Construction Engineering

CIV420H1
Fall 2014
Construction Equipment Management
(Planning Earthwork)
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
1
2
Planning for earthwork construction
The goal of planning is to minimize the resource
expenditures required to complete the project.
Planning involves all of these:
Inputs to prepare a plan and cost estimate:
1- Operational planwhat is to be done, sequence
2- Schedulingwhen each operation is to be done
3- Cost estimatingwhat is the expected cost.
4- Resource planningwhat resources are
required

Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
3
Planning for earthwork construction
Inputs to prepare a plan and cost estimate:
1- Quantities involved (volume or weight)
2- Haul distances
3- Grades for all segments of the hauls.
The constraints of planning are:
1- Requirements of contract documents.
2- Legal requirements (OSHA, licensing)
3- Physical and/or environment limits.
4- Climatic conditions.
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
4
Planning for earthwork construction
Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Plan viewpresents the horizontal alignment of
features.

Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
5
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Planning for earthwork construction
Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Profile viewpresents the vertical alignment of
features.

Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
6
Planning for earthwork construction
Graphical presentation of earthwork:
Cross section viewA view formed by a plane
cutting the work at right angles to its long axis.



Material volumes in a project that is linear in extent
are usually determined from cross sections

Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
7
Planning for earthwork construction
Earthwork quantities:
End-Area Determination
The general trapezoidal formula to calculate area:



w
h
h h h
h
Area
n
n

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + =

2 2
1 2 1
0

sides parallel two the between ce tan dis w=

sides parallel adjacent individual the of lengths the h , , h
n 0
=
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
8
Planning for earthwork construction
Earthwork quantities:
Average End Area



The precision is about 1.0%



( ) | |
27
L
2
A A
cy yards cubic net Volume
2 1

+
=
( ) areas end respective the of sf feet square in area A and A
2 1
=
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
9
Planning for earthwork construction
Example:
Calculate the volume between two end areas 100 ft apart. A1 equals 10.0 sf
and A2 equals 6 sf.



cy / cf 27
ft 100
2
) sf 6 sf 5 . 10 (
Volume
+
=
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
10
Planning for earthwork construction
Earthwork quantities:
Average Height






Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
11
1.3
48
Planning for earthwork construction
Earthwork quantities:
Average Height






48
4.3
Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
11
Soil volume characteristics
Bank state: Natural
Loose state: Excavated
Compacted state: Compacted








Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
11
Soil volume characteristics
Swell (%) =((bank density /loose density) -1) x 100
Load factor = loose density/bank density
= 1/(1+swell)

Shrinkage(%) = (1- (bank density/compact density) x 100
Shrinkage factor = bank density /compact density
= 1- shrinkage

11
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
Source: Nunnally, S. W. Construction Methods and Management
Soil volume characteristics
Swell and shrinkage factors







12
Planning for earthwork construction
Earthwork volume sheet
Allows for the systematic recording of information and making the necessary
earthwork calculations.







The ordinate accounts only for material that must be transported beyond
the limits of the two cross sections.


Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
13
Planning for earthwork construction
Mass Diagram
The stations of a project versus the cumulative sum of excavation and
embankment from some point of beginning of the project profile.



Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
14
Planning for earthwork construction
Mass Diagram
An effective tool for planning the movement of material on any project of
linear extent.
Provides information about:
1- Quantities of materials,
2- Average haul distances,
3- Types of equipment that should be considered.

When combined with a ground profile, the average slope of haul segments
can be estimated.



Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
15
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Balance lines
A horizontal line that intersects the mass diagram in two places.
Constructed so that its length is the maximum haul distance for different
types of equipment.
The maximum haul distance is the limiting economical haul distance for a
particular type of equipment.


Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
16
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Balance lines
A balance line of 5,000 ft was constructed for a large push-loaded scraper.
Some hauls will approach the maximum haul distance while some others will
be short.
The average haul distance is placed one-third of the distance from balance
line in the direction of the high or low point of the curve.

Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
17
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Balance lines
When there are multiple equipment to be utilized, balance lines should be
drawn to conform to their capabilities.
the average haul distance is placed midway between the balance lines.

Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
18
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Average grade
Draw a horizontal line that roughly divides the cut area in half.
Do the same for the fill area.
The difference in elevation between these two lines provides the vertical
distance to use in calculating the average grade.
The average haul distance is the denominator in the grade calculation.


100
distance haul Average
elevation in Change
% grade Average =
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
19
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Average grade








% 9 . 8 100
ft 203
ft 18
fill the to cut the from going grade Average =

=
Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
20
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Haul Distances








Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
21
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Haul Distances



The balance line drawn through the peak at station 8+00 defines hauls 1, 2,
and 3 that must be moved longitudinally:
Haul 1: (28,539 17,080) = 11,459 bcy
Haul 2: (22,670 17,080) = 5,590 bcy
Haul 3: (17,080 0) = 17,080 bcy
Total = 34,120 bcy


Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods
22
Planning for earthwork construction
Using Mass Diagram
Haul Distances (graphically)
An average haul line should be drawn though the vertical centroid of the area
defined between the mass diagram and the balance line.
The centroid of areas 1, and 2 is one-third of its altitude above the base.
Scaling from the mass diagram graph, haul distances 1, and 2 are 400, 350 ft.
For area 3, the half-point of its height is used to construct the average haul
line which yields a distance of 12,200 ft.




Construction Engineering
Construction Equipment Management
Planning Earthwork
Source: Peurifoy and Schexnayder "Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods