $#r he depar!e" rea&h he e.a!
hall #" i!eE
*ii+ 0ll e.a!i"ai#" rules a"d re(ulai#"s are adhered #E
*iii+ Se&uriy is pr#*ided $#r all a"s2er s&rips a he e"d #$ ea&h paperE
i.+ ?e &alls a depar!e"al !eei"( # #bai" i"$#r!ai#" ab#u he &#"du&
#$ he e.a!i"ai#" as i a$$e&s his depar!e", s# as # !a;e adDus!e"s i$
"e&essary $#r $uure e.a!i"ai#"sE
.+ 0"s2er s&rips are pr#!ply !ar;ed, s&#res &#llaed a"d prese"ed # he
depar!e" $#r appr#*alE
.i+ 'he ?+O+D+ he" prese"s he resuls a"d see;s appr#*al a he )a&uly
B#ard #$ E.a!i"ers1 !eei"(E
.ii+ Sub!i appr#*ed resuls # he Dea" $#r prese"ai#" a"d appr#*al by he
Se"ae+
;&7 T'% In:i5ila1!2s. 'hese are als# e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers by *irue #$
heir i!p#ra" r#le i" he i!ple!e"ai#" #$ e.a!i"ai#"s+ Resear&h $i"di"(s
sh#2 ha sude"s e!pl#y *ari#us ypes #$ !eh#ds #r syles # &hea i" he
e.a!i"ai#" hall =Olasei"de, 166C>+ 7 is hr#u(h he *i(ila"&e #$ he i"*i(ila#rs
ha su&h &heai"( &a" be pre*e"ed+
'he r#le #$ a" i"*i(ila#r be(i"s 2ih a pr#!p arri*al i" he e.a! hall a"d
i"&ludes/
i+ %arryi"( #u adeFuae &he&;i"( #$ sude"s be$#re ad!issi#" i"# he
e.a!i"ai#" hall =i+e+ ide"iy &ards>E
ii+ 0rra"(i"( sude"s &are$ully # pre*e" &heai"(E
iii+ E"suri"( ha all e.a!i"ai#" rules a"d re(ulai#"s (uidi"( sude"s1
beha*i#ur are #beyed =e+(+ sude"s 2h# &#!e # he e.a!i"ai#" hall hiry
!i"ues a$er i sared sh#uld "# be all#2ed i" e.&ep by he appr#*al #$ he
&hie$ i"*i(ila#r>E
i*+ Displayi"( adeFuae *i(ila"&e # $#resall a& #$ &heai"(E
*+ E"suri"( ha all sude"s si(" he ae"da"&e re(iser be$#re lea*i"( he
e.a!i"ai#" hallE
*i+ Disribui"( Fuesi#" papers a"d a"s2er s&rips # sude"sE
10
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
*ii+ M#*i"( r#u"d he hall # e"sure ha "# sude" is &heai"( a"d ae"di"(
# sude"s1 "eeds =e+(+ e.ra papers>E
*iii+ %#lle&i"( a"d pa&;i"( all a"s2er s&rips $#r sub!issi#" # he
e.a!i"ai#" &#@#rdi"a#r
7$ all e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers play heir r#les as e"u!eraed e.a!i"ai#"
abuse is "# li;ely # #&&ur+ Bu he $a& ha e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e is "#2 a
&#!!#" $eaure i" #ur edu&ai#"al syse! sh#2s ha s#!ehi"( is 2r#"( 2ih
he !a"a(e!e" #$ #ur e.a!i"ai#"s+ 0 re&e" sur*ey by his 2rier e.pl#red he
r#le #$ !a"a(e!e" i" he 2h#le sa(a #$ e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e a"d he resul
is prese"ed i" 'able 1+
0!ssi"l% S1a5%s ! E4amina1i!n mal92a31i3%. 1'% ,%sul1 ! a ,%3%n1 Su2:%y
'he Fuesi#""aire sur*ey 2as &#"du&ed i" he )a&uly #$ Edu&ai#",
U"i*ersiy #$ N#r! 2ih he ai! #$ $i"di"( #u he sa(e i" he e.a!i"ai#"
pr#&ess a 2hi&h e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e is !#sly perperaed i" su&h i"er"al
e.a!i"ai#"s 'he sa!ple &#"sised #$ 2, ra"d#!ly sele&ed le&urers a"d 220
sude"s+ 'he i"sru!e" 2as a resear&her@!ade Fuesi#""aire, 2hi&h &#"sised
#$ 10 sele&ed sa(es hr#u(h 2hi&h e.a!i"ai#" Fuesi#"s pass, $r#! he
le&urers 2h# se he! # he $i"al sa(e #$ !ar;i"( 'he resp#"de"s 2ere
reFuired # ra"; he! based #" he #rder #$ i!p#ra"&e $r#! =1Khe !#s
p#ssible sa(e> # e" =10Khe eas p#ssible sa(e>+ 'he e" sele&ed ie!s
&#*ered *ari#us sa(es #$ he i!ple!e"ai#" #$ e.a!i"ai#"s 'hree le&urers i"
he )a&uly #$ Edu&ai#" as&erai"ed he *alidiy #$ he Fuesi#""aire a"d he
reliabiliy deer!i"ed by usi"( Pears#" !#!e" &#rrelai#" &#e$$i&ie" $#r!ula
yielded 0+61+ 'he daa 2as &#lle&ed duri"( he re&e"ly held se&#"d se!eser
e.a!i"ai#" =2001>+ 'he resul is prese"ed i" 'able 1+
11
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
'able 1/
Ra"; #rder &#rrelai#", usi"( Pears#"1s r, #$ le&urers1 a"d sude"s1 #pi"i#"
#" sa(es 2he" e.a! !alpra&i&e is !#sly perperaed+

N K 2, N K 2,0
7e!s Le&urers Sude"s d
2
d
2

J A
1+ Le&urer1s e"d =his able, a&i#"s, uera"&es> B 6, @1+, 2+2,
2+ Duri"( ypi"( #$ Fuesi#"s =ypiss e"d> 2+, 2 0+, 0+2,
C+ Duri"( dupli&ai"( #$ Fuesi#" papers 2+, C, @1 1+00
8+ 5eepi"( #$ Fuesi#"s a$er dupli&ai#" , C+, 1+, 2+2,
,+ Sii"( arra"(e!e" i" he e.a!i"ai#" hall 1 1 0+0 0+0
6+ P##r i"*i(ilai#" due # i"adeFuae i"*i(ila#rs 6 3 @1 1+0
3+ La&; #$ *i(ila"&e by i"*i(ila#rs 3 , 2 8+0
B+ Sa(e #$ &#lle&i"( a"s2er s&rips i" he hall 8 6 @2 8+0
6+ Duri"( !ar;i"( #$ a"s2er s&rips 6 B 1 1+0
10+ 'a!peri"( 2ih (rades sub!ied by le&urers 10 6+, 0+, 0+2,
6 d
2 +
PK 1 L"="
2
@ 1>
6.2,6 +
P K 1 L28,.60028
1,C6 +
P K @1@ 1880,36
P K 1 @ 0+001 K 0+06
'he resul prese"ed i" 'able 1 sh#2s a hi(h &#rrelai#" #$ 0+06 be2ee"
he #pi"i#" #$ le&urers a"d sude"s #" he !#s p#ssible sa(e duri"( 2hi&h
e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e is perperaed+ 0&&#rdi"( # he!, sii"( arra"(e!e", a
purely !a"a(e!e" resp#"sibiliy, ra";ed "u!ber #"e $#r e.a!i"ai#"
!alpra&i&e+ 'his $i"di"( &#"$ir!s Olasei"deMs =166C> $i"di"(s ha sude"s use
*ari#us ypes #$ &heai"( e&h"iFues a his sa(e+ 7"adeFuae halls a"d
&lassr##!s, $ur"iure a"d i"*i(ila#rs are !#sly he $a&#rs aidi"( sude"s
e"de"&y # &hea+ 7"adeFuae s&h##l pla" a"d p##r !ai"e"a"&e #$ e.isi"(
12
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
#"es are he ba"e #$ e$$e&i*e ea&hi"( a" $raud@$ree e.a!i"ai#" i" !a"y
Ni(eria" s&h##ls+ 7"*i(ilai"( :e"eral Sudies &#urse #r Spe&ial Ele&i*es a"d
)a&uly@based &#re &#urses is a har#2i"( e.perie"&e $#r le&urers+ O"e
i"*i(ila#r has # #*ersee a hall 2ih C00 sude"s+ 7"adeFuae i"*i(ila#rs pre*e"
he spreadi"( #$ sude"s # &lassr##! i" #her $a&ulies a$er all spa&es i" he
)a&uly #$ Edu&ai#" ha*e bee" $illed+
0ls#E ra";ed si("i$i&a" =se&#"d a"d hird pla&es> as li;ely sa(es #$
e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e are he ypi"( a"d dupli&ai"( sa(es+ 'his is als# a
!a"a(e!e" issue+ )raudule" ypis &a" !e!#rise s#!e Fuesi#"s #r ;ey
2#rds, seal he &arb#" #" he se"&ils #r a dupli&ae &#py #$ he Fuesi#" paper
&are$ully #ssed i" # he dusbi" as a r#u(h paper a he dupli&ai"( sa(e+ 'his
$i"di"( i"di&aes i"se&uriy #$ he Fuesi#" papers a"d a" i"di&!e" #$ he ypis
a"d e.a!i"ai#" #$$i&er #r he ?+O+D 2here*er i #&&urs+ 'his is "# a "e2
pr#ble! as s#!e hi(her i"siui#"s ha*e dis&#*ered his &#"dui $#r e.a!i"ai#"
lea;a(e duri"( i"*esi(ai#" #$ e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e i" he pas+ O"e !eh#d
"#2 ad#ped by !a"y depar!e"s # $#resall !e!#risi"( #$ Fuesi#" paper is
# ype all Fuesi#"s i" #"e day+ ?#2e*er, ha !easure is "# $##lpr##$ as #her
!ea"s #$ &heai"( &a" sill be ad#ped+ 7e! 6 a"d 3 #" he Fuesi#""aire ha*e
# d# 2ih he Fualiy #$ *i(ila"&e by i"*i(ila#rs+ 'he ra";i"( #$ b#h ie!s =1p##r
i"*i(ilai"( due # i"adeFuae i"*i(ila#rs1 a"d la&; #$ *i(ila"&e by i"*i(ila#rs>, as
6 a"d 3 a"d 3 a"d , respe&i*ely by b#h le&urers a"d sude"s &a" be re(arded
as a*era(e+ 'his !ay appear &#"radi&#ry # he ra";i"( #$ seai"( arra"(e!e"
as he p#ssible sa(e #$ &heai"(, bu !ay als# su((es ha i"*i(ila#rs are ryi"(
heir bes 2ihi" he li!is all#2ed by #*er@&r#2ded e.a!i"ai#" halls+ 'he
ra";i"( #$ ie! B su((ess ha i is sill p#ssible $#r sude"s # &hea a he sa(e
#$ &#lle&i"( heir a"s2er s&rips+ 'his is usually p#ssible i" lar(e &lasses 2hi&h
are s#!ei!es r#2dy a"d he &r#2d al!#s i!p#ssible # &#"r#l a i!es a his
sa(e+
'h#u(h he sur*ey ra";ed he le&urers l#2 i" e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e
=ei(h by le&urers a"d "i"e by sude"s>, hey 2ere "# &#!pleely e.#"eraed+ 0
$e2 resp#"de"s e*e" ra";ed he! "u!ber #"e+ Besides, he $a& ha he
preparai#" #$ Fuesi#"s is heir resp#"sibiliy !ea"s ha hey are a&&#u"able i$
here is a lea;a(e a he ypi"( #r dupli&ai#" sa(es+
1C
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
C!n3lusi!ns an& ,%3!mm%n&a1i!ns
S# !u&h ae"i#" has bee" &#"&e"raed #" e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e i" Ni(eria
2ih lile #r "# ae"i#" #" h#2 # !a"a(e a su&&ess$ul $raud@$ree e.a!i"ai#"+
E.a!i"ai#" is he resp#"sibiliy #$ s&h##l !a"a(e!e" Dus li;e ea&hi"(+ 7 has
i!pli&ai#" $#r s&h##l pla" pla""i"( as 2ell as pers#""el !a"a(e!e" as
dis&ussed i" his paper+ 7" spie #$ is i!p#ra"&e espe&ially i" !a;i"( de&isi#"s
ab#u !a"y aspe&s #$ he edu&ai#" syse!, i has #*er he years bee" de"ied
due ae"i#" espe&ially i" i!e all#&ai#" a"d &are$ul pla""i"( a"d
i!ple!e"ai#"+ 'his laisseH@$aire aiude is als# !a"i$esed i" i"adeFuae
pr#*isi#" #$ e.a!i"ai#" halls, p##r a"d i"su$$i&ie" $ur"iure as 2ell as p##r
i"*i(ilai#"+ 'his is 2hy e.a!i"ai#" $raud is #" he i"&rease+ E*e" u"i*ersiies,
2hi&h sh#uld se e.a!ples, are eFually (uily+ 'hese #bser*ai#"s are supp#red
by he resul #$ he sur*ey prese"ed i" his ari&le a"d si!ilar $i"di"(s #$ earlier
sudies+ 'his &#"siues a" i"di&!e" #$ le&urers a"d u"i*ersiy !a"a(e!e"
2h# &#lle&i*ely are e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers a"d 2h#se duies i is # !a;e
adeFuae pr#*isi#" #$ spa&e, $ur"iure, i"*i(ila#rs a"d se&uriy $#r e*ery
e.a!i"ai#"+ 'he &#"e"i#" #$ his paper is ha e.a!i"ai#" $raud i!plies p##r
!a"a(e!e"+ '# pre*e" e.a!i"ai#" $raud here$#re, e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers
!us be held a&&#u"able+ 'he !aD#r $a&#rs !iliai"( a(ai"s $raud@$ree
e.a!i"ai#" i" his &#u"ry are he i"abiliy #$ he (#*er"!e" # i!ple!e"
rep#rs a"d re&#!!e"dai#"s by s&h##l i"spe&#rs, resear&hers a"d &#"&er"ed
publi& ab#u he ur(e"&y #$ adeFuaely $u"di"( he edu&ai#" se&#rs # &aer $#r
i!pr#*e!e" #$ s&h##l pla"+ 'he appare" la&; #$ a&&#u"abiliy i" he &#"du&
#$ e.a!i"ai#"s is a"#her &ru&ial $a&#r+ )#r e$$e&i*e !a"a(e!e" #$
e.a!i"ai#"s, he $#ll#2i"( re&#!!e"dai#"s are 2#rh &#"sideri"(/
1+ E.a!i"ai#" !a"a(ers a"d heir r#les !us be &learly spe&i$ied i" 2rii"(
a"d be !ade a&&#u"able $#r a"y lapses i" he &#"du& #$ a"y
e.a!i"ai#",
2+ O*er@&r#2ded"ess i" e.a!i"ai#" halls !us be a&;led seri#usly by
s&h##l pr#prie#rs, :#*er"!e" #r pri*ae, hr#u(h #al #*erhaul #$ s&h##l
buildi"(s a"d $ur"iureE
C+ Sa"&i#"s !us be i!p#sed #" a"y e.a!i"ai#" !a"a(er, $#u"d 2a"i"(
i" he per$#r!a"&e #$ his duies, $#r i"sa"&e, a" i"*i(ila#rE
8+ Rules a"d re(ulai#"s (uidi"( a"y e.a!i"ai#" !us be 2rie" &learly
a"d &ir&ulaed # all sude"s a"d le&urersE
18
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
,+ E.a!i"ai#" !us be pr#perly pla""ed 2ih e"#u(h i!e s# ha here 2ill
be "# $ire bri(ade appr#a&hE
6+ M#re le&urers sh#uld be e!pl#yed # i!pr#*e he sa"dard #$ ea&hi"(
a"d i"*i(ilai#"E
3+ )i"ally, (##d s&h##l !a"a(e!e" i!plies ha all s&h##l pr#(ra!!es a"d
a&i*iies are 2ell pla""ed a"d e.e&ued+ E.a!i"ai#"s sh#uld "# be a"
e.e!pi#"+ 'hey !us re&ei*e he sa!e elab#rae ae"i#" ha is (e"erally
(i*i"( # ea&hi"(+
,%%2%n3%
0de#yeDe, R+ 0+ =1668>+ (anagement of school physical facilities. 7bada"/
)#u"ai" Publi&ai#"s
0deb#yeDe, R+ 0+ =1668>+ 0 pra&i&al appr#a&h # e$$e&i*e uilisai#" a"d
!ai"e"a"&e #$ physi&al $a&iliies i" se&#"dary s&h##ls+ 7" <+O+ )adipe &
E+ E+ Olu&hu;2u =Eds>,NNEducational planning and administration in
Nigeria in the ")
st
century =pp+ BB@10C>+ 7bada"/ Daily :raphi&s Ld+
0de;ale, 0+ =166C>+ 7"&ide"&e a"d &ause #$ e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e a!#"(
sude"s #$ u"i*ersiy #$ ll#ri"+ *ournal of Educational, 8 =1>, 1B @ 81+
0desi"a, S+ =1660>+ Educational management+ E"u(u/ )#urh Di!e"si#"
Publishi"( %#+ Ld+
0(he"a, <+ 0+ =1666>+ Edu&ai#"al pla""i"( i" he 21s &e"ury+ 7" <+ O+ )adipe &
E+ E+ Olu&hu;2u =Eds+>, Educational planning and administration in
Nigeria+ in the ")
st
century =pp+2 @ 1B>, 7bada"/ Daily :raphi&s Ld+
Dur#sar#, D+O+ =166B> S&h##l pla" !a"a(e!e" pra&i&e i" Ni(eria/ re"ds,
issues a"d pr#ble!s+ 7" 0+ 0+ Ola(b#ye & <+ O+ )adipe =Eds+>
(anagement of Nigerian education+ ,ro-ect monitoring and school plant
maintenance =pp+ ,C@6C>+ O"d#/ N7EP0+
:r#"lu"d, E+ :+ =16B,>+ (easurement and evaluation in teaching. Ne2 A#r;/
Ma&!illa" Publishi"( %#!pa"y+
7Daiya, A+ =166B>+ Eradi&ai"( e.a!i"ai#" !alpra&i&e/ 0 !a&r#@he#rei&al
$ra!e2#r; #pi#"+ Nigerian *ournal of .evelopment Issues+ /ocio,
,olitical and Economics .evelopment, 2 =2>, 32@B,+
O(u"saDu, S+ =16BC>+ Edu&ai#"al super*isi#"/ Perspe&i*es a"d pra&i&es i"
Ni(eria, lle@l$e/ U"i*ersiy #$ 7$e press Ld+
1,
Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian &ni'%rsity
O(u"saDu+ S+ =1660>+ 0 guide to school effectiveness in Nigeria. 7bada"/ La*ille
Publi&ai#"s+
Olasei"de, ) +0+ O+ =166C>+ %heai"( i" e.a!i"ai#"s i" he U"i*ersiy #$ ll#ri"/
syles, &ause a"d re!edies+ Nigerian *ournal of Educational
%oundations. 8=1>, 62 @ 3,+
Olu#la, 0+ D+ =16B6>+ Edu&ai#"al $a&iliies a"d sude"s1 per$#r!a"&e i" 4es
0$ri&a" s&h##l &eri$i&ae e.a!i"ai#"+ International *ournal of
Educational (anagement. 1=1>, 13@28+
O!##la, <+ =2000, M#"day, May 26>+ UN7L0: &#!!issi#"s N18B! !uli@
purp#se hall+ The 1uardian =p+ 26>+
'he ?erald =2000, 4ed"esday, 0pril 26> Bayer# U"i*ersiy (es C@days uli!au!
=pp+ 1@2>+

02!. ;M2s.7 N. Y. S. Ijaiya is in 1'% )%9a21m%n1 ! E&u3a1i!nal Mana5%m%n1>
*ni:%2si1y ! ll!2in.
16