21/10/13

inglese lunedi-maria cristina gatti

lunedi 11-12 ricevimento s.a. ufficioProf pedrazzini
mariacristina.gatti@unimib.it
2 semesters:: 40 ours
part !: ponetics and ponolog".
Part #: $ords and prases.
%&' presenze per l(esame intermedio. )ebbraio e aprile-maggio.
*ulp$p$e+ ,.+ -.mb+ ).+ -ers$ill+ p.+ mcener"+ t. / $oda-+ r. 0eds1 020021 englis lenguage:
description+ variation and conte3t. #asigsto-e: palgrave macmillan 02.3.4.&.4.10.13.1&1
margolis a. and smit , 020121 5nglis for academic stud" : pronunciation 2012 edition- stud" boo-
$it audio *6s garnet education.
5same scritto:
-reading 200 parole piu 1& scelta multipla e aperte.
-$riting 100 parole parendo da frase guida.
-multiple coice
orale:
accertamento linguistico+ conversazione su film e racconto tra 7uelli previsti.
6iscussione sugli argomenti trattati letture ad alta voce di brevi testi alcuni in 8P!.
Phonetics: te stud" of speech sounds and teir physiological production and acoustic qualities.
8t deal $it te configurations of te vocal tract used to produce speec sounds 0articulator"
ponetics1+ te acoustic properties of speec sounds 0acoustic ponetics1+ and te manner of
combining sounds so as to ma-e s"llables+ $ords and sentences 0linguistic ponetics1.
-9ar"n3
-par"n3: soft palate+ velum. 8f "ou use tis part "ou ma-e te velar sounds: :;. sing: 8<<= velar
sounds.
-;ard palate: te roof of te mout. >ounds li-e te ?. palatar sounds
-alveolar ridge sounds li-e =; or te englis .. te tongue goes up to te alveolar ridge. 8t is
different from te italian sound ..
-teet: "ou ma-e te dental sounds: .;
-lips: te lips stops te sounds: labial sounds: P+ #+ @
-tongue: $e use te tongue to ma-e all -ind of sounds.
)rom te root to te tip $e ave te bac- te front and te blade.
A$$.bb*learningenglis.com
8
8P!: 8<.5B<!.8C<!9 P;C<5.8* !9P;!#5.
eac s"mbol rapresents difference sounds.
4& s"mbols for englis.
>pace bet$een vocal cord is called te glott".
.ere are $ords $it a lot of letters but a fe$ sounds.
.!#95: & letters .-!-#9 3 sounds. ! is a diptong.
*!. 3 letters 3 sounds+ *!.*; & letters 3 sounds.
2 sounds 3 sounds 4 sounds & sounds 4 sounds
co$ orse enoug -no$ledge cupboard
-no$ troug sugar carrot buisness
more caugt island cemist *;5@8>.
6CCB ,udge daugter treasure .;8<:8<=
loug singing tin-ing
eart singer 8>9!<6
door toroug 6!?=;.5B
cec- >8<=8<=
*?P#C!B6
Vowels and consonants
a vowel is an" sounds $it no audible noise produced b" constriction in te vocal tract
a consonant is a sound $it audible noise produced b" a constriction.
.e nucleus of a s"llables can onl" be a vo$el+ so for e3ample in 98..95 te 9 is considered a
vo$el.
.e D is a semivo$el.
BP britain englis
=! american englis
!u5 australian englis
*C<>C<!<.>
consonants are formed b" interrupting+ restricting or diverting te airflo$ in a variet" of $a"s.
.ere tree $a"s of describing te consonant sounds:
-te manner of articulation
-te place of articulation
-te force of articulation
.;5 @!<<5B C) !B.8*?9!.8C<
-it refers to te interaction bet$een te various articulations and te air streamE i.e. te air is
temporall" trapped and ten released.
-te manners of articulation are:
P9C>8F5 !))B8*!.8F5 )B8*!.8F5 <!>!9 9!.5B!9 !PPBCG8@!<..
2H/10/13
phonemes
te stud" of te speec sounds used in a language in relation to meaning. 8t includes te istor" and
teor" of sounds canges.
8t involves:
-reconsign phonemes as speec sound tat distinguis $ords and conve" meaning
-understanding te relationsip bet$een ponemes.
A;!. 8> ! P;C<5@5
-a poneme is te fundamental unit in ponolog". >po-en language can be bro-en do$n into a
string of sound units 0ponemes1 and eac language as a small+ relativel" fi3ed set of tese
ponemes.
-@ost ponemes can be put into groups+ e.g. plosive+ fricative+ etc ponemes.
;CA 865<.8)D ! P;C<5@5
-ponemes are contrastive.
-.e difference bet$een t$o $ords can be dependent on te difference bet$een t$o ponemes+ e.g.
pin+ bin.
-Ponemes distinguis $ord meanings. te" are enclosed bet$een for$ard slases. / /
-if te substitution of te sound enables us to ma-e a distinction bet$een t$o different sounds+ tis
proves tat te t$o sounds involved are eac meaningful sounds in te language 0Iponemes1

@8<8@!9 P!8B>
-pairs of $ords tat differ in ,ust one poneme are -no$n as minimal pairs.
-a single cange of consonant or vo$el sounds ma-es a difference to te meaning of a $ord.
a1 pot cot ot
b1 ba" bo"
-important of poneme functioning in contrastive distribution.
-te substitution must affect onl" one poneme of te same t"pe+ eiter a vo$el or a consonant
-onl" one sounds canges.
.ing/tin- 0addition+ not substitution1
ill / ill 0contrast bet$een // and / / + not bet$een ponemes.
53ample:
i: / e / J
#ean [bi:n] bin [b n] !n" [ eni] annie
)eel [fi:l] fill [f l] 53pensive K ks pens v] e3pansive[ k
spns v]
>eat [si:t] sit [s t] ;ead [hed] ad [hd]
.een [ti:n] tin [t n] @en [men] man [mn]
*ee- [t i:k] cic- [t k] Pet [pet] pat [pt]
#end [bend] band [bnd]
!99CP;C<5>
-allopones 0alloI different ponesI sounds1
are different pronunciations of one poneme. !llopones are enclosed in s7uare brac-ets.
-e.g. /r/ in tra" and ra" 0BP1
>895<. 95..5B>
a silent letter is a letter at appears in a particular $ord+ but does not correspond to any sound in
the word's pronunciation.
STRESS
stressed syllables (strong)
unstressed syllable (weak)
stressed syllables are produced with greater e!ort tan unstressed
stressed syllables tend to be longer" louder and with higher pitch. (intona#ione)
$%port &s i'()RT
*++E,T
-. pro'inence gi&en to a syllable" usually by the use o. pitch
e.g. in the word /poT*to0 the 'iddle syllable is the 'ost pro'inent (accented).
1. * particular way o. pronouncing
e.g. English speakers share the sa'e gra''ar and &ocabulary" but a nu'ber o. the'
pronounce what they say with di!erent accents such as Scots or +ockney" or 22+
pronunciation.

3. portoghes restourant
4#4 a.ter 4b4 4d4 4g4 4y4 4 4 4'4 4n4 4 4 4l4 4r4 4a4 4 4
4s4 a.ter 4p4 4t4 4k4 4.4 4 4
4#4 a.ter &oiced nonsibilant seg'ents
4s4 a.ter &oiceless nonsibilant seg'ents
'orpho phonological rules .or the pronunciation o. the plural
-.change the plural 4#4 when a &oiceless sound precedes it.
$%(5 the regular" producti&e plural has the phonological .or' 4#4" with the 'eaning 'plural'
examples of allophones 3
vowel nasalization
es bean 4bi5'4 4bead4 4bi5d4
es roa' 4r67'4
PHONOLOGICL !"L#
&owels (or diphthongs) are nasali#ed be.ore a nasal consonant within the sa'e syllable.
STRESS
(R$%*R8 *,9 SE+),9*R8 STRESS
primary stress secondary stress
indicator : syllables in-di-ca-tor
englis is a LstressM language.
!**5<.
1.prominence given to a s"llable+ usuall" b" te use of pitc
e.g. in te $ord (po.!to( te middle s"llable is te most prominent 0accented1
2. a particular way of pronouncing
e.g. 5nglis spea-ers sare te same grammar and vocabular"+ but a number of tem pronounce
$at te" sa" $it different accents suc as >cots or *oc-ne"+ or ##* pronunciation.
PBC@8<<*5
a s"llable $ic is made more noticeable tan oters is a prominent s"llable.
e.g. tis 8> te rigt address+ isn(t itN
9et(s cange te subO5*.
;e(ll subO5*. us to criticism
accent vs dialect
accent:
term used for varieties $ic differ from eac oter onl" in matters of pronunciations
e.g. nortern 5nglis+ $els 5nglis+ midlands+ >cots+ 8ris...
dialect:
term tat also covers differences in suc tings as vocabular" and grammar
e.g. =!+ !u 5n+ 8ndian 5nglis+ etc
B5*58F56 PBC<?<*8!.8C<>
-also -no$n as te (public scool( accent+ te (7ueens 5nglis( and as (##* pronunciation(
-istoricall": mainl" te accent of te privatel" educated. .e ma,orit" of spea-ers of tis accent
live in+ or originate from+ te sout-east of 5ngland 0particularl" 9ondon1
-reasons for survivalP
-used in use in (prestige( broadcasting
-claimed to belong to no particular region
-accepted as a common currenc"
BBC English
te #ritis broadcasting corporations is loo-ed up to
-as a custodian of good 5nglis
-as a model for foreign learners $ising to ac7uire an 5nglis accent
##* language is
-easil" accessible
-eas" to record and e3amine
-relativel" free from class-based associations
-but not a monitor for pronunciation
vo$el / consonant sound
a matter of distribution
-a difference in te $a" te" are pronounced
a"/$a"N
-te $a" te" are distributed :
e.g. biQ consonant / Q vo$el : if 8 ta-e t$o $ord li-e (bi( or anoter sound li-e (( 8 see tat
after (bi( 8 usuall" find a consonant and oter$ise after te (( 8 find vo$els.
*onsonant and vo$els are sounds $ic 8 find in t"pical ponological environments
;CA FCA59 68))5BN
-sape and position of te tongues 0bac--front1
-sape and position of te lips 0close-open-neutral1
-lengt of sound 0sort-long1
5nglis vo$els:
sounds s$oa: $ee- vo$el in englis
ponetic I 4.67netk4
11-11-13
68P;.C<=>
sounds $ic consist of a movement + or glide from a vo$el to anoter
#5 *!B5)?9RR
a vo$el $ic remains constant and does not glide is called a Lpure vo$elM
do not pronounce 2 pure vo$els $ere a diptong sould be pronouncedR
-in terms of legt dipotongs are li-e long vo$el
#?.
te first part is muc longer and stronger tan te second part.
e.g. S5D5S /a8/ 0te glide to 8 becomes noticeable in te last 7uarter of te diptong and as te
glide to 8 appens loudness of te sound decreases1
.B8P;.;C<=>
-a triptong is a glide from one vo$el to anoter and ten to a tird+ all pronounced rapidl" and
itout interruption
-e.g. v. foglio
lezione 1H-11 vedi appunti matti
s"llables
s"llabl is important in te r"tm of speec
.;5 <!.?B5 C) .;5 >?D99!#95
C;<5.8*!99D >D99!#95> !B5 ?>?!99D 65>*B8#56 !> *C<>8>.8< C) ! *5<.B5
A;8*; ;!> ! 98..95 CB <C C#>.B?*.C< .C !B)9CA !<6 A8*; >C?<6>
*C@P!B!.8F59D 9C?6E #5)CB5 !<6 !).5B .;8> 5<.B5+ 8.. !. .;5 #5=8<<8<=
!<6 5<6 C) ! >D99!#95+ .;5B5 A899 # =B5!.5B C#>.B?*.8C< .C !8B)9CA
!<6/CB 95>> 9C?6 >C?<6
no $ord >.!B.> $it more tan tree consonants
no $ord 5<6> $it more tan four consonants
>D99!#95 C<>5.>
zero onset
one consonant 0e3ept /
02/12
A;!. 8> >.B5>>N
/(/
PBC6?*.8C< : depends on te spea-er using more muscolar energ" tan it is used for unstressed
s"llables
P5B*5P8.C< : all stressed s"llables are recognised as stressed s"llables
$at ma-es a s"llable prominent:
-loudness 0e.g. ba:ba:ba:ba1
-lengt 0e.g. ba:baaaba:ba1
-pitc 0e.g. ba:ba:ba:ba I e.g. lo$/ig or rise/falling+ te intonation can go up or do$n1
-7ualit" 0e.g. ba:bi:ba:ba1
level of stress : primar" stress 011+ secondar" stress 021+ unstressed 0 31
P9!*5@5<. C) >.B5>>
o$ can one select te correct s"llable or s"llables to stressN
B595F!<. 8<)CB@!.8C< )CB >.B5>> P9!*5@5<.
is te $ord morpologicall" simple or comple3 0$it affi3es es1 or a compound $ordN
-te grammatical categor" 0e3 noun verb ad,ective1
-te number of s"llables in te $ord 0mono+ bi..1
-te ponological structure of tose s"llables
.AC->D99!#95 ACB6>
F5B#>: v foglio 2
1. if te second s"llables contains a long vo$el of diptong+ or if it ends $it more tan one
consonant+ tat second syllable is stressed.
2. 8f te final s"llable contains a sort vo$el and one+ or no+ final consonant+ te first syllable
is stressed
3. unstressed
4. e3ceptions
!6O5*.8F5>
<C?<>
1. if te second s"llable contains a sort vo$el te stress Aill usuall" come on te first
s"llable.
Cter$ise it $ill be on te second s"llable.
!6F5B#> !<6 PB5PC>8.8C<> 98:5 F5B#> !<6 !O5*.8F5>
.;B55 >D9!#95 ACB6> foglio 3
F5B#>
1. if te last s"llable contains a sort vo$el and ends $it no more tan one consonant+ tat
s"llable $ill be unstressed+ and stress $ill be placed on te preceding s"llable
2. if te final s"llable contains a long vo$el or a diptong or end $it more tan one
consonant+ te final s"llable $ill be stressed
<C?<>
1. if te final s"llable contains a sort vo$el or u + it is unstressedE if te s"llable preceding
te final s"llable contains a long vo$el or diptong+ or if it ends $it more tan one
consonant+ tat middle s"llable $ill be stressed.
2. if te final s"llable contains a sort vo$el and te middle s"llable contains a sort vo$el
and ends $it no more tan one consonant+ bot final and middle s"llables are unstressed
and te first s"llable is stressed.
3. if te final s"llable contains a long vo$el+ a diptong or ends $it more tan a consonant+
te stress is usuall" placed on te first s"llable.
*C@P95G ACB6 >.B5>>
-care Tsimple $ord
-careless T comple3 $ords 0 $it affi3es1 tere is less $ic is a suffi3 and because it is a suffi3 it
isn(t a $ord+ it can(t be alone+ in te meaning of >5<U!
comple3 $ord is derivated
5))5*. C) !))8G5> C< ACB6 >.B5>> foglio 3 4
1 -suffi3es $it primar" stress
2. >?))8G5> .;!. !))5*. >.B5>> P9!*5@5<.
3 -ain
3 -ee
3 -eer
3 -ese
3 -ette
3 -es7ue+ -is7ue
3. !))8G5> .;!. 6C <C. !)))5*. >.B5>> P9!*5@5<.
3 -able
3 -age
3 -al
3 -en
3 -ful
3 -ing
3 -is
4. >?))8G5> .;!. 6C <C. !))5*. >.B5>> P9!*5@5<. 0*C<..1
3 -li-e
3 -less
3 -l"
3 -ment
3 -ness
3 -ous
3 -f"
3 -$ise
3 -"
>?))8G5> .;!. 8<)9?5<*5 >.B5>> 8< .;5 >.5@ 0base1
3 -eous
3 -grap"
3 -ial
3 -oc
3 -ion
3 -ious
3 -t"
3 -ive
PB5)8G5>
-teir effect on stress does not ave te comparative regularit"+ independence and predictabilit" of
suffi3es
-conse7uentl"+ te best treatment seems to be to sa" tat stress in $ords $it prefi3es is governed
b" te same rule as tose for $ord $itout prefi3es.
02-12 libro ari unitV &-%
*C@PC?<6> ACB6>:
-armcair
-gear-cange 0cambio marce1
-des--lamp
A;5B5 8> .;5 >.B5>>N C< .;5 )8B>. CB >5*C<6 ACB6NN
v foglio a.
te stress is on te first $ord
1. nounQ noun 0t"pe $riter1
te stress is on te second $ord
2. ad, Q ed morpeme 0bad-.5@P5B561
3. number Q W. 0tree-A;5595B1
4. compounds functioning as adverbs 0ead -)8B>.1
&. compounds functioning as verbs and ave an adverbial first element 0do$n - =B!651
F!B8!#95 >.B5>>
stress ma" var":
e.g.
-bad-.5@P5B56 but is (a #!6-tempered .5!*;5B(
-alf-.8@#5B56 but is (a ;!9)-timbered ;C?>5(
-eav"-;!<656 but is (a ;5!FD-anded >5<.5<*5(
#?... 0foglio b1
ACB6-*9!>> P!8B>
$en a pair of prefi3 Q stem $ords e3ists+ bot members are spelt identicall"+ one of $ic is a verb
and te oter one is eiter a noun or an ad,ective+ te >.B5>> $ill be placed C< .;5 >5*C<6
>D99!#95 C) .;5 F5B# but C< .;5 )8B>. >D99!#95 C) .;5 <C?< CB !6O5*.8F5.
0v. foglio b+ e.g. 1+21
*!.5=CB85> C) ACB6
function words (au3iliar" $ords+ prepositions+ con,unctions+ articles+...1
-content $ords 0nouns+ verbs+ ad,+ adv1
-function words have both strong and wea forms. !ore frequently pronounced in their wea
form.
A5!: !<6 >.BC<= )CB@> 0foglio c1
*C<.5G.> A;5B5 C<9D >.BC<= )CB@ !**5P.!#95
1.at te end of a sentence
e.g.
2.$en a $ord is being contrasted $it anoter $ord e.g
-or $en prePositions are used coordinatel" e.g.
3 $en stress is given for te purpose of empasis
4.$en LcitedM or L7uotedM
at te beginning of a sentence is pronounced
e.g.
;ave... /aev/ ;erW. /../
most common $ea- forms: foglio c-d-e
1. te
2. a+ an
3. and
4. but
&. tat :tis $ord as a $ea- form onl" en used in a relative clause. Aen used $it a
demonstrativ sense it is al$a"s pronounced in its strong form
4. tan
%. is 0$en it occurs before a noun1
H. er 0$en used $it possessive sense+ preceding a noun. !s an ob,ect pronoun+ tis can also
occur at te end of a sentence1
2. "our
10. se+ e 0te $ea- form is usuall" pronounced $itout // e3cept at te beginning of a
sentence1+ $e+ "ou
11. im
12. er
13. tem
14. us
1&. at
14. for
1%. from
1H. of
12. to
-in final position /tu/: it is not usual to use te strong form /tu:/E and te per-consonantal
$ea- form /tX/ is never used1
20. as
21. some -strong form before un uncountable noun P (an un-no$n idnividual( -$ea- form
0before uncountable nouns I (an unspecified amount of and befor plural nouns : N an
unspecified - in final position
22. tere
$ea- form au3iliar" verbs
au3iliar" vrs used in con,unction $it anoter verb
-in teir negative form 0(not1
23. can+ could
24. ave+ as+ad
2&. sall sould
24. must
2%. do+ does
2H. am+ are+ $as+ $ere
1% )5##B!8C