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6.1 Introduction
6.2 Vertical profile
6.3 Facies and Facies Association
6.4 Facies Interpretation
6.5 Classification of dolomite Texture
6.6 Microfacies analysis of Jutana Formation
6.7 X- Diffraction analysis
6.7.1 Methods of sampling and analysis
6.8 Origin of Dolomite in Jutana Formation
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Field work has been done along the escarpment of Khewra Gorge where
excellent outcrop of Jutana Formation occur. The stratigraphic section of Jutana
Formation forming left escarpment face of Khewra Gorge above the PMDC
Tourist Resort was investigated and measured. Section was measured with the
help of Jacob’s Staff. Twenty four samples were collected to represent the
vertical and lateral facies of the Jutana Formation. Fifteen thin sections of
indurated samples were prepared and examined under a polarizing microscope.
Thin sections were stained with Alizarin Red S and K-ferricyanide for carbonate
mineral determination. Mineral types of representative oriented clay samples
were identified by an X-ray diffractometer with Ni-filter and Cu radiation (XRD,
type—Philips 1980).
Figure 6.1 showing location of Jutana Formation section above PMDC Tourist
Resort, Khewra.
Or
Figure 6.2 Classification of dolomite textures (From Sibley and Gregg, 1987).
Field Interpretation:
This facies is 1.2 m thick .The formation mainly consists of medium to thick
bedded dolomite in the lower part .There is cyclic deposition i.e. the alternating
beds of sandy dolomite and impure micaceous rich silty sandstone.
Microscopic Interpretation:
Under the light of microscope, two types of grains are observed i.e. dolomite in
the form of rhombs which constitute 80% to 90 % and Quartz which constitutes
nearly 10%. Dolomite shows light green color in X-Nicole and gives greenish tint
in PPl. muscovite and biotite is also present. Hematite is present as cement.
Field Interpretation:
This facies is 11.6 m thick. This facies is mainly yellowish brown and pure
dolomite which shows cyclic deposition. The thickness of individual cycle is
increased and dolomitic bed up to 3.6 meters thick in which trough and herring
bone cross bedding is clearly observed. It shows intertidal environment of
deposition
Microscopic Interpretation:
Dominant grains in this facies are dolomite which is present in the form of
anhedral to subhedral crystals. Sorting is moderate to well. Xenotopic to idiotopic
texture is present. Dolomite constitutes more than 90%.other grains which are
present in minor amount are quartz, muscovite, biotite and.
Field Interpretation
This facies is 4.1 m thick, shows characteristic tidal bedding. This facies is mainly
yellowish brown which shows cyclic deposition of dolomitic sandstone and shale.
The thickness of individual cycle is increased and dolomitic sandstone thickness
increases upward. Ripple marks, wavy bedding, flaser bedding and bioturbation
are present in this facies.
Microscopic Interpretation:
Dominant grains in this facies are Quartz. Very fine grained dolomite is present.
Sorting is very poor. Quartz constitutes approx.50%.other grains present are
dolomite, muscovite, biotite and.
Field Interpretation:
This facies is 50 cm thick. This is very hard and contains intraclasts, and is light
yellow in color.
Microscopic Interpretation:
Under microscope it shows two types of Dolomite. One is in the form of
subhedral to euhedral crystals and second is in the form of intraclasts of
dolomite. The intraclasts contain very fine grained dolomite. Quartz is also
present in intraclasts as well as in the form of grains and it constitutes nearly
20% of the facies.
Plate 6.4: (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d)
Table 7.3 (see Appendix):
Field Interpretation:
This facies contains a 3 meter thick horizon of light green splintery and
variegated shale.
XRD of shale shows presence of chlorite clay mineral in high amount. The
percentage of chlorite in the shale was more than 40% of the clay present. The
percentage of Illite is more than 20%. Both Illite and chlorite make 70-80% of the
clay in the shale. Other minerals presents are quartz, feldspar and traces of
Montmorillonite (Figure No. 6.2). Detailed analysis is described at the end of
microfacies part.
Field Interpretation:
Microscopic Interpretation:
Dolomite is the most commonly occurring mineral in this facies and their
percentage ranges from 80 to 90. Other minerals are quartz, mica (muscovite,
biotite) and hematite. Thin section shows stylolites in this facies. At the lower part
dolomite crystals are very fine grained while in the middle part crystals size
increases and planar subhedral crystals with xenotopic texture are present. At
the upper part again very fine grained dolomite crystal are dominant. This part
shows laminations due to difference in grain size and color. Upward the
percentage of hematite cement increases
Field Interpretation:
This facies is 7.8 meter thick. It consists of flaggy bedded dolomitic sandstone
which gradually changes into overlying baghanwala formation i.e. again the
presence of oscillatory ripple marks on the top of the Jutana formation suggest a
stagnant water condition showing rise in water level or transgression or shifting
from intra-tidal to sub-tidal environment.
Microscopic Interpretation:
In this facie the percentage of quartz grain is increased as this formation was
called Magnesian Sandstone earlier. Quartz may be up to 40% and dolomite
percentages nearly 30%. Other minerals present are micas (muscovite, biotite).
Ankerite is the dominant cement in the facies with hematite. It shows porosity in
under microscope which are filled with mounting material.
Sample of shale present in the Jutana Formation was collected from the field and
one sample was selected for analytical work, comprising whole rock and clay
mineralogy by XRD.
For whole-rock mineral identification by the XRD technique, the sample was
dried at 60oC for 10-12 hours. About 20-30gram of dried sample was gently
crushed in an agate mortar. The material passing through 325mesh sieve was
analyzed using a Siemens 500D Diffractometer operated at 40 kV/30 mA using
Ni filter and CuKα radiation, and an on-line computer control. The sample was
scanned from 2o to 30o2 θ, at a running speed of 1o2 θ per minute.
The XRD patterns of whole-rock samples obtained following Brown and Brindley
(1984), show that in general, the shale of Jutana Formation is rich in clay
minerals comprising chlorite, Illite along with appreciable amount of quartz and
some samples contained minor quantity of feldspar and Montmorillonite.
6.6.7.2 Chlorite:
Despite intensive research over more than 200 years, the origin of dolomite, the
mineral and the rock, remains subject to considerable controversy. This is partly
because some of the chemical and/or hydrological conditions of dolomite
formation are poorly understood, and because petrographic and geochemical
data commonly permit more than one genetic interpretation.
Dolomites that originally form very close to the surface and from evaporitic brines
tends to be recrystallize with time and during burial. Those dolomites that
originally form at several hundred to a few thousand meters depth commonly
show little or no evidence of recrystallization.
1a 1b
1c
1b. Shows coarse euhedral in fine anhedral to subhedral crystals, hematite is present
around the large crystals in plane polarized light, unstained, 40X.
1c. Shows alignment of platy minerals (Muscovite and biotite) in sandy dolomite in cross
nicols, unstained, 40X.
Plate 6.2
2a 2b
2c 2d
2a. Shows larger crystal of dolomite in smaller subhedral crystals in cross-nicols, 40X
unstained.
2b. Shows plane polarized view of larger dolomite crystal, 40X unstained.
2c. Planar subhedral to euhedral crystals forming xenotopic texture in cross-nicols, 40X
unstained.
2d. Shows planar subhedral crystals of dolomite with some quartz grains in cross-nicols,
40X unstained.
Plate 6.3
3a 3b
3c 3d
3a. Very fine dolomite is seen in micaceous sandstone in cross-nicols, 40X unstained.
3b. Shows orientation of platy minerals in dolomitic sandstone, plane polarized light 40X
unstained.
3c. Alignment of platy minerals and dolomite crystals are seen in cross-nicols, 40X
unstained
3d. Shows very fine dolomite in sandstone, cross-nicols, 40X unstained.
Plate 6.4
4a 4b
4c
4a. Large rounded intraclasts of very fine sandy dolomite in subhedral crystals shows two
phases of dolomitization, cross-nicols, 40X unstained.
4b. Tooth like dolomite crystals are seen in between larger intraclasts, plane polarized
light 40X unstained.
5a 5b
5c 5d
5a. Large pores filled with hematite cement are present in fine dolomite crystals, cross-
nicols, 100X unstained.
5b. Shows larger subhedral dolomite crystals in fine dolomite, plane polarized light , 40X
stained.
5c. Shows laminations in very fine grained dolomite due to difference in grain size and
color, cross-nicols, 40X stained.
5d. Shows stylolite in planar subhedral dolomite crystals partially filled with hematite
cement, cross-nicols, 40X stained.
Plate 6.6
6a 6b
6c 6d
6a. Shows alignment of platy minerals (muscovite and biotite), cross-nicols, 100 X
Stained.
6b. Bedding parallel pores filled with hematite cement with orange color Ankerite
cement in dolomitic sandstone, plane polarized light 100X unstained.
6c. Bedding parallel pores and platy minerals in micaceous sandstone, plane polarized
light 100X unstained.
6d. Porosity is seen in the centre of thin section along a line filled with mounting
material.