Natural Logarithm - ln(x)

Natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e of a number.

Natural logarithm (ln) definition
Natural logarithm (ln) rules & properties
o Derivative of natural logarithm (ln)
o Integral of natural logarithm (ln)
Graph of ln(x)
Natural logarithms (ln) table
Natural logarithm calculator

Definition of natural logarithm
When
e
y
= x
Then base e logarithm of x is
ln(x) = log
e
(x) = y
The e constant or Euler's number is:
e 2.71828183


Ln as inverse function of exponential function
The natural logarithm function ln(x) is the inverse function of the exponential function e
x
.
For x>0,
f (f
-1
(x)) = e
ln(x)
= x
Or
f
-1
(f (x)) = ln(e
x
) = x







Natural logarithm rules and properties
Rule name Rule Example
Product rule
ln(x y) = ln(x) + ln(y) ln(3 7) = ln(3) + ln(7)
Quotient rule
ln(x / y) = ln(x) - ln(y) ln(3 / 7) = ln(3) - ln(7)
Power rule
ln(x
y
) = y ln(x) ln(2
8
) = 8 ln(2)
ln derivative
f (x) = ln(x) f ' (x) = 1
/ x

ln integral
ln(x)dx = x (ln(x) - 1)
+ C

ln of negative
number
ln(x) is undefined when x
0

ln of zero
ln(0) is undefined



ln of one
ln(1) = 0

ln of infinity
lim ln(x) = ,when x



Logarithm product rule
The logarithm of the multiplication of x and y is the sum of logarithm of x and logarithm of y.
log
b
(x y) = log
b
(x) + log
b
(y)
For example:
log
10
(3 7) = log
10
(3) + log
10
(7)
Logarithm quotient rule
The logarithm of the division of x and y is the difference of logarithm of x and logarithm of y.
log
b
(x / y) = log
b
(x) - log
b
(y)
For example:
log
10
(3 / 7) = log
10
(3) - log
10
(7)
Logarithm power rule
The logarithm of x raised to the power of y is y times the logarithm of x.
log
b
(x
y
) = y log
b
(x)
For example:
log
10
(2
8
) = 8 log
10
(2)
Derivative of natural logarithm
The derivative of the natural logarithm function is the reciprocal function.
When
f (x) = ln(x)
The derivative of f(x) is:
f ' (x) = 1 / x
Integral of natural logarithm
The integral of the natural logarithm function is given by:
When
f (x) = ln(x)
The integral of f(x) is:
f (x)dx = ln(x)dx = x (ln(x) - 1) + C
Ln of 0
The natural logarithm of zero is undefined:
ln(0) is undefined
The limit near 0 of the natural logarithm of x, when x approaches zero, is minus infinity:

Ln of 1
The natural logarithm of one is zero:
ln(1) = 0
Ln of infinity
The limit of natural logarithm of infinity, when x approaches infinity is equal to infinity:
lim ln(x) = , when x